EP1671973A2 - Modulateurs allosteriques du recepteur de l'adenosine - Google Patents

Modulateurs allosteriques du recepteur de l'adenosine Download PDF

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EP1671973A2
EP1671973A2 EP06002533A EP06002533A EP1671973A2 EP 1671973 A2 EP1671973 A2 EP 1671973A2 EP 06002533 A EP06002533 A EP 06002533A EP 06002533 A EP06002533 A EP 06002533A EP 1671973 A2 EP1671973 A2 EP 1671973A2
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Prior art keywords
amino
pyridine
tetrahydrothieno
alkyl
benzoyl
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1671973A3 (fr
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Pier Giovanni Baraldi
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King Pharmaceuticals Research and Development Inc
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King Pharmaceuticals Research and Development Inc
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Priority claimed from US08/959,758 external-priority patent/US5939432A/en
Application filed by King Pharmaceuticals Research and Development Inc filed Critical King Pharmaceuticals Research and Development Inc
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Publication of EP1671973A3 publication Critical patent/EP1671973A3/fr
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    • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
    • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to certain thiophene derivatives and their use in the practice of medicine as allosteric modulators of adenosine receptors.
  • Ado Adenosine
  • AdoRs adenosine receptors
  • Ado The overall function of Ado appears to be the regulation of the balance between oxygen (or energy) supply and consumption (or work). Ado increases oxygen supply by causing vasodilation and decreases oxygen consumption or work by inhibiting cellular functions, e.g., slowing of heart rate. Consistent with this protective function, A 1 AdoR agonists, Ado uptake blockers and Ado deaminase inhibitors have been shown to reduce cellular damage and dysfunction during hypoxia and ischemia. This protective role of Ado and A 1 AdoR agonists has been shown in heart, brain, liver, and intestines. This and other potentially beneficial actions of Ado have led to increased interest in the development of Ado-related drugs targeted to ameliorate conditions such as myocardial ischemia and stroke.
  • Ado receptors have been a major impediment to the successful development of direct-acting AdoR agonists to exploit the cytoprotective properties of Ado.
  • a number of compounds known to modulate the action of neurotransmitters, hormones and peptides bind at sites distinct from, but functionally linked to, the primary recognition site of the respective receptors. This form of interaction between two different ligands at the same receptor protein, which may result in modulation in the form of enhancement or inhibition of each other's binding and function, is referred to as allosterism. Positive (enhancement) or negative (inhibition) allosterism are important mechanisms of action of various biologically active agents. Numerous allosteric interactions have been exploited.
  • allosteric modulators of Ado as an alternative to direct-acting Ado agonists and nucleoside uptake blockers, preferably those which can selectively modulate the response to Ado in only those organs or localized areas of a given organ in which production of Ado is increased.
  • the compound have the following general formulas IA, IB, and IC: wherein:
  • the compounds can be used in a method for allosterically modulating adenosine receptors in a mammal, including a human.
  • the methods involve administering an effective amount of a compound of formula IA, IB, or IC sufficient to moderate adenosine receptors to the mammal.
  • Positive allosterism results in several beneficial effects, including cardioprotection, neuroprotection, analgesia, and treatment of sleep disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, irritable bladder, urge incontinence, and glaucoma.
  • Negative allosterism results in several beneficial effects, including the ability to treat Alzheimer's disease and congestive heart failure.
  • the compounds can be used in a pharmaceutical formulation that includes a compound of formula IA, IB, or IC and one or more excipients.
  • Various chemical intermediates can be used to prepare the compounds of formula IA, IB, or IC.
  • Figures 1A and 1B are graphs showing the specific binding (percent of control) of the agonist [ 3 H]2-chloro-N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine ([ 3 H]CCPA) ( Figure 1A) and the antagonist [ 3 H]8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine ([ 3 H]CPX) ( Figure 1B) as a function of concentration (log M) of the allosteric enhancer 2-amino-3-benzoyl-6-(3-methylbut-2-en-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine (Compound/Example number 20) to membranes from Chinese hamster ovary (“CHO”) cells expressing recombinant human adenosine A1 receptor (“huA 1 AdoR”).
  • CHO Chinese hamster ovary
  • huA 1 AdoR recombinant human adenosine A1 receptor
  • Figures 2A-D are graphs showing the specific binding (percent of control) of the agonist [ 3 H]2-chloro-N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine ([ 3 H]CCPA) as a function of concentration (log M) of various allosteric enhancers.
  • the circles represent results from Compound/Example 21, and the squares represent results from Compound/Example 22.
  • Figure 2B the circles represent results from Compound/Example 20, and the squares represent results from Compound/Example 28.
  • Figure 2C the circles represent results from Compound/Example 7, and the squares represent results from Compound/Example 9.
  • Figure 2D the circles represent results from Compound/Example 10.
  • Figures 3A-D are graphs showing the specific binding (percent of control) of the agonist [ 3 H]2-chloro-N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine ([ 3 H]CCPA) as a function of concentration (log M) of various allosteric enhancers.
  • the circles represent results from Compound/Example 13, and the squares represent results from Compound/Example 18.
  • the circles represent results from Compound/Example 24, and the squares represent results from Compound/Example 5.
  • Figure 3C the circles represent results from Compound/Example 27, and the squares represent results from Compound/Example 11.
  • Figure 3D the circles represent results from Compound/Example 16 and the squares represent results from Compound/Example 14.
  • Figure 4A is a graph showing the concentration-dependent potentiation of the negative dromotropic effect (S-H interval prolongation) of adenosine by Compound 20 in guinea pig isolated hearts as a function of time (msec) vs. concentration ( ⁇ M).
  • Figure 4B is a graph showing the effect of the A 1 AdoR antagonist CPX on the enhancement by Compound 20 of the negative dromotropic action of adenosine in guinea pig isolated hearts as a function of time (msec) vs. concentration ( ⁇ M).
  • Figure 5 is a graph showing the effect of the compounds in Examples 1-4 on the cAMP content (pmol/mg protein) of CHO cells expressing human recombinant A 1 adenosine receptors.
  • Bar 1 indicates the results with no CPA.
  • Bar 2 indicates the results with 0.1 nM CPA.
  • Bar 3 indicates the results of 0.1 nM CPA and 0.01 ⁇ M of the tested compound.
  • Bar 4 indicates the results of 0.1 nM CPA and 0.1 ⁇ M of the tested compound.
  • Bar 5 indicates the results of 0.1 nM CPA and 1.0 ⁇ M of the tested compound.
  • Bar 6 indicates the results of 0.1 nM CPA and 10 ⁇ M of the tested compound.
  • bars 1 and 2 are as described above.
  • Bars 3-6 represent incubations with 0.3, 1, 3 and 10 nM CPA, respectively.
  • Figure 6-10 are graphs showing the same effect as in Figure 5, using the compounds in Examples 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, and 25-29, respectively.
  • Figure 11 is a graph showing the effect of the compounds in Examples 1-4 on the cAMP content of CHO cells in the presence of CPA, as indicated as a percent change of cAMP in the presence of CPA versus the concentration of the tested compound (log M). The data from Figure 5 was re-plotted for this Figure.
  • Figures 12-16 are graphs showing the same effect as in Figure 11, with the data from Figures 6-10, respectively, re-plotted for these Figures.
  • the present application discloses compounds useful as potent, yet selective allosteric modulators of adenosine receptors, with activity as AdoR agonists, and in some cases, AdoR antagonists, and methods of preparation and use thereof.
  • the compounds can be used in a method for allosterically modulating adenosine receptors in a mammal, including a human.
  • the methods involve administering an effective amount of a compound of formula IA, IB, or IC sufficient to moderate adenosine receptors to the mammal.
  • the compounds can be used in a pharmaceutical formulation that includes a compound of formula IA, IB, or IC and one or more excipients.
  • Various chemical intermediates can be used to prepare the compounds of formula IA, IB, or IC.
  • a compound is an agonist of an adenosine A 1 receptor if it is able to fully inhibit adenylate cyclase (A 1 ) and is able to displace [ 125 I]-AB-MECA in a competitive binding assay.
  • a compound is a partial agonist of an adenosine A 1 receptor if it is able to partially inhibit adenylate cyclase (A 1 ) and is able to displace [ 125 I]-AB-MECA in a competitive binding assay.
  • a compound is an antagonist of an adenosine A, receptor if it is able to prevent the inhibition due to an agonist and is able to displace [ 125 I]-AB-MECA in a competitive binding assay.
  • alkyl refers to monovalent straight, branched or cyclic alkyl groups preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“lower alkyl”) and most preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, n -propyl, iso -propyl, n -butyl, iso -butyl, n -hexyl, and the like.
  • alkylene and “lower alkylene” refer to divalent radicals of the corresponding alkane.
  • moieties having names derived from alkanes such as alkoxyl, alkanoyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, etc when modified by "lower,” have carbon chains of ten or less carbon atoms.
  • alkenyl minimum of two carbons
  • cycloalkyl minimum of three carbons
  • substituted alkyl refers to an alkyl group, preferably of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms ("substituted lower alkyl”), having from 1 to 5 substituents, and preferably 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyacylamino, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, -SO-alkyl, -
  • alkoxy refers to the group “alkyl-O-", where alkyl is as defined above.
  • Preferred alkoxy groups include, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n- propoxy, iso -propoxy, n -butoxy, tert -butoxy, sec -butoxy, n -pentoxy, n -hexoxy, 1,2-dimethylbutoxy, and the like.
  • alkenyl refers to alkenyl groups preferably having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and more preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from 1-2 sites of alkenyl unsaturation.
  • alkynyl refers to alkynyl groups preferably having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and more preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from 1-2 sites of alkynyl unsaturation.
  • acyl refers to the groups alkyl-C(O)-, substituted alkyl-C(O)-, cycloalkyl-C(O)-, substituted cycloalkyl-C(O)-, aryl-C(O)-, heteroaryl-C(O)- and heterocyclic-C(O)- where alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic are as defined herein.
  • acylamino refers to the group -C(O)NRR where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic are as defined herein.
  • aryl refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed (fused) rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl). Preferred aryls include phenyl, naphthyl and the like.
  • such aryl groups can optionally be substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents and preferably 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of acyloxy, hydroxy, acyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkoxy, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, acylamino, alkaryl, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, cyano, halo, nitro, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, aminoacyloxy, oxyacylamino, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, -SO-alkyl, -SO-substituted alkyl, -SO-aryl,
  • cycloalkyl refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 12 carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings.
  • Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, and the like, or multiple ring structures such as adamantanyl, and the like.
  • halo or halogen refer to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo and preferably is either fluoro or chloro.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group of from 1 to 15 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur within at least one ring (if there is more than one ring).
  • heteroaryl groups can be optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents and preferably 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of acyloxy, hydroxy, acyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkoxy, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, acylamino, alkaryl, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, cyano, halo, nitro, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, aminoacyloxy, oxyacylamino, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, -SO-alkyl, -SO-substituted alkyl, -SO-aryl,
  • Preferred substituents include alkyl, alkoxy, halo, cyano, nitro, trihalomethyl, and thioalkoxy.
  • Such heteroaryl groups can have a single ring (e.g., pyridyl or furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., indolizinyl or benzothienyl).
  • Heterocycle or “heterocyclic” refers to a monovalent saturated or unsaturated group having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, from 1 to 15 carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen within the ring.
  • heterocyclic groups can be optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, halo, nitro, heteroaryl, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, trihalomethyl, and the like.
  • substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, halo, nitro, heteroaryl, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, trihalomethyl, and the like.
  • Such heterocyclic groups can have a single ring or multiple condensed rings.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound of Formulas IA, IB, or IC, which salts are derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art and include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the molecule contains a basic functionality, salts of organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like can be used as the pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • protecting group refers to any group which when bound to one or more hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl groups of the compounds (including intermediates thereof such as the aminolactams, aminolactones, etc.) prevents reactions from occurring at these groups and which protecting group can be removed by conventional chemical or enzymatic steps to reestablish the hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group.
  • Preferred removable amino blocking groups include conventional substituents such as t-butyoxycarbonyl (t-BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ), and the like which can be removed by conventional conditions compatible with the nature of the product.
  • a "negative dromotropic effect" is a decrease in the conduction velocity of the nerve tissue in the heart. As a consequence of this slow down of the conduction velocity, the S-H interval is prolonged.
  • amino acid means an alpha amino acid selected from those amino acids which naturally occur in proteins but without regard for specific stereochemical properties.
  • protected amino acid means an amino acid in which the alpha amine group has been protected with a protecting group, as defined above.
  • amino acid residue and “amino acid moiety” are used synonymously herein.
  • Certain of the compounds are sufficiently basic, (e.g., amino derivatives) or acidic (e.g., carboxylic acid derivatives) to form salts.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formulas IA, IB and IC are within the scope of the present invention.
  • salts include, but are not limited to, salts with inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, sulfate, phosphate, hydrobromide, and nitrate or salts with an organic acid such as malate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, acetate, lactate, methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, palmoate, salicylate, and stearate.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, sulfate, phosphate, hydrobromide, and nitrate
  • organic acid such as malate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, acetate, lactate, methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, palmoate, salicylate, and stearate.
  • the compound have the following general formulas IA, IB, and IC: wherein:
  • Particular compounds include compounds of formulas IA, IB, and IC wherein:
  • Step 1 a compound of formula (II) is reacted with a compound of formula (III) in the presence of morpholine and molecular sulfur in a protic solvent, such as ethanol, at about 50° to about 65° C for about an hour to yield a compound of formula IA wherein R1 is hydrogen.
  • a protic solvent such as ethanol
  • Compounds of formula (IA) wherein R 1 is other than hydrogen may be prepared according to Step 2 by reacting a compound of formula (IB) from Step 1, wherein R 1 is hydrogen, with R 1 X (wherein R 1 is other than hydrogen, and X is a leaving group).
  • R 1 is hydrogen
  • R 1 X is a leaving group
  • Compounds of formula (II) are commercially available or may be prepared by methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • Compound of formula (III), benzophenone derivatives may be prepared by methods known to those of skill in the art or conveniently according to Scheme 2.
  • a compound of formula (IV) a substituted acetophenone, is alpha brominated with molecular bromine in a protic, polar solvent, such as acetic acid to yield the corresponding alpha bromo compound of formula (V).
  • the compound of formula (III) is produced by reacting the compound of formula (V) with a source of cyanide ions, such as sodium or potassium cyanide, in a polar solvent, such as water, ethanol, or a mixture thereof.
  • a compound of formula (IA 1 ) wherein Z is NH may be prepared by hydrolyzing the CO-N urethane linkage of a compound of formula (VI) under acidic conditions, e.g., hydrogen bromide in acetic acid.
  • a compound of formula (VI) may be prepared in a similar manner as the reaction of Scheme 1 by substituting a compound of formula (II) with a corresponding amount of a compound of formula (VII). It may be necessary to protect the carbonyl group of the piperidinone moiety during the synthesis of a precursor compound, e.g., by converting it to an ethylenedioxy derivative as seen in formula (VIII). The protecting or blocking group is removed after the synthesis of a compound of formula (VIII) to generate a compound of formula (VII).
  • Compounds of formula (IA) wherein Z is a substituted nitrogen, i . e ., N-(Gr) m (Am) n (Alk) p (Ar) q may be prepared by nucleophilic displacement by reacting a compound of the formula X-(Gr) m (Am) n (Alk) p (Ar) q , wherein X is a leaving group (see March, supra ), in a polar solvent in the presence of a weak base such as sodium or potassium carbonate or a tertiary amine.
  • a compounds of formula (IC) can be prepared from the corresponding compound of formula (IB), wherein R 1 is hydrogen, by reacting with a compound of formula (IX) in a protic, polar solvent, such as ethanol, in the presence of a strong base such as sodium ethoxide to form the pyridine moiety.
  • a protic, polar solvent such as ethanol
  • a strong base such as sodium ethoxide
  • This reaction can conveniently be carried out by mixing the reactants, solvent and base at about 0°C followed by heating at reflux for about 10 hours.
  • a compound of formula (IC) wherein Y is nitrogen, i.e., R 8 is H 2 can be prepared from the corresponding compound of formula (IB) by reaction with a compound of formula R 7 -C(O)NH 2 , e.g. , formamide, if R 7 is hydrogen, at about 180° C for about 5 hours.
  • Compounds which include quaternary ammonium salts, for example, at the 6-position can be prepared by reacting the amine at the desired position with excess alkyl halides using routine alkylation conditions.
  • Compounds with urea linkages can be prepared by reacting the amine at the 6-position with the desired isocyanate.
  • Urethanes can be prepared by reacting the amine at the 6-position with the desired alkyl chlorocarbonate (as shown, for example, in Morrison & Boyd, Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, Allyn & Bacon, Inc., Boston, 1983, page 840).
  • the compounds can be used for:
  • the compounds can be administered via any medically acceptable means. Suitable means of administration include oral, rectal, topical or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous) administration, although oral or parenteral administration are preferred.
  • the amount of the compound required to be effective as an allosteric modulator of an adenosine receptor will, of course, vary with the individual mammal being treated and is ultimately at the discretion of the medical or veterinary practitioner.
  • the factors to be considered include the condition being treated, the route of administration, the nature of the formulation, the mammal's body weight, surface area, age and general condition, and the particular compound to be administered.
  • a suitable effective dose is in the range of about 0.1 ⁇ g/kg to about 10 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably in the range of about 1 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg per day.
  • the total daily dose may be given as a single dose, multiple doses, e.g., two to six times per day, or by intravenous infusion for a selected duration. Dosages above or below the range cited above are within the scope of the present invention and may be administered to the individual patient if desired and necessary. For example, for a 75 kg mammal, a dose range would be about 75 mg to about 220 mg per day, and a typical dose would be about 150 mg per day. If discrete multiple doses are indicated, treatment might typically be 50 mg of a compound given 3 times per day.
  • the compounds described above are preferably administered in formulation including an active compound, i.e., a compound of formula (IA), (IB) or (IC), together with an acceptable carrier for the mode of administration.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are known to those of skill in the art.
  • the compositions can optionally include other therapeutically active ingredients, such as antibiotics, antivirals, healing promotion agents, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressants, growth factors, anti-metabolites, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), cytotoxic agents, antibodies, vascularizing agents, anticoagulants, and anesthetics/analgesics.
  • the carrier must be pharmaceutically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • the formulations can include carriers suitable for oral, rectal, topical or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous) administration.
  • Preferred carriers are those suitable for oral or parenteral administration.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration conveniently include sterile aqueous preparation of the active compound which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient.
  • Such formulations may conveniently contain distilled water, 5% dextrose in distilled water or saline.
  • Useful formulations also include concentrated solutions or solids containing the compound of formula (I) which upon dilution with an appropriate solvent give a solution suitable for parental administration above.
  • the compound can be incorporated into an inert carrier in discrete units such as capsules, cachets, tablets or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound; as a powder or granules; or a suspension or solution in an aqueous liquid or non-aqueous liquid, e.g. , a syrup, an elixir, an emulsion or a draught.
  • Suitable carriers may be starches or sugars and include lubricants, flavorings, binders, and other materials of the same nature.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active compound in a free-flowing form, e.g., a powder or granules, optionally mixed with accessory ingredients, e.g., binders, lubricants, inert diluents, surface active or dispersing agents.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered active compound with any suitable carrier.
  • a syrup or suspension may be made by adding the active compound to a concentrated, aqueous solution of a sugar, e.g., sucrose, to which may also be added any accessory ingredients.
  • a sugar e.g., sucrose
  • accessory ingredients may include flavoring, an agent to retard crystallization of the sugar or an agent to increase the solubility of any other ingredient, e.g., as a polyhydric alcohol, for example, glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the compounds can also be administered locally by topical application of a solution, ointment, cream, gel, lotion or polymeric material (for example, a Pluronic TM , BASF), which may be prepared by conventional methods known in the art of pharmacy.
  • a solution, ointment, cream, gel, lotion or polymeric material for example, a Pluronic TM , BASF
  • topical formulations may also contain preservatives, perfumes, and additional active pharmaceutical agents.
  • Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a conventional carrier, e.g., cocoa butter or Witepsol S55 (trademark of Dynamite Nobel Chemical, Germany), for a suppository base.
  • a conventional carrier e.g., cocoa butter or Witepsol S55 (trademark of Dynamite Nobel Chemical, Germany)
  • the compound may be administered in liposomes or microspheres (or microparticles).
  • Methods for preparing liposomes and microspheres for administration to a patient are well known to those of skill in the art.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,789,734 the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference, describes methods for encapsulating biological materials in liposomes. Essentially, the material is dissolved in an aqueous solution, the appropriate phospholipids and lipids added, along with surfactants if required, and the material dialyzed or sonicated, as necessary.
  • a review of known methods is provided by G. Gregoriadis, Chapter 14, "Liposomes,” Drug Carriers in Biology and Medicine , pp.
  • Microspheres formed of polymers or proteins are well known to those skilled in the art, and can be tailored for passage through the gastrointestinal tract directly into the blood stream. Alternatively, the compound can be incorporated and the microspheres, or composite of microspheres, implanted for slow release over a period of time ranging from days to months. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,906,474, 4,925,673 and 3,625,214, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Preferred microparticles are those prepared from biodegradable polymers, such as polyglycolide, polylactide and copolymers thereof. Those of skill in the art can readily determine an appropriate carrier system depending on various factors, including the desired rate of drug release and the desired dosage.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active compound into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active compound into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier and then, if necessary, shaping the product into desired unit dosage form.
  • the formulations may further include one or more optional accessory ingredient(s) utilized in the art of pharmaceutical formulations, e.g., diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface active agents, thickeners, lubricants, suspending agents, preservatives (including antioxidants) and the like.
  • optional accessory ingredient(s) utilized in the art of pharmaceutical formulations, e.g., diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface active agents, thickeners, lubricants, suspending agents, preservatives (including antioxidants) and the like.
  • the activity of the compounds can be readily determined using no more than routine experimentation using any of the following assays.
  • the prototypical allosteric enhancer PD 81,723, (prepared in Example 4; see Bruns et al. , Mole. Pharm. , 38:939 (1990), Cao et al. , Gen Pharmac . 26 :1545 (1995), and Amoah-Apraku et al. , J. Pharm. Exper. Ther. 266 (2):611(1993)) has both enhancing and inhibitory activity at the A 1 AdoR.
  • the effect of the benzoylthiophene derivative compound 20 on agonist and antagonist binding to CHO cells expressing the recombinant huA 1 AdoR was investigated. Specifically, the effects of compound 20 on the binding of the agonist radioligand [ 3 H]CCPA (2 nM) and the antagonist radioligand [ 3 H]CPX (1 nM) to recombinant CHO-huA 1 AdoR were determined. As shown in Figure 1A, the effect of compound 20 on the specific binding of [ 3 H]CCPA was biphasic, at concentrations up to 7 ⁇ M it increased but thereafter it decreased the specific binding of [ 3 H]CCPA.
  • compound 20 enhanced the negative dromotropic effect (S-H interval prolongation) caused by Ado in a concentration-dependent manner ( Figure 4A).
  • S-H interval prolongation S-H interval prolongation
  • Figure 4A concentration-dependent manner
  • pressure of 1 ⁇ M Compound 20 3 ⁇ M adenosine caused 2° A-V block in 2 of 4 hearts.
  • the values are mean ⁇ SEM of 4 guinea pigs.
  • 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ⁇ M compound 20 enhanced the S-H prolongation induced by 3 ⁇ M Ado by 32%, 77%, and 31 1 %, respectively.
  • the negative dromotropic effect of Ado was maximal, eliciting 2° A-V block in 2 of 4 hearts.
  • a solution of the phenacyl bromide as prepared in Step A, above, in ethanol is reacted with an aqueous solution of potassium cyanide dissolved in distilled water.
  • the reaction is monitored by TLC control and during this time the solution changes color from yellow-orange to yellow-red.
  • crushed ice is added in a large amount and the solution is acidified with acetic acid.
  • the precipitated corresponding benzoyl acetonitriles are filtered, washed with cold water and then air dried.
  • Example 7 The procedure of Example 7 was followed except that a corresponding amount of the 4-chloro-derivative of benzoyl acetonitrile was used in place of benzoyl acetonitrile to yield 2-amino-3-(4-chloro-benzoyl)-6-benzyloxycarbonyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine. (m.p. 60 -62° C, 88% yield).
  • 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) 1.94 (m, 2H), 3.45 (t, 2H); 4.44 (s, 2H); 5.16 (s, 2H); 6.85 (sb, 2H); 7.36-7.45 (m, 4H).
  • Example 8 The procedure of Example 8 was followed except that a corresponding amount of 2-amino-3-(4-chloro-benzoyl)-6-benzyloxycarbonyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-thieno[2,3-c]pyridine, prepared as in Example 9, was used in place of 2-amino-3-benzoyl-6-benzyloxycarbonyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine. (m.p. 164-166°C, 90% yield).
  • Example 11 The same procedure as Example 11 was used except that a corresponding amount of benzylpiperidin-4-one was used in place of 3-phenylpropylpiperidin-4-one and a corresponding amount of 4-chlorobenzoyl acetonitrile was used in place of 3-trifluoromethyl benzoyl acetonitrile. (m.p.155-157°C; 78% yield).
  • Example 11 The same procedure as Example 11 was used except that a corresponding amount of benzylpiperidin-4-one was used in place of 3-phenylpropylpiperidin-4-one. (m.p. 58-60°C; 88% yield).
  • Example 11 The same procedure as Example 11 was used except that a corresponding amount of phenylethylpiperidin-4-one was used in place of 3-phenylpropylpiperidin-4-one and a corresponding amount of 4-chlorobenzoyl acetonitrile was used in place of 3-trifluoromethyl benzoyl acetonitrile. (m.p. 148-150°C; 62% yield).
  • Example 11 The same procedure as Example 11 was used except that a corresponding amount of benzylpiperidin-4-one was used in place of 3-phenylpropylpiperidin-4-one. (m.p. 137-138°C; 81% yield).
  • Example 11 The same procedure as Example 11 was used except that a corresponding amount of 4-chlorobenzoyl acetonitrile was used in place of 3-trifluoromethyl benzoyl acetonitrile. (m.p. 98-100°C; 65% yield).
  • Example 17 The same procedure as Example 17 was used except an equivalent amount of 2-amino-3-(4-chloro-benzoyl) 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine was used in place of 2-Amino-3-benzoyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine (2 mmol), and an equivalent amount of ethoxycarbonylmethyl iodide was used in place of methyl iodide (3 mmol). (m.p. 105-106°C; 70% yield).
  • Example 17 The same procedure as Example 17 was used except an equivalent amount of ethoxycarbonylmethyl iodide was used in place of methyl iodide (3 mmol). (m.p. 115-117°C; 83% yield).
  • Example 17 The same procedure as Example 17 was used except an equivalent amount of dimethylallyl iodine was used in place of methyl iodide (3 mmol). (m.p. 76 - 78° C 90% yield).
  • Example 17 The same procedure as Example 17 was used except an equivalent amount of 2-amino-3-(4-chloro-benzoyl) 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine was used in place of 2-Amino-3-benzoyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine (2 mmol), and an equivalent amount of p-nitrophenylethyl iodide was used in place of methyl iodide (3 mmol). (m.p. 150-152°C; 72% yield).
  • Example 17 The same procedure as Example 17 was used except an equivelent amount of p-nitrophenylethyl iodide was used in place of methyl iodide (3 mmol). (m.p. 89-91°C; 70% yield).
  • Example 2 The same procedure as Example 1 was used except a corresponding amount of cyclohexanone was used in place of methylethyl ketone. (m.p.150-152°C, 75% yield).
  • 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) 1.46-1.49 (m,2H), 1.69-1.80 (m,4H); 2.47-2.54 (m, 2H); 6.71 (sb, 2H); 7.37-7.50 (m, 5H).
  • Example 2 The same procedure as Example 1 was used except a corresponding amount of cyclopentanone was used in place of methylethyl ketone and an equivalent amount of 4-bromo-benzoyl acetonitrile was used in place of benzoyl acetonitrile. (m.p. 205-206°C, 87% yield). (CDCl 3 ) :2.1-2.13 (m, 4H), 2.63-2.68 (m, 2H); 6.99 (sb, 2H); 7.34 (d,2H);7.53 (d, 2H).
  • Example 25 The same procedure as Example 25 was used except a corresponding amount of 2-amino-3-benzoyl-cyclopenta[b]thiophene was used in place of 2-amino-3-thienyl)-phenylmethanone (5 mmol).
  • 2-amino-3-benzoyl-cyclopenta[b]thiophene can be prepared by the procedure of Example 1.
  • Example 32 Preparation of 2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-6-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-4.5.6.7-tetrahydrothieno(2,3-c)pyridine: Compound 32
  • Example 36 Preparation of 2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)-6-(3-methyl-but-2-en-1-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno(2,3-c)pyridine: Compound 36
  • Example 37 Preparation of 2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)-6-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetxahydrothieno(2,3-c)pyridine: Compound 37
  • the title compound was prepared by reacting 2-amino-3-benzoyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine, as prepared in Example 8, with the carbanion of malonodinitrile to yield a solid (mp 152-154 °C).
  • the title compound was prepared by reacting 2-amino-3-benzoyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine, as prepared in Example 8, with the carbanion of ethylcyanoacetate to yield a solid (mp 206°C).
  • the silicone fluid and active compound are mixed together and the colloidal silicone dioxide is added to increase viscosity.
  • the material is then dosed into a subsequent heat sealed polymeric laminate including the following: polyester release liner, skin contact adhesive composed of silicone or acrylic polymers, a control membrane which is a polyolefin, and an impermeable backing membrane made of a polyester multilaminate.
  • the resulting laminated sheet is then cut into 10 sq. cm patches (B) Oral Tablet - For 1000 Tablets Ingredients Amount Active compound 50g Starch 50g Magnesium Stearate 5g
  • Compounds T1 through T29 were provided by Medco Research, Inc.
  • the adenosine A, receptor agonist N 6 cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) and the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin were purchased from Research Biochemicals, Inc. Rolipram was a gift from Berlex Labs.
  • Adenosine deaminase was purchased from Sigma Chemical.
  • Ham's F-12 culture medium and fetal bovine serum were purchased from GIBCO Life Technologies. Cell culture plasticware and antibiotic G-418 were from Fisher Scientific.
  • the preparation chosen for the assay of the compounds was the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell expressing human recombinant adenosine A, receptors at a density of around 8000 finol/mg protein. These cells were cultured using known techniques (Shryock et al., Mol. Pharmacol. , 1998, 53:886-893, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference).
  • the effect of each compounds on cAMP content of cultured CHO cells was determined in the presence of forskolin (1-1.5 ⁇ M), rolipram (20 ⁇ M), the adenosine receptor agonist CPA (0.05-0.1 nM) and adenosine deaminase (2 U/mL).
  • Forskoline was used to increase the activity of adenylyl cyclase and the content of cAMP in cells, and rolipram was used to inhibit the activity of cAMP phosphodiesterases that degrade cAMP.
  • Adenosine deaminase was used to degrade endogeneous adenosinein the incubation medium.
  • CHO cells grown in individual wells of 12-well culture plates were washed once with Hank's buffered saline solution to remove growth medium.
  • the Hank's solution was itself then removed and replaced with fresh Hank's solution at 36° C containing forskolin, rolipram, CPA, adenosine deaminase, and the compound to be assayed. After an incubation of six minute duration, this solution was removed and replaced with 50 mM hydrochloric acid to terminate the effect of the drug, lyse the cells, and prevent further enzymatic formation and metabolism of cAMP.
  • the cAM content of acid extracts of cells was determined by radioimmunoassay as previously described (Shryock et al., Mol. Pharmacol ., 1998, 53:886-893). In each experiment, 4-5 compounds were tested in parallel, at each of four concentrations, 0.01, 0.1, and 10 ⁇ M. As a control, the effect of CPA (0.1-10 nM) was determined in each experiment. Protein content of cell samples was measured by the method of Bradford using a kit form Bio-Rad with albumin as a reference standard.
  • the compounds acted to both enhance and antagonize the effect of the adenosine A 1 receptor agonist, CPA, on CHO cells expressing adenosine A, receptors.
  • CPA adenosine A 1 receptor agonist
  • the effects of all twenty nine compounds are shown in Figures 5-10 (bar graphs) and Figures 11-16 (concentration response plots).
  • Compounds T3, T5, T7, T9, T13, T19 and T21 decreased cAMP content in the presence of a low concentration of CPA (0.05-0.1 nM). These compounds are thus indicated by the CHO cell assay to be allosteric enhancers of the action of an adenosine A, receptor agonist.
  • Compounds T5, T7, T9, and T13 appear to be the best enhancers.
  • Compound T7 had the highest potency and efficacy (maximal effect).
  • T11, T12, T23, T24, and T27 acted as antagonists of the action of CPA.
  • Two compounds (T6 and T15) at a low concentration enhanced the action of CPA, but at a higher concentration antagonized the action of CPA.

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