EP1685614A2 - Pile a combustible hydrogene / peroxyde - Google Patents

Pile a combustible hydrogene / peroxyde

Info

Publication number
EP1685614A2
EP1685614A2 EP04811429A EP04811429A EP1685614A2 EP 1685614 A2 EP1685614 A2 EP 1685614A2 EP 04811429 A EP04811429 A EP 04811429A EP 04811429 A EP04811429 A EP 04811429A EP 1685614 A2 EP1685614 A2 EP 1685614A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cathode
anode
hydrogen
source
discharge
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04811429A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1685614A4 (fr
Inventor
Nie Luo
George Miley
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
NPL Associates Inc
Original Assignee
NPL Associates Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by NPL Associates Inc filed Critical NPL Associates Inc
Publication of EP1685614A2 publication Critical patent/EP1685614A2/fr
Publication of EP1685614A4 publication Critical patent/EP1685614A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04291—Arrangements for managing water in solid electrolyte fuel cell systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04186—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of liquid-charged or electrolyte-charged reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
    • H01M8/04216—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes characterised by the choice for a specific material, e.g. carbon, hydride, absorbent
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
    • H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
    • H01M8/186—Regeneration by electrochemical means by electrolytic decomposition of the electrolytic solution or the formed water product
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63G—OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS ON VESSELS; MINE-LAYING; MINE-SWEEPING; SUBMARINES; AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
    • B63G8/00—Underwater vessels, e.g. submarines; Equipment specially adapted therefor
    • B63G8/08—Propulsion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fuel cells, and more particularly, but not exclusively relates to electrochemical fuel cells for which reduction reactions occur at the cathode side using hydrogen peroxide.
  • This reduction process when combined with the oxidization reaction at the anode side, generates electrical energy.
  • Aluminum-hydrogen peroxide (Al/H 2 O 2 ) semi fuel cells have been studied for underwater propulsion.
  • the existing problem with the Al/H 2 O 2 semi fuel cell is that the energy density is still lower than desired for many applications — particularly space propulsion implementations.
  • hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 is used indirectly to generate oxygen gas for utilization at the cathode, there are significant difficulties from doing so.
  • the oxygen joins the reduction reaction in a gaseous form.
  • the mass density achievable in this gas phase is ordinarily a thousand times less than that available in a liquid phase
  • the area current density is at least 100 times less from this limiting factor alone.
  • ordinary fuel cells typically use a compressor to pressurize the air/O 2 to a few Bars. Even so, the current density is still at least 30 times less than the liquid phase counterpart.
  • the additional weight and energy requirement of the pressurizing system also represent performance penalties.
  • the mass transport of the reactants in such fuel cells is a two- phase process.
  • the two- phase transport of reactant and product species can be a limiting phenomenon of fuel cell operation.
  • transport of oxygen to the catalyst affects the oxygen reduction reaction rate in the cathode.
  • the water generated in cathode reaction condenses when water vapor exceeds the saturation pressure, and blocks the open pores of the gas diffusion layer, further limiting reactant transport.
  • the slow kinetics of oxygen reduction has also been identified as a factor limiting the current density and the overall energy conversion efficiency of an oxygen fuel cell system.
  • the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode is written as: O 2 + 4 H + + 4 e — » 2 H 2 O. This reaction involves four electrons simultaneously, and therefore has a low probability of occurrence.
  • the poor kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction can also be attributed to the low exchange current density of the oxygen reduction reaction.
  • the high cathodic overpotential loss of 220 mV, at potentials close to the open circuit, observed in the current low Pt loading electrocatalyst, is due to a mixed potential that is set up at the oxygen electrode. This mixed potential is from a combination of slow O 2 - reduction kinetics and competing anodic processes such as Pt-oxide formation and/or impurity oxidation.
  • the low exchange current density of the O 2 - reduction reaction results in a semi-exponential, Tafel-like behavior — indicating that the reaction is activation controlled over a range of three orders of magnitude in current density.
  • One embodiment of the present invention is a unique fuel cell.
  • Other embodiments include unique apparatus, methods, devices, and systems relating to fuel cells.
  • a further embodiment includes: performing an oxidation reaction at an anode to convert molecular hydrogen to hydrogen ions and a reduction reaction at a cathode to convert liquid hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl ions, impeding passage of the molecular hydrogen to a reaction region relative to hydrogen ions, and impeding passage of the hydrogen peroxide to the reaction region relative to the hydroxyl ions.
  • An electric potential is generated between the anode and the cathode to provide electric power from a reaction of the hydrogen ions and the hydroxyl ions in the reaction region.
  • the oxidation reaction and/or reduction reaction are catalytic.
  • an apparatus includes a source to supply molecular hydrogen, a source to supply hydrogen peroxide, and a fuel cell.
  • the fuel cell is effective to generate an electric potential between the anode and the cathode to provide electrical power by reaction of the hydrogen ions and the hydroxyl ions when in the reaction region
  • the proton exchange membrane is selective to the passage of hydrogen ions therethrough relative to molecular hydrogen
  • the ion-selective arrangement includes an ion-selective membrane and a molecular sieve layer, and/or the ion-selective membrane is selective to the passage of hydroxyl ions relative to hydrogen peroxide molecules.
  • Still another embodiment includes: performing a catalytic oxidation reaction at an anode to convert a hydride to hydrogen ions, impeding passage of the hydride to a cathode relative to the hydrogen ions with a proton exchange membrane, performing a catalytic reduction reaction at a cathode to convert hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl ions, and reacting the hydrogen ions and the hydroxyl ions to provide electricity.
  • this embodiment may further include another anode to provide regenerated hydride when an appropriate electric potential is placed across both anodes and/or another cathode to provide regenerated hydrogen peroxide when another appropriate electric potential is placed across both cathodes.
  • a fuel cell in yet another embodiment, includes: a discharge anode with a first catalyst to convert at least a portion of a source material into hydrogen ions, a discharge cathode with a second catalyst to convert hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl ions, a proton exchange membrane separating the discharge anode and cathode that is selective to passage of hydrogen ions relative to the hydride to facilitate performance of a reaction between the hydrogen ions and the hydroxyl ions to produce electricity.
  • the fuel cell further includes a regeneration negative electrode coupled with a third catalyst to provide regenerated source material when a selected electric potential is applied between the discharge anode and the regeneration negative electrode.
  • one object of the present invention is to provide a unique fuel cell.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a unique apparatus, method, device, or system relating to fuel cells.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram view of a fuel cell system that includes yet another fuel cell device that is regenerative.
  • Fig. 7 is partial sectional view of the regenerative fuel cell device shown in Fig. 6.
  • Fig. 8 is a block diagram of a fuel cell system including a number of the fuel cell devices shown in Figs. 6 and 7.
  • Fig. 9 is a diagrammatic view of a submersible underwater vehicle with the system of Fig. 8 to provide electrical power.
  • Fig. 10 is a diagrammatic view of a spacecraft with the system of Fig. 8 to provide electrical power.
  • the fuel cell is implemented in an air-independent application and or, the hydrogen gas (H 2 ) is provided with a water/hydride reactant-based generator.
  • H 2 hydrogen gas
  • Another embodiment of the present application is directed to a fuel cell that oxidizes hydride directly with at the anode instead of hydrogen.
  • On nonlimiting form of this embodiment is a NaBH 4 /H 2 O 2 fuel cell.
  • Fig. 1 depicts another embodiment of the present application in the form of H /H 2 O 2 fuel cell device 20.
  • Molecular sieve layer 45 is positioned between cathode 41 and ion-selective membrane 44, and is arranged to present a barrier to hydrogen peroxide molecules, while permitting passage of hydroxyl ions.
  • Ion- selective membrane 44 provides hydroxyl ions (OFT) to reaction region 24 through sieve layer 45.
  • the protons (Ff 1" ) from anode subassembly 30 and the hydroxyl ions (OFT) from cathode subassembly 40 combine to provide water.
  • Cell devices 20 can include valves, metering controls, and/or sensors to regulate operation thereof as more fully described hereinafter.
  • the hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is directly used in cathode 41.
  • a power generation system 60 is illustrated that includes one or more of fuel cell devices 20; where like reference numerals refer to like features previously described in connection with Fig. 1.
  • System 60 further includes source 21 to supply molecular hydrogen gas (an oxidation source material) and source 22 to supply hydrogen peroxide (a reduction source material).
  • Source 21 may be arranged to provide molecular hydrogen in a selected phase (such as a gas or liquid) and/or comprise a hydrogen gas generator.
  • Source 21 is in fluid communication with anode subassembly 30.
  • source 21 can directly supply molecular hydrogen gas to subassembly 30 and/or indirectly supply molecular hydrogen by reaction of a source material for a hydrogen gas generator form.
  • a hydrogen gas generator form of source 21 provides hydrogen gas by reacting a metallic hydride with water, such that the hydride is the source material from which hydrogen is provided.
  • Source 21 can include valves, metering controls, and/or sensors to regulate the supply/generation of hydrogen for the one or more fuel cell devices 20 as appropriate. Regardless of type of source, the molecular hydrogen gas from source 21 is supplied to one or more fuel cell devices 20. Further, source 22 is in fluid communication with cathode subassembly 40 of each of the one or more fuel cell devices 20 to supply hydrogen peroxide thereto in liquid form.
  • Water management subsystem 70 is in fluid communication with one or more fuel cells devices 20 to receive water produced by the one or more devices 20 during operation.
  • Appropriate valves, metering controls, and/or sensors to regulate the supply of hydrogen peroxide and water can be included in source 22 and/or water management subsystem 70, respectively.
  • some or all of the water utilized in source 21 to generate hydrogen gas can be provided from water management subsystem 70. Referring to Figs. 1 and 2 generally, operation of device 20 and system 60 is next described. Hydrogen gas is processed by catalytic reaction at anode subassembly 30 of device 20 to provide protons, and hydrogen peroxide is processed by catalytic reaction at cathode subassembly 40 to provide hydroxyl ions.
  • system 60 and/or device 20 is provided in a spacecraft. In another embodiment, system 60 and/or device 20 is included in a submersible underwater vehicle.
  • Fuel cell device 20 shown in Fig. 1 has independent molecular sieve layer 45 and ion-selective membrane 44 to reduce cross-over of hydrogen peroxide to anode subassembly 30.
  • a different geometry and/or structure of a H 2 /H 2 ⁇ 2 fuel cell may be desired.
  • a fuel cell typically is structured as a stack of fuel cells to generate a desired electrical output, which often favors a thin, compact fuel cell construction that can be readily stacked together.
  • Fig. 3 depicts an exploded perspective view of one type of compact fuel cell device 120.
  • Fuel cell device 120 includes fuel cell 121 that has porous anode 130 and porous cathode 132.
  • Cathode 132 is hydrophilically treated to attract water produced by the electrochemical reaction.
  • Proton exchange membrane 134 separates anode 130 and cathode 132.
  • Anode 130 includes oxidation catalyst 131, such as any of those previously described.
  • Anode 130 receives hydrogen gas (H 2 ) in molecular form for oxidation, and correspondingly provides protons (H + ) through PEM 134.
  • One or more metallic hydrides can be used to generate H 2 gas by reacting such hydrides with water, as previously explained.
  • Cathode 132 includes reduction catalyst 133, such as any of those previously described.
  • Proton exchange membrane 134 includes molecular sieve element 135, which presents a barrier to hydrogen peroxide molecules.
  • Nafion is utilized that has a number of microporous water channels with size on the scale of tens of nanometers.
  • the molecular sieve (MS) particles precipitate into the PEM water channel.
  • the MS particles act as a barrier against peroxide cross-over.
  • one implementation of device 120 is depicted as fuel cell assembly 125.
  • Assembly 125 is relatively thin and compact, and is arranged to be stacked with a number of like units to collectively provide a desired electric power source.
  • Fig. 4 provides an exploded view of assembly 125
  • Fig. 5 provides a cross-sectional view after assembling device 120 to provide assembly 125. This sectional view corresponds to section line 5—5 depicted in Fig. 4.
  • anode 130 and cathode 132 of device 120 are attached (e.g., by hot pressing) to PEM 134 to collectively form Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) 122.
  • MEA Membrane Electrode Assembly
  • the balanced pressure and matched mass density at the anode and cathode can reduce the reactant cross-over.
  • the reaction proceeds according to: NaBFL t + 2 H 2 O ⁇ NaBO 2 + 8 ⁇ + 8 e.
  • the protons then transfer through the PEM and react with the peroxide at the cathode according to H 2 O 2 + 2 H + + 2 e ⁇ 2 H 2 O.
  • a 4-electrode "tetrode" fuel cell is illustrated in fuel cell system 210 of Fig. 6.
  • regeneration of a fuel cell can be enhanced under certain circumstances by providing a regeneration negative electrode and cathode of different materials compared to the materials used to make the discharge anode and cathode, respectively.
  • the regeneration reaction typically desired is: NaBO 2 + 6H 2 O — » NaBH t + 4H 2 O 2 , with a thermodynamic potential of about 2.2V. From a theoretical standpoint, regeneration based on this reaction is less likely to occur than undesired oxygen/hydrogen evolution reactions, such as: 2H 2 O -» 2H 2 + O ,
  • thermodynamic potential of about 1.23 V because the desired regeneration reaction has a higher thermodynamic potential (2.2V > 1.23V).
  • electrochemical reactions involving gas evolution can have over- potentials dependent on the electrode material.
  • the applied voltage for the undesired reaction can be manipulated by electrode material selection in at least some cases.
  • a hydrogen evolution reaction has an over-potential of 0V on a palladium metal electrode but it is greater than 0.5V on an indium coated electrode.
  • an oxygen evolution reaction has a small over-potential of 0.3 V on an IrO 2 electrode but it increases to 0.6 V for a Pt metal electrode.
  • anode 230 is hydrophilic-treated so an aqueous solution of NaBFLi can permeate it.
  • Cathode 232 includes reduction catalyst 233, Catalyst 233 is iron (Fe), palladium (Pd), or a compound/alloy including Fe and/or Pd; however, it can vary in other embodiments.
  • Proton exchange membrane 234 is prepared with an integral molecular sieve element 235 like PEM 134 with element 135, as described in connection with Fig. 3, which in turn is combined with anode 230 and cathode 232 to provide MEA 222. This integral molecular sieve arrangement presents a barrier to hydrogen peroxide molecules.
  • anode 230 and cathode 232 are coupled on opposite sides of MEA 222 as a series of generally parallel electrode bars 251a and 251b, respectively.
  • Bars 25 la and 25 lb are separated from one another by corresponding flow channels 261a and 261b.
  • Bars 251a are electrically connected together in a standard manner to provide anode 230, and bars 251b are each electrically connected together in a standard manner to provide cathode 232 (not shown in Fig. 7).
  • Flow channels 261a facilitate the circulation of NaBFU in aqueous solution for oxidation with anode 230
  • flow channels 261b facilitate the circulation of H 2 O 2 for reduction with cathode 232.
  • insulation layer 245 and insulation layer 247 are formed from an electrically nonconductive epoxy; however, in other embodiments, a different type of insulation material could be utilized.
  • fuel cell device 220 either discharge or recharge
  • catholyte containing hydrogen peroxide flows through channels 261b
  • anolyte containing NaBBU flows through channels 261a.
  • anode 230 and cathode 232 provide negative and positive contacts, respectively for electricity conduction through electrical load 280 as shown in Fig. 6.
  • regeneration negative electrode 240 and positive electrode 242 could be electrically floating (i.e., not electrically connected or grounded relative to the remainder of device 220).
  • negative electrode 240 could be short- circuited to anode 230 to reduce possible corrosion of indium coating during the discharge.
  • recharge controller 290 provides an appropriate electric potential across negative electrode 240 and positive electrode 242 to regenerate hydrogen peroxide (catholyte) and NaBH t (anolyte).
  • the surface of positive electrode 242 in contact with the catholyte comprises a high-O 2 -over-potential material, which in this case is a Pt metal or glassy carbon coating, while the surface of negative electrode 240 in contact with the anolyte comprises a high-H 2 -over- potential material, which in this case is an In metal coating.
  • Subsystem 340 is operatively coupled to discharge/recharge subsystem 350.
  • Subsystem 350 includes stack 322, radiator 352, radiator/separator 354, electrical power control/regulation device 370, NaBH t circulator 382, H 2 O 2 circulator 384, and recharge controller 290.
  • Circulators 382 and 384 each include one or more pumps, conduits, valves, meter, or the like to function as described hereinafter.
  • Supply 330 includes a sodium borohydride (NaBB ) storage tank and water handling/routing equipment coupled to water holding tank 334. As water is generated by the fuel cell discharge reaction, it is controllably circulated back to supply 330 and mixed with NaBH to carry more of the corresponding solution to stack 322 to sustain the discharge reaction.
  • NaBB sodium borohydride
  • sodium borohydride (NaBH ⁇ ) is catalytically processed at each corresponding discharge anode 230 and hydrogen peroxide is catalytically reduced at each corresponding discharge cathode 232 to provide electrical energy to electrical load 360.
  • the electrical voltage, current and or power output to load 360 is regulated with power control/regulator 370 during discharge.
  • the separator portion of radiator/separator 354 separates at least a portion of the water and provides it to tank 334 of subsystem 340 for reuse as appropriate.
  • a regeneration (recharge) operating mode can be engaged.
  • the condition(s) triggering regeneration can be detected with controller 390.
  • such condition(s) can be detected with power controller/regulator 370, can be manually triggered, and or such different arrangement could be used to change operating modes as would occur to one skilled in the art.
  • an electric potential difference is applied across regeneration negative electrode 240 and regeneration positive electrode 242 with controller 390.
  • the relative electric potentials and corresponding electrode materials could be those described for device 220 in connection with system 210 of Fig. 6.
  • the applied recharge potential(s), electrode materials, cell configuration, or the like could be varied and/or may be directed to different fuel and/or oxidizer constituents.
  • sodium borohydride (NaBH ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) are regenerated, and are routed back to the respective tanks of supplies 330 and 332 in an aqueous solution.
  • system 320 can return to a discharge mode of operation, as desired for the particular application. It should also be appreciated that in other embodiments, system 320 could vary by mixing, exchanging, or duplicating the various embodiments of fuel cells described herein.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)

Abstract

Un mode de réalisation de la présente invention porte sur une technique par laquelle on réalise, d'une part une réaction d'oxydation catalytique sur une anode (31), donnant ainsi des ions d'hydrogène à partir d'hydrogène moléculaire, et d'autre part une réaction de réduction catalytique sur une cathode (41) donnant ainsi des ions hydroxyle à partir de peroxyde d'hydrogène liquide. Une membrane d'échange de protons (33) s'oppose au passage de l'hydrogène moléculaire vers une région de réaction (24), un dispositif ioniquement sélectif (43) s'opposant au passage du peroxyde d'hydrogène vers la région de réaction (24). Le potentiel électrique se produisant entre anode (31) et cathode (41) fournit un courant électrique à partir d'une réaction entre ions hydrogène et hydroxyle dans la région de réaction (24). Une variante de l'invention concerne une technique de régénération.
EP04811429A 2003-11-18 2004-11-18 Pile a combustible hydrogene / peroxyde Withdrawn EP1685614A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US52089903P 2003-11-18 2003-11-18
US10/990,695 US7241521B2 (en) 2003-11-18 2004-11-17 Hydrogen/hydrogen peroxide fuel cell
PCT/US2004/038714 WO2005050758A2 (fr) 2003-11-18 2004-11-18 Pile a combustible hydrogene / peroxyde

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1685614A2 true EP1685614A2 (fr) 2006-08-02
EP1685614A4 EP1685614A4 (fr) 2008-11-05

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EP04811429A Withdrawn EP1685614A4 (fr) 2003-11-18 2004-11-18 Pile a combustible hydrogene / peroxyde

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US (2) US7241521B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1685614A4 (fr)
CA (1) CA2544882C (fr)
WO (1) WO2005050758A2 (fr)

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US20050136310A1 (en) 2005-06-23
CA2544882A1 (fr) 2005-06-02
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CA2544882C (fr) 2013-12-24
US7781083B2 (en) 2010-08-24
EP1685614A4 (fr) 2008-11-05
US20080014477A1 (en) 2008-01-17
WO2005050758A3 (fr) 2006-03-09

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