EP1733111B1 - Window or door comprising an electromechanical locking mechanism - Google Patents

Abstract

A window or door including a circumferential blind frame and a leaf with a surface element is provided, which can be pivoted about one or more axes in relation to the blind frame, as well as including fittings, located between the leaf and the blind frame, which are used for moving the leaf in relation to the blind frame. Electromechanically actuated locking elements are provided for locking the leaf into the blind frame. Each locking element has its own electromechanical drive, and/or the locking elements are configured such that, when the window is closed, they are displaced in relation to the pane plane, thus pressing the leaf perpendicularly against the blind frame with a predetermined contact force.

Description

The invention relates to a window or a door according to the preamble of claim 1.

From the DE 195 14 051 doors and windows or tilt windows are known, the locking means are electromagnetically actuated for locking the wing on the frame. Moving a pivoting bolt into its closed position, in which it engages in a recess in the door leaf, takes place under the action of spring force on the pivot bolt, whereas the opening or releasing of the pivot bolt takes place with simultaneous tensioning of the spring electromagnetically.

In addition, doors are also known in which a plurality of locking elements are actuated jointly by an electric motor, so that a transmission connecting the locking elements is necessary.

For doors, the requirements for the tightness are lower than for windows, as there is no circumferential sealing level in the floor area, so that here the mere contact of the wing sealing edge is sufficient on the seals of the window frame.

On windows, however, due to the installation of exposed location (skyscraper, hilltops, etc.) increased tightness requirements, ie. on circumferentially arranged seals between blend and sash a certain contact pressure is to be exercised.

This contact pressure must be overcome when closing the window sash, which with the means described in the prior art in particular in the DE 195 14 051 not possible. The sealing pressure is required for the requirement of classification of windows according to standard in terms of tightness and driving rain.

The invention has the object to provide a window or a door with improved electromechanical locking function.

The invention solves this problem by the subject matter of claim 1.

Advantageous embodiments can be found in the dependent claims.

According to the characterizing part of claim 1, each locking element has its own electromechanical drive device and / or the locking elements are designed such that they move relative to each other when closing the window perpendicular to the disk plane and thereby press the wing with a predetermined contact force against the frame.

A separate electromechanical drive on each locking element is a cost-effective solution, which makes it possible to dispense with transmission connections between the individual locking devices.

Advantageously, this feature is supplemented by a variant which can also be considered independently, with which it is ensured in a simple manner that a wing is moved perpendicular to the pane and vane plane during locking and pressed against the frame with a predetermined contact pressure, the window or the door However, according to this variant preferably does not have its own drive to move the wing when opening or closing the window but only a lock, which starts when the manual (or sometimes separately electromechanical) closing the wing is already over and a corresponding locking command to a Operating element takes place.

Preferably, the locking elements are designed such that the time for locking after closing the wing is longer than the time to unlock before opening the wing, which has a very beneficial effect on the operation of the window.

In itself, any controls can be used. Particularly useful, however, as a further variant as an operating element arranged on the wing handle is used, which has a handle portion which is movable on the wing in different gripping positions - in particular rotatable - which correspond to different operating positions of the wing, the handle switching elements and / or sensors and wherein the handle is connected wirelessly or via electrical lines with the electromechanical locking elements between the wing and the frame and / or with electromagnetic or electromechanical functional, in particular coupling elements for at least one or more of the fittings.

Particularly preferably, the handle with the locking elements and / or the fittings is not connected via mechanical elements such as a gear and designed for manual opening and closing of the wing.

Preferably, each locking element has an electromechanically driven locking slide - preferably on the frame or on the wing - which is designed for engaging behind a corresponding locking abutment on the wing or on the frame. The abutment can be designed as a closing roller or as a fixed bolt.

It is expedient to achieve a predetermined closing force at least one of the locking slide with a control cam, in particular a tightening slope provided, which is designed to extend the movable locking slide to move the fixed locking abutment and thus the wing in the direction of the frame and lock with predetermined force on the frame.

According to a further variant, a projection with a predetermined extent is formed on the locking slide and the movable locking slide extendable so far that the fixed locking abutment reaches a position at which it slides past the projection, so that the wing can detach particularly quickly from the frame in this position.

According to a further advantageous variant, which is to allow a particularly fast unlocking, the electromechanical drive device has an unlocking spring.

Preferably, the electromechanical drive device is designed to move the locking slide and to tension the unlocking spring.

The tensioning of the unlocking spring can be done in a simple manner together with the movement of the locking slide by means of an eccentric arrangement.

According to a structural variant which is easy to implement, the eccentric arrangement has an eccentric pin which moves on a circular path.

Preferably, the drive device comprises a drive housing, which accommodates an electric motor and a gear, and preferably the unlocking spring, in particular a helical spring.

The unlocking spring expediently surrounds the locking slide and is supported on two stops.

According to an advantageous variant, the eccentric pin acts on a radial stop on or about the locking slide, so that it first advances the locking slide during a movement on its circular path for locking outward from the drive housing until it reaches a position when unlocking the further passage through the circular path becomes, in which the unlocking spring can relax.

In this case, an advantageous design offers such that after reaching less than half the orbit of the eccentric pin about the center of the locking position is reached and that the further sweeping the circular path of the movable locking slide further extends until it reaches a position in which In turn, the wing can solve particularly quickly from the frame.

The invention provides a point-to-point electrically interlinked wing lock, and preferably also such a fitting operation feasible, in which at least the fixing of the fittings for a rotational, tilting and / or locking position and the locks for a closed position power-actuated, i. motor, done. The unlocking or release of the fittings can also be done by motor or spring assisted.

Kinematic reversals e.g. with cams on the locking resistors are also feasible. Likewise, the electromechanical drive in the wing and the abutment are placed on the frame.

Fig. 1

eine schematische Ansicht eines Drehkippfensters mit einer ersten Handhabe;

Fig. 2

eine schematische Ansicht einer weiteren Handhabe für ein Drehkippfenster in verschiedenen Griffpositionen;

Fig. 3

einen Schnitt durch einen schematisch dargestellten Falzraum eines Fensters;

Fig. 4a-d

eine schematische Ansicht einer elektromechanisch betätigten Verriegelungsvorrichtung für ein Fenster in verschiedenen Betriebsstellungen; und

Fig. 5a-d

eine schematische Ansicht einer weiteren elektromechanisch betätigten Verriegelungsvorrichtung für ein Fenster in verschiedenen Betriebsstellungen.

The invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the drawing with reference to exemplary embodiments. It shows:

Fig. 1

a schematic view of a tilt and turn window with a first handle;

Fig. 2

a schematic view of another handle for a tilt and turn window in different handle positions;

Fig. 3

a section through a schematically shown rebate of a window;

Fig. 4a-d

a schematic view of an electromechanically actuated locking device for a window in different operating positions; and

Fig. 5a-d

a schematic view of another electromechanically actuated locking device for a window in different operating positions.

Fig. 1 shows a tilt and turn window 1 with a frame 2 and a wing 23, which here has a sash 3 and a disc 24 receives.

The tilt-and-turn window is tiltable about a first axis x, oriented horizontally in the usual installation position, and is rotatably arranged about a second axis y, which is vertical in this case.

For this purpose, the window 1 between the frame 2 and the casement 3 as fittings for moving the wing a Drehkipplager 4, a disengageable tilting bearing 5 and designed as a rotary hinge pivot bearing 6, which is attached to the sash 3 and releasably fixed to the frame 2 , In addition, there is still a display device 7.

Depending on whether the window is tilted or turned or whether it is closed, these fittings or here bearings are in their functional position or not. Thus, the tilting bearing 5 is not in tilting movements in its functional position and the pivot bearing 6. For rotary movements, however, the pivot bearing 6 is in functional position and the tilting bearing 5 is not.

The rotating belt 6 is releasably coupled depending on the type in the closed position of the window and in the pivotal position about the Y-axis on the frame or on the sash and accordingly fixed to the sash or frame. In the latter case, the pivot bearing 6 and a display device 7 form a unit.

Furthermore, in the tilt and turn window shown in FIG. 1, a part of the fittings required for realizing the mobility between the sash and the frame - in this case the tilting bearing 5 and the pivot bearing 6 as well as the opening device 7 - is functionally at least one electromechanical functional element 10, 11, or 12 associated, with the fittings 5, 6 and 7 depending on the control in their functional position on or disengaged from this to move the wing 23 either in its tilted position or its rotational position or the wing 23 on the frame 2 in lock its closed position.

The "in-function Bring" or "off-function Bring" the tilting bearing 5 and the pivot bearing 6 via the electromechanically acting coupling elements 10, 11. The electromechanical element 10 controls or couples the tilting bearing 5 between the wing closure position and the wing rotational position about the X-axis on the one hand and the release position for the pivoting position of the wing about the Y-axis.

The electromechanical element 11 ensures the fixation of the pivot bearing 6, which is arranged on the wing 23, on the frame 2 in the wing position and the pivoting movement about the Y-axis on the one hand and gives the pivot bearing 6 on the other hand free in the position of the wing 23 in the X- Axis.

At the edge of the window, the opening device 7 is further provided between the frame 2 and the sash 3 as a further movable fitting, which serves to limit the tilting position of the sash relative to the frame 2. The Ausstellvorrichtung 7 may also be connected to the rotating belt 6, in which case the rotary belt 6 is fixed to the frame 2 and on the Ausstellvorrichtung with the wing 23 can be coupled. Optionally, the display device 7 can also be used via elements not shown here, such as an electric motor and a gearbox - in particular a chain attached to the display device or a cable for opening and closing the tilt and turn window in and out of the tilted position.

The functional element 11 ensures release of the rotary bearing 6 on the wing 23 during rotational movements about the y-axis in its functional position. In tilting movements, however, the pivot bearing is set to its deactivated position inoperative. Similarly, the functions of the remaining functional elements 10, 12 with respect to the tilting bearing 5 and the Ausstellvorrichtung 7, whose movements are e.g. be either disabled and / or disabled or released by electromechanically actuated coupling elements with movable bolts or the like ..

Between the frame 2 and the sash 3 are in or on the existing between them seam selectively or only at individual spaced locations of the rebate these bridging locking elements 8, 9 are arranged, which bridge the rebate and serve the wing 23 on the frame. 2 to lock in the closed position of the window. Here, by way of example, three locking elements are arranged on the edge of the wing on the side of the rotating belt 6 and the edge of the sash 3 which is opposite the rotating belt 6. It is also conceivable to provide more of these locking elements 8, 9 on the remaining sides, in particular the top and bottom of the window and / or a different number of locking elements 8, 9. The locking elements 8, 9 are here wirelessly or via electrical lines (not visible here) controlled and have an electromechanically acting closure element. An electromechanical closure element such as a locking slide is preferred in order to produce a sufficiently high closing force, if necessary in conjunction with additional translation elements such as Anzugsschrägen, eccentrics, expanding wedges or the like. In this case, the locking should preferably be effected by means of the electromechanical drive and unlocking according to a variant by means of an unlocking spring, since i.allg. at the Opening a window has less time available than closing and then locking.

As an actuating element for the wing 23 is arranged on the casement 3 handle 13, which has a handle 25 which is movable relative to the frame 3 in different gripping positions on a shaft - here rotatable - is.

The gripping positions of the handle 13 are directly visually distinguishable from each other for a user. In the example provided here for a tilt-and-turn window at different angles, in this case 90 °, different grip positions, the wing 23 is either locked, tiltable or rotatable.

The handle 13 is used here both to tilt the window as well as to rotate, so to apply the mechanical force to move the wing 23 relative to the frame. However, the handle 13 is not used as usual also to actuate the locking elements and / or the fittings via a mechanism. This task is done here rather without a mechanical connection to the fittings 4, 5, 6, 7 via electrical lines or wireless by the switching position of the handle 13 via a detection device such as switching contacts or sensors (eg reed contacts) detected and to control the electromagnetically or electromechanically acting locking and functional elements is used to use the fittings in either the tilting function position or the rotary function position or close the window.

In Fig. 1, the handle 13 is designed such that the downwardly facing handle position corresponds to the closed position of the window, in which all locking and functional elements 8, 9; 10 - 12 are in the locked or closed position.

By contrast, the grip position 16 corresponds to the possibility of displacing the wing 23 into its rotational position, the locking elements 8, 9 and the functional element 10 for the tilting bearing 5 being unlocked in this grip position.

In the rotational position - here in the handle position of the handle upwards - the wing 23 can be rotated against it, so that in this grip position the locking elements 8, 9 and the functional element 11 are unlocked for the pivot bearing 6.

The handle 13 is connected to the locking elements 8, 9 or the fittings via no mechanical elements such as a transmission, in particular a push rod assembly. By eliminating a mechanical transmission connection between the handle and the locking elements and fittings of the effort for the production of the window is lowered and on the other hand, the possibility created by wireless or other connection of the handle or the handle associated switching and / or sensor elements detected grip position to a parent - not shown here - to transmit monitoring device, so that it is possible, for example, to centrally detect and monitor the position of the windows of a building without additional sensors between glare and sash.

The switching and / or sensor elements of the handle 13 and possibly further electrical or electronic components such as interface modules to a data and / or power bus of a building automation system can according to an advantageous variant of the invention in a handle housing 14 - outwardly formed as a rosette - be housed without the visual impression is changed over conventional purely mechanical acting handle adversely.

Alternatively, it is also conceivable - not shown here - to accommodate an electrical circuit for the handle 13 in or near the handle 13, so in the rebate, a chamber or in a recess of the sash.

The handle 13 on the one hand allows the usual handling of the window and on the other hand - depending on the design - used due to their electronics with sensor and / or switching elements as a switching and / or information module.

Fig. 2 shows another example of a handle 18 for a tilt and turn window. The handle shown in Fig. 2 has a loop handle 19 which is rotatable or tiltable in the manner of a rocker relative to a handle 23 mounted on the housing 23 in different gripping positions. In the position indicated by the reference numeral 19, the window is closed, in the position marked 20, it can be placed in its tilted position and in the position marked 21 of the handle 18 in its rotational position.

In an embodiment as a tilt or pivot window only two handle positions are accordingly required.

Depending on the size of the wing, the number of locking elements 8, 9 varies.

In a Drehtiltfenster smaller design at least one of the locking elements 8 is required. Priority is one of the locking elements 8, 9 provided on the handle side vertical Rahmenhohn 29. For larger window sashes and taking into account the window installation positions 3 more locking elements can be provided on the four frame handles 29-32 of the sash frame 3, which lock the wing quasi selectively or in places.

The connection of the individual locking elements 8, 9 and the electromechanical elements 7, 8 and 9 for actuating the fittings 4 and 5 are made exclusively via electrical connections, starting from a switching control element for the respective function selection of the window in closing, turning or tilting position rotatable or tiltable windows or closing and pivoting position in the case of turn, tilt or hinged windows.

Fig. 3 shows a section through a frame of a window with frame 2 and sash 3, wherein in the rebate 26 of the locking elements 8, 9 is shown schematically, which is electromechanically actuated. The locking elements 8, 9 each comprise an electromechanically driven, movable locking slide 27 which is movable in the direction of the disk plane in the direction of the sash 23 and in its locking position fixed to the wing or relative to the wing 23 not movable Verrieglungswiderlager 28 as a roll or a Bolt engages behind.

A schematic representation of such a locking device 8 'in different operating positions is shown in FIG. 4.

4 shows a purely schematically illustrated electromechanical drive device 33, which has an electric motor and preferably a transmission connected downstream thereof (not shown individually here). This drive device 33 is preferably arranged on the frame (or alternatively on the wing).

According to Fig. 4, the locking slide 27 are provided with cams, in particular suit slopes 34 such that the wing 23 is pulled when locking with a predetermined force over a path "c" in the direction of the frame 2, so that the wing 23 with predetermined force close to Frame 2 is applied.

The gear allows the linear movement of the locking slide 2 in its axial direction or in the direction of the corresponding window part - here the wing 3 - and in the direction of the movable wing - not shown here - fixed locking abutment 28th

At the locking abutment 28 facing side of the locking slide 27 is a control cam, here a Anzugsschräge 34 is formed, which can also be formed on a radially integrally formed on the actual Verrieglungsbolzen and only over a part, in particular an end portion of the locking slide 27 extending projection 35.

The function of this arrangement is as follows.

When closing the window of the locking slide 27 is extended from a retracted position (Fig. 4a) of the frame 2 in the direction of the sash 3 until the locking slide 27 comes with its Anzugsschräge 34 at the outer radius of the locking abutment 28 for conditioning (Fig. 4b). If the locking slide 27 is further extended, the locking abutment 28 on the wing 3 and the wing 3 itself are pulled perpendicular to the disc plane in the direction of the frame 2 until a locking position is reached, in which the path of the Anzugsschräge 34 is completely traversed, so that the Closed position can be maintained even when de-energized motor (locking position of Figure 4c).

For unlocking, according to an alternative, the closing path along the tightening slope 34 can be traversed back (not shown).

However, in order to perform the opening of the wing as quickly as possible, it is also conceivable to extend the locking slide 27 until it reaches a position at which it slides past the projection 35 with the Anzugsschräge 34, so that the wing 23 particularly fast from Blend frame 2 can solve (Fig. 4d).

The path "a" to be traversed linearly by the locking slide 27 in its direction of displacement when the window is locked is significantly longer than the distance "b" to be traveled during unlocking before opening (the ratio of a / b is, in particular greater than 2/1), so that the time that is necessary until the window after actuation of the operating element, in particular after rotation of the handle 13, is unlocked and can be opened is shorter than the time which the drive needed to lock the window after, for example, manual closing and subsequent rotation of the handle 13. This is advantageous because in particular the opening should always go quickly, whereas the user does not bother a longer time to lock after closing the window or after applying the wing to the frame 2.

An alternative embodiment is shown in FIG. 5. Here, the locking takes place analogously to FIG. 4, but the unlocking takes place by means of an unlocking spring 36.

A drive housing 37 for the electric motor and a transmission is in this case designed such that it also receives the unlocking spring 36, in particular a helical spring.

The unlocking spring 36 surrounds the locking slide 27 and is supported on two stops 38, 39 which surround the locking slide 27 concentrically, wherein one of the stops 38 surrounds the locking slide 27 like a disk and is axially fixed thereto and the other as the housing wall 40 of the drive housing 34th is formed, which passes through the locking slide 27 movable. On a projecting from the drive housing 37 projection 41, a head part 42 of predetermined length is formed, which in turn is provided with the Anzugsschräge 34.

The locking takes place as shown in FIG. 4, but in the drive housing 37 at the end of the locking slide 27 an eccentric is formed with an eccentric 43, which moves on a circular path 44 and acts on closing on a radial stop 45 on or around the locking slide 27 , which is firmly connected to the locking slide 27, so that the eccentric pin on pushes the stopper 45 the locking slide 27 outwardly from the drive housing (to the locking position of Fig. 5c).

If the eccentric pin is moved further, it slips past the edge of the stop 45, so that in turn the locking abutment 28 is released, so that the unlocking spring 46 can relax.

According to Fig. 5b, however, the circular path 44 of the eccentric pin 43 is dimensioned and adjusted so that after less than half a circular path 44, the closed position is reached and that on further sweeping the circular path 44 of the locking slide 27 further extends until it again reaches a position in which the head part 42 is released, so that the wing 23 in turn can quickly detach from the frame 2 (Figure 5d).

reference numeral

Swing-out windows

1

frame

2

casement

3

Drehkipplager

4

rocker bearing

5

spinning band

6

A stay mechanism

7

locking elements

8, 9

coupling member

10, 11, 12

handle

13

handle housing

14

closed position

15

rotary position

16

tilt

17

handle

18

wing

23

disc

24

handle

25

rebate

26

locking slide

27

Verrieglungswiderlager

28

frame spars

29 - 32

driving device

33

tightening incline

34

head Start

35

ways

a, b

unlocking

36

drive housing

37

attacks

38, 39

housing

40

head Start

41

headboard

42

eccentric

43

orbit

44

attack

45

axes

x, y

ways

a, b, c

Claims (18)

1. Window or door comprising

   a) a preferably encircling window or door frame (2) and a casement or leaf (23) with a surface element (24) which can be pivoted about one or more axes (X axis, Y axis) relative to the window or door frame,

   b) fittings (4-7) between the casement or leaf (23) and the window or door frame (2) for moving the casement or leaf (23) relative to the window or door frame (2),

   c) electromechanically actuated locking elements (8, 9) for locking the casement or leaf (23) to the window or door frame (2) after an, in particular, manual or separate electromechanical closing of the casement or leaf (23),
   characterized in that

   d) each locking element (23) has a dedicated electromechanical driving device (33), and/or

   e) in that the locking elements (8, 9) are configured in such a manner that, during closing of the window, they move relative to each other and perpendicular to the plane of the pane and, in the process, press the casement or leaf (23) against the window or door frame (2) with a predetermined contact pressure force.
2. Window or door according to Claim 1, characterized in that the locking elements (8) are configured in such a manner that the locking time after closing of the casement or leaf (23) is longer than the unlocking time before opening the casement or leaf.
3. Window or door according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that electromagnetic or electromechanical functional elements, in particular coupling elements (10-12), are provided for at least one or more of the fittings (5, 6, 7) in order to move the casement or leaf (23) relative to the window or door frame (2).
4. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a handle (13) which is arranged on the casement or leaf (23) and has a gripping part which can be moved - in particular can be rotated - on the casement or leaf (23) into various gripping positions which correspond to different operating positions of the casement or leaf (23), the handle (13) having switching elements and/or sensors, and the handle (13) being connected wirelessly or via electric lines to the electromechanical locking elements (8, 9) between the casement or leaf (23) and the window or door frame (2) and/or to the electromagnetic or electromechanical functional elements, in particular coupling elements (10-12), for at least one or more of the fittings (5, 6, 7).
5. Window or door according to Claim 4, characterized in that the handle (13) is not connected to the locking elements (8, 9) and/or to the fittings via any mechanical elements, such as a gear mechanism, and in that the handle (13) is configured for manual opening and closing of the casement or leaf.
6. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that each locking element has an electromechanically driven movable locking slide (27), preferably on the window or door frame (2) or on the casement or leaf (23), which locking slide is configured for engaging behind a corresponding, immovable locking abutment (28) on the casement or leaf or on the window or door frame (2).
7. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the locking slides (27) or the locking abutment (28) has a control curve, in particular a tapering slope (34), which is configured, when the locking slide (27) is extended, to move the fixed locking abutment (28) and therefore the casement or leaf in the direction of the window or door frame and to lock it to the window or door frame with a predetermined force.
8. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a projection with a predetermined extent is formed on the locking slide (27), and in that the movable locking slide (27) can be extended axially in the displacement direction to the extent that the fixed locking abutment (28) reaches a position at which it slides past the projection (35), and therefore the casement or leaf (23) can be detached from the window or door frame.
9. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electromechanical driving device has a release spring (36).
10. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electromechanical driving device (8, 9) is configured in order to move the locking slide (27) during the locking operation and, in the process, to tension the release spring (36).
11. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the locking of the locking slide and the tensioning of the release spring (36) take place by means of an eccentric arrangement.
12. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the eccentric arrangement has an eccentric pin (43) moving on a circular path.
13. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a drive housing (37) is provided, which accommodates an electric motor and a gear mechanism and preferably the release spring (36), in particular a helical spring.
14. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the release spring (36) surrounds the locking slide (27) and is supported on two stops (38, 39) which are movable relative to each other and of which one is fixed on the locking slide (27).
15. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the eccentric pin (43) acts on a stop (45) on the locking slide (27) such that it firstly, for locking purposes, advances this locking slide, as it moves on its circular path (44), outwards out of a drive housing (37) until a position is reached in which the release spring (36) can relax for releasing purposes.
16. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a configuration in such a manner that the locking position is reached as early as when less than half of the circular path (44) of the eccentric pin (43) has been passed over, and in that, during further passing over the circular path (44), the movable locking slide (27) is extended further until it reaches a position at which it slides past a head part (42) on the locking slide (27) with the tapering slope, and therefore the casement or leaf can be released from the window or door frame (2).
17. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the locking elements (8, 9) is provided on a vertical frame strut (29) on the ledge side.
18. Window or door according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that further of the locking elements which lock the casement or leaf at certain points or locations are provided on one or on the further frame struts (29-32) of the casement or leaf frame (3).

Images