EP1594186A1 - Bodenantenne mit Schleife zur Abstrahlung kilometrischer oder hektometrischer Wellen - Google Patents

Bodenantenne mit Schleife zur Abstrahlung kilometrischer oder hektometrischer Wellen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1594186A1
EP1594186A1 EP05300192A EP05300192A EP1594186A1 EP 1594186 A1 EP1594186 A1 EP 1594186A1 EP 05300192 A EP05300192 A EP 05300192A EP 05300192 A EP05300192 A EP 05300192A EP 1594186 A1 EP1594186 A1 EP 1594186A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ground
loop
excitation
antenna
antenna according
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Granted
Application number
EP05300192A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1594186B1 (de
Inventor
Philippe Piole
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Telediffusion de France ets Public de Diffusion
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Telediffusion de France ets Public de Diffusion
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Priority to PL05300192T priority Critical patent/PL1594186T3/pl
Publication of EP1594186A1 publication Critical patent/EP1594186A1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H01Q9/42—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole with folded element, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of the operating wavelength
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/04—Adaptation for subterranean or subaqueous use
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0421—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with a shorting wall or a shorting pin at one end of the element

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an antenna especially for transmitting in a frequency band long or medium between about 10 kHz and 3 MHz, either in the LF or hectometres, for example for the dissemination of digital radio program.
  • radiating pylons isolated from very high on the order of 20 to 350 meters are often located far from cities for emit signals in the wave band hectometres with an emission power relatively high. If you want to install a pylon radiating near an agglomeration or in the city, a large security perimeter be available to train the radiating pylon and install the wired network associated with pylon and placed on the ground or at a shallow depth in the ground.
  • the present invention aims to provide a ground antenna which is intended to radiate substantially Telec or hectometric waves, which is less expensive and does not offer the above constraints, in particular which is almost invisible from its immediate environment and integrates well into the landscape and promotes the propagation of a ground wave.
  • a ground antenna comprising a ground plane, an excitation loop open metal between two ends and extending substantially parallel to the plane of mass, and a metallic connecting element substantially perpendicular to the loop and connecting one of the ends of the excitation loop at plane of mass, is characterized in that for radiate a ground-kilometer wave or hectometric, the ground plane is buried substantially horizontally close and under the ground surface, the excitation loop extends substantially horizontally above the surface from the ground to a height greater than about 2 m relation to the ground plane and the excitation loop and the link element are each constituted by less a thin cylindrical element.
  • the opening of the loop of excitement is very small compared to the length of the loop, in a ratio of 1/50 about 1/100, to substantially eliminate any horizontal electric field component at the ground surface.
  • the ground wave is due to the injection high currents in the soil as a consequence of Ohmic resistance of the weak antenna, without any lateral radiation of a space wave compared to a pylon antenna, the antenna operating a mode of magnetic radiation and not electric for substantially kilometer waves or hectometres.
  • the ground wave Unlike programs in frequency modulation, the ground wave, and not a space wave, carries a digital useful signal or analog to receivers.
  • the virtual absence of space wave component on the ground surface advantageously solves compatibility problems electromagnetic and human exposure, and of couplings of the antenna with nearby structures from the antenna above the ground.
  • a space wave exploitable especially for nocturnal ionospheric scatterings of a longer range large, from about thirty to kilometers, is generated by the antenna of the invention towards a central zenith axis on the antenna.
  • the ground antenna according to the invention is very discreet and so insensitive to any wind violent, blast, lightning, earthquake or explosion.
  • the antenna has almost no surface echo radar (SER).
  • the antenna also includes a means power supply having connected terminals respectively to the excitation loop and the plane of mass at a distance from the connecting element along of the excitation loop such as the impedance of the excitation loop brought back from the element of bond is substantially equal to the impedance characteristic of the power supply means in order to adapt the antenna to the impedance characteristic of the power supply means.
  • a means power supply having connected terminals respectively to the excitation loop and the plane of mass at a distance from the connecting element along of the excitation loop such as the impedance of the excitation loop brought back from the element of bond is substantially equal to the impedance characteristic of the power supply means in order to adapt the antenna to the impedance characteristic of the power supply means.
  • a means such as ditches in the ground and / or protuberances on the ground which may be at least partially metallic, is placed substantially on the periphery of the ground plane and close to the ground to confine radiation electromagnetic antenna respectively following at least one predetermined direction along the ground.
  • a ground antenna according to the invention radiating with a useful wavelength ⁇ , emission or reception, substantially Telescopy or substantially hectometric essentially comprises a substantially horizontal plane of metal mass 1, a substantially open (or closed) metal excitation loop 2, and a substantially vertical metal connecting element 3, connecting the excitation loop to the ground plane.
  • the ground plane 1 is buried near and under the surface of the ground S to a thickness of earth e of a few tens of centimeters, typically about 40 cm below the surface of the ground.
  • the ground plane is covered with earth, including any decorative arrangement such as a lawn or a plantbed.
  • the ground plane occupies a floor space of a few hundred square meters to a few tens of thousands of square meters.
  • the outline of the ground plane is regular and can be substantially circular or regular polygonal, for example square with a side greater than about 5 m.
  • the ground plane 1 is metallic and must ensure excellent electrical continuity between the elements that compose it so that it contributes to omnidirectional character of the antenna, be of easy construction and therefore inexpensive, and be insensitive to chemical attack in the environment natural is the earth.
  • the ground plane consists of metal sheets welded. The sheets are anchored directly in the earth and are welded or tied by fasteners metal to each other to ensure excellent electrical continuity between the sheets and Earth.
  • the plan of mass is a wire mesh.
  • the lattice is composed of wires with stitches for example square having a small side to the length useful wave ⁇ , for example between ⁇ / 20 approximately and ⁇ / 10 approximately.
  • the wire mesh can also be formed at least partially by reinforcements embedded in concrete, for example concrete armed with a slab or any other structure underground existing or to be built.
  • the plan of mass 1 can be for example copper or aluminum, or an alloy having as a component essential copper or aluminum.
  • the open (or closed) metal excitation loop 2 extends substantially horizontally above the surface of the ground S at a height h and above the ground plane 1 at a height H.
  • the height H is generally greater than about 2 m and the height h is deduced from He.
  • the excitation loop 2 has a length greater than 25 m approximately.
  • the shape of the loop 2 is similar to the regular contour of the ground plane 1 and can thus be circular, elliptical, rectangular, rhombic, or regular polygonal, for example square with a C side greater than about 5 m, as illustrated.
  • the shape of the loop is not limited to the above-mentioned forms and is determined according to the purity of the polarization and the omnidirectionality that one wishes for. 'antenna.
  • the loop and the ground plane are superimposed so that they are centered on a vertical common axis VV.
  • the excitation loop 2 has a length L 2 substantially equal to a multiple of a quarter of the useful wavelength ⁇ of the antenna.
  • the loop 2 is square with sides C along ⁇ / 16 approximately.
  • One of the sides of loop 2 is shorter in order to opening 21-22 for example close to one of vertices of the loop when it is polygonal.
  • the opening 21-22 can be practiced anywhere along the regular outline whose loop is issued.
  • the LO length of opening 21-22 is a compromise between an opening too narrow which generates too great potentials at the ends of the loop that should be evacuated and an opening too wide that brings back little current flowing in the loop of one 21 of its ends towards the other 22 to the detriment of the omnidirectional nature of the antenna.
  • the opening 21-22 here has a length LO of one meter, and the side of the loop aligned with the opening has a length of 18.6 m.
  • the loop excitation 2 is supported in a horizontal plane above ground S at height h by posts substantially vertical insulators 4 which are regularly distributed along the loop, by example every 4 m to 5 m.
  • Each post 4 is by example in wood or plastic.
  • a upper end of the post can be grooved to lay down and attach the excitation loop by a necklace.
  • a lower end of the pole through a concrete look 41 resting on the ground S and is housed in a plastic tube 42 such as PVC that is sealed in a concrete foot 43 poured into the ground and having a height greater than the thickness e, for example 1.2 m, and crosses thus the ground plane 1.
  • the excitation loop 2 is preferably made of a galvanized metal tube of diameter D.
  • the connecting element 3 is a galvanized metal tubular rod having a height H greater than about 2 m.
  • the cross-section diameters that is to say the diameter D of the tube of the excitation loop 2 and the diameter d of the tube of the connecting element 3, are between about 5 cm and about 20 cm, and may be identical.
  • the diameters D and d may be equal and are larger as the bandwidth of the antenna must be wide.
  • the tubes are for example made of steel, or preferably a better conductor, for example copper or aluminum, or an alloy having the predominant component of copper or aluminum.
  • the excitation loop 2 is consisting of several superimposed tubes or parallel, a few dozen centimeters to allow more power high bandwidth, improved bandwidth and decrease in losses.
  • the lengths and the diameters of superimposed or parallel tubes be very slightly different to ensure a offset agreement allowing the widening of the band pass in odd or even mode.
  • the even mode half wave
  • the two ends 21 and 22 of the loop are closed on the mass with slightly different links to it.
  • the excitation loop 2 and the connecting element 3 could be thinner and each made in the form of a wire or of a sheet of metal wire, which would lead to decrease the bandwidth of the antenna.
  • the excitation loop 2 and the link 3 are each in the form of a cage of diameter D, d composed of several metal wires parallel 23 equidistributed circularly having a diameter between about 0.6 mm and 1.2 mm about.
  • the cage constituting the excitation loop 2 has metal rings 24 welded to the wires regularly distributed along its length, for example every 5 m to 10 m, to hold the wires 23 parallel and equidistant two by two and so retain the equipotential distribution in section circular in the cage.
  • the cages are advantageously more light as the tubes and all the wires of the cages is less expensive than tubes.
  • This variant does not decrease the performance of the antenna and particular allows to reach powers emission above 5 kW while guaranteeing a relatively wide bandwidth.
  • the connecting element 3 has one end upper 31 welded to one 21 of the ends of the excitation loop 2.
  • a lower end 32 of the connecting element is welded to the ground plane 1, for example through a small plate brass 11 welded to a few meshes of the plane of mass when this one is a lattice, as shown in Figure 5.
  • Burial of the ground plane 1 in the soil S underlying the excitation loop 2 slightly above the ground makes the ground antenna according to the invention, almost invisible and discreet especially in urban areas, compared to pylon antenna.
  • the ground antenna thus described, in quarter wave and odd mode, is substantially equivalent to a large quarter-wave line which radiates omnidirectionally a ground wave of vertical polarization in a radius of a few kilometers to a few tens of hours. kilometers depending on the power of a few kilowatts to a few tens of kilowatts of a power supply means of the antenna.
  • the latter mainly comprises a transmitter 5 installed on the ground, near the ground plane 1 and the excitation loop 2, for example to transmit broadcast programs through the antenna, and a power cable. As shown diagrammatically in FIG.
  • two wires 51 and 52 of the power supply cable connect negative and positive terminals of the emitter 5 respectively to the ground plane 1 and to the excitation loop 2 at a predetermined small distance l of the connecting element 3 along the excitation loop such that the real part of the impedance of the antenna brought back across the transmitter is substantially equal to the characteristic impedance of the power supply means.
  • the low impedance of the antenna soil whose real part is of the order of 1 to 2 ohms approximately, is compatible with an amplifier to the solid state at the output of the transmitter 4 of which the output impedance is low.
  • the floor antenna with dimensions aforementioned radiates an electric field greater than 2 mV / m within a range of about 5 km with transmitter power of 10 W and within a radius of range from 20 km to 50 km with power transmitter of 5 kW.
  • the operating mode of the ground antenna according to the invention is based on the excitation of the ground by the quarter-wave open metal excitation loop 2 trapped between the surface of the ground S and the ground plane 1 so to create a normal electric field component Ey ensuring the antenna a vertical polarization.
  • the excitation loop 2 acts as a horizontal linear excitation source placed above the ground and traversed by a current parallel to the ground in stationary or progressive wave regime according to the desired frequency bandwidth.
  • the ground wave generated by the antenna is guided by the earth strip as a result of multiple reflections on the separation surface between the dielectric formed by the earth and the external environment consisting of air and the buried metal surface consisting of the ground plane 1.
  • the ground plane 1 necessary for generating the wave in the ground preferably has sides C which are substantially twice the length of the sides of the excitation loop when the loop and the ground plane mass are square; more generally, the ground plane 1 has a surface which is substantially quadruple of the area circumscribed by the excitation loop 2, which avoids effects of electric field edges between the excitation loop and the ground plane and improves the confinement of the electric field lines under the excitation loop. Thanks to the burial of the ground plane 1, electric field lines are channeled flush with the ground S so as to inject a high current at high frequency into the ground and thus propagate a ground wave hectometric, or kilometer, carrier useful transmission signal. The thickness e also influences the operation of the antenna particularly in the capacitive reactance of the antenna.
  • the evanescent wave accompanies the captive wave, and has a great interest in dissemination since it is perceived on the surface of the ground. It decreases over the soil substantially exponentially.
  • the captive wave is a guided wave in the earth.
  • a pure guided wave can not give rise to any radiation unless the wave encounters all kinds of discontinuities such as changes in refractive indices, backgrounds, dimensions or obstacles.
  • the ground antenna according to the invention resides on this principle. As shown in the preceding equations, any variation of a refractive index N 1 or N 2 , or thickness e, causes a different attenuation and therefore a different radiation.
  • the antenna according to the invention exploits the discontinuity between the air and the ground and thus radiates thanks to the main discontinuity, indicated at D in FIG. 1, created at the periphery of the antenna between the ground and ground plane torque. metal and the ground without the metal ground plane.
  • the invention takes advantage of the good electrical conduction of the earth, or of the ground in general, at low frequencies, to solicit the ground as vector for propagation of the surface wave and the guided wave.
  • the magnetic transverse wave TM is excited by the current in the loop excitation 2 parallel to the ground a few meters.
  • the height H-e from the ground is the result of a compromise between a tight coupling mode and the bandwidth desired.
  • the antenna according to the invention can be considered in radio analysis somewhat equivalent to a two - wire line of length L 2 assumed to be close to the quarter-wave (odd mode) for the useful frequency, as shown diagrammatically in FIG. wires of the two-wire line is constituted by the excitation loop 2 and is located in the air above the ground S.
  • the other wire of the two-wire line is constituted by the ground plane 1 in the ground.
  • the two-wire line thus presents a lossless medium and a medium with losses: the two media being different, there is an imbalance in the fundamental line mode of the line. This imbalance can only be restored by the presence of a differential current sitting on the imperfect ground surface, but a very good conductor of the ground wave.
  • the field component horizontal electricity being negligible in the propagation by the antenna more so than the loop excitation 2 is regular and closed like a circle or a regular polygon.
  • the fields elementary electric Ey are distributed almost evenly to all the azimuths around the axis vertical VV of the antenna to ensure the omnidirectionality of the antenna.
  • the antenna radiation impedance Z ant of the antenna must have an imaginary part or zero reactance, and the length L 2 of the excitation loop 2 must be the order of a quarter wavelength ⁇ / 4 (odd mode) or half-wave ⁇ / 2 (even mode).
  • the radiation impedance of the antenna being relatively low, of the order of a few ohms
  • the radiation impedance Z ant is the impedance reduced by terminal impedance Z t through the two parts of the antenna, the horizontal excitation loop 2 and the vertical connection element 3, which have characteristic characteristic impedances Z 2 and Z 3 .
  • the terminal impedance Z t is placed at the end of the line at the loop end 22, between this end and the ground plane 1.
  • the horizontal line formed by the excitation loop 2 of length L 2 and of diameter D, placed at the height H above the metal ground plane, has a characteristic impedance of: Z 2 138 log (4H / D).
  • the vertical line constituted by the connecting element 3 of height H and of diameter d with a characteristic impedance substantially equal to: Z 3 60 (2.306 log (4H / d) -1).
  • the impedance brought back to the foot of the vertical line by transformation of the terminal impedance Z 21 is:
  • the terminal impedance Z t is reactive or resistive or zero and closes the end 22 of the excitation loop 2 and can be adjustable to adjust the operating frequency radiated by the antenna. Consisting of a capacitance, the impedance Z t lowers the frequency of operation of the antenna by electrical elongation; consisting of a choke, the impedance Z t increases the operating frequency. The introduction of a terminal load increases the bandwidth by switching from a standing wave regime to a traveling wave regime.
  • the terminal impedance Z t closing the metal excitation loop 2 is a short circuit consisting of a second substantially vertical metal connection element connecting the end 22 of the excitation loop 2 to the ground plane 1. Both ends of the quarter wave excitation loop are closed on the ground and the antenna operates in even mode, as a half-wave line, with a relatively wide band of at least 10 kHz.
  • the impedance at the point P is about R ant - jX.
  • the value of Z 2 tg ( ⁇ l) is 8 ⁇ , which corresponds approximately to a length l of 1.3 m on the horizontal line, that is to say from the end 21 of the loop excitation 2 to the power supply cable 52 to position and connect.
  • the bandwidth of the antenna according to the invention depends essentially on a circuit comprising the elements participating in the radiation: the metal ground plane 1, the tubes 2 and 3, or the wires or cages 23 according to the other variants, the soil S and the adaptation means constituted by the stub of length l.
  • the overvoltage coefficient Q and the bandwidth are linked, the study is brought back to that of the overvoltage coefficient:
  • the real part equivalent to the circuit is low, of the order of 1 to 2 ⁇ , which favors the injection of a high current into the ground, and the reactive part of the circuit is even higher that the tube, or the wire or the cage according to the others variants, is thin.
  • the establishment of a tube of greater diameter has the effect of reducing the self-linear parasitic and reduce the loss ohmic. On one side we increase the bandwidth and on the other, the efficiency is improved.
  • a conductor wire of length L 2 above the ground having an end to ground has, for dimensions expressed in cm, an inductance expressed in ⁇ H of:
  • the copper essentially consists of the material constituting the tubes of the excitation loop 2 and of the connecting element 3.
  • the copper has a linear resistance of 1 ⁇ / 25 m when it is traversed by a frequency of 1 MHz for a perimeter of 1 cm.
  • the linear resistance of copper is inversely proportional to the perimeter, which encourages the choice of diameters D and d of relatively large tubes.
  • the overvoltage coefficient of the antenna with the excitation loop 2 and the connecting element 3 in copper tube is so very high and so present a wide bandwidth of several kilohertz for a carrier frequency of about one megahertz, compared to good quality steels for which the conductivity does not exceed 15% of that of copper.
  • the antenna according to the invention produces, unlike a pylon antenna, a space wave in magnetic and non-electric radiation mode in the direction of the central vertical axis VV.
  • the space wave results from the inequality of the currents in the line constituted by the excitation loop 2 and in the ground containing the ground plane. This inequality prevents the vertical of the antenna from canceling true field components and field components of the image of the line relative to the mirror constituted by the ground plane.
  • the power of this space wave which is smaller than that of the ground wave, can be increased by increasing the power of the transmitter 5 in order to exploit it for nocturnal ionospheric scattering of signals.
  • This possibility of zenith fire, also called “African shooting”, is a major asset of the antenna of the invention and makes it possible to transmit a portion of the radiated energy to the ionospheric layers E and F, which are suitable for the night-time propagation. short distance within a radius of range greater than 30 km, which is impossible with the current radiating towers in medium wave that radiates no energy vertically.
  • the directivity of the antenna may be accentuated and preferred in one or a few predetermined directions by the installation of one or a few confinement means placed substantially on the periphery of the ground plane and close to the ground, c that is, on the ground or in the ground, for confining electromagnetic radiation of the antenna respectively along said predetermined one or more predetermined directions.
  • These electromagnetic radiation confinement means have a relative dielectric permittivity ⁇ r and / or a relative magnetic permeability ⁇ r different from those of the ground (ground) so as to create discontinuities of the propagation medium at the ground level S, as an extension of the discontinuity D at the periphery of the antenna between the ground torque S and metal ground plane 1 and the ground S without the metal ground plane.
  • Each means of radiation containment includes one or a few driving electromagnetic radiation and constituting diffraction zones equivalent to sources of point radiation following the direction respective predetermined.
  • obstacles are for example ditches 61 which are empty or filled with metal elements with a depth of between 50 cm and some meters depending on the penetration of the wave radiated into the ground. Obstacles can also staked the surface of the ground, like protuberances metal or metal harrows 62 of weak heights on the floor.
  • each obstacle is considered a source of radiation, and a phasing rule between the sources of radiation is established, for example by the choice a distance close to ⁇ / 4 between them.
  • ground antenna according to the invention can be indifferently a transmitting antenna for transmitting, or an antenna to receive a Telec wave or hectometric soil bearing a useful signal, all being discreet and insensitive to pests outside on the ground and ionosphere.

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  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
EP05300192A 2004-05-04 2005-03-17 Bodenantenne mit Schleife zur Abstrahlung kilometrischer oder hektometrischer Wellen Active EP1594186B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL05300192T PL1594186T3 (pl) 2004-05-04 2005-03-17 Antena naziemna pętli promieniującej w zakresie fal kilometrowych i hektokilometrowych

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0404860A FR2870047B1 (fr) 2004-05-04 2004-05-04 Antenne de sol a boucle rayonnant en ondes kilometriques ou hectometriques
FR0404860 2004-05-04

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1594186A1 true EP1594186A1 (de) 2005-11-09
EP1594186B1 EP1594186B1 (de) 2010-11-17

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EP05300192A Active EP1594186B1 (de) 2004-05-04 2005-03-17 Bodenantenne mit Schleife zur Abstrahlung kilometrischer oder hektometrischer Wellen

Country Status (7)

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EP (1) EP1594186B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE488883T1 (de)
DE (1) DE602005024743D1 (de)
ES (1) ES2356087T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2870047B1 (de)
PL (1) PL1594186T3 (de)
PT (1) PT1594186E (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2910727A1 (fr) * 2006-12-21 2008-06-27 Tdf Sa Reseau d'antennes a onde de sol progressive kilometrique ou hectometrique
EP2328233A3 (de) * 2009-11-27 2011-07-06 Fujitsu Limited Antennen- und Funkkommunikationsvorrichtung
WO2012045847A1 (fr) 2010-10-07 2012-04-12 Tdf Antenne de grande dimension à ondes de surface et à large bande
FR2966647A1 (fr) * 2010-10-21 2012-04-27 Tdf Antenne a fente et a ondes de surface de grande dimension
WO2014029947A1 (fr) * 2012-08-22 2014-02-27 ONERA (Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales) Element de surface inductif

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3040111B1 (fr) * 2015-08-10 2017-12-01 Tdf Antenne a ondes de surface, reseau d'antennes et utilisation d'une antenne ou d'un reseau d'antennes

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2746040A (en) * 1950-05-20 1956-05-15 Rca Corp Annular element antenna systems
US3253279A (en) * 1963-02-01 1966-05-24 Trg Inc Bandwidth monopole antenna having low ground losses due to a circumferential ground ring
US6542126B2 (en) * 2000-06-23 2003-04-01 Alcatel Antenna arrangement for mobile radiotelephones
US20030146874A1 (en) * 2000-12-08 2003-08-07 Joji Kane Antenna apparatus and communication system

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2746040A (en) * 1950-05-20 1956-05-15 Rca Corp Annular element antenna systems
US3253279A (en) * 1963-02-01 1966-05-24 Trg Inc Bandwidth monopole antenna having low ground losses due to a circumferential ground ring
US6542126B2 (en) * 2000-06-23 2003-04-01 Alcatel Antenna arrangement for mobile radiotelephones
US20030146874A1 (en) * 2000-12-08 2003-08-07 Joji Kane Antenna apparatus and communication system

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2910727A1 (fr) * 2006-12-21 2008-06-27 Tdf Sa Reseau d'antennes a onde de sol progressive kilometrique ou hectometrique
WO2008081125A1 (fr) 2006-12-21 2008-07-10 Tdf Reseau d'antennes a onde de sol progressive kilometrique ou hectometrique
EP2328233A3 (de) * 2009-11-27 2011-07-06 Fujitsu Limited Antennen- und Funkkommunikationsvorrichtung
US8552916B2 (en) 2009-11-27 2013-10-08 Fujitsu Limited Antenna and radio communication apparatus
CN103299481A (zh) * 2010-10-07 2013-09-11 Tdf公司 大型宽带表面波天线
FR2965978A1 (fr) * 2010-10-07 2012-04-13 Tdf Antenne de grande dimension a ondes de surface et a large bande
US20130241790A1 (en) * 2010-10-07 2013-09-19 Tdf Large-area broadband surface-wave antenna
WO2012045847A1 (fr) 2010-10-07 2012-04-12 Tdf Antenne de grande dimension à ondes de surface et à large bande
CN103299481B (zh) * 2010-10-07 2015-03-25 Tdf公司 大型宽带表面波天线
AU2016204050B2 (en) * 2010-10-07 2018-06-28 Tdf Large-area broadband surface-wave antenna
FR2966647A1 (fr) * 2010-10-21 2012-04-27 Tdf Antenne a fente et a ondes de surface de grande dimension
WO2014029947A1 (fr) * 2012-08-22 2014-02-27 ONERA (Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales) Element de surface inductif
FR2994773A1 (fr) * 2012-08-22 2014-02-28 Onera (Off Nat Aerospatiale) Element de surface inductif

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1594186B1 (de) 2010-11-17
PT1594186E (pt) 2011-02-15
DE602005024743D1 (de) 2010-12-30
PL1594186T3 (pl) 2011-04-29
ES2356087T3 (es) 2011-04-04
ATE488883T1 (de) 2010-12-15
FR2870047B1 (fr) 2006-07-14
FR2870047A1 (fr) 2005-11-11

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