Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
  • A61K31/423—Oxazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of gaboxadol for the preparation of medicaments useful for the treatment of insomnia in a human patient, a method for treating insomnia in a human patient, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of gaboxadol being effective for the treatment of insomnia.
• Gaboxadol (THIP or 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol) described in EP patent 0000338 Bl, and in EP Patent 0840601 Bl has shown great potential in the treatment of sleep disorders in general.
• gaboxadol is able to increase sleep maintenance and to promote deep sleep, while having no disrupting influence on REM sleep.
• the present inventors are the first to realize the usefullness of gaboxadol as an oral treatment of insomnia in human patients. Accordingly, no treatment regimen have been proposed for treatment of insomnia in human patients, no effects of cessation of treatment in human patients have been studied, and no abuse or dependency of treatment in human patients have been investigated.
• gaboxadol is an effective treatment for insomnia in human patients, in particular primary insomnia.
• gaboxadol has shown a significant improved effect in human patients suffering from impaired day time functioning, in particular such patients suffering from primary insomnia.
• Impaired day time functioning may be due to suffering from a sleep disorder or any disease, disorder or condition leading to deprivation of sleep, or obstruction of sleep, such as primary insomnia, secondary insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, sleep disorders due to occassional stress, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, sleep paralysis, snoring, night terrors, night sweats, delayed sleep phase syndrome, depression, chronic tension type headache, fibromyalgia, neuropatic pain, chronic pain, alcoholic abuse, arthritis.
• the objective of the invention is to provide an effective treatment of insomnia in a human patient, in particular primary insomnia and insomnia secondary to another mental disorder, a general medical condition or induced by a substance (secondary insomnia).
• a further objective of the invention is to provide an effective treatment of insomnia in a human patient, without causing rebound insomnia upon cessation of treatment, in particular long-term treatment.
• a further objective of the invention is to provide an effective treatment of insomnia in a human patient, without causing abuse or dependency of treatment, in particular long-term treatment.
• the studies performed revealed that it was particular advantageous to administer gaboxadol at bedtime, such as from about 1 hour, for instance, from about Vz hour before going to sleep.
• Gaboxadol has the general formula
• glycol is intended to include any form of the compound, such as the base (zwitter ion), pharmaceutically acceptable salts, e.g. pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, hydrates or solvates of the base or salt, as well as anhydrates, and also amorphous, or crystalline forms.
• base zwitter ion
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts e.g. pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, hydrates or solvates of the base or salt, as well as anhydrates, and also amorphous, or crystalline forms.
• insomnia is intended to mean a disorder characterised by abnormalities in the amount, quality and timing of sleep and includes circadian rhythm sleep disorders, sleep disorders due to occasional stress, primary insomnia and insomnia secondary to another mental disorder, a general medical condition or induced by a substance (hereafter referred to as secondary insomnia).
• Primary insomnia is associated with complaint in initiating or maintaining, or nonrestorative sleep not exclusively occurring due to another mental disorder, physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition.
• Secondary insomnia is associated with complaint in initiating or maintaining, or nonrestorative sleep occurring due to another mental disorder, physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition.
• Such substance may be e.g. acethyl choline esterase inhibitors or beta blockers.
• the treatment is typically given during less than a week (short term treatment), from 1 to 4 weeks (intermediate term treatment) or for a period exceeding 4 weeks (long-term treatment).
• short term treatment from 1 to 4 weeks (intermediate term treatment) or for a period exceeding 4 weeks (long-term treatment).
• long-term treatment is chronic treatment.
• adults is intended to mean humans from 18 to 64 years.
• children is intended to mean humans from 0 to 17 years.
• the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of gaboxadol being effective for the treatment of insomnia.
• Individual embodiments are primary insomnia and secondary insomnia.
• the treatment is typically given during less than a week, from 1 week up to 4 weeks, or for a period exceeding 4 weeks.
• the pharmaceutical composition is an oral dose form, such as a solid oral dose form, typically tablets or capsules, or a liquid oral dose form, such as a solution.
• the pharmaceutical composition is a solid oral dose form, typically tablets or capsules.
• gaboxadol is selected from the zwitter ion, typically a hydrate thereof, although the anhydrate is also suitable.
• a typical embodiment is the zwitter ion monohydrate.
• gaboxadol is selected from an acid addition salt, typically a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.
• a typical embodiment is an organic acid addition salt, such as any one of the maleic, fumaric, benzoic, ascorbic, succmic, oxalic, bis- methylenesalicylic, methanesulfonic, ethane-disulfonic, acetic, propionic, tartaric, salicylic, citric, gluconic, lactic, malic, mandelic, cinnamic, citraconic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, itaconic, glycolic, p-amino-benzoic, glutamic, benzene sulfonic or theophylline acetic acid addition salts.
• Another typical embodiment is an inorganic acid addition salt, such as any one of the hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric or nitric acid addition salts.
• gaboxadol is in the form of the hydrochloric acid salt, the hydrobromic acid salt, or the zwitter ion monohydrate.
• gaboxadol is crystalline, such as the crystalline hydrochloric acid salt, the crystalline hydrobromic acid salt, or the crystalline zwitter ion monohydrate.
• the amount of gaboxadol in the composition ranges from 2.5 mg to 20 mg, such as 5 mg to 15 mg. The amount of gaboxadol is calculated based on the free base form. In a typical embodiment, the amount of gaboxadol in the composition is 2.5 mg. In a further typical embodiment, the amount of gaboxadol in the composition is 5 mg. In a further typical embodiment, the amount of gaboxadol in the composition is 7.5 mg.
• the amount of gaboxadol in the composition is 10 mg. In a further typical embodiment, the amount of gaboxadol in the composition is 12.5 mg. In a further typical embodiment, the amount of gaboxadol in the composition is 15 mg.
• the present invention relates to a method for treating insomnia in a human patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an amount of gaboxadol per day, said amount being effective for the treatment of insomnia.
• Typical embodiments of gaboxadol are selected from an acid addition salt, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt, e.g. selected from the hydrochloride or hydrobromide salt; or a zwitter ion hydrate, such as the zwitter ion monohydrate; or the zwitter ion anhydrate.
• an acid addition salt such as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt, e.g. selected from the hydrochloride or hydrobromide salt
• a zwitter ion hydrate such as the zwitter ion monohydrate; or the zwitter ion anhydrate.
• Typical embodiments of the effective amount of gaboxadol ranges from 2.5 mg to 20 mg, such as 5 mg to 15 mg of gaboxadol per day. Most conveniently, gaboxadol is in a crystalline form.
• Typical embodiments of insomnia are selected from patients with primary insomnia or secondary insomnia.
• the patient may be any patient suffering from insomnia, and is selected from children, adults, or elderly.
• Gaboxadol is administered as an oral dose form, such as a solid oral dose form, typically tablets or capsules, or as a liquid oral dose form. Gaboxadol is most conveniently administered orally in unit dosage forms such as tablets or capsules, containing the active ingredient in an amount from about 2.5 to about 20 mg, e.g. from about 5 to about 15 mg.
• Patients requiring short-term treatment are typically patients suffering from circadian rhythm sleep disorders or sleep disorders due to occasional stress.
• Patients requiring intermediate, long-term or chronic treatment are typically patients suffering from primary insomnia or secondary insomnia.
• the present invention relates to use of gaboxadol for preparing a medicament for treating insomnia in a human patient, h particular the medicament comprises an amount of gaboxadol being effective for the treatment of insomnia.
• the present invention relates to use of gaboxadol for preparing a medicament for treating primary insomnia in an adult or elderly human patient, wherein said medicament comprises an oral dose form comprising 5 to 15 mg of gaboxadol to be administered once daily from about 1 hour before bedtime up to bedtime.
• gaboxadol is administered from about Vz hour to 45 minutes before bedtime up to bedtime, such as from 0 to 45 minutes before bedtime, e.g. from 0 to 30 minutes before bedtime, or from 5 to 20 minutes before bedtime. Any one of the embodiments of gaboxadol may be used.
• the treatment may be intermediate, long-term or chronic treatment.
• gaboxadol is in the form of an acid addition salt, or a zwitter ion hydrate or zwitter ion anhydrate.
• gaboxadol is in the form of the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt selected from the hydrochloride or hydrobromide salt, or in the form of the zwitter ion monohydrate.
• the effective amount ranges from 2.5 mg to 20 mg of gaboxadol calculated as the base.
• the gaboxadol is in a crystalline form.
• Further embodiments of the medicament comprises an effective amount of gaboxadol from 2.5 mg to 20 mg, such as 5 mg to 15 mg, e.g. 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, or 15 mg.
• a typical embodiment being 5 mg to 15 mg of crystalline gaboxadol, such as the hydrochloride of gaboxadol.
• a typical embodiment is use of gaboxadol as the hydrochloride for preparing a medicament comprising an effective amount of the gaboxadol from 5 mg to 15 mg, for treating insomnia in a human patient.
• the human patient to be treated with gaboxadol may in fact be any subject of the human population, male or female, which maybe divided into children, adults, or elderly. Any one of these patient groups relates to an embodiment, thus, a typical embodiment is use of Gaboxadol for preparing a medicament comprising an effective amount of the Gaboxadol from 2.5 mg to 20 mg, for treating insomnia, such as primary or secondary insomnia, in an elderly human patient.
• the medicament is an oral dose form.
• the medicament is a solid oral dose form, such as tablets or capsules, or a liquid oral dose form.
• a typical embodiment is use of gaboxadol for preparing a medicament in an oral dose form comprising an effective amount of the gaboxadol from 2.5 mg to 20 mg, for treating insomnia, such as primary or secondary insomnia, in a human patient, such as an elderly human patient.
• the treatment is short-term treatment. In a further embodiment the treatment is intermediate term treatment. In a further embodiment the treatment is long term treatment. In a further embodiment the treatment is chronic treatment.
• gaboxadol for preparing a medicament, such as in an oral dose form, comprising an effective amount of the gaboxadol from 2.5 mg to 20 mg, for long term treatment of insomnia, such as primary or secondary insomnia, in a human patient, such as an elderly human patient.
• the present invention relates to a method for treating primary insomnia in an adult or elderly human patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an oral dose form comprising 5 to 15 mg of gaboxadol per day wherein gaboxadol is administered from about 1 hour before bedtime up to bedtime.
• gaboxadol is administered from about l hour to 45 minutes before bedtime up to bedtime, such as from 0 to 45 minutes before bedtime, e.g. from 0 to 30 minutes before bedtime, or from 5 to 20 minutes before bedtime. Any one of the embodiments of gaboxadol maybe used.
• the treatment may be intermediate, long-term or chronic treatment.
• the present invention relates to a method of improving day time functioning in a human patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an oral dose form comprising 5 to 15 mg of gaboxadol per day.
• the present invention relates to a method of treating impaired day time functioning in a human patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an oral dose form comprising 5 to 15 mg of gaboxadol per day.
• Such human patient maybe suffering from a sleep disorder or any disease, disorder or condition leading to deprivation of sleep, or obstruction of sleep, such as primary insomnia, secondary insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, sleep disorders due to occassional stress, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, sleep paralysis, snoring, night terrors, night sweats, delayed sleep phase syndrome, depression, chronic tension type headache, fibromyalgia, neuropatic pain, chronic pain, alcoholic abuse, or arthritis.
• a sleep disorder or any disease, disorder or condition leading to deprivation of sleep, or obstruction of sleep such as primary insomnia, secondary insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, sleep disorders due to occassional stress, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, sleep paralysis, snoring, night terrors, night sweats, delayed sleep phase syndrome, depression, chronic tension type headache, fibromyalgia, neuropatic pain, chronic pain, alcoholic abuse, or arthritis.
• the invention concerns in one embodiment a method of improving day time functioning in a human patient suffering from primary insomnia in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an oral dose form comprising 5 to 15 mg of gaboxadol per day.
• gaboxadol may be used as the base (i.e. the zwitter ion) or as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof or as an anhydrate or hydrate or solvate of such salt or base.
• the salts of the compound used in the invention are salts formed with non-toxic organic or inorganic acids.
• organic salts are those with maleic, fumaric, benzoic, ascorbic, succinic, oxalic, bis-methylenesalicylic, methanesulfonic, ethane-disulfonic, acetic, propionic, tartaric, salicylic, citric, gluconic, lactic, malic, mandelic, cinnamic, citraconic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, itaconic, glycolic, p- amino-benzoic, glutamic, benzene sulfonic and theophylline acetic acids, as well as the 8- halotheophyllines, for example 8-bromo-theophylline.
• Exemplary of such inorganic salts are those with hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric and nitric acids.
• Gaboxadol may also be used as the zwitter ion, e.g. the mono hydrate thereof.
• the acid addition salts according to the invention may be obtained by treatment of gaboxadol with the acid in an inert solvent followed by precipitation, isolation and optionally re-crystallisation by known methods and if desired micronisation of the crystalline product by wet or dry milling or another convenient process, or preparation of particles from a solvent-emulsification process. Suitable methods are described in EP patent 0000338.
• Precipitation of the salt is typically carried out in an inert solvent, e.g. an inert polar solvent such as an alcohol (e.g. ethanol, 2-propanol and n-propanol), but water or mixtures of water and inert solvent may also be used.
• an inert solvent e.g. an inert polar solvent such as an alcohol (e.g. ethanol, 2-propanol and n-propanol), but water or mixtures of water and inert solvent may also be used.
• gaboxadol should be administered orally, and it may be presented in any suitable form for such administration, e.g. in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, syrups or solutions.
• gaboxadol is administered in the form of a solid pharmaceutical entity, suitably as a tablet or a capsule.
• Tablets may thus be prepared by mixing the active ingredients with ordinary adjuvants and/or diluents and subsequently compressing the mixture in a convenient tabletting machine.
• adjuvants or diluents comprise: corn starch, lactose, talcum, magnesium stearate, gelatine, lactose, gums, and the like. Any other adjuvant or additive such as colourings, aroma, preservatives, etc. may also be used provided that they are compatible with the active ingredients.
• gaboxadol A suitable formulation of gaboxadol is described in WO 02/094225 filed May 17, 2002. Without limiting the invention in any way, it is intended that any one of the aspects or embodiments of this patent application is suitable embodiments of the medicament or pharmaceutical compositions herein.
• Doses are 2.5 to 20 mg per day as previously stated. The doses are not different between the patient diagnoses or treatment durations. Effect is confirmed for short-term treatment in studies using acute treatment in healthy subjects exposed to a phase advance model. Assessment of effect on insomnia during intermediate term treatment duration is performed in primary insomnia patients using treatment duration up 4 weeks. Long term or chronic treatment is assessed in 12 months safety studies. Patient populations includes primary insomnia patients with age range 18-65 yrs (adults) and 65 and above (elderly).
• gaboxadol improves sleep maintenance as measured by polysomnograph (PSG).
• PSG polysomnograph
• Sleep maintenance is measured by either of parameters wakefulness after sleep onset, number of awakenings after sleep onset or total sleep time.
• Data from the clinical study including a phase advance model in healthy subjects also demonstrated that subjects perceive this effect as decreased wakefulness.
• the effect was observed at doses as low as 5 mg per day.
• gaboxadol facilitated sleep initiation in studies conducted using primary insomnia patients and subjects in a phase advance model. In these studies, the effect was also confirmed by the patients own feeling of the sleep initiation. Based both on PSG and on subjective diary recording, gaboxadol doses of 5 to 15 mg are required to achieve effect in adults and elderly (gaboxadol was administered from V2 hour before bedtime up to immediately before going to bed).
• gaboxadol induced a dose-dependent increase in duration of slow wave sleep (SWS), that is, stages 3 and 4, which is considered the deepest stage of sleep.
• SWS slow wave sleep
• the effect ranged between +15 and 46% compared to placebo.
• the enhancement of SWS observed in the EEG was identified in the spectral analysis as an increase of slow wave activity with similar effect range as described above for slow wave sleep. Improvement in daytime function
• the daytime performance (used interchangeably with daytime function) in adult (18-65yrs) primary insomnia patients (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition, DSM IN-TR) has been assessed in a 3 week placebo controlled parallel group, outpatient study.
• the performance was measured with standardised questions using a 100 point Visual analogue scale (NAS).
• NAS Visual analogue scale
• Patients responses were recorded in a diary in the evening on the day after each treatment night (gaboxadol was administered about X A hour before bedtime).
• daytime function was recorded once weekly using the Sheehan disability scale (ref.Sheehan et al 1996, The measurement of disability. International Clinical Psychopharamcology;ll(suppl 3), 89-95).
• gaboxadol in doses 5, 10 and 15 mg significantly improve daytime performance. The effect is more pronounced during week 2 and 3.

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