EP1717357B1 - Etaleur-nappeur - Google Patents
Etaleur-nappeur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1717357B1 EP1717357B1 EP06004726A EP06004726A EP1717357B1 EP 1717357 B1 EP1717357 B1 EP 1717357B1 EP 06004726 A EP06004726 A EP 06004726A EP 06004726 A EP06004726 A EP 06004726A EP 1717357 B1 EP1717357 B1 EP 1717357B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- laying
- belts
- carriage
- belt
- guided
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Images
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
- D04H1/74—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being orientated, e.g. in parallel (anisotropic fleeces)
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01G—PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
- D01G25/00—Lap-forming devices not integral with machines specified above
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fleece laying with a superstructure and a laying carriage, which are movably guided across an endless delivery conveyor belt transversely to the transport direction, two tensioning carriages and two tensioned, made of textile fabric, air-permeable Legebändem, which are passed over the superstructure and the laying carriage and between which a to be deposited pile is at least partially recorded and guided to a laying carriage located at the laying carriage.
- a fleece layer of this kind is made EP 0 398 240 B1 known.
- the known nonwoven is a counter-runner, so-called because in the movement of the laying carriage on the delivery conveyor belt of the superstructure performs a counter-rotating movement and in this way had guided over stationary deflection rollers guide belts under tension.
- a tension roller is additionally arranged in the path of movement of one of the leg bands, which is to a certain extent spatially adjustable in the extent of the voltage differences to be compensated, but essentially remains at rest.
- Out EP 0 865 521 B1 is nonwoven with a superstructure and a laying carriage, which are movably guided across an endless delivery conveyor belt transversely to the transport direction, known, which is designed as a synchronizer, runner, because in the laying movement of the laying carriage of the superstructure is moved in the same direction.
- a superstructure and a laying carriage which are movably guided across an endless delivery conveyor belt transversely to the transport direction, known, which is designed as a synchronizer, runner, because in the laying movement of the laying carriage of the superstructure is moved in the same direction.
- each band is each guided by its own tensioning carriage, the opposite direction to the upper and laying carriages is moved.
- the bands are made of rubber or PVC continuously coated fabrics and have a very flat surface, because they move during the movement of the laying carriage close to the deposited fleece and touch it.
- the surface would be so rough that the laying belts would entrain fibers from the fleece as they move over the laid fleece.
- the air-permeable ribbon has. Therefore, the mentioned hint arises in EP 0 865 521 B1 on air permeability of the ribbons probably a wishful thinking.
- the very even surface of the bands has the consequence that the bands are relatively firmly adhere to each other and in the superimposed state not against each slipping in the longitudinal direction or can be controlled independently of each other in the transverse direction. For this reason, the bands must be separated from each other on the superstructure and the laying carriage in the area where the path of the pile to be laid, and then rejoined, including, as in the aforementioned EP 0 865 521 B1 is shown clearly, in each case a plurality of guide rollers are provided for each one of the bands. It turns out that just in the path areas where the pile experiences the strongest centrifugal forces, it is insufficiently supported on its radially outer side. Furthermore, the lifting of the bands from one another and the separation of them from the pile can produce suction effects which adversely affect the pile. Conversely, the reintroduction of the respective lifted ribbon to the pile can lead to blowing effects, which laterally fade the pile.
- the bands In high-speed operation, the bands also tend to flutter, with the result that the pile is blown laterally. It creates fiber fly that disturbs the machine operation and the product has non-uniform quality.
- the invention has for its object to provide a nonwoven layering of the type mentioned, which allows a simplified structure and in which the pile is gently guided.
- the laying belts are screen belts and are preferably made of a polyamide or polyester fabric of monofilaments. Also steel fabric tapes are used.
- Lanyards of the type used are able to immediately divert any trailing air contained in a pile to the outside. Suction or blowing effects can not occur if the ribbons separate or approach each other. Also mentioned Fluttering effects of known bands are at least largely, if not completely avoidable.
- the fact that the bands are made of tissue makes their surface pointy uneven, ie in the surface are formed by the crossover points of the fabric filaments thick areas, next to which there are thin spots. This avoids that the tape is "sticking" to each other, as is the case with the known, designed more like films Legebändem and there must be taken into account at the guide rollers by separating the bands from each other.
- a particular advantage of the bands is when they are made of a very smooth material, which makes it possible to guide them together under sandwichartigem inclusion of the pile to be laid around the guide rollers on the upper and laying carriage where they can move against each other in the longitudinal direction ,
- a complicated construction with special additional guide rollers of the kind as mentioned in the EP 0 865 521 B1 is described and must be selected there to take into account the problem of strong adhesion of the bands to each other, is completely unnecessary in a nonwoven fabric of the present invention.
- the laying belts are guided on the superstructure namely in each case only via an inlet roller and a guide roller and form at the guide rollers an inlet gap for receiving the pile.
- a first of the laying belts accompanies the second laying belt on its way around the guide roller on the superstructure over an arc of 90 °, and the laying carriage are each guided over a guide roller and form a discharge gap for discharging the pile at the laying point.
- the second ribbon accompanies the first ribbon on its way to the deflection roller on the laying carriage over a 90 ° arc.
- Mutual slippage of the bands therefore takes place only on the said 90 ° arc and in the section between these arches. Due to the smooth surface of the bands, this slip does not adversely affect the operation of the device and the piles trapped between the bands.
- the delivery conveyor belt over which the carriage is movable, is covered in the swept by the deposit of the laying carriage surface area of two preferably air-impermeable, endless, movable Abdeckbändem, each of which is connected to its own drive means.
- This Abdeckbändem fiber fly is prevented, and the laid fleece can not be disturbed by the uneven surface of the ribbons.
- the masking tapes are preferably guided over a respective deflection roller mounted in the laying carriage.
- the two deflecting the cover strips Guide rollers are mounted near the discharge gap forming deflection rollers and form between them a passage through which the emerging from the discharge gap pile is passed to the delivery conveyor belt. In this way, the pile passes from the discharge nip on a straight path on the delivery conveyor belt.
- the bands are stretchable to some extent, because thereby the transport conditions at those guide rollers on which the conveyor belts are deflected together, be improved.
- the single drawing shows schematically only the essential parts of a nonwoven fabric with the features of the invention.
- the basic characteristics of the fleece layer and its function are in line with those of the fleece layer EP 0 865 521 B1 match. For explanation, reference may therefore be made to those document additionally.
- the nonwoven fabric has in a housing or frame (only hinted) a superstructure 1 shown here only schematically and a likewise only schematically illustrated laying carriage 2, which is arranged in a relation to the uppercarriage 1 lower altitude.
- the crosslapper also has two tensioning carriages 3 and 4.
- About the superstructure 1 and the laying carriage 2 and each one of the tensioning carriages 3 and 4 are guided by means of suitable, fixedly mounted rollers two guide belts 5 and 6, each consisting of an open fabric.
- the aforementioned cars 1 to 4 are on a delivery conveyor belt 7 transversely to the transport direction of the same Rails (indicated by dashed lines) movably guided.
- the first laying belt 5 passes through a loading region B, to which an endlessly circulating charging belt 8 leads to the feeding of a card web to be deposited (hereinafter referred to as "pile").
- two smooth cover strips 9 and 10 which serve to protect the deposited on the delivery conveyor belt 7 pile layers against air turbulence, by depositing the pile by means of the laying carriage. 2 can be generated.
- the masking tapes 9 and 10 are guided over a plurality of stationary mounted guide rollers and also run over two opposing guide rollers 11 and 12, which are rotatably mounted on the laying carriage 2, and two guide rollers 13 and 14, at one below the delivery conveyor belt 7 transversely to its Transport direction movable auxiliary carriage 15 are rotatably mounted.
- At least one each of the fixedly mounted guide rollers is connected to a drive device, which is symbolized in the drawing by a sector mark of the respective guide rollers.
- the cover bands 9 and 10 form a passage for passing the pile to be deposited on the delivery conveyor belt 7.
- a guide roller 16 and a guide roller 17 for the first guide belt 5 and a second guide roller 18 and a second guide roller 19 for the second guide belt 6 are rotatably mounted.
- On the laying carriage 2 are two closely opposite guide rollers 20 and 21 for the bands 5 and 6 rotatably mounted.
- the course of the laying belts 5 and 6 through the nonwoven layer is as follows.
- the one (first) laying belt 5 runs from the loading area B approximately horizontally to the first guide roller 16 on the superstructure 1, via the guide roller 17 on the superstructure 1 and from there horizontally to the guide roller 21 on the laying carriage 2 and wraps around this on an arc of 90 °.
- it runs over the guide roller 20 on the laying carriage 2, this also on an arc of 90 °, looping over a stationary mounted guide roller to a mounted on the first tensioning carriage 3 guide roller and then back to the feed area B.
- At least one of the fixedly mounted guide rollers is with a drive connected, which is symbolized in the drawing by a sector mark of the respective guide roller.
- the other (second) laying belt 6 runs on a horizontal section to the guide roller 18 on the uppercarriage 1 and the guide roller 19 in the uppercarriage 1 and then puts on the other guide roller 17 on the uppercarriage 1 wrap around first guide belt 5, so that there is a Arc of 90 ° describes. It then accompanies the path of the first laying belt to the laying carriage 2 and wraps around its guide roller 21 on an arc of 180 °, from where the second laying belt 6 extends horizontally above the delivery conveyor belt 7 and two stationary mounted guide rollers to one in the second tensioning carriage 4th mounted deflecting roller is guided.
- the second laying belt 6 After looping around the same by 180 °, the second laying belt 6 extends over a further stationarily mounted deflection roller, looping it through 180 °, back to the guide roller 18 on the uppercarriage 1.
- at least one of the fixedly mounted guide rollers is connected to a drive, which is symbolized in the drawing by a sector mark of the respective guide roller.
- the two guide belts 5 and 6 form an approximately funnel-shaped inlet area, which opens into an inlet gap formed by the two guide belts 5 and 6 on the guide rollers 17 and 19.
- the two laying belts 5 and 6 form a discharge gap, from which the pile to be laid is delivered to a deposit point A, which is movable via the delivery conveyor belt 7.
- the path of a pile supplied to the fleece layer is as follows:
- the pile passes via the loading belt 8 at the loading area B onto the horizontal upper section (upper run) of the first laying belt 5 which extends from the loading area B to the upper carriage 1.
- the pile passes into the inlet gap between the first and second guide belts 5 and 6 to the guide rollers 17 and 19 mounted in the uppercarriage 1, and then between the two guide belts 5 and 6 via the guide roller 21 on the laying carriage 2, where the two guide belts 5 and 6 separate from each other at the discharge gap between the two guide rollers 20 and 21 mounted in the laying carriage 2.
- the released at the discharge gap Flor then passes through a passage through which, between the two guide rollers 11 and 12 is present, which deflect the cover strips 9 and 10, at the depositing point A on the delivery conveyor belt 7th
- the drawing shows the crosslapper in a state in which the laying carriage 2 is located approximately in the middle of its path of movement above the delivery conveyor belt 7.
- the superstructure 1 is arranged in the drawing to the right of the carriage 2. Pile is fed to the leveler via the feed belt 8 at a speed v. If the pile is not to be stretched on its way through the nonwoven layer, the laying belt 5 in the loading area B has a speed which is also v.
- the driven deflection roller of the cover strip 9 is stopped, so that the covering belt 9 unwinds via the guide roller 11 on the laying carriage 2 onto the delivery conveyor belt 7, which has been newly deposited by the drag movement of the laying carriage 2.
- the auxiliary carriage 15 is thus retraced to the left with the speed v. Since at the passage gap between the two guide rollers 11 and 12, the cover strips 9 and 10 must not have a speed difference, the cover strip 10 must have at its mounted on the laying carriage 2 guide roller 12 has a peripheral speed which is equal to v.
- the cover tape 10 moves at twice the speed, that is, 2v to the right over the piles placed on the delivery conveyor 7. This requires a corresponding drive speed at its driven, stationary deflection roller. If the movement of the laying carriage is reversed, the delivery conveyor belt 10 is wound on the newly laid pile, while the other cover tape 9 slides at twice the speed 2v over the laid pile layers.
- the laying carriage 2 In the edge regions of the delivery conveyor belt 7, the laying carriage 2 must be braked to zero speed. However, since the feed belt 8 continues to feed pile at the speed v and the take-up speed of the laying tape 5 in the loading area B can not be reduced, the speed ratio between the uppercarriage 1 and the laying carriage 2 is temporarily changed. The superstructure 1 moves slightly further than the original speed ratio, so that between the superstructure 1 and the laying carriage 2 a buffer is formed, the volume increases during the deceleration phase of the laying carriage 2 and again reduced after the reversal of motion and subsequent acceleration of the laying carriage 2 ,
- the lower run of the masking tape located in the direction of movement behind the laying carriage is essentially stationary on the pile newly laid during the current movement stroke of the laying carriage, on the relative movement between the delivery conveyor belt 7 and the cover bands 9 and 10 caused by the transport movement of the delivery conveyor Ab radiatortransportbandes 7 is caused, once apart.
- the lower run of the masking tape located in front of this in the direction of movement of the laying carriage on the other hand, sweeps away over the felt web laid in the preceding laying process with the speed doubled in relation to the speed of the laying carriage.
- the masking tape is smooth, the structure of the laid card web is not disturbed by this movement of the masking tape.
- the bands are 5 and 6 both on the uppercarriage 1 and the laying carriage 2 each on a path arc of only 90 ° with the interposition of the transported card web successively, the path radius of the laying belt 5 on its guide roller 17 on the uppercarriage 1 is smaller than that of the laying belt 6, on the guide roller 21 on the laying carriage 2 but larger than that of the laying belt 6. Because textile fabrics are used for the laying belts 5 and 6 according to the invention, which are not prone to mutual sticking, the laying belts 5 and 6 can easily move against each other without the risk of disturbing the pile trapped between them.
- the above-described speed ratios of the laying and masking tapes apply in the event that the pile is laid unstretched by the nonwoven layer. If a stretching effect on the pile in the region between the discharge gap between the guide rollers 20 and 21 on the one hand and the guide rollers 11 and 12 on the other hand are caused by means of the nonwoven layer, the discharge gap at the guide rollers 20 and 21 and unfoldibilpalt between the guide rollers 11 and 12th make the masking tapes so tight that there is a respective clamping action is caused on the pile, and the drive both cover strips 11 and 12 is to control so that their peripheral speed at their guide rollers 11 and 12 is greater than the peripheral speed of the guide belts 5 and 6 at their guide rollers 20 and 21.
- the speed difference can be controlled by the respective location of the laying carriage during the laying movement in intended profiling. But it is also possible to measure the thickness profile of the laid web transversely to its longitudinal extent and to compare with a nominal profile and control the stretching process with the comparison result, so that also thickness tolerances in the supplied pile can be compensated.
- the invention thus offers advantages that still add to the structural advantages.
- Both the laying belts and the masking tapes can each have more than one driven roller in order to improve the traction, as shown in the drawing by the example of the masking tapes.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
- Gyroscopes (AREA)
- Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
Claims (5)
- Distributeur de voile comportant un chariot supérieur (1) et un chariot de pose (2), qui sont guidés de manière mobile au-dessus d'une bande transporteuse de distribution sans fin (7) transversalement à la direction de transport de celle-ci, et comportant des bandes de pose (5, 6) en tissu textile perméable à l'air, qui sont guidées par l'intermédiaire du chariot supérieur (1) et par l'intermédiaire du chariot de pose (2) et entre lesquelles un voile à déposer est reçu au moins par zone et est guidé vers un point de distribution (A) sur la bande transporteuse de distribution (7), situé sous le chariot de pose (2), caractérisé en ce qu'est disposé un chariot de tension (3, 4) par l'intermédiaire duquel la bande de pose (5, 6) concernée est guidée, et que dans la zone de surface balayée par le point de distribution (A), la bande transporteuse de distribution (7) est recouverte par deux bandes de couverture (9, 10) sans fin, lisses, mobiles, qui sont chacune reliées à un dispositif d'entraînement.
- Distributeur de voile selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les bandes de couverture (9, 10) sont imperméables à l'air.
- Distributeur de voile selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que deux autres cylindres de renvoi (11, 12) sont supportés pour tourner dans le chariot de pose (2) en dessous de deux cylindres de renvoi (20, 21) renvoyant les bandes de pose (5, 6), lesquels cylindres de renvoi sont chacun entourés par l'une des bandes de couverture (9, 10), qui forment entre elles sur les autres rouleaux de renvoi (11, 12) un interstice de guidage pour faire passer à travers celui-ci le voile à déposer sur la bande transporteuse de distribution (7).
- Distributeur de voile selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les bandes de pose (5, 6) sont guidées sur le chariot supérieur (1) chacune uniquement par l'intermédiaire d'un rouleau d'alimentation (16, 18) et d'un rouleau de renvoi (17, 19) et forment sur les rouleaux de renvoi (17, 19) un interstice d'alimentation pour recevoir le voile, une première (6) des bandes de pose accompagnant la seconde bande de pose (5) sur son trajet autour de son rouleau de renvoi (17) sur le chariot supérieur (1) suivant un arc de 90°, et que les bandes de pose (5, 6) ne sont chacune guidées sur le chariot de pose (2) que par l'intermédiaire d'un rouleau de renvoi (20, 21) et forment sur celui-ci un interstice de distribution pour distribuer le voile au point de distribution (A), la seconde bande de pose (5) accompagnant la première bande de pose (6) sur son trajet autour de son rouleau de renvoi (20) sur le chariot de pose (2) sur un arc de 90°.
- Distributeur de voile selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'interstice de distribution entre les rouleaux de renvoi (20, 21) des bandes de pose (5, 6) sur le chariot de pose (2), et l'interstice de guidage entre les rouleaux de renvoi (11, 12) des bandes de couverture (9, 10) sur le chariot de pose (2) sont chacun si étroits, qu'un voile enfermé entre ceux-ci est coincé, et que les entraînements des bandes de pose (5, 6) et des bandes de couverture (9, 10) sont agencés de telle façon que la vitesse périphérique des rouleaux de renvoi (11, 12) des bandes de couverture (9, 10) est au moins de temps à autre supérieure à la vitesse périphérique des rouleaux de renvoi (20, 21) des bandes de pose (5, 6).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE202005006840U DE202005006840U1 (de) | 2005-04-27 | 2005-04-27 | Vliesleger |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1717357A1 EP1717357A1 (fr) | 2006-11-02 |
EP1717357B1 true EP1717357B1 (fr) | 2008-06-25 |
Family
ID=36685730
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP06004726A Expired - Fee Related EP1717357B1 (fr) | 2005-04-27 | 2006-03-08 | Etaleur-nappeur |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1717357B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE399220T1 (fr) |
DE (2) | DE202005006840U1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102006028448A1 (de) * | 2006-06-21 | 2007-12-27 | ERKO Trützschler GmbH | Kreuzleger |
ATE446397T1 (de) * | 2007-01-18 | 2009-11-15 | Dilo Kg Maschf Oskar | Vorrichtung zum geführten transport einer florbahn |
ATE464411T1 (de) | 2007-02-15 | 2010-04-15 | Dilo Kg Maschf Oskar | Vorrichtung zum legen eines vlieses |
EP1975286A1 (fr) * | 2007-03-30 | 2008-10-01 | Oskar Dilo Maschinenfabrik KG | Etaleur-nappeur |
CN103911770B (zh) * | 2014-04-22 | 2016-02-24 | 湖南大学 | 一种多轴向交叉铺网机 |
CN107034588B (zh) * | 2017-06-08 | 2022-11-01 | 常熟市伟成非织造成套设备有限公司 | 具有压棉功能的铺网小车 |
CN107043967B (zh) * | 2017-06-08 | 2022-10-28 | 常熟市伟成非织造成套设备有限公司 | 具有压棉功能的铺网机 |
CN109704266A (zh) * | 2018-11-15 | 2019-05-03 | 湖州织里瑞茜服饰有限公司 | 一种棉被生产铺网机 |
IT201900008706A1 (it) * | 2019-06-12 | 2020-12-12 | Mirco Battistella | Faldatore per veli di carda |
CN110670244A (zh) * | 2019-11-20 | 2020-01-10 | 常熟市振泰无纺机械有限公司 | 高速铺网机 |
CN115404596B (zh) * | 2022-08-12 | 2023-07-14 | 吉祥三宝高科纺织有限公司 | 一种具有导流作用的铺网机 |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2234395B1 (fr) * | 1973-06-19 | 1976-09-17 | Asselin Robert | |
US4984772A (en) * | 1989-05-15 | 1991-01-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | High speed crosslapper |
DE4010174A1 (de) | 1990-03-30 | 1991-10-02 | Hollingsworth Gmbh | Verfahren zum ablegen eines vlieses oder dgl., sowie vliesbandleger |
FR2677044B1 (fr) | 1991-06-03 | 1994-04-29 | Asselin Ets | Etaleur-nappeur. |
DE29518587U1 (de) * | 1995-11-23 | 1997-04-10 | Autefa Maschinenfabrik GmbH, 86316 Friedberg | Vliesleger |
DE10125452C2 (de) * | 2001-05-25 | 2003-06-18 | Kortec Gmbh Business Technolog | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Ablegen einer flexiblen Materialbahn |
FR2840326B1 (fr) * | 2002-05-28 | 2004-07-30 | Asselin | Chariot mobile d'entree d'etaleur-nappeur et etaleur-nappeur equipe dudit chariot |
EP1612306B1 (fr) * | 2004-07-01 | 2008-06-04 | Oskar Dilo Maschinenfabrik KG | Etaleur-nappeur |
-
2005
- 2005-04-27 DE DE202005006840U patent/DE202005006840U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2006
- 2006-03-08 EP EP06004726A patent/EP1717357B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-03-08 DE DE502006000967T patent/DE502006000967D1/de active Active
- 2006-03-08 AT AT06004726T patent/ATE399220T1/de active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE202005006840U1 (de) | 2006-08-31 |
ATE399220T1 (de) | 2008-07-15 |
DE502006000967D1 (de) | 2008-08-07 |
EP1717357A1 (fr) | 2006-11-02 |
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