EP1701901B1 - Procede et dispositif pour detecter sans contact des objets plats - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif pour detecter sans contact des objets plats Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1701901B1
EP1701901B1 EP04804233.7A EP04804233A EP1701901B1 EP 1701901 B1 EP1701901 B1 EP 1701901B1 EP 04804233 A EP04804233 A EP 04804233A EP 1701901 B1 EP1701901 B1 EP 1701901B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sheet
curve
objects
characteristic
region
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EP04804233.7A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1701901A1 (fr
Inventor
Dierk Schoen
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Pepperl and Fuchs SE
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Pepperl and Fuchs SE
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Priority claimed from DE102004056742A external-priority patent/DE102004056742A1/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H7/00—Controlling article feeding, separating, pile-advancing, or associated apparatus, to take account of incorrect feeding, absence of articles, or presence of faulty articles
    • B65H7/02—Controlling article feeding, separating, pile-advancing, or associated apparatus, to take account of incorrect feeding, absence of articles, or presence of faulty articles by feelers or detectors
    • B65H7/06—Controlling article feeding, separating, pile-advancing, or associated apparatus, to take account of incorrect feeding, absence of articles, or presence of faulty articles by feelers or detectors responsive to presence of faulty articles or incorrect separation or feed
    • B65H7/12—Controlling article feeding, separating, pile-advancing, or associated apparatus, to take account of incorrect feeding, absence of articles, or presence of faulty articles by feelers or detectors responsive to presence of faulty articles or incorrect separation or feed responsive to double feed or separation
    • B65H7/125—Controlling article feeding, separating, pile-advancing, or associated apparatus, to take account of incorrect feeding, absence of articles, or presence of faulty articles by feelers or detectors responsive to presence of faulty articles or incorrect separation or feed responsive to double feed or separation sensing the double feed or separation without contacting the articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2515/00—Physical entities not provided for in groups B65H2511/00 or B65H2513/00
    • B65H2515/10—Mass, e.g. mass flow rate; Weight; Inertia
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2557/00—Means for control not provided for in groups B65H2551/00 - B65H2555/00
    • B65H2557/20—Calculating means; Controlling methods
    • B65H2557/24—Calculating methods; Mathematic models
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2557/00—Means for control not provided for in groups B65H2551/00 - B65H2555/00
    • B65H2557/20—Calculating means; Controlling methods
    • B65H2557/24—Calculating methods; Mathematic models
    • B65H2557/242—Calculating methods; Mathematic models involving a particular data profile or curve
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2557/00—Means for control not provided for in groups B65H2551/00 - B65H2555/00
    • B65H2557/30—Control systems architecture or components, e.g. electronic or pneumatic modules; Details thereof
    • B65H2557/31—Control systems architecture or components, e.g. electronic or pneumatic modules; Details thereof for converting, e.g. A/D converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2557/00—Means for control not provided for in groups B65H2551/00 - B65H2555/00
    • B65H2557/30—Control systems architecture or components, e.g. electronic or pneumatic modules; Details thereof
    • B65H2557/32—Control systems architecture or components, e.g. electronic or pneumatic modules; Details thereof for modulating frequency or amplitude
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2701/00—Handled material; Storage means
    • B65H2701/10—Handled articles or webs
    • B65H2701/19—Specific article or web
    • B65H2701/192—Labels

Definitions

  • the invention relates to methods for non-contact detection of flat objects according to the preamble of claim 1 and to a device according to the preamble of claim 3.
  • Methods and devices of this kind are described e.g. Used in the printing industry to determine whether a single sheet or multiple sheets or a missing sheet exists for paper, film or similar sheet materials in the printing and manufacturing process.
  • a multiple sheet e.g. a double sheet is a separation of such a double sheet to protect the printing press normally required.
  • the normal printing process is modified or interrupted until a single sheet is detected again.
  • these methods and devices are also used in the packaging industry, in which, for example, labels applied to base material or carrier material are counted or checked for the presence or absence.
  • Another area of use is the detection of tear threads or tear points, especially in thin, used as wrapping films, such as cigarette packs. But even metal-clad papers, sheet-like plastic sheets or films and sheets can be detected by means of such methods and devices without contact in manufacturing operations.
  • the measuring principle used in a generic method and a device when using e.g. Ultrasound and the detection of paper in sheet-like form based on the fact that the ultrasonic wave emitted by the transmitter penetrates the paper and the transmitted portion of the ultrasonic wave is received by the receiver as a measurement signal and is evaluated in terms of its amplitude.
  • the receiver In the presence of a multiple or double arc therefore sets in the receiver a much smaller amplitude, as in the presence of a single arc.
  • the flat object to be detected such as a paper sheet, for example, is detected with regard to its grammage or its sound absorption characteristic and entered into the evaluation device in the sense of teaching in before the actual detection process begins.
  • a significant disadvantage is that in other flat objects with different weights again a corresponding teach-in step must be performed and taught, which on the one hand is complex and on the other hand usually leads to significant downtime in the corresponding facilities.
  • EP 1 201 582 A An apparatus for detecting single sheets or multiple sheets is known. For the detection of these sheets, this known device has at least one capacitive sensor and at least one ultrasonic sensor.
  • an evaluation unit for deriving a signal for the detection of the single or multiple sheet is provided. This signal is derived from a logical combination of the output signals of the sensors, wherein the appropriate detection signal is determined in an adjustment phase.
  • Another device is as a capacitive sensor from the DE 195 21 129 C1 known. This primarily aimed at the non-contact detection of labels on a substrate device works with two capacitor elements and an oscillator influencing them. The dielectric properties of the paper or other planar objects therefore influence the resonant circuit of the oscillator with respect to the frequency, which is evaluated for detection.
  • Another device of the type mentioned is from the DE 203 12 388 U1 known.
  • This ultrasonic device uses the transmission and reflection of the radiation to determine the presence and strength of the corresponding objects.
  • this device also uses reference reflectors, so that a relatively complex structure of the device is present.
  • an inductively operating device for measuring the thickness of sheets known, which may consist of non-ferrous metals or ferrous metals.
  • the measurement of the thickness of the sheets takes place here via the evaluation of the operating frequency of a frequency generator or via the evaluation of its amplitude.
  • this device first requires a teach-in step in which a calibration plate is introduced into the measuring chamber and the operating frequency or the amplitude of the frequency generator is set according to a standard thickness curve.
  • this device is suitable for detecting sheet thicknesses up to about 6 mm. The detection of thin sheets or films is not very safe due to the small change in damping.
  • a device for separating non-magnetic sheets is described.
  • a traveling-field inductor exerts a force provided opposite to the conveying direction of the laminated core, so that the present double sheet is separated into two sheets.
  • this device is completely unsuitable.
  • the DE 42 33 855 C2 describes a method for controlling and detecting bump inhomogeneities. This method works optically and on the basis of a transmission measurement. However, especially in the control of paper sheets with respect to single sheets and multiple sheets there is the problem that due to the material nature of the sheets very strong fluctuations due to inhomogeneities or the reflection behavior and the flutter of the sheets are caused. To overcome this problem, this document provides a measured value evaluation using the fuzzy logic rules.
  • a particularly useful for counting banknotes, but also in other papers and films usable method is from the DE 30 48 710 C2 known.
  • This method which is based on the determination of the basis weight or the thickness of the materials to be detected, works with pulsed ultrasound waves, wherein for the detection of a double sheet, ie the presence of two overlapping or overlapping banknotes, in particular the evaluation of the integration of the phase shift is used.
  • the field of application of this method is therefore primarily geared to the counting of banknotes or of comparable papers and foils taking into account the basis weights of such materials. For use in packaging materials or the counting of labels, therefore, this method seems unsuitable.
  • Another method on acoustic or ultrasonic basis is from the DE 40 22 325 C2 known.
  • This method which is based on the control of faulty or multiple sheets of sheet or foil-like objects, requires a first pass of the corresponding flat object with a calibration and adjustment process, which is carried out automatically by microprocessor controlled. It is therefore in this method, a kind of teaching first on the thickness of the object with respect to an optimal measurement and frequency range required and continue in such a first pass the detection and storage of a corresponding threshold.
  • From the DE 199 21 217 A1 is together with the DE 199 27 865 A1 and EP 1 067 053 B1 a device for the detection of labels or flat objects known.
  • This device uses ultrasonic waves with a modulation frequency, wherein a threshold value during a calibration process or a teach-in step is determined to distinguish between single and multiple sheets.
  • the detection can indeed be set to the special flat object in the sense of a label.
  • this teach-in step makes the device more complex and requires longer setup times when switching to another planar object. This shows that a larger material spectrum can not be detected per se, but only tuned to the specific individual material.
  • the invention has for its object to design a generic method and apparatus for non-contact detection of flat objects, or very flexible and has a large range of materials, a reliable detection of single, missing or Multiple sheets with different sheet materials, especially papers, allows, can be done without teach-in step and different rays or waves as optical or acoustic type can be used.
  • the invention takes into account that an immediate conversion of the measurement signal can be carried out in the context of an A / D conversion, whereby the digital values obtained are subjected to the measurement signal characteristic of the corresponding purely digital correction characteristic in order to achieve, as it were, directly the evaluable target characteristic ,
  • This principle of the application of a correction characteristic also has the great advantage that different sensor devices, in particular as a barrier or barrier arrangement, eg in a fork shape, can be used, whereby advantageously ultrasonic sensors or optical sensors can be used, wherein for these sensors the same procedure can be used equally.
  • the corresponding correction characteristic which may also consist of a combination of several correction characteristics, is impressed on the output side for the further amplification device Evaluation to obtain a well-evaluated target characteristic over the entire basis weight range.
  • the detection of the corresponding planar object with respect to certain threshold values can then take place in a subsequent method step, which can be implemented, for example, in a microprocessor, so that a clear detection signal is obtained in single-sheet, missing-sheet or multiple-sheet.
  • the method also provides that the measurement signal obtained in the receiver or its measurement signal characteristic is subjected directly to an analog-to-digital conversion, these digital values, taking into account a corresponding purely digital correction characteristic, to a target characteristic with generation of a corresponding Detection signals are processed.
  • these measures provide the advantage that reliable detection of the corresponding flat objects over a very large grammage and basis weight range is achieved without the need for a teach-in process, which would lead to downtimes of the system.
  • the dynamic range of the evaluation is considerably expanded, so that the detection of very thin or very inhomogeneous materials that tend to flutter behavior, with good security is feasible.
  • the method according to the invention therefore makes it possible to reliably distinguish between single sheet, missing sheet and multiple sheet or double sheet, and this for very thin or very sound-transmissive objects, eg with a basis weight From 8 g / m 2 or about 10 microns thick, up to relatively thick and strong Schallintransmissiven objects up to 4000 g / m 2 , for example, with a thickness of 4 mm, without a previous teach-in process sure to distinguish.
  • the invention also envisages taking account of correction characteristic curves which represent a combination of different correction characteristics, whereby these combined correction characteristics also only partially over partial areas of the entire grammage range can be applied.
  • the correction characteristic can also sections as a linear or non-linear characteristic, as a single or multiple logarithmic curve, as an exponential curve, as a hyperbolic curve, as a polygon, be designed as a function of any degree or empirically determined or calculated characteristic or as a combination of several of these characteristics.
  • the target characteristic for different material spectra is divided into three sections.
  • the introduction of portions of the target characteristic thus allows for improved reliability in terms of single, false or multiple arc detection.
  • the amplitude value is compared with threshold values based on the target characteristic. These are in particular an upper threshold for air and a lower threshold for double or multiple sheets.
  • the received measurement signal with the corresponding value of the target characteristic is greater than the upper threshold value, this is evaluated as a "missing signature".
  • a received measuring signal smaller than the lower threshold value means a “multiple or double sheet”. For a received measurement signal with the corresponding value on the target characteristic between the threshold values, this is detected as a "single arc”.
  • the threshold values in particular for multiple sheets, can be permanently or continuously defined or designed to be carried dynamically.
  • a dynamic double arch threshold can be used in this sense to an additional extension of the measurable grammages.
  • the single-sheet value is measured and compared with the associated multiple sheet value e.g. be evaluated as a polygon function, if it is a simple function, such as a descending straight line or a constant value for the single sheet.
  • the sensor device preferably has at least one coordinated and coaxially aligned ultrasound transducer pair.
  • the method and apparatus according to the invention are also applicable to optical sensors.
  • the operating mode of the sensor device is selectable or switchable depending on the material spectra to be detected and the operating conditions as pulse operation or continuous operation.
  • an inclined mounting of the sensor pair is preferable in order to avoid interference or standing waves by means of this measure.
  • the continuous operation is, so to speak, designed as quasi-continuous operation, e.g. periodically, in comparison to the evaluation time short periods, the signal is switched off and turned on again. To avoid standing waves and phase jumps can be provided in the transmission signal.
  • the transmission signal has also proved to be advantageous to modulate the transmission signal with at least one modulation frequency.
  • tolerances of the transducers can be corrected or compensated in particular for ultrasonic sensors.
  • the sensor elements are tuned to each other, they usually have different resonance frequencies. If a frequency sweep f s with a frequency significantly lower than the exciting frequency is used for a frequency modulation, the resonance maximum of the sensor elements is periodically exceeded. If the response time of the sensor is significantly less than 1 / f s , the transducer properties of each individual sensor element or pair of sensors can be used optimally for ultrasonic transmission in this way.
  • the frequency sweep will normally be up to several 10 kHz.
  • the tolerances of the sensor elements are expediently corrected automatically before or during operation. This is done by normalizing the sensor element pairs to a fixed value at a predetermined fixed distance, in particular the optimal mounting distance. As a result, bad sensor elements are made better and good sensor elements or converters made worse. To compensate for this, a correction factor is necessary. According to the method, this can be done by the use of a straight line stored or calculated in the microprocessor ⁇ P as value pairs, since the measurement signal is already connected to e.g. a simple-logarithmic correction characteristic is evaluated and the correction characteristic generates an approximately linearly falling target characteristic over the transducer or sensor element spacing. That the input signal at the microprocessor of an evaluation device falls to a good approximation linearly with the transducer distance. Therefore, the correction of the values is easy even with variable distance, since when turning on a corresponding device only a straight line function for the correct initial value has to be calculated or stored as a value pair.
  • the correct determination of sensor head spacing is made by a transit time
  • a particular advantage of the method by means of ultrasound can be seen in the fact that the distance between transmitter and receiver in the sensor device for this teach-in-free method can be designed variably.
  • the sensor device can be adapted relatively quickly to different applications with regard to their distance, without this affecting the precision of the measurement of the method.
  • a further improvement of the method can be brought about by the monitoring of the distance between transmitter and receiver and its determination. This determination of the distance between transmitter and receiver can be realized on the one hand by reflection of the radiation between transmitter and receiver and on the other hand also by means of reflection between Transmitter and receiver despite a present in the space flat material, even a thick bow. If an exceeding of the permissible maximum sensor distance is determined, then the evaluation device, eg a microprocessor, can carry out a corresponding correction of the ascertained amplitude values of the measurement signal as a function of the distance between transmitter and receiver.
  • the orientation of the transmitter and receiver to each other in the main radiation direction, in particular coaxially to each other, with almost any inclination angle can be provided to the sheet plane.
  • a feedback between the transmitter and the evaluation device in particular a microprocessor, can be provided, in order to obtain a maximum amplitude at the output taking into account the material specification of the planar objects to be examined and further operating conditions. It is also possible to control the optimum transmission frequency. With this measure, aging effects of the sensor elements can be compensated and a product test of the device according to the invention, in a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention in series production fully automated.
  • a feedback is provided between the evaluation device and the transmitter, by means of which a maximization of the amplitude of the received measurement signal can be carried out. It is also preferred to provide a self-alignment between transmitter and receiver with regard to an optimal transmission frequency and / or amplitude.
  • This self-adjustment can be carried out in times synchronized with the transmission frequency, in fixedly defined pause times or else via a separate input provided externally to the sensor device.
  • the activation and selection of the corresponding channels and signals is preferably carried out via time-division multiplexing devices.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows the inventive method and a device with Blockschaltartigem structure and achievable at certain points voltage curves in the sense of characteristics over a grammage or basis weight range g / m 2 of a material to be detected spectrum.
  • a corresponding sensor device 10 has, on the one hand, a transmitter T and an opposing receiver R aligned therewith, between which the flat objects to be detected, in the example, are moved without contact in an arc shape.
  • a multiple arc is shown as double sheet 2.
  • a possible stress curve UM is dependent on the grammage or grammage g / m 2 for the measuring characteristic MK in Fig. 1a shown.
  • threshold values such as for the air threshold or as a double-arch threshold, to have clear intersections with these threshold values or the greatest possible stress separation to get these thresholds.
  • the principle according to the invention therefore is to take into account a correction characteristic curve and to apply this e.g. memorize the evaluation circuit subsequent to the receiver, for which purpose the following amplifier device is suitable, in particular, for achieving a well evaluable target characteristic for reliable detection with the decision as to whether a single sheet, no sheet or a multiple sheet is present over the desired grammage range.
  • Such a correction characteristic KK is in Fig. 1b shown schematically.
  • This correction characteristic which is in Fig. 1b the dependence between the output voltage U A of the input voltage U E only shows in principle, illustrates in comparison with the characteristic curve MK after Fig. 1a , which also shows only schematically the course of the measuring signal UM, that relatively high voltage values U M seen over the grammage range, little or no gain, while smaller voltage values, eg at relatively large basis weights (g / m 2 ) a much higher, possibly exponential gain experienced.
  • the resulting target characteristic ZK with the voltage U Z as a function of the grammage (g / m 2 ) is in Fig. 1c also shown only schematically.
  • the desired ZK can also from a pointwise mapping (implicit KK) of the measurement signal UM to the desired output signal U Z are transformed and thus the desired target characteristic ZK can be achieved. This requires an amplifier with adjustable gain , which then receives the correction characteristic from a ⁇ P.
  • mapping of the measurement signal UM to the desired output signal U Z based on the KK can also be done instead of value discrete, so pointwise, also continuous value.
  • the target characteristic shown has the solid line trace having three regions. A first and a third relatively steeply sloping region and a middle, only slightly inclined to the abscissa region comprising a large grammage range.
  • the received at the receiver R measuring signal UM is fed to an evaluation device 4.
  • the evaluation device 4 is shown in simplified form with the amplifier device 5 and downstream of a microprocessor 6.
  • the amplifier device 5 is given or impressed in the example, the correction characteristic KK, so that at the output the target characteristic ZK1 and ZK2 is obtained for further evaluation in the microprocessor 6.
  • the microprocessor 6 can then generate a corresponding detection signal with respect to single, missing or multiple sheets, in particular double sheets, taking into account stored or dynamically calculated data, such as threshold values.
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows the method and an apparatus for the detection of labels and similar materials, without a teach-in step would have to be performed.
  • the reference numerals correspond to the reference numerals Fig. 1 ,
  • the block-type structure shows a transmitter T, e.g. for the emission of ultrasonic waves, and an associated receiver R as a sensor device 10. Between transmitter T and receiver R labels 7 are passed.
  • the aim of the device is therefore to recognize on the one hand, whether labels or no labels are present. On the other hand, it is also possible to determine the number of labels guided by the sensor device.
  • the measurement signal U M or U E obtained in the presence of a label in the receiver R can, for example, have the characteristic curve progression over the grammage with approximately linear, non-linear, exponential or the like slope that drops as indicated schematically.
  • the subsequent evaluation device which may have, for example, an amplifier device 5 and a microprocessor 6 connected downstream, receives a correction characteristic curve in the amplifier 5 which, for example, increases linearly (I.) or exponentially (II.) As in FIG Fig. 2b shown, can be designed.
  • the correction characteristic for example after Fig. 2b reaches a target characteristic over the grammage range, as in Fig. 2c is represented by the curve I or II.
  • This target characteristic ZK I has the course of a negative falling line, from smaller grammages to larger grammages, optimally a constant slope and a maximum voltage difference for the output voltage U Z at small grammage differences should be achieved across the entire grammage or basis weight range provided for label detection.
  • the correction characteristic KK can also be a combination of individual different characteristics.
  • Other correction characteristics such as logarithmic or multiple logarithmic, can also be used depending on the characteristic curve variation of the measurement signal U M and the gain characteristic curve.
  • an ideal characteristic ZK I as in Fig. 2 shown to reach.
  • the curves according to the Fig. 2a, 2b, 2c show two examples of different characteristics.
  • Fig. 2d a schematic representation of the output voltage U A amplifier means over the grammage range with an exemplary course of a measured characteristic curve MK E for a label and the target characteristic ZK E shown how this is achievable taking into account the amplifier impressed correction characteristic KK.
  • the illustration is exemplary for the detection of labels or splices.
  • the measured value characteristic MK E is transformed by means of a suitable correction characteristic KK.
  • each point of the measured value characteristic MK E is transformed continuously or discretely in digital systems, into a corresponding value on the target characteristic ZK E. This is shown for clarity by the arrows.
  • the amplifier voltage can very easily be in the saturation range.
  • the use of films in labels can also quickly reach the noise amplifier's borderline, since films damp very heavily.
  • the method of characteristic correction can be used particularly advantageously, so that saturation of the measurement signal is avoided in the case of very thin and strongly attenuating materials, which ultimately ensures perfect detection of the presence or absence of labels.
  • FIG. 3a shows a schematic representation of the principal dependence of a normalized output voltage signal U A / pu of a signal amplifier as a function of basis weight or grammage (g / m 2 ) with differently designed signal amplifiers for single and multiple arc, especially double sheet.
  • the line I in Fig. 3a symbolizes a largely idealized curve in the output voltage of single arcs as a function of the grammage when using an approximately linear signal amplifier 5, wherein there is an approximate exponential decay of the voltage line.
  • This voltage characteristic I still does not take into account a correction characteristic KK.
  • the target characteristic II thus symbolizes a characteristic curve for the output signal in single sheets when using a logarithmic signal amplifier, wherein the target characteristic II has an approximately linear drop.
  • This ideal target characteristic is in Fig. 3b marked with I.
  • curve IIa symbolizes a multiple arc signal, in particular a double-sheet signal, with logarithmic correction characteristic, whereby approximately a single exponential drop of the multiple arc characteristic IIa is achieved.
  • Fig. 3b shows several target characteristics of single sheet with the representation of the normalized output voltage U A / pu of the signal amplifier as a function of the grammage or the basis weight (g / m 2 ) when using different signal amplifier.
  • the top horizontal line with broken lines indicates the saturation limit or maximum supply voltage for a signal amplifier used as an example.
  • the threshold value for air or a missing sheet is shown as an example at approximately 0.7 U A / pu.
  • U A the double-arc threshold and, below it, the threshold for the noise of electrical signal amplifiers is shown by way of example.
  • the horizontal line I in Fig. 3b identifies an ideal target characteristic for single sheets.
  • This ideal target characteristic shows no saturation for thin materials and has a high distance to the threshold of the noise or the double arch threshold.
  • This ideal target characteristic means that the output voltage U A of the signal amplification would ideally result in a constant signal when various grammages or area weights are input.
  • Curve II shows a non-linear target characteristic with two branches IIa and IIb, which is relatively difficult to realize because of the inflection point, but can be considered as a characteristic approximating the ideal target characteristic I for single-arc curves.
  • the relatively shallow portions of IIa and IIb could be realized, the range IIa for lighter grammages can be conveniently realized via a nearly linear signal amplification.
  • the area IIb for heavier grammages may e.g. be realized by means of a double-logarithmic signal amplification, the strong downward sloping kink proves to be too expensive in the technical realization due to the damping properties of papers with very high grammage.
  • the curve III represents a target characteristic which approximates the end points of the curve II in the simplest manner by means of a 2-point straight line connection to an ideal course as shown in the curve I.
  • this can be achieved by using a least single-logarithmic signal amplifier and shows the linearization of the measured values for single arcs over a large grammage range taking into account a corresponding correction characteristic.
  • the curve III has clear passages for the threshold values for air or for a double arc, so that clear switching points and detection criteria with respect to these threshold values are present.
  • Target curves according to the curves I, II and III therefore allow unambiguous detections over a widened compared to the prior art material spectrum.
  • the curve IV shown further shows an unsuitable target characteristic for single sheets.
  • Such an asymptotic course should also be avoided with respect to the switching thresholds to air or to the double bow, because a clear differentiation of the states, missing sheets or double sheets would then be problematic due to small signal differences to these thresholds.
  • the in the Fig. 1 . 2 . 3a and 3b shown principles therefore show, in the evaluation of the received measurement signal to use a signal amplification, which is given a correction characteristic curve, the characteristic of the output voltage U A / pu depending on the grammage of the flat objects over a large grammage range inverse or nearly inverse or the Ideal characteristic for single arc detection approximates the target characteristic curve in a suitable manner. In this way, a linear or almost linear dependence between the measurement signal U E received by the receiver and the signal voltage U A at the output of the signal amplifier is achieved.
  • Fig. 4a shows schematically in the Cartesian coordinate system with the material spectrum g / m 2 on the abscissa and the percentage signal output voltage U A on the ordinate an exemplary course of a measured value characteristic MK DB for the detection of single or double sheet.
  • the required correction characteristic KK DB is also shown for this example. From this, it can be seen that, initially, a transformation of the points of the measured value characteristic curve MK in the direction of the arrows P downwards and then for larger grammages, an upward transformation, in order to achieve the ideal target characteristic ZK i for single-sheet detection.
  • the example after 4b shows corresponding curves of the characteristic curves for labels.
  • the measured value characteristic MK E is shown as an example with a solid line.
  • the ideal target characteristic ZK E represents a straight line with a negative slope or a high lift.
  • the correction characteristic curve KK E required for the transformation is shown with an interrupted polyline and, in this case, has a point of discontinuity at the intersection between measured value characteristic curve MK E and target characteristic curve ZK E.
  • the Fig. 4c schematically shows the profile of the characteristics for the single or double sheet recognition for a case in which not the ideal target characteristic, but a real target characteristic ZK DBr is achieved.
  • the real target characteristic ZK DBr therefore has a stroke H DBr which is greater than 0.
  • the plotted measured characteristic curve MK DB could be transformed into the target characteristic ZK DBr by impressing, for example, the correction characteristic KK DB , as an upper, solid line trace . This transformation is indicated by the arrows P.
  • FIG. 4d schematically shows the transformation of a measured value characteristic MK DB for single or double sheet recognition to the desired target characteristic ZK DB .
  • the abscissa denotes the material spectrum g / m 2 , wherein the realistic measuring range M DBr is indicated.
  • the ordinate indicates the signal output voltage U A of the measured value as a percentage. This corresponds approximately to the attenuation dB.
  • the virtual end points E1 and E2 are shown as imaginary intersections of the measured value characteristic MK DB with the target characteristic ZK DB .
  • a correction characteristic KK DB is necessary to obtain a linear target characteristic ZK DB, as shown in broken line between the end points E1 and E2.
  • the idea is therefore to transform the measured value characteristic curve MK DB in the direction of the arrows to the real target characteristic ZK DB . This is achieved, so to speak, by a reflection of the measured value characteristic MK DB on the axis ZK DB after coordinate transformation.
  • FIG. 4e schematically shows the transformation of the measured value characteristic MK E for labels in the desired, ideal target characteristic ZK E by means of the required correction characteristic KK E.
  • the correction characteristic KK E can be obtained by mirroring MK E at the axis of the target characteristic ZK E after the coordinate transformation (see Fig. 4f ) can be achieved.
  • Fig. 4f represented coordinate transformation shows simplifying the displacement for a rectilinear coordinate system x, y by an angle ⁇ .
  • X, y are eg the axes of the Cartesian rectilinear coordinate system.
  • the new coordinate reference system is given by the imaginary reference axis of the target characteristics ZK DB or ZK E.
  • the Fig. 4g for the single bow shows the ideal target characteristic ZK i , which ideally runs in a straight line, without incline, ie is constant.
  • the stroke H i 0 over the entire ideal range over the material spectrum M i .
  • the arrow in the diagram indicates the transition from the ideal target characteristic ZK i to real target characteristics, eg ZK 1 or ZK 2 .
  • the Fig. 4h shows a comparable diagram to target characteristics ZK for the label recognition.
  • the ideal target characteristic ZK i for the label recognition in this case has a maximum stroke H i over a relatively large area of the material spectrum, which is characterized as an ideal material spectrum M i .
  • real target characteristics ZK 1 in label recognition deviate from the ideal target characteristic ZK i in the direction of the arrow from. Accordingly, the more real target characteristic ZK 1 has a smaller stroke H 1 and also a smaller material spectrum M 1 .
  • a measured value characteristic MK shown, which could be used for a specific material spectrum for single or double sheet detection.
  • the illustrated target characteristic curves ZK 1 and ZK 2 can therefore be derived from the measured value characteristic MK and the correction characteristic KK essentially by the difference.
  • Fig. 4j also shows schematically characteristic curves for single or double sheet recognition.
  • the measured value characteristic curve MK is derived in this example approximately from a weighted hyperbola.
  • the correction characteristic KK is a correction characteristic derived from a logarithmic function.
  • the measured value characteristic MK can be transformed in this example, taking into account the correction characteristic KK to a target characteristic ZK, which corresponds approximately to an ideal target characteristic for the single and a double sheet recognition.
  • Fig. 5a schematically the overlap of two single sheets is shown, so that in the overlap region of a double sheet 11 can be spoken.
  • This double sheet 11 is to consist of two sheets of paper, wherein the space between the two single sheets is a different material from their material. Since a non-contact detection is provided, it can be assumed that on both sides of the double arc air with the parameter Z 0 is present and also the intermediate medium in the overlap region of the single sheets of air with Z 0 , which as air cushion by the surface roughness of the materials in this Double sheet is present.
  • the direction of action of the measuring method e.g. By means of ultrasound, in the example, is perpendicular to the double-arched region, so that a transmitted ultrasonic signal in such a "true double-bow" becomes very small due to the multiple refraction over at least three interfaces, i. the transmission factor over three layers ideally approaches zero.
  • a double sheet may be considered as a material structure having a lamination or a nesting layer and in one of the spaces between the lamination, at least one of the various sheet materials different medium, in particular air, is present, which is the sheet materials in the case of an ultrasonic measuring method has a significantly different acoustic resistance and thus leads to signal reflections.
  • the signal attenuation due to signal refraction and reflection is so great that the emitted signal is strongly disproportionately damped. In other measurement methods, this affects the opacity and the surface finish and color and thickness, another dielectric, other electro-magnetic conductivity or other magnetic damping.
  • a double sheet 12 is shown with splice 13.
  • the direction of action of the measuring method used which in turn is assumed to be ultrasound, is indicated by arrows.
  • connection is done predominantly by means of at least one part of the surface or the entire surface adhering medium, in particular by means of one or two sides provided adhesive and adhesive tape or adhesive.
  • a splice for a method by ultrasound means an "acoustic short circuit" by the gap between the upper arch Z 1 and lower arch Z 2 filling and intimately bonding adhesive layer, above and below the single arc air with Z 0 is assumed ,
  • a splice could therefore be detected in the detection method by means of ultrasound essentially as a single sheet with a high grammage.
  • Fig. 5c schematically two embodiments of labels 15, 17 are shown.
  • label is understood to mean at least one or more material layers or material layers adhesively applied to a base or carrier material.
  • the layered material behaves e.g. With respect to the sound transmission to the outside as a connected piece of material, so that in some cases no significant attenuation of the respective physical quantities is present, but only a comparatively low, but still well evaluable damping. Possible inhomogeneities in the carrier material or applied material are not taken into account in this consideration, since in particular labels can be assumed to be of a defect-free material.
  • the label 15 follows in the example Fig. 5c an upper material with the parameter Z 2 applied to a carrier material by means of an intimate adhesive bond. There is air with parameter Z 0 on both sides of the label. As a result of this intimate adhesive bond, an acoustic short circuit exists between the materials in a detection method by means of ultrasound, so that an analogy to splices can follow Fig. 5b is available.
  • Fig. 6 is shown schematically and block-like a device for false, single and multiple sheet detection, the correction characteristic is generated as a combination of individual characteristics.
  • the correction characteristic resulting after the amplifiers is realized in the example with a first correction characteristic in the amplifier device 21 and at least a second correction characteristic in the amplifier device 22, which is connected in parallel.
  • the present at the output of the receiver R measurement signal or its characteristic curve over the grammage is therefore subjected to a combined correction characteristic to obtain a well-evaluated target characteristic 23, which is further evaluated in a microprocessor 6.
  • correction characteristic curve can therefore be carried out in many different ways, since the essential basic idea of the invention to carry out detection of single sheet, missing sheet or multiple sheet, and this over a large grammage range, without having to integrate a teach-in process, is maintained ,
  • Fig. 7 the schematic and block diagram like structure of a modified device for implementing the invention is shown.
  • the measurement signal of the receiver R is subsequently fed to an amplifier device 24 whose signal output is routed to a microprocessor 6.
  • the microprocessor 6 allows in this example via the feedback in the path A set a predetermined correction characteristic over the symbolized potentiometer 25.
  • a corresponding correction characteristic is calculated by means of the microprocessor 6 and the obtained or stored data and fed back via the path B to the amplifier means 24 and impressed.
  • the determined correction characteristic curve C can be impressed in a discrete-value or continuous-value manner over the path B of the amplifier device 24 or the evaluation of the amplified output signal can be carried out directly in the microprocessor 6 on the basis of the correction characteristic curve C.
  • Fig. 8 is shown in a schematic representation of the empirical determination of a measurement signal characteristic.
  • a large number of materials customary in the market are passed between the transmitter T and the receiver R, and the corresponding measurement signal characteristic is determined via this.
  • the measuring range is determined by the introduction of the thinnest available sheet material A and the thickest sheet material B to be detected.
  • the measurement signal characteristic thus determined can then be sent to the further processing system, e.g. a microprocessor, are supplied in order to determine a largely optimal correction characteristic for this measurement signal characteristic in order to achieve the required target characteristic.
  • the further processing system e.g. a microprocessor
  • Fig. 9 schematically a device 40 for non-contact detection of multiple sheets A, without the implementation of a teach-in step, and the detection of adhesively applied to a substrate material layers B, for example, labels shown.
  • An important idea here is to transmit the measurement signal evaluation for multiple arcs to a separate channel A with the corresponding correction characteristic and parallel to this the measurement signal evaluation for labels B to supply a separate channel B with adapted correction characteristic.
  • the measurement signal obtained at the output of the receiver R is therefore switched to the corresponding channel A or channel B via a multiplexer 34 controlled by the microprocessor 6.
  • the signal amplification in channel A is subject to a separate correction characteristic with optimum design for multiple arc detection.
  • the signal gain in channel B is subject to a correction characteristic for the label measurement signal.
  • Both channels A, B are fed via a subsequent multiplexer 35, which is also microprocessor-controlled, the downstream microprocessor 6 for further evaluation and detection of multiple sheet or label.
  • This device 40 is suitable both for the detection by means of ultrasonic waves.
  • the essential advantage is the targeted possibility of including the respectively most suitable correction characteristic curves for fundamentally different measuring tasks, namely for the most diverse types of material, such as in the present case multiple sheets and labels, for evaluation.
  • Fig. 10 schematically shows a graph of the normalized output voltage U A in% as a function of the grammage.
  • the target characteristic curve 42 of a single arc with logarithmic amplification over the grammage range is entered. Also shown are the air threshold LS in the upper area with a solid line and the double arch threshold DBS in the lower area with an interrupted polyline.
  • the double arched threshold can be provided dynamically, whereby this can be done constantly over sections of the grammage range. This is illustrated by the lines B1, B2 and B3.
  • the dynamic setting of the double-bowed threshold is also linear or as a polynomial of arbitrary degree running adjustable, as shown for example between the points P1, P2, P3 and P4.
  • the Fig. 11 concerns a largely similar diagram as the Fig. 10 , wherein the course of the target curve 42 for the single bow over the entire grammage range largely matches.
  • the dynamic threshold MBS is plotted for the multiple arc and its course between the points P1a, P2a and P3a.
  • the curve 44 marks the upper value of the flutter area for a single arc and the curve 45 the lower value of the flutter area for a single arc.
  • Fig. 12a, 12b schematically shows the basic arrangement for the detection of single-walled corrugated board 51 and two-wave corrugated board 60 and the running direction L, taking into account two sensors 61, 62, in particular ultrasonic sensors shown.
  • the corrugated cardboard 51 after Fig. 12a is single-walled and has at its Adscosionsticianen with a lower bottom layer 52 and an upper cover layer 53 adhesive regions 54 and bottom and top layer connecting webs that span a wave surface 55. These webs 55 between Pappwelle and the corresponding, eg horizontally extending ground or Cover layers, so to speak constitute an "acoustic short circuit" when using ultrasound.
  • the example in the example Fig. 12a used sensor has on the one hand the transmitter T and the receiver R, which are aligned coaxially with each other in their main axis.
  • the alignment of transmitter T and receiver R is preferably about perpendicular to the largest wave surface 55 or at an angle ⁇ 1 to the perpendicular of the single-walled corrugated board.
  • the further stated angle ⁇ 2 marks the angle between the perpendicular to the corrugated board and the surface direction of the main surface of the shaft.
  • the optimum angle ⁇ 1 for sound coupling in an ultrasonic sensor on a single-walled corrugated board, which has a required acoustic short AK between ground layer 52 and cover layer 53, is determined by the slope t / 2h.
  • t is the distance between two wave crests and h the height of the shaft or the distance between the bottom layer and top layer.
  • a two-ply corrugated board 60 having the lower first shaft 58 and the upper second shaft 59 is shown.
  • the arrangement of an ultrasonic sensor T, R corresponds to the Fig. 12a ,
  • the acoustic short circuit AK1 and AK2 between the individual layers is also essential for the detection in the case of twin-wave or multi-corrugated corrugated boards. In this way, it is possible to transmit a high acoustic energy to the multiwell corrugated cardboard in an ultrasonic sensor, so that a maximum force is achieved approximately perpendicular to the spanned surface of the shaft.
  • the invention provides a device-to-device solution for the reliable detection of single sheets, false sheets and multiple sheets, especially double sheets, not only over a very broad grammage and basis weight range, but also in terms of flexible uses and different material spectra.

Landscapes

  • Controlling Sheets Or Webs (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Procédé pour la détection sans contact de feuilles simples, de feuilles manquantes et de feuilles multiples d'objets (2) sous forme de feuilles, en particulier du papier,
    a) selon lequel les objets (2) sont disposés dans le trajet d'un rayonnement entre au moins un émetteur (T) et un récepteur (R) associé d'un dispositif de détection (10),
    b) selon lequel le rayonnement transmis à travers les objets (2) ou le rayonnement reçu par le récepteur (R) en cas de feuille manquante est reçu en tant que signal de mesure (UM),
    c) selon lequel le signal de mesure (UM) est soumis à une opération d'évaluation ultérieure (4) pour la génération d'un signal de détection,
    d) dans lequel une courbe caractéristique de mesure (MK) est formée par une tension d'entrée (UE) du signal de mesure (UM) en fonction d'une masse par unité de surface des objets (2),
    e) dans lequel une courbe caractéristique cible (ZK) est formée pour une feuille simple par une tension de sortie (UA) sur une sortie de l'opération d'évaluation (4) en fonction de la masse par unité de surface des objets (2),
    f) selon lequel au moins une courbe caractéristique de correction (KK) est imposée à l'opération d'évaluation (4), et
    g) selon lequel la courbe caractéristique de mesure (MK) est transformée en la courbe caractéristique cible (ZK) pour les objets (2), pour la génération du signal de détection avec la courbe caractéristique de correction (KK),
    caractérisé :
    h) en ce que la courbe caractéristique cible (ZK) décroît de manière monotone pour une masse par unité de surface croissante des objets (2),
    i) en ce que la courbe caractéristique cible (ZK) comprend une première zone, une zone médiane et une troisième zone de la masse par unité de surface, la zone médiane étant située entre les première et troisième zones, et
    k) en ce que la courbe caractéristique cible décroît de manière plus abrupte, pour une masse par unité de surface croissante, dans la première zone et dans la troisième zone que dans la zone médiane, la courbe caractéristique cible décroissant de manière linéaire dans la totalité des trois régions.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé :
    en ce que, en ce qui concerne une feuille simple, une feuille manquante ou
    une feuille multiple, au moins deux seuils sont imposés, en tant que seuil supérieur et seuil inférieur, et
    lorsqu'une tension de sortie est plus élevée que le seuil supérieur, l'évaluation est celle correspondant à une feuille manquante,
    lorsqu'une tension de sortie est située entre les seuils, il s'agit d'une feuille simple, et
    lorsqu'une tension de sortie est plus faible que le seuil inférieur, l'évaluation est celle correspondant à une feuille multiple.
  3. Dispositif pour la détection sans contact de feuilles simples, de feuilles manquantes et de feuilles multiples d'objets sous forme de feuilles (2), en particulier du papier, notamment en vue de la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon une des revendications 1 ou 2,
    a) avec au moins un dispositif de détection (10), qui comprend au moins un émetteur (T) et un récepteur (R) associé,
    b) dans lequel les objets (2) peuvent être disposés dans le trajet d'un rayonnement entre l'émetteur (T) et le récepteur (R),
    c) dans lequel le récepteur (R) sert pour la réception du rayonnement transmis à travers les objets (2) ou du rayonnement obtenu des objets (2) dans le cas d'une feuille manquante, en tant que signal de mesure (UM), et
    d) avec un dispositif d'évaluation (4, 5, 6) monté en aval, qui est relié au récepteur (R) pour le transfert du signal de mesure (UM) et qui est agencé pour la génération d'un signal de détection,
    e) dans lequel une courbe caractéristique de correction (KK) est imposée au dispositif d'évaluation (4) pour une courbe caractéristique de mesure (MK), la courbe caractéristique de mesure (MK) étant la tension d'entrée (UE) du signal de mesure (UM) pour les objets (2) en fonction d'une masse par unité de surface des objets (2),
    f) dans lequel une courbe caractéristique cible (ZK) est formée pour une feuille simple par la tension de sortie (UA) sur une sortie du dispositif d'évaluation (4, 5, 6) en fonction de la masse par unité de surface des objets (2),
    caractérisé :
    g) en ce que le dispositif d'évaluation (4, 5, 6) est agencé pour la transformation, avec la courbe caractéristique de correction (KK), de la courbe caractéristique de mesure (MK) en la courbe caractéristique cible (ZK), de telle manière :
    h) que la courbe caractéristique cible (ZK) décroît de manière monotone pour une masse par unité de surface croissante des objets (2),
    i) que la courbe caractéristique cible (ZK) comprend une première zone, une zone médiane et une troisième zone de la masse par unité de surface, la zone médiane étant située entre les première et troisième zones,
    k) que la courbe caractéristique cible décroît de manière plus abrupte dans la première zone et dans la troisième zone, pour une masse par unité de surface croissante, que dans la zone médiane, et
    I) que la courbe caractéristique cible décroît de manière linéaire dans la totalité des trois régions.
  4. Dispositif selon la revendication 3,
    caractérisé :
    en ce que le dispositif de détection (10) comprend au moins un détecteur à ultrasons ou un ou plusieurs capteurs optiques.
  5. Dispositif selon la revendication 3 ou 4,
    caractérisé :
    en ce qu'un dispositif pour le calibrage ou pour le réglage de la fréquence d'émission et/ou de l'amplitude d'émission est prévu sur le signal du récepteur.
  6. Dispositif selon la revendication 5,
    caractérisé :
    en ce que le calibrage peut être mis en oeuvre pendant des périodes synchronisées avec la fréquence d'émission ou pendant des périodes de pause définies.
  7. Dispositif selon une des revendications 3 à 6,
    caractérisé :
    en ce qu'un dispositif de rétro-action est prévu entre le dispositif d'évaluation (4), en particulier, un microprocesseur (6), et le dispositif de détection (10).
EP04804233.7A 2004-01-07 2004-12-22 Procede et dispositif pour detecter sans contact des objets plats Not-in-force EP1701901B1 (fr)

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DE102004001314 2004-01-07
DE102004056742A DE102004056742A1 (de) 2004-01-07 2004-11-24 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur berührungslosen Detektion von flächigen Objekten
PCT/EP2004/014639 WO2005066050A1 (fr) 2004-01-07 2004-12-22 Procede et dispositif pour detecter sans contact des objets plats

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EP1701901B1 true EP1701901B1 (fr) 2014-05-07

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DE102008023185B4 (de) * 2008-05-10 2016-04-21 Leuze Electronic Gmbh + Co. Kg Ultraschallsensor

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DE2632674B2 (de) * 1976-07-16 1978-06-08 Karl Deutsch Pruef- Und Messgeraetebau, 5600 Wuppertal Elektronische Einrichtung zur taktweisen Erfassung, Aus- und Bewertung von Impulsen bei der zerstörungsfreien Ultraschall-Werkstoffprüfung
DE2936737C2 (de) * 1979-09-07 1985-01-03 Mannesmann AG, 4000 Düsseldorf Vorrichtung zum US-Prüfen von Blechen
DE3236017C2 (de) * 1982-09-29 1984-10-31 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., 8000 München Verfahren zum zerstörungsfreien Prüfen eines Werkstückes
DD238955A1 (de) * 1985-07-04 1986-09-10 Polygraph Leipzig Verfahren und einrichtung zur kontrolle von fehl- und/oder mehrfachbogen
DE9017645U1 (de) * 1990-03-17 1991-07-04 Koenig & Bauer AG, 8700 Würzburg Laser-Mehrfachbogenkontrolle
US6212130B1 (en) * 1999-03-08 2001-04-03 Scan-Optics, Inc. Method and apparatus for plural document detection
DE19921217B4 (de) 1999-05-07 2004-11-25 Leuze Electronic Gmbh + Co Kg Vorrichtung zur Detektion von Etiketten
DE19927865B4 (de) 1999-05-07 2005-12-01 Leuze Electronic Gmbh & Co Kg Vorrichtung zur Detektion von Objekten
US6511064B1 (en) * 2000-04-19 2003-01-28 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus for multiple document detection using ultrasonic phase shift amplitude
JP2001328750A (ja) * 2000-05-22 2001-11-27 Fujitsu Ltd ダブルフィード検出方法およびその装置
DE20018193U1 (de) * 2000-10-25 2001-01-04 Leuze Electronic Gmbh & Co Vorrichtung zur Kontrolle von Bögen
DE20312388U1 (de) * 2003-03-23 2003-11-20 Pepperl & Fuchs Vorrichtung zur berührungslosen Detektion von Unregelmäßigkeiten der Dicke von flächigen Objekten, wie Papier, Pappe, Folien, Bleche oder Etiketten

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