EP1570365B1 - Transaction accelerator for client-server communication systems - Google Patents

Transaction accelerator for client-server communication systems Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1570365B1
EP1570365B1 EP03781423A EP03781423A EP1570365B1 EP 1570365 B1 EP1570365 B1 EP 1570365B1 EP 03781423 A EP03781423 A EP 03781423A EP 03781423 A EP03781423 A EP 03781423A EP 1570365 B1 EP1570365 B1 EP 1570365B1
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Prior art keywords
segment
data
transaction
payload
client
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1570365A2 (en
EP1570365A4 (en
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Steven Mccanne
Michael J. Demmer
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Riverbed Technology LLC
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Riverbed Technology LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/2866—Architectures; Arrangements
    • H04L67/288—Distributed intermediate devices, i.e. intermediate devices for interaction with other intermediate devices on the same level
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/56—Provisioning of proxy services
    • H04L67/565—Conversion or adaptation of application format or content
    • H04L67/5651—Reducing the amount or size of exchanged application data
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/2866—Architectures; Arrangements
    • H04L67/289—Intermediate processing functionally located close to the data consumer application, e.g. in same machine, in same home or in same sub-network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/56—Provisioning of proxy services
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/56—Provisioning of proxy services
    • H04L67/568—Storing data temporarily at an intermediate stage, e.g. caching
    • H04L67/5682—Policies or rules for updating, deleting or replacing the stored data
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/30—Definitions, standards or architectural aspects of layered protocol stacks
    • H04L69/32—Architecture of open systems interconnection [OSI] 7-layer type protocol stacks, e.g. the interfaces between the data link level and the physical level
    • H04L69/322—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions
    • H04L69/329—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions in the application layer [OSI layer 7]

Definitions

  • files used by applications in one place might be stored in another place.
  • files used by applications in one place might be stored in another place.
  • a number of users operating at computers networked throughout an organization and/or a geographic region share a file or sets of files that are stored in a file system.
  • the file system might be near one of the users, but typically it is remote from most of the users, but the users often expect the files to appear to be near their sites.
  • client generally refers to a computer, computing device, peripheral, electronics, or the like, that makes a request for data or an action
  • server generally refers to a computer, computing device, peripheral, electronics, or the like, that operates in response to requests for data or action made by one or more clients.
  • a request is often satisfied by a response message supplying the data requested or performing the action requested, or a response message indicating an inability to service the request, such as an error message or an alert to a monitoring system of a failed or improper request.
  • a server might also block a request, forward a request, transform a request, or the like, and then respond to the request or not respond to the request.
  • clients and servers are not necessarily exclusive.
  • one peer might a request of another peer but might also serve responses to that peer. Therefore, it should be understood that while the terms “client” and “server” are typically used herein as the actors making “requests” and providing “responses”, respectively, those elements might take on other roles not clearly delineated by the client-server paradigm.
  • a request-response cycle can be referred to as a "transaction" and for a given transaction, some object (physical, logical and/or virtual) can be said to be the "client” for that transaction and some other object (physical, logical and/or virtual) can be said to be the "server” for that transaction.
  • proxies are the terminus for the client connection and initiates another connection to the server on behalf of the client.
  • the proxy connects to one or more other proxies that in turn connect to the server.
  • Each proxy may forward, modify, or otherwise transform the transactions as they flow from the client to the server and vice versa.
  • proxies include (1) Web proxies that enhance performance through caching or enhance security by controlling access to servers, (2) mail relays that forward mail from a client to another mail server, (3) DNS relays that cache DNS name resolutions, and so forth.
  • the terms “near”, “far”, “local” and “remote” might refer to physical distance, but more typically they refer to effective distance.
  • the effective distance between two computers, computing devices, servers, clients, peripherals, etc. is, at least approximately, a measure of the difficulty of getting data between the two computers. For example, where file data is stored on a hard drive connected directly to a computer processor using that file data, and the connection is through a dedicated high-speed bus, the hard drive and the computer processor are effectively "near” each other, but where the traffic between the hard drive and the computer processor is over a slow bus, with more intervening events possible to waylay the data, the hard drive and the computer processor are said to be farther apart.
  • a file server and a desktop computer separated by miles of high-quality and high-bandwidth fiber optics might have a smaller effective distance compared with a file server and a desktop computer separated by a few feet and coupled via a wireless connection in a noisy environment.
  • compression is a process of representing a number of bits of data using fewer bits and doing so in a way that the original bits or at least a sufficient approximation of the original bits can be recovered from an inverse of the compression process in most cases.
  • Caching is the process of storing previously transmitted results in the hopes that the user will request the results again and receive a response more quickly from the cache than if the results had to come from the original provider.
  • Latency is a measure of the delay between when a request for data is made and the requested data is received.
  • compression might add to the latency, if time is needed to compress data after the request is made and time is needed to decompress the data after it is received. This may be able to be improved if the data can be compressed ahead of time, before the request is made, but that may not be feasible if the data is not necessarily available ahead of time for compression, or if the volume of data from which the request will be served is too large relative to the amount of data likely to be used.
  • Caching also provides some help in reducing effective distance, but in some situations it does not help much. For example, where a single processor is retrieving data from memory it controls and does so in a repetitive fashion, as might be the case when reading processor instructions from memory, caching can greatly speed a processor's tasks.
  • a requestor requests data from some memory, device or the like and the results are provided to the requestor and stored in a cache having a faster response time than the original device supplying the data. Then, when the requestor requests that data again, if it is still in the cache, the cache can return the data in response to the request before the original device could have returned it and the request is satisfied that much sooner.
  • a client directs a request to a client-side transactions handler that forwards the request to a server-side transaction handler, which in turn provides the request, or a representation thereof, to a server for responding to the request.
  • the server sends the response to the server-side transaction handler, which forwards the response to the client-side transaction handler, which in turn provides the response to the client.
  • Transactions are accelerated by the transaction handlers by storing segments of data used in the transactions in persistent segment storage accessible to the server-side transaction handler and in persistent segment storage accessible to the client-side transaction handler.
  • the sending transaction handler compares the segments of the data to be sent with segments stored in its persistent segment storage and replaces segments of data with references to entries in its persistent segment storage that match or closely match the segments of data to be replaced.
  • the data to be sent might be sent from a client to a server, from a server to a client, from a peer to a peer, etc.
  • the receiving transaction store reconstructs the data sent by replacing the segment references with corresponding segment data from its persistent segment storage. If segments are referred to but do not exist in the receiver's persistent segment store, the receiver can issue requests for the missing segments from the sender via a side channel or via the link used to send the references to the segments. Where the persistent segment storage at each end is populated with segments likely to be repeated, such replacement of segments will occur often, resulting in much less bandwidth use over the network, thus accelerating transactions.
  • the transaction accelerators could be dedicated, such that the client-side transaction accelerator interacts with only one client and the server-side transaction accelerator interacts with only one server, but the transaction accelerators might also handle more than one client and/or more than one server.
  • the segments stored in the persistent segment stores can relate to different transactions, different clients and/or different servers. For example, if a transaction accelerator encounters a segment of data and stores it in its persistent segment store in handling a given transaction, a reference to that segment of data might be used again in a different transaction, relating to a different client or the same client and a different server or the same server, or relating to an entirely different client-server application.
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a networked client-server system according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a block diagram of the system of Fig. 1 , showing a client-side transaction accelerator (“CTA”) and a server-side transaction accelerator (“STA”) in greater detail and, for space considerations, showing less detail of the overall system.
  • CTA client-side transaction accelerator
  • STA server-side transaction accelerator
  • FIG. 3 is an illustration of data organization in embodiments of a persistent segment store ("PSS") as might be used with the system shown in Fig. 1 .
  • PSS persistent segment store
  • Fig. 4 is a block diagram of an encoder as might be used in the transaction transformers ("TT") of Fig. 2 .
  • Fig. 6 is an illustration of an encoding process wherein input data is segmented and represented by references to data segments.
  • Fig. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a process for decoding data as might be output by the encoder of Fig. 4 .
  • Fig. 8 is a block diagram of a networked system wherein transaction acceleration is implemented and uses a proactive segment distributor ("PSD").
  • PSD proactive segment distributor
  • Fig. 11 is a block diagram of a networked system wherein transaction acceleration is implemented and the server-side transaction accelerator is integrated in with the server.
  • Fig. 12 is a block diagram of a networked system wherein transaction acceleration is implemented and a PSS is shared among a plurality of transaction accelerators.
  • Fig. 13 is a block diagram showing a multicast implementation of the system of Fig. 12 , wherein multicast communications are used for updating and reading a shared PSS.
  • Fig. 15 is a block diagram of a networked system wherein transaction acceleration is implemented and the network handles a variety of protocols and services.
  • a transaction is a logical set of steps that result in data moving from one place to another.
  • the data being moved exists at its origin independent of the transaction, such as a file read transaction where the file exists on the disk of the server.
  • the data is generated for the transaction at the origin, such as in response to a request for computation, lookup, etc.
  • the computer, computer device, etc. initiating the transaction is referred to as the "client” and the computer, computer device, etc. that responds, or is expected to respond, is referred to as the "server”.
  • Data can flow in either direction.
  • a file system client might initiate a transaction by requesting a file read.
  • a transaction can be in multiple parts, but in a simple transaction, a client sends a request (data, a message, a signal, etc., explicitly being the request or indicative of or representing of the request) to a server and the server responds with a response (data, a message, a signal, etc., explicitly being the response or indicative of or representing of the response) to the client. More complex transactions, for example, might involve some back and forth, as might be needed for a server to clarify a request, verify the authority of the client to receive a response to the request, get additional information needed for preparing the response, etc.
  • connection means can also be used, such as a point-to-point wired or wireless channel.
  • nodes nodes
  • a transaction might begin with a client at one node making a request for file data directed to a server at another node, followed by a delivery of a response containing the requested file data.
  • Other transactions might be a request for a specific part of a file, all the file, all or some of another data construct, or a transaction might relate to data flowing from the requestor or relate to a command. Examples of transactions include “read a block”, “read a file”, “read a stream”, “write a block with this data” (an example of data flowing from the requestor), “open a file”, “perform a calculation on this data”, “get an e-mail with these characteristics”, “send an e-mail”, “check for new emails", “list directory contents”, etc.
  • client access to a server can be "tunneled” through transaction accelerators that map transactions onto sequences of variable-length segments with content-induced segment cut points.
  • the segments can be stored at various places, typically within high-speed access of both the clients and the servers, with the segments stored using a scalable, persistent naming system.
  • the segments can be decoupled from file-system and other system data blocks and structures, so that a matching segment might be found in multiple contexts. Instead of caching files, blocks, or other system dependent constructs, segments can be stored and bound to references that are used to represent the segment contents.
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a networked client-server system 10 according to embodiments of the present invention, where such transactions might occur.
  • clients 12 are coupled to servers 14 over a network 16, via client-side transaction accelerators ("CTA's") 20 and server-side transaction accelerators ("STA's") 22.
  • CTA's client-side transaction accelerators
  • STA's server-side transaction accelerators
  • TA client-side transaction accelerator
  • TA client-side transaction accelerator
  • STA's server-side transaction accelerators
  • additional paths between clients and servers might be present and bypass the TA's.
  • Such additional paths could be used to carry conventional traffic, such as transactions that are not likely to benefit from transaction acceleration.
  • the state of the TA's can remain focused on the accelerated transaction, for example, by not having the persistent segment storage (described below) of a TA storing segments from transactions not likely to benefit from transaction acceleration.
  • a CTA 20 might serve one or more clients and multiple CTA's 20 might be implemented on a network.
  • the index "n" refers to an indefinite integer and each distinct use of the index might refer to a different indefinite integer.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates that there can be some number of CTA's and some number of STA's and there need not be a one-to-one correspondence.
  • the number of CTA's might be based on the number of clients, number of expected clients, network layout, etc.
  • the number of STA's might be based on the number of servers, the number of expected servers, network layout, etc.
  • each server connects to an STA dedicated to that server.
  • the corresponding STA routes each client request to the server(s) to which the request is directed.
  • the TA's might be more closely coupled to their clients/servers, such that all, or nearly all, accelerated transactions from one client pass through that one client's CTA, and all, or nearly all, accelerated transactions to one server, pass through that one server's STA.
  • TA's share state, so that transactions in one TA might benefit from segments stored at another TA.
  • Client connections can be routed to a CTA in a number of ways, similar to how prior art proxies function with respect to clients. For example, redirection using the Domain Name System (DNS) can be used to cause a client to resolve the IP address of the CTA instead of the server and thereby route requests to the CTA.
  • DNS Domain Name System
  • the client or the client's application could be statically configured to use a particular CTA or a set of CTA's on a per-application basis. Once the client connection arrives at a CTA, the CTA can then contact the appropriate STA via a lookup process that could work in a number of ways.
  • mapping table (maintained on a centralized and query-able database or configured into the CTA) could be used to direct the CTA to the appropriate STA; or information conveyed in the transaction could allow the CTA to discover which STA to use; or configurable policies could be programmed into the CTA indicating which transport ports should be relayed to which STA's.
  • the STA could use similar lookup processes to decide which server to contact for a new client connection arriving from a CTA.
  • the STA could also use data in the transactions to infer what server to connect to (e.g., an HTTP Web request contains the server's identity, as does a connection setup request for a CIFS file server connection).
  • network traffic over the Internet can travel through public networks and is largely based on TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) packet switching.
  • TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
  • the embodiments of the invention shown herein might also be used on networks that are not public, such as intranets, extranets, and virtual private networks.
  • the embodiments might also be used with WAN's, LAN's, WAN/LAN couplings, wireless connections, mobile links, satellite links, cellular telephone networks, or any other network where responsiveness is a concern.
  • the file server might then perform authentication, check for the existence of the file at the file server and, if the client is authorized to have the file and the file exists, the file server might create a message or a set of messages or packets containing the data of the file requested and send those messages/packets to the client that made the request.
  • the links 27 between clients and CTA's are fast links, such as local area network (LAN) links and the links over network 16 are slower in terms of latency and bandwidth.
  • “Latency” refers to the time between when a message is sent and when it is received (usually measured in time units) and "bandwidth” refers to how much capacity (usually measured in number of bits per unit time) can be carried over a link for a particular task. In many cases, low bandwidth might result in high latency, but those factors can be independent such that it is possible to have high bandwidth but still have high latency. Other factors might affect responsiveness and/or bandwidth cost, such as the reliability of the link and bandwidth usage.
  • a client 12 initiates a transaction with a server 14 by sending a request message.
  • a server 14 sends a request message.
  • the transaction might go through the TA's anyway, which might be useful, as explained below, so that the TA's have a more complete view of the traffic.
  • the CTA can remember the request and match up the response to the request to provide additional services to the client.
  • the CTA might also use the requests to guess at what future events might be and use those guesses to further optimize the transaction acceleration process.
  • the CTA 20 could send the request to the appropriate STA 22 unchanged and/or the receiving STA 22 could receive the response from a server and send the response to the appropriate CTA 20 unchanged.
  • the request or the response comprises a large amount of data
  • significant transaction acceleration might be expected in such instances if the data is "compressed" as described herein by storing segments of data at the receiving end and replacing data at the sending end with reference to the stored segments.
  • such substitution does not accelerate a transaction, but might still have benefits, such as "priming the pump" with data, so that the receiving ends have segment data that can be used later in reconstructing transmitted data that references those segments.
  • connection proxy for the server with which a client is entering into a transaction
  • STA would serve as a connection proxy for the client to which the server is responding.
  • a TA system could be implemented with symmetric TA's, e.g., where a CTA and an STA are arranged to be substantially similar except possibly that the CTA is set up to expect to encounter new transactions from a client, but not from an STA and an STA is set up to not expect to encounter new transactions from a server, but to expect them from a CTA.
  • Fig. 2 is a block diagram of portions of system 10, showing a CTA 20, an STA 22 and their interconnections in greater detail. While only one client and one server are shown, it should be understood that the various elements of Fig. 1 might also be present, even if not shown.
  • CTA 20 might be handling transactions from more than one client
  • STA 22 might be handling transactions with more than one server.
  • client 12 is coupled to a client proxy 30 of CTA 20. While other forms of multiplexing and de-multiplexing traffic to and from clients could be used, in this example, a client proxy is used to receive data for CTA 20 from one or more clients and to send data for the CTA 20 to the one or more clients.
  • Client 12 is coupled to client proxy 30, which is coupled to TT 32 and TT -1 34.
  • TT 32 is coupled to PSS 36 and to the network between CTA 20 and STA 22.
  • TT -1 34 is coupled to PSS 36, client proxy 30, RR 38 and to the network between CTA 20 and STA 22.
  • RR 38 is also coupled to PSS 36 and to the network between CTA 20 and STA 22.
  • server 14 is coupled to server proxy 40, which is coupled to TT 42 and TT -1 44.
  • TT 42 is coupled to PSS 46 and to the network between STA 22 and CTA 20.
  • TT -1 44 is coupled to PSS 46, server proxy 40, RR 48 and to the network between STA 22 and CTA 20.
  • RR 48 is also coupled to PSS 46 and to the network between STA 22 and CTA 20.
  • CTA 20 and/or STA 22 may be integrated within CTA 20 or STA 22, such that explicit connections between the elements are not needed, but a logical coupling would still exist.
  • CTA 20 might be implemented entirely as a single program with data memory, program memory and a processor, with the program memory containing instructions for implementing the client proxy, the TT, the TT -1 and the RR, when such instructions are executed by the processor.
  • the data memory could be logically partitioned to hold variables needed for the processor execution of the instructions, state of the client proxy, TT, TT -1 and RR, as well as the contents of the PSS. The same could be true of STA 22.
  • the PSS can be a disk subsystem, a memory subsystem, or portions thereof.
  • the PSS can also be a memory subsystem with disk backing store, a database server, a database, etc.
  • connections are shown as dotted lines spanning between CTA 20 and STA 22 (e.g., between the TT's and TT -1 's and the RR's). Although they are shown by separate lines, it should be understood that these lines can represent distinct network connections, or separate packet flows over a common network connection, or even shared packets among the logical connection shown. Thus, dotted line connections might be independent connections comprising more than one port number and/or more than one IP address, but they might also be three logical connections over one packet-switched connection, such as via a common path using common port numbers and common IP addresses.
  • the undotted lines between the client and the CTA and the server and STA are labeled as "LAN/direct” to indicate that those connections are likely higher performance (latency, bandwidth, reliability, etc.) than the connections between the TA's labeled "Internet/WAN/etc.” Examples of the former include LANs, cables, motherboards, CPU busses, etc. The system is still operable if the connections between the TA's are higher performance connections, but some of the benefits of transaction acceleration might not be seen.
  • segmentation and substitution will not be performed where acceleration is not expected, such as where the amount of data involved is small.
  • the segmented portions of the transaction can be any portion of the data sent, so long as the transaction is still identifiable at the receiving end enough to be reconstructed.
  • a segment appearing in one transaction can be stored at both TA's and used for accelerating other transactions. For example, where a client initiates a number of file request transactions, if the files have data in common, that common data might be formed as a segment and after the first such segment is transmitted, all further requests for files with the common data would have a segment reference substituted for the common data, to be replaced by the CTA before sending the reconstructed file to the client making the request. Similarly, where one CTA handles more than one client, the segments for one client can be used for another client.
  • segment can be used in several unrelated transactions and segments need not be bounded at arbitrary cut points. Since segment names and content can be independent of any particular bit stream or transaction, they can survive in the persistent storage for arbitrary amounts of time, even if system components crash and reboot, new components are added into the mix, the segment store is erased, etc.
  • the receiver can obtain the segment data for inclusion in its persistent store and/or for decoding before, during or after receiving the transmission of a sequence of references from the sender.
  • the segment data is obtained in ways that improve the responsiveness of the transaction, when possible. For example, if a need for a segment can be anticipated, the segment data can be sent before it is needed, so that when it is needed, it can be obtained faster. However, in some cases, such as where a receiving TA does not have any stored segments and has to obtain all of them during the transaction, transaction acceleration might not occur since the total amount of data that needs to be sent is not reduced.
  • client 12 would send the request to client proxy 30, which would then send it to TT 32, either modifying the request or merely forwarding it.
  • TT 32 determines how to transform the request, storing segments and references thereto in PSS 36 as needed (explained in more detail below), and sends the transformed or unmodified request to TT -1 44, which performs any needed inverse transformations (explained in more detail below) and sends the request to server proxy 40, and in turn to server 14.
  • An analogous path is taken for the response.
  • the receiving TT -1 can regenerate the sent data by replacing the references with their corresponding segment data.
  • the receiving TA can obtain segment data for storage in its PSS from a side channel or as part of the traffic from the sending TA.
  • the data transmitted from the sending TA to the receiving TA may include both references to segments and also "bindings" representing the mapping from a reference to the segment data.
  • bindings representing the mapping from a reference to the segment data.
  • the STA segments each transaction payload and replaces segments with references. For the segment data the STA suspects the CTA has, the STA uses the references that it knows the CTA has for those segments. When data changes at the server, rather than try to modify the existing segments in the PSS, the STA creates new segments representing the changed data and can assume that the CTA does not have those segments. In this case, the STA uses new references to the new segments representing the changed data.
  • the references to older data might be resolved from bindings stored in the receiver's PSS, but for the new, changed segments, the references are resolved from bindings included in the stream from the sender. Those bindings can then be stored by the receiver's TT -1 into the receiver's PSS, so that they are available for later transformations by that receiver.
  • references are globally unique (as described below), they can be used by any TA in the network, not just the STA and CTA pair as described in this example.
  • the CTA might communicate with a different STA and use a reference allocated by the former STA. If the two STA's communicate in the future, they immediately enjoy the benefit of the segment binding that has been disseminated to both devices.
  • Another scheme is to generate hashes from the segment data so that each segment reference is a hash of the segment data and different segment data will result in different hashes, except in very rare cases. Yet again, the rare cases will always be problematic, as long as two degenerate segments with the same reference but different segment data exist in the system. Unlike the random number case, this problem will recur every time that particular data pattern exists in the data stream.
  • One simple approach that avoids the above problems is for each sending TA to generate a segment reference from the combination of a unique ID (such as the host IP address, when globally unique IP addresses are used throughout the network, the host MAC address, an assigned unique identifier, or other means) and a sequential number.
  • a unique ID such as the host IP address, when globally unique IP addresses are used throughout the network, the host MAC address, an assigned unique identifier, or other means
  • the maximum number of unique sequential numbers is bounded, and thus will eventually need to be reused.
  • a name space can be made effectively unbounded by using a large enough label number space that the supply could last millions of years and no special handling would be needed.
  • the large labels could be compressed to provide for small footprints for the labels.
  • the system preferably includes a mechanism to "expire" a reference binding, with this expiration being propagated to all TA's in a network.
  • One approach is to timestamp each segment, so that it has a fixed lifetime that can easily be inferred by each component in the system that uses the segment. If time stamps are assigned to labels in a coarse-grained fashion (e.g., the timestamp changes just once a day), then label compression eliminates most of the protocol header associated with assigning and communicating timestamps. A TA can thereby infer when it is safe to reuse a particular set of labels.
  • Yet another alternative for managing the segment name space is to have central allocation of unique references.
  • a sending TA would request a reference, or a block of references, from a source that guarantees that the references are unique.
  • each allocation could be assigned a maximum time-to-live so that the allocation of references, or blocks of references, could be implicitly reused.
  • a sending TA assumes a certain binding is present at a receiving TA when it is not. This might occur where the receiving TA has a PSS overflow, corruption, loss of power, etc., or the receiving TA intentionally removed the binding. In such cases, the receiving TA can obtain the segment data without aborting or having to report the transaction as a failure. This allows the system to gracefully deal with missing data due to a disk getting full, disk failure, network failure, system crash, etc. If a sending TA assumes that a receiving TA has a binding, the sending TA will send a message using that binding's reference, but will not include the segment data of the binding. When the receiving TT -1 tries to resolve the reference, it will fail.
  • the receiving TT -1 sends a resolution request to its RR, which then makes a request to the sender's RR.
  • the TT -1 can just block and restart when the needed data is received, perhaps due to an event trigger signaling that the data is available; this process could be transparent to the TT -1 (other than a delay in getting a response).
  • the receiver's RR can either provide the data to the receiver's TT -1 or just put it in the receiver's PSS, where it can be accessed by the receiver's TT -1 .
  • the sender's TT adds bindings to its PSS as appropriate, it maintains those bindings for a guaranteed minimum amount of time; as such when it is replacing segment data with references, it can be guaranteed that when the receiver's RR makes a request of the sender's RR for that segment data, it will be present in the sender's PSS, provided the guaranteed "lifetime" of a segment at the sender is greater than the maximum amount of time the receiver might require to make a segment request.
  • Fig. 3 contains an illustration of data organization of a bindings table of a simple PSS.
  • the bindings table stores a plurality of bindings, such as (R 1 ,S 1 ), (R 2 ,S 2 ), etc., where R i is the reference label for the i-th binding and S i is the segment data for the i-th binding.
  • R i is the reference label for the i-th binding
  • S i is the segment data for the i-th binding.
  • a timestamp for each binding might be used for aging the bindings.
  • the binding records might include other fields not shown in Fig. 3 , such as those listed in Table 1 and/or similar or additional fields, possibly in addition to other tables, data structures, objects and/or code. TABLE 1.
  • Segments could be indexed in many ways that could be useful for the encoding process, but one embodiment builds an index of segments where a well-known hash, computed over all of the data that comprises the segment, is used as the key. If the encoding method identifier is used, segment data can be encoded for error correction, encryption, etc.
  • the sending TA can transmit invertible functions of the segments, e.g., forward error correction encoded blocks of segments, encryptions of segments, signatures of segments, or the like.
  • Other fields might be present in the PSS for tracking which segments might be known by which recipients.
  • the sender just segments data and creates references independent of what the receiver might be able to do with the results, but in other implementations, a sender maintains information usable to determine whether a receiver might have a particular binding, such as by tracking which receivers previously received which segments. Storage for such information could be optimized by recording which receiver(s) have which segment(s) in a Bloom filter (i.e., a bit vector indexed by the hash of the destination into the vector giving a rare false positive but never giving a false negative).
  • a Bloom filter i.e., a bit vector indexed by the hash of the destination into the vector giving a rare false positive but never giving a false negative).
  • Some implementations might use a heuristic such that a server proxy includes a segment binding only when it creates a new entry and other client proxies that need the segment will have to request it, as only the first client proxy will get the binding for the new segment automatically.
  • a TA might include routines for PSS housecleaning, such as a heuristic that says to delete all segments in a client-side PSS related to a particular file on a particular server when the client closes the file.
  • the server-side PSS might also delete the corresponding segments, or defer the housecleaning for those segments until all clients close the file.
  • Other housecleaning might involve deleting segment entries that have exceeded their lifetimes or have not been used for a while.
  • Other heuristics might indicate when a particular segment binding is to be used and discarded.
  • the arrangement of the PSS has a number of benefits, some of which should be apparent upon reading this disclosure. Because segmentation can occur at varying cut points and the segments can be independent of the transactions, the segments might survive in the PSS for arbitrary lengths of time and be used for transactions entirely unrelated to the transaction in which the segment was created and stored. Because the segment references are unique for unique segment data, a recipient can always identify correctly the segment data for a segment reference (if the recipient has the segment). This is better than merely caching results. It is also an improvement over compression with localized signal statistics, such as building adaptive codebooks and the like. Segment names and content are independent of any particular bit stream, even if system components crash and reboot, new components are added into the mix, the persistent segment store is erased, etc. It should be understood that "persistent" as used to describe the PSS does not mean that the segments are permanently stored and can therefore never be purged; just that at least some of the segments persist at least beyond one transaction.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates an encoder 140 and a PSS 142.
  • the TT for a TA might be just encoder 140, but the TT might also include other functionality or elements.
  • encoder 140 has an input for data to be encoded, and control inputs for encoding control parameters and out-of-band information about the input data.
  • Encoder 140 is shown with outputs for encoded data and segment bindings for storage in PSS 142. In operation, encoder 140 would process input data, identify segments of data, replace the segment's data with a reference, provide the segment data and a segment reference to PSS 142 in the form of a binding, and output the encoded data. As shown in Fig.
  • the resulting encoded data might comprise references, bindings and residual data (such as data that could not be efficiently represented with references).
  • residual data such as data that could not be efficiently represented with references.
  • a piece of residual data is also referred to as an "unreferenced segment".
  • Another output of encoder 140 is the segment bindings, for PSS 142 for use in decoding incoming data (or for supplying to other TA's on request).
  • Control inputs to encoder 140 might include a target segment size and out-of-band information might include parameters indicating such things as the default lifetime of segments, information about the data source, etc.
  • the target segment size is a parameter that controls the average size of segments generated by the segmentation process. In general, segments vary in length with a certain distribution of sizes, and the target segment size controls the average such size generated by the segmentation process. While segment size could be fixed, it is preferable that the segment size be allowed to vary, so that segments match up more often than if the data handled by the system is segmented into arbitrary fixed segments.
  • the TT puts the bindings it creates in its own PSS for use in decoding, but also so that the "owner" of the binding (i.e., the TA that created the binding) can keep track of it, supply it to others and also refer to it when later data is encoded (so that segment references might be reused where the segment data repeats).
  • the TT -1 of the owner of a binding will often re-use those bindings, such as when a sequence of segment data goes round trip, i.e., flows from the STA to the CTA and back, or vice versa. This might happen, for example, where a user edits a file.
  • the user's file client will request file data
  • the server will serve the file and while the user edits the file, the bindings for the file data will be present in both the CTA's PSS and the STA's PSS. If the user writes back the file data, the portions that did not change may be fully represented by reference labels created when the file data was first sent to the user's client.
  • the CTA simply references the old bindings that were created by that same STA.
  • Other examples include e-mail, where a client might request an e-mail (via one protocol like IMAP or POP) and then forward it back over the network (via another protocol like SMTP), in which case the STA's TT -1 can use bindings created by the STA's TT when the e-mail was first sent to the client, presuming both SMTP transactions and IMAP or POP transactions flow through the STA/CTA pair.
  • a user copies information from a Web site (via HTTP) to a file system via CIFS, presuming both HTTP transactions and CIFS transaction flow through the STA/CTA pair.
  • a client and a server can effectively send large blocks of data back and forth, using very little bandwidth and without changing the client or the server. This is particularly useful where large files are moved around and only changed slightly, such as where two or more users are collaborating on a large CAD file.
  • network performance could be sufficient to cause users to abandon other workarounds to network bottlenecks, such as remote access, storing local copies of files, pushing out read-only copies of the files, etc.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates a decoder 150 and a PSS 152.
  • the TT -1 for a TA might be just decoder 150, but the TT -1 might also include other functionality or elements.
  • Decoder 150 receives encoded data, as might have been output by decoder 140 shown in Fig. 4 .
  • the encoded data might comprise references, bindings and residual data.
  • decoder 150 encounters a binding in data it receives, it can use the segment data in that binding to reconstruct the original data and it can also store the binding in its PSS.
  • decoder 150 encounters a reference without a binding, it can use the reference to obtain segment data from PSS 152 to reconstruct the segment. If the segment reference is not found in PSS 152, decoder 150 can send a request for the segment data.
  • Fig. 6 is an illustration of an encoding process wherein input data is segmented and represented by references to data segments. As shown there, the raw input data is loaded into a buffer 160 (although this can be done without buffering, if necessary). The raw input data is then segmented into segments.
  • Several techniques are available for determining where to define the "cut lines" that separate each segment from its adjacent neighbors. Some approaches to segmentation as described in McCanne II. Other approaches that might be used are a simple approach of putting cut lines at regular intervals, or in some relation to a fixed sequence of data found in the raw input data, such as end-of-line marks, though such approaches might not lead to the best performing segmentation scheme.
  • Fig. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a process for decoding data as might be output by the encoder of Fig. 4 and decoded by the decoder of Fig. 5 .
  • the steps of the process are labeled "S1, "S2", etc., with the steps generally proceeding in order unless otherwise indicated.
  • referenced data e.g., data encoded with references
  • S3 If the token is checked (S2) and it is not a reference, it must be an unreferenced segment and so the token is output directly (S3).
  • the decoder checks (S4) if the reference exists in the PSS supporting the decoder.
  • the decoder gets the referenced segment from the PSS (S5). If no, the decoder sends a resolution request (S6) to the reference resolver supporting the decoder and receives the resolved referenced segment back from the reference resolver (S7). Where the reference label encodes the source of the segment data, that label may be used by the reference resolver to aid in finding the referenced segment.
  • the decoder Once the decoder has access to the referenced segment's segment data (either following step S3 or step S7), it outputs the segment data (S8). The decoder then checks for additional tokens (S9). If there are more tokens, the process repeats at step S2 with the next token, otherwise the process completes.
  • Fig. 8 is a block diagram of a networked system wherein transaction acceleration is implemented and uses a proactive segment distributor ("PSD").
  • PSD proactive segment distributor
  • a PSD 210 includes a PSD controller 212, its own PSS 214 and other storage 216 for PSD variables.
  • multiple PSD's are used, although only one is shown in the figure.
  • PSD 210 By the operation of PSD 210, segments are more likely to be present when they are needed and therefore fewer segment resolution requests are needed. Where the segments need to be moved from PSS to PSS, PSD 210 can trigger this process in advance of the actual need for the segment, so that a transaction will return more quickly, as the receiving TA does not have to block for the receiving TA to issue a request for a segment to the sending TA as the payload is being received.
  • PSD 210 can do the distributing itself or just direct the owner (or other holder) of segments to pass them around. In some instances, PSD 210 might maintain its own PSS 214, but in some implementations, the PSD just directs the flow of bindings among PSS's and does not maintain its own PSS.
  • PSD 210 might monitor transaction flow from the CTA's 20 and STA's 22 and from that, determine which segments are likely to be needed and where.
  • PSD 210 determines that a segment might be needed, it can send a message to the sending TA, such as an STA serving a file system or e-mail system.
  • the message would direct the sending TA to perform segmentation, store bindings in its own PSS and even propagate the bindings to other PSS's, so that the segmentation is done when the sending TA receives a message that would result in the sending TA sending a payload.
  • a receiving TA will obtain the binding it needs for when the receiving TA receives a payload with references therein and those bindings can be sent when the bandwidth is not so critical.
  • the sending TA is an STA, but the PSD might also direct CTA's to "pre-load" bindings into the system.
  • server agents are added to servers to identify candidates for preloading.
  • a mail server such as a Microsoft ExchangeTM server might be coupled to a network and operate with an STA and an associated server agent.
  • the server agent would detect when e-mails and attachments arrive and, based on past observations or operator policies, pre-load a particular CTA with the relevant segment data. This might be done by tracking which users read their emails from which locations, either through static configuration or preferably with measurements. Then, when a remote user goes to read e-mail, the bulk of the email data is already at the user's remote site, but the transactions still go back the Exchange mail server to ensure protocol correctness.
  • PSD 210 might also assist with "pre-populating" various TA PSS's with bindings that already exist so that those TA's have segment data ready when a reference is received.
  • PSD 210 operates on a propagation model, as is done with USENET news items, where new bindings are noticed to PSD 210 and PSD 210 then propagates the new bindings from the noticing TA to all or some of the other TA's, which might in turn propagate bindings.
  • a sending TA might anticipate which segments need to be transmitted to a receiving TA and send them either ahead of time or "out-of-band") such that the receiving TA need not issue additional requests to resolve unknown segments.
  • the PSD uses heuristics to determine which TA's might need which segments.
  • servers include server agents that provide the PSD with information at a high level that allows the PSD to determine which CTA's will need which segments from the "agented" server. In some embodiments, combinations of the above approaches are used.
  • a PSD with a server agent involves a type of file system mirroring.
  • the server agent monitors file system activity and whenever new data is written to the file system, the agent instructs the PSD to replicate the appropriate segment bindings to one or more CTA's.
  • User- or operator-defined policies could dictate whether the entire file system's data is replicated or just configured portions are replicated.
  • these policies could be augmented by measurements of access patterns, so that segment data from the most frequently accessed portions of the file system are replicated (and these measurements could be performed on a per-CTA basis). As a result, each such CTA effectively contains a mirror of all (or portions) of the file system data.
  • bandwidth policies can be complemented with a scheme to employ bandwidth policies to the various sorts of CTA/STA communication. For example, a certain bandwidth limit could be imposed on the PSD to limit the aggressiveness of the staging algorithms. In another example, bandwidth priorities could be applied to different classes of staged data (e.g., file system segment replication could have priority over email attachment segment replication).
  • Fig. 9 is a block diagram of a networked peer-to-peer system according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • various peers 180 interact with each other via peer transaction accelerators (PTA's) 182.
  • Peers 180 might interact directly, although such connections are not shown.
  • one peer 180 might request data from another peer, via each peer's PTA 182 and network 184.
  • each PTA 182 might comprise a peer proxy 190, a TT 192, a TT -1 194, a PSS 196 and an RR 198.
  • a peer is essentially functioning as a client for some transactions and a server for other transactions, and so the transaction acceleration scheme would function in an analogous manner.
  • Fig. 10 is a block diagram of a networked system wherein transaction acceleration is implemented and the client-side transaction accelerator is integrated in with the client as opposed to being a separate entity.
  • a client system 302 is coupled through a network 304 to a server 306 directly and a server 308 via a server transaction accelerator STA 310.
  • Client system 302 is shown including communicating processes 320, a direct network I/O process 322, a CTA process 324, and storage 326 including a persistent segment store 328.
  • Communicating processes 320 are coupled with direct network I/O process 322, CTA process 324 and storage 326.
  • CTA process 324 is coupled to PSS 328.
  • Direct network I/O process 322 satisfies the network I/O needs of communicating processes 302 by interacting with servers over network 304.
  • direct network I/O process 322 interacts with the same servers as CTA 324, illustrated by the dotted line to server 308.
  • Client system 302 might include other processes not shown, including processes related to transaction acceleration.
  • communicating processes 320 might rely on a separate process that determines when to send a transaction directly to a server and when to attempt to accelerate it.
  • Fig. 11 is a block diagram of a networked system wherein transaction acceleration is implemented and the server-side transaction accelerator is integrated in with the server. That figures shows a server system 352, a network 354, a client 356, a client 358 and a client transaction accelerator (CTA) 360.
  • Server system 352 is shown including communicating processes 370, a direct network I/O process 372, an STA process 374, and storage 376 including a persistent segment store 378. Communicating processes 370 are coupled with direct network I/O process 372, STA process 374 and storage 376. STA process 374 is coupled to PSS 378.
  • Client 356 couples to a server system 352 directly as illustrated by the line from client 356 to direct network I/O process 372, which handles transactions that do not go through STA process 374.
  • Client 358 couples to server system 352 via CTA 360 and STA process 374, but might also connect directly to direct network I/O process 374 for other transactions.
  • communicating processes 370 perform functions such as server processes that respond to requests from clients. Where server system 352 and a client are interacting directly, the transaction would flow between the communicating process and the client via direct network I/O process 372. Where server system 352 and a client are interacting via the TA's, the transaction would flow between the communicating process and the client via STA process 374.
  • STA process 374 can accelerate transactions much like the various stand-alone STA's described above, using a portion of storage 376 as the PSS.
  • PSS 378 is distinct memory from storage 376, which is used for other processes in server system 352, such as the needs of the communicating processes 370.
  • Figs. 10 and 11 could be combined, such that client systems with internal CTA's can communicate with server systems with internal STA's. It should also be understood that where single arrowed lines are used, bi-directional information or data flows might also be present.
  • each device ends up with its own PSS and the benefits of caching the same segment data on behalf of a large number of clients (or servers) at a given location are diminished.
  • This problem can be overcome in another embodiment that allows the PSS to logically span multiple TA's, preferably situated on a common LAN segment (or a common network area that is interconnected with high-speed links, e.g., a high-speed campus-area network that interconnects multiple floors in a building or multiple buildings in close proximity).
  • each local CTA 402 When each local CTA 402 initiates a transaction with a request message or receives a response message, that local CTA 402 would use shared PSS 404 for storage and retrieval of segment data.
  • This has an advantage over a system using separate PSS's for each local CTA, in that a segment that is stored as a result of a transaction for one local CTA could be used in a transaction for another local CTA. For example, if local CTA 402(1) recently handled a transaction for a client that involved getting a data from server S, the segments that server S created for that transaction would likely exist in shared PSS 404.
  • local CTA 402(2) would send the request to the STA for server S. If the segments for the second transaction match those of the earlier transaction with local CTA 402(1), whether they represent in fact the same request or an unrelated request where the resulting payload data has some data in common, local CTA 402(2) would receive references to those segments instead of the segment data itself.
  • a shared PSS is described in Fig. 12 as being on the client side, a similar arrangement can be made at the server side, either with shared or individual PSS's on the client sides. Also, TA's with shared PSS's might exist on the same networks as TA's with individual PSS's.
  • Fig, 12 shows shared PSS 404 as being distinct from the local CTA's, it may be that the shared PSS is contained within one of the local CTA's, although it is external to other CTA's which share that PSS.
  • the PSS might be connected among the local CTA's it serves using localized network multicast communication.
  • each transaction accelerator subscribes to a well-known and locally scoped multicast group.
  • the system can guarantee that only transaction accelerators that are connected by a local high-speed network coordinate with one another through this mechanism.
  • Each host can generate periodic session message packets sent to this group (or another configured group for exchanging session packets), allowing the computation of a round-trip time estimation to other transaction accelerators subscribing to that group.
  • Fig. 13 is a block diagram showing a multicast implementation of the system of Fig. 12 , wherein multicast communications are used for updating and reading a shared PSS.
  • local CTA's 412 connect to clients and to network 405 and share a shared PSS 414 with other local CTA's.
  • a shared RR 416 is configured to be on the same multicast group 417 as each instance of shared PSS 414 (indicated as 414(1), 414(2), ).
  • the multicast group contains shared RR 416 and the local CTA's, if the local CTA's handle the I/O needed to read and write the shared PSS.
  • the multicast traffic is illustrated by the lines 418 in the figure.
  • the PSS is not pro-actively replicated as described above, but rather a transaction accelerator can issue local requests to resolve unknown segments. That is, when a transaction accelerator receives a reference for data that it is not in its PSS, it transmits a resolution request message over the locally-scoped multicast group. All of the other local transaction accelerators will thus receive the request message, unless errors occur. A receiver that has the requested data in its PSS can then respond with the data. By using well-known slotting and damping techniques (as in Floyd et al.), just one response message typically will be transmitted over the network while incurring little delay.
  • a hybrid between the two approaches described above eliminates the delay associated with the local resolution request.
  • a transaction accelerator whenever a transaction accelerator receives a new segment binding, instead of multicasting the entire segment, it simply multicasts the name of the segment. This way, all the local transaction accelerators learn about what segments are present without necessarily having to hold a copy of all the segment data. Then, when a reference is received for a segment that is not in the PSS but whose name is recorded as locally known, the transaction accelerator can send a local request for the data and that local request can go directly to the transaction accelerator that sent out the new segment binding if the sender can be identified. Otherwise, the accelerator can assume the data is not locally present and immediately send a request across the WAN. Even when the segment is inferred to be locally present, it is possible that it has been flushed from all the other local accelerators' PSS's. In this case, the requesting accelerator will still time out and revert to transmitting its resolution request across the WAN.
  • each accelerator is responsible for a portion of the segment cache using cooperative caching techniques.
  • the request can be sent either directly to that device or indirectly over the multicast group. Once the data has been reassembled and delivered to the client (or server), it can be discarded and need not be entered into the local PSS (since that segment data is being actively managed by the other transaction accelerator).
  • Fig. 14 shows a plurality of clients 502, with integrated CTA's.
  • Clients 502 are coupled to a LAN 504, which in turn couples clients 502 to a WAN 506 via a LAN-WAN link 508.
  • Each CTA is shown including a PSS 514 and an RR 514. With this implementation, all of the functionality of the CTA can be implemented as software running on the client.
  • the PSS's 514 can be cooperative PSS's.
  • each CTA is able to use the segment bindings from its own PSS as well as the PSS's of other CTA's on LAN 504. Then, if a segment binding cannot be found locally, a CTA's RR can send a request for the binding over the WAN to the STA.
  • an RR when an RR receives a new binding or its CTA creates one, it distributes a "binding notice" indicating the new segment's reference and the originating CTA to other CTA's on the LAN.
  • a binding notice indicating the new segment's reference and the originating CTA to other CTA's on the LAN.
  • another CTA determines that it does not have a needed binding in its own PSS, that CTA's RR checks a list of previously received binding notices. If the needed binding is on the list, the requesting RR messages the originator CTA to obtain the binding. If the RR determines that it does not have the binding and does not have a binding notice from another CTA on the LAN, the RR sends a request for the binding over the WAN. This is referred to herein as "notice cooperation”.
  • a given LAN can implement more than one of the above-described cooperation schemes.
  • the messaging among RR's for cooperation can be done using multicasting.
  • each of the cooperating clients or their CTA's or RR's
  • each originating CTA multicasts the new bindings it receives or creates.
  • the requesting RR can multicast the request and the responding CTA(s) can unicast or multicast their answers. Multicasting their answers allows the other CTA that did not request the binding to receive it and possibly store it in that other CTA's PSS.
  • the notices can be multicast, but for requests, those can be unicast because the requester will know which CTA has the requested binding.
  • a notice cooperation system could be implemented where the binding notices do not indicate the origination CTA, or that information is not stored, in which case the binding request might be multicast, but the preferred approach when using notice cooperation is to keep track of which CTA sends which notice.
  • Fig. 15 a block diagram of a networked system wherein transaction acceleration is implemented and the network handles a variety of protocols and services.
  • the CTA and STA are shown coupled to accelerate CIFS, NFS, SMTP, IMAP and HTTP transactions.
  • the servers are at varied locations and the clients are at varied locations.
  • the transactions for the accelerated protocols pass through the CTA and the STA and can be accelerated as described above and be transparent to the clients and servers engaging in the transactions.
  • the CTA's and STA's can accelerate transactions for proprietary protocols such as Microsoft ExchangeTM, Lotus NotesTM, etc.
  • the TA's might be integrated in with the clients and servers.
  • some software vendors might include transaction acceleration as part of their client-server software suite.
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US20120084465A1 (en) 2012-04-05
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US7849134B2 (en) 2010-12-07
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US20130041940A1 (en) 2013-02-14
US8312101B2 (en) 2012-11-13
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US20080320106A1 (en) 2008-12-25
US20110047295A1 (en) 2011-02-24
US20040088376A1 (en) 2004-05-06
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