EP2888784B1 - Induktives oberflächenelement - Google Patents

Induktives oberflächenelement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2888784B1
EP2888784B1 EP13762177.7A EP13762177A EP2888784B1 EP 2888784 B1 EP2888784 B1 EP 2888784B1 EP 13762177 A EP13762177 A EP 13762177A EP 2888784 B1 EP2888784 B1 EP 2888784B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
base plate
surface element
plates
inductive
ground
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EP13762177.7A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2888784A1 (de
Inventor
Florent JANGAL
Luca PETRILLO
Muriel DARCES
Marc HELIER
Jean-Louis MONTMAGNON
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Office National dEtudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales ONERA
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6
Original Assignee
Office National dEtudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales ONERA
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/04—Adaptation for subterranean or subaqueous use
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/28—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave comprising elements constituting electric discontinuities and spaced in direction of wave propagation, e.g. dielectric elements or conductive elements forming artificial dielectric
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/28—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using a secondary device in the form of two or more substantially straight conductive elements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an inductive surface element, which is adapted to modify propagation conditions of electromagnetic radiation. It also relates to a surface wave generation assembly and a surface wave detection assembly each comprising such an inductive surface element.
  • the wave vector that characterizes the propagation parallel to the interface is connected to the attenuation coefficient in the perpendicular direction and to the electromagnetic impedance of the interface.
  • Such a mode of propagation on the surface is opposed to the mode of propagation in free space, which is sometimes called propagation in sky wave.
  • Surface waves are used in various applications, including radar systems or communication systems for which the transmitted waves used are surface waves.
  • the interface that is used is the boundary between the ground and the air environment above the ground.
  • the conversion element when such a conversion element is used in association with a detector for receiving a surface wave transmission communication, the conversion element also transmits to the detector free space propagation waves, more than the received surface wave. The detection of the signal that is carried by the surface wave is then scrambled and disturbed by the free space propagation waves which are transmitted involuntarily.
  • the document GB 788.824 discloses an antenna element that is adapted to transmit a wave that is focused perpendicularly to a base plate of that element, according to the free space propagation mode.
  • the document EP 1,594,186 describes an antenna which is formed by an open loop above a ground plane, the latter being intended to be buried. Two confined waves are formed between the loop and the ground plane, and the peripheral edge of the ground plane produces surface wave radiation to the outside. However, this system also produces a free space propagation wave.
  • WO 03/007426 discloses an antenna with a low form factor radiator, which is disposed above a high impedance surface itself on a metal ground plane. But Horizontal polarized surface waves of the electric field appear in the high impedance surface and then transform into free-space propagation waves.
  • a first object of the present invention is to produce surface waves with a minimum amount of power that is radiated as free-space propagation waves.
  • a second object of the invention is to produce surface waves which are concentrated in azimuth around a desired direction of propagation, parallel to the surface of the ground.
  • a third object of the invention is to provide a surface wave production system, which can use the available radiation sources to produce free-space propagation waves, in particular wired antennas.
  • a fourth object of the invention is to provide a surface wave production system that is compact, inexpensive and easy to implement.
  • a fifth object of the invention is to propose a surface wave production system which is adapted to operate in the frequency range between 0.2 MHz (MHz) and 3000 MHz, and in particular in the band of high frequencies, called HF band, between about 3 MHz and 30 MHz.
  • the secondary plates have the same height within ⁇ 10%, this height being between 0.035 x ⁇ and 0.35 x ⁇ , where ⁇ is a sizing parameter of the surface element inductive.
  • the distance between the base plate and the edges of the secondary plates opposite is between a zero value and half the height of the secondary plates concerned.
  • the secondary plates are arranged parallel to each other in a period such that the product of the height of the secondary plates by the period is between 0.001 x ⁇ 2 and 0.15 x ⁇ 2 to ⁇ 10 % near.
  • the secondary plates each extend over a total length of at least 0.0003 x ⁇ perpendicular to the sensitive direction.
  • Such an inductive surface element is then adapted to modify conditions of propagation, in the half-space, of a projection of the electric field component which is perpendicular to the base plate, when a wavelength of the radiation electromagnetic energy is between ⁇ - 10% and ⁇ + 10%.
  • the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation that is considered is that which is associated with the propagation in the medium where the inductive surface element is located, and which is equal to the speed of light in that medium divided by the frequency of the radiation.
  • the inductive surface element makes it possible to produce or detect surface waves which are concentrated in azimuth around a direction of propagation parallel to a ground surface, when this element is placed on the ground or semi-buried near the ground surface, the base plate being parallel to an average boundary surface between the ground and the half airspace.
  • the inductive surface element of the invention is therefore an electromagnetic conversion element, which is capable of coupling free space propagation modes with surface waves. This coupling is particularly effective thanks to the geometry and sizing characteristics of the element that are introduced by the invention.
  • the element makes it possible to efficiently transfer a portion of the radiated power of free-space propagation waves which reach the element, to surface waves. It can therefore be used with sources of electromagnetic radiation that are available, including wired sources whose cost is low and the use is easy to produce sky waves. These free-space propagation waves are then transformed, at least partially, into surface waves by the inductive surface element of the invention.
  • the inductive surface element of the invention is effective in the electromagnetic radiation frequency range which is between 0.2 MHz and 3000 MHz, and especially in the HF band between 3 MHz and 30 MHz.
  • the inductive surface element of the invention also makes it possible to effectively couple surface waves that reach this element with free-space propagation waves that can then be detected.
  • the surface waves that are produced by the inductive surface element of the invention have propagation directions that are concentrated in azimuth around the sensitive direction of the element.
  • the secondary plates are not necessarily flat. They can be adapted to modify the azimuth directionality of the element of inductive surface. For example, while remaining perpendicular to the base plate, they may have a circular curvature on both sides of the sensitive direction.
  • the inductive surface element of the invention is simple, inexpensive and easy to implement. In particular, it can be manufactured separately from the source or the electromagnetic radiation detector with which it is intended to be used, which simplifies its method of manufacture.
  • the radiation source is oriented such that an electric field component of the electromagnetic radiation at the location of the inductive surface element is not parallel to the base plate.
  • the radiation source is adapted so that a wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation is between ⁇ -10% and ⁇ + 10%, where ⁇ is the sizing parameter of the inductive surface element.
  • the inductive surface element is buried near the surface of the ground when the distance between the base plate and the average boundary surface between the ground and the half airspace is less than ⁇ .
  • the radiation source may in particular be adapted to produce the electromagnetic radiation with a radiation frequency which is between 0.2 MHz and 3000 MHz, and more particularly between 3 MHz and 30 MHz.
  • the radiation source may comprise a loop-type wire antenna, the plane loop is oriented preferably parallel to the base plate.
  • the requirement for the invention to operate is that electromagnetic radiation from the source has an electric field component not parallel to the base plate.
  • the radiation detector is oriented to detect electromagnetic radiation when an electric field component of this radiation is non-parallel to the base plate, and is effective for detecting electromagnetic radiation when a wavelength of this radiation is included between ⁇ - 10% and ⁇ + 10%, where ⁇ is the sizing parameter of the inductive surface element.
  • the characteristic that the inductive surface element is buried near the ground surface further means that the distance between the base plate and the average boundary surface between the ground and the half air space is less than ⁇ .
  • the radiation detector may then be placed within the surface wave detection assembly in a relative position with respect to the inductive surface element which is identical to that of the radiation source within the surface wave production set.
  • All secondary 2 or ternary plates 2a, 2b may have dimensions that are identical. They are all perpendicular to the central line LS, and therefore all parallel to each other. In addition, they are all centered on the centerline LS, and the period P of the secondary plates is constant.
  • the inductive surface element comprises a series of secondary plates of which each secondary plate consists of a pair of ternary plates, the period T is identical between the ternary plates of two adjacent pairs.
  • the base plate 1 may be rectangular, as may each secondary or ternary plate 2a, 2b.
  • the median line LS is the direction of emission of the surface wave OS which is produced by the inductive surface element from the electromagnetic wave OL, when the antenna 3 is placed itself. at the right of the center line LS.
  • the inductive surface element produces a surface wave beam
  • this beam is centered in azimuth about the center line LS, in a plane that is parallel to the base plate 1.
  • the center line LS is called sensitive direction in the general part of the present description.
  • a surface wave generation assembly is formed by combining the inductive surface element of the FIGS. 1a-1c or 2a-2c with a source of electromagnetic radiation.
  • a radiation source comprises the transmitting antenna 3 and the signal source 4, which is connected to supply the antenna 3 as a transmission signal.
  • the antenna 3 may be of the wired antenna type, and in particular a quarter-wave monopole antenna.
  • Such an antenna is known to those skilled in the art. It comprises a rectilinear antenna segment capable of producing electromagnetic radiation that propagates initially in free space, from the antenna segment.
  • the antenna 3 and the source 4 can be adapted so that the electromagnetic radiation has a frequency f in the HF band between 3 MHz and 30 MHz.
  • the wavelength is then between 10 m (meter) and 100 m for the HF band mentioned above in the air.
  • the inductive surface element can either be placed on the ground ( figure 3a ), or semi-buried ( figure 3b ), completely buried ( figure 3c ).
  • the base plate 1 is parallel or substantially parallel to an average surface S of boundary between the ground and the upper half airspace.
  • the actual surface of the ground may be irregular, but the average surface S of the soil boundary is flat.
  • the inductive surface element is further oriented with its secondary plates 2 which are vertical, and upwards above the base plate 1.
  • the depth K of the base plate 1 below the average surface S of the ground boundary is preferably less than ⁇ , or even less at ⁇ / 2.
  • the inductive surface element is placed on the ground ( figure 3a ).
  • the inductive surface element used is in accordance with Figures 1a-1c with the following precise characteristics: the number Nbl of secondary plates 2 is equal to 21, the spacing P between two successive secondary plates 2 is constant and equal to 0.0697 ⁇ ⁇ , the height H of each secondary plate 2 is equal to 0.161 x ⁇ , the width L of each secondary plate 2 is equal to 0.6678 x ⁇ , the width Lpm of the base plate 1 is equal to the width L of the secondary plates 2 increased by 0.5 x ⁇ , and LOPM length of the base plate 1 is equal to 1.931 x ⁇ . Deviations of ⁇ 10% from these dimensions may be adopted, without the operation of the surface wave generation assembly being significantly altered, for the same frequency of the radiation that is produced by the antenna 3.
  • each secondary plate is held fixed relative to the base plate 1, but it does not need to be electrically connected to the base plate 1. Thus each secondary plate can be electrically insulated from the base plate 1.
  • the antenna 3 is preferably oriented so that the rectilinear antenna segment is vertical, and therefore perpendicular to the base plate 1.
  • the distance Dant can be equal to 0.5 x ⁇ , and the height Hant of the segment of antenna above the base plate 1 may be zero.
  • An operating condition of the surface wave production assembly is that the component E z of the electric field E of the electromagnetic wave OL which is produced by the antenna 3, is not zero. In other words, the electric field E of the wave OL is not parallel to the base plate 1.
  • the inductive surface element modifies the conditions of propagation of the component E z , by converting a part of the wave OL in the surface wave OS.
  • the antenna 3 is placed plumb with the center line LS on one side of the inductive surface element, then the OS wave emerges above the inductive surface element, with a direction of propagation which is parallel to the centerline LS.
  • the OS wave has a surface wave structure, with an amplitude of the electric field decreasing exponentially in the Z direction in the air half-space, from the average surface SI of the boundary of the inductive surface element.
  • the Figures 4a and 4b correspond to an inductive surface element as described above, which has been dimensioned for a wavelength value of the OL wave equal to about 27.3 cm (centimeter).
  • the dimensioning parameter ⁇ is equal to 27.3 cm.
  • This wavelength value corresponds to a frequency f of electromagnetic radiation which is equal to 1.1 GHz (gigahertz).
  • the solid line curve characterizes a transmission efficiency between the radiation source and a remote detector, using the inductive surface element in combination with the radiation source.
  • the dashed line characterizes the same transmission efficiency, but in the absence of inductive surface element.
  • the use of the inductive surface element allows a transmission gain of about 20 dB for the 1.1 GHz radiation frequency.
  • the diagram of the figure 4b shows the modification of the energy reflection coefficient of the antenna 3, comparing its operations with (continuous curve) and without the inductive surface element (dashed curve). A reduction in reflection of up to 10 dB is achieved at 1.1 GHz using the inductive surface element.
  • a possible dimensioning for the inductive surface element Figures 2a-2c can be: the number Nbdl of the ternary plates 2a and that of the ternary plates 2b are also equal to 21, the spacing P between two ternary plates 2a which are successive, or between two successive ternary plates 2b, is equal to 0.0953 x ⁇ , the shift D between the ternary plates 2a and 2b is 0.0229 x ⁇ , the height Hdl of each ternary plate 2a or 2b is equal to 0.1074 x ⁇ , and the width Lpm of the base plate 1 is at least equal to the width Ldl of each ternary plate 2a or 2b, itself equal to 0.6678 x ⁇ .
  • deviations of ⁇ 20% from these precise dimensions can be adopted without changing the source radiation frequency that is used with the inductive surface element.
  • An inductive surface element according to the invention can also be used within a surface wave detection assembly.
  • the inductive surface element is still placed on the ground, semi-buried or buried in the same way, but with its central line LS, or sensitive direction, which is oriented in a direction of reception of surface waves .
  • a radiation detector can then be placed substantially in the same place as the antenna 3 with respect to the inductive surface element. Under these conditions, the inductive surface element partially transforms the received surface wave into a wave structure that converges on the radiation detector. The surface wave that is received can thus be detected with a high sensitivity.
  • an inductive surface element that is in accordance with the invention can be dimensioned simply for any radiation frequency, using the dimensioning rules that have been given.
  • inductive surface elements may be arranged around the same source of electromagnetic radiation, in order to simultaneously transmit surface waves in several directions.

Claims (15)

  1. Induktives Oberflächenelement für eine elektromagnetische Strahlung, wobei das Element Folgendes umfasst:
    - eine elektrisch leitende Grundplatte (1), die sich in einer Ebene erstreckt, die zu einer elektrischen Feldkomponente der elektromagnetischen Strahlung nicht parallel ist; und
    - eine Reihe elektrisch leitender Sekundärplatten (2), wobei sich die Sekundärplatten senkrecht zur Grundplatte und in einem gleichen Halbraum auf einer Seite der Grundplatte symmetrisch in Bezug auf eine Ebene, die in einer sogenannten empfindlichen Richtung senkrecht zu Grundplatte ist, erstrecken,
    wobei die Sekundärplatten (2) eine gleiche Höhe (H; Hd1) 10 % aufweisen, wobei die Höhe 0,035 x λ, bis 0,35 x λ, beträgt, wobei λ, ein Bemessungsparameter des induktiven Oberflächenelements ist;
    wobei der Abstand zwischen der Grundplatte und den Rändern der einander gegenüberliegenden Sekundärplatten einen Wert von 0 bis zur Hälfte der Höhe der betreffenden Sekundärplatten beträgt;
    wobei die Sekundärplatten (2) parallel zueinander in einer solchen Periode angeordnet sind, dass das Produkt der Höhe der Sekundärplatten und der Periode 0,001 x λ2 bis 0,15 x λ(± 10 %) beträgt;
    wobei sich die Sekundärplatten (2) jeweils über eine Gesamtlänge von mindestens 0,0003 x λ, senkrecht zur empfindlichen Richtung erstrecken;
    wobei das induktive Oberflächenelement somit gestaltet ist, Ausbreitungsbedingungen einer Projektion der elektrischen Feldkomponente, die senkrecht zur Grundplatte (1) ist, im Halbraum zu modifizieren, wenn eine Wellenlänge der elektromagnetischen Strahlung λ - 10 % bis λ + 10 % beträgt,
    um so die Erzeugung oder Erfassung der Oberflächenwellen zu ermöglichen, die im Azimut um eine zu einer Bodenoberfläche parallelen Ausbreitungsrichtung konzentriert sind, wenn das induktive Oberflächenelement auf dem Boden oder nahe der Bodenoberfläche halbunterirdisch angeordnet ist, sodass die Grundplatte (1) parallel zu einer mittleren Grenzfläche zwischen dem Boden und dem oberirdischen Halbraum ist.
  2. Induktives Oberflächenelement nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Reihe von Sekundärplatten (2) mindestens sechs Sekundärplatten umfasst.
  3. Induktives Oberflächenelement nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei eine Breite (L; Ldl) mindestens einer der Sekundärplatten (2) parallel zur Grundplatte (1) und senkrecht zur empfindlichen Linie gemessen λ/2 bis λ beträgt.
  4. Induktives Oberflächenelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Höhe (H; Hdl) der Sekundärplatten (2) senkrecht zur Grundplatte (1) und ab der Grundplatte gemessen λ/20 bis λ/5 beträgt.
  5. Induktives Oberflächenelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei jede Sekundärplatte aus einem Paar ternärer Platten (2a, 2b) ausgebildet ist.
  6. Induktives Oberflächenelement nach Anspruch 5, wobei die ternären Platten jedes Paares (2a, 2b) in der empfindlichen Richtung gemessen um einen Abstand von λ/100 bis λ/50 voneinander beabstandet sind.
  7. Induktives Oberflächenelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei mindestens eine der Platten aus der Grundplatte (1) und den Sekundärplatten (2) oder den ternären Platten (2a, 2b) einen Abschnitt aus Blech oder Metallgitter oder eine Kombination aus mindestens einem Abschnitt aus Blech und mindestens einem Abschnitt aus Metallgitter umfasst.
  8. Induktives Oberflächenelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei mindestens einige der Sekundärplatten (2) oder der ternären Platten (2a, 2b) elektrisch mit der Grundplatte (1) verbunden sind.
  9. Einheit zur Erzeugung von Oberflächenwellen, umfassend:
    - eine Strahlungsquelle (3), die gestaltet ist, mindestens eine elektromagnetische Strahlung zu erzeugen, die einen Ausbreitungsmodus im freien Raum aufweist; und
    - mindestens ein induktives Oberflächenelement nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, das auf dem Boden oder nahe der Bodenoberfläche halbunterirdisch oder unterirdisch angeordnet ist, sodass die Grundplatte (1) parallel zu einer mittleren Grenzfläche zwischen dem Boden und einem oberirdischen Halbraum verläuft;
    wobei die Strahlungsquelle (3) so ausgerichtet ist, dass eine elektrische Feldkomponente der Strahlung an der Position des induktiven Oberflächenelements nicht parallel zur Grundplatte (1) ist; und
    wobei die Strahlungsquelle (3) so gestaltet ist, dass eine Wellenlänge der elektromagnetischen Strahlung λ - 10% bis λ + 10% beträgt, wobei λ der Bemessungsparameter des induktiven Oberflächenelements ist.
  10. Einheit zur Erzeugung von Oberflächenwellen nach Anspruch 9, wobei die Strahlungsquelle (3) gestaltet ist, die elektromagnetische Strahlung mit einer Strahlungsfrequenz von 0,2 MHz bis 3.000 MHz zu erzeugen.
  11. Einheit zur Erzeugung von Oberflächenwellen nach Anspruch 9 oder 10, wobei die Strahlungsquelle (3) eine Drahtantenne umfasst.
  12. Einheit zur Erzeugung von Oberflächenwellen nach Anspruch 11, wobei die Drahtantenne ein gerades Antennensegment umfasst, wobei die Drahtantenne so ausgerichtet ist, dass das gerade Antennensegment senkrecht zur Grundplatte (1) verläuft.
  13. Einheit zur Erzeugung von Oberflächenwellen nach Anspruch 12, wobei die Drahtantenne so positioniert ist, dass das gerade Antennensegment von einer der Sekundärplatten (2; 2a, 2b) des induktiven Oberflächenelements, die dem geraden Antennensegment am nächsten ist, um einen Abstand (Dant) beabstandet ist, der in der empfindlichen Richtung gemessen kleiner als oder so groß wie 0,5 x λ ist.
  14. Einheit zur Erzeugung von Oberflächenwellen nach Anspruch 12 oder 13, wobei die Drahtantenne so positioniert ist, dass sich ein Punkt des geraden Antennensegments, welcher der Grundplatte (1) am nächsten ist, in einer Höhe (Hant) befindet, die kleiner als das 1,5-fache der Höhe (H; Hdl) der Sekundärplatten (2; 2a, 2b) ist, wobei die Höhen ab der Grundplatte (1) in einer zur Grundplatte senkrechten Richtung und auf der Seite der Sekundärplatten gemessen werden.
  15. Einheit zur Erfassung von Oberflächenwellen, umfassend:
    - einen Strahlungsdetektor, der gestaltet ist, mindestens eine elektromagnetische Strahlung zu erfassen; und
    - mindestens ein induktives Oberflächenelement nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, das auf dem Boden oder nahe der Bodenoberfläche halbunterirdisch oder unterirdisch angeordnet ist, sodass die Grundplatte (1) parallel zu einer mittleren Grenzfläche zwischen dem Boden und einem oberirdischen Halbraum verläuft;
    wobei der Strahlungsdetektor ausgerichtet ist, um die elektromagnetische Strahlung zu erfassen, wenn eine elektrische Feldkomponente der Strahlung nicht parallel zur Grundplatte (1) ist, und wirksam zur Erfassung der elektromagnetischen Strahlung ist, wenn eine Wellenlänge der Strahlung λ - 10% bis λ + 10% beträgt, wobei λ der Bemessungsparameter des induktiven Oberflächenelements ist.
EP13762177.7A 2012-08-22 2013-08-20 Induktives oberflächenelement Active EP2888784B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1202272A FR2994773B1 (fr) 2012-08-22 2012-08-22 Element de surface inductif
PCT/FR2013/051953 WO2014029947A1 (fr) 2012-08-22 2013-08-20 Element de surface inductif

Publications (2)

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EP2888784A1 EP2888784A1 (de) 2015-07-01
EP2888784B1 true EP2888784B1 (de) 2016-06-08

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EP (1) EP2888784B1 (de)
JP (1) JP6224104B2 (de)
BR (1) BR112015003738B1 (de)
ES (1) ES2588927T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2994773B1 (de)
SG (1) SG11201501306WA (de)
WO (1) WO2014029947A1 (de)

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WO2019194098A1 (ja) * 2018-04-06 2019-10-10 パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 高周波加熱装置

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FR64498E (fr) * 1953-07-21 1955-11-10 Csf Aérien pour ondes courtes
FR1116531A (fr) * 1954-12-14 1956-05-08 Csf Antenne directive à polarisation horizontale
FR1157104A (fr) * 1956-08-01 1958-05-27 Csf Perfectionnements aux antennes pour ondes métriques et décamétriques
FR2870047B1 (fr) * 2004-05-04 2006-07-14 Telediffusion Fse Antenne de sol a boucle rayonnant en ondes kilometriques ou hectometriques
JP2008511194A (ja) * 2004-08-09 2008-04-10 オンタリオ センターズ オブ エクセレンス インコーポレイテッド 電磁輻射の制御と誘導のために、アースの上に連続した金属格子を使用する負の屈折のメタマテリアル（ｍｅｔａｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ）。
US7352336B1 (en) * 2007-01-12 2008-04-01 Lockheed Martin Corporation Directive linearly polarized monopole antenna
JP5337432B2 (ja) * 2007-11-30 2013-11-06 株式会社エヌ・ティ・ティ・ドコモ 無線通信システム
JP5219794B2 (ja) * 2008-12-26 2013-06-26 古野電気株式会社 誘電体アンテナ

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BR112015003738A2 (pt) 2017-07-04
JP2015527014A (ja) 2015-09-10
JP6224104B2 (ja) 2017-11-01
FR2994773A1 (fr) 2014-02-28
SG11201501306WA (en) 2015-05-28
WO2014029947A1 (fr) 2014-02-27
BR112015003738B1 (pt) 2022-01-25
FR2994773B1 (fr) 2016-01-29
EP2888784A1 (de) 2015-07-01
ES2588927T3 (es) 2016-11-07

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