EP1561080A1 - Positioning device for elements of heating components, method for the operation and use thereof - Google Patents
Positioning device for elements of heating components, method for the operation and use thereofInfo
- Publication number
- EP1561080A1 EP1561080A1 EP03775363A EP03775363A EP1561080A1 EP 1561080 A1 EP1561080 A1 EP 1561080A1 EP 03775363 A EP03775363 A EP 03775363A EP 03775363 A EP03775363 A EP 03775363A EP 1561080 A1 EP1561080 A1 EP 1561080A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heating component
- component according
- elements
- media
- changed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
- F28D20/0034—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material
- F28D20/0039—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material with stratification of the heat storage material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
- F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
- F28D20/021—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material and the heat-exchanging means being enclosed in one container
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage
Definitions
- the invention relates to heating components with stored media, such as fluid storage, storage heat exchanger, storage.
- stratified charging devices are known from the general prior art which, by using density differences, introduces water into the layer at the same temperature as the water supplied. This has the advantage that the availability of the layers is shortened, which improves the use of solar heat generation. However, such devices cannot be used for removal from selectable layers. Furthermore, the storage layers must be built up from bottom to top if the storage consists of a layer with the same temperature, which can occur especially in long-term storage.
- a layer loading device in which the mouth of a feed line can be pivoted so that layers can also be loaded. Since storage is usually much higher than it is wide, swiveling does not always reach all layers. Furthermore, the drive for pivoting in the case of pressurized accumulators can only be attached with great effort, since bushings for actuating devices have to be constructed in a complex manner.
- the invention is based on the object, while avoiding the disadvantages of the known charging devices for storage devices, of designing these heating components such that charging and provisioning as well as further functions can be carried out with similar or reusable devices, which increases profitability.
- these facilities should be able to work in different media, so that they are widely used.
- the object is achieved by the features specified in the characterizing part of claim 1, namely in that at least one element of the heating component can be changed for positioning purposes for the purpose of regulating and / or controlling intervention and / or for monitoring and / or measuring purposes , placeable, position changeable.
- the invention also relates to a method for operating heating components with stored media, in particular according to claims 1 to 29, which is basically based on the same task as the heating components.
- this object is achieved by the method features specified in the characterizing part of claim 30, namely in that at least one of the following functions is carried out in the heating component: Produce passport, media mixing, temperature-appropriate provision, interconnection of media feeds and / or returns, interconnection of at least one equipment, distribution, soft connection.
- the invention further relates to the use of devices of the heating components in such a way that they are used for regulating or controlling interventions in heating systems, such as for interconnecting media exchange systems, charging and provisioning devices.
- the interconnection of media exchange systems can advantageously be used for the use of low temperature levels, for the distribution of heat from sources and sinks and / or for the multiple use of operating means of a heating system, for example by switching exchange systems to a pump and / or control device with the help of the changeability. It can also be used to control the temperatures of media, rooms or buildings.
- Charging and provisioning devices are used for the provision of temperature-appropriate media, for loading temperature levels, for supplying heat quantities, mixing temperature levels, regulating heat exchange, regulating media exchange, and transporting heat within the heating component.
- external interconnection with valves, pumps, mixers, control devices can be saved compared to the prior art.
- mixing is only carried out if temperature levels are not available in the storage heat exchanger, so that temperature levels are spared, as a result of which regenerative heat is less expensive.
- the changeability of elements for temperature level measurement of storage and storage heat exchangers and for controlling safety mechanisms can be used.
- the preferred direction of a location-changeable element can be triggered by gravity or buoyancy forces in the end position frost protection mechanisms.
- FIG. 1 shows a fluid storage heat exchanger in the medium of which fluid (22) loading and preparation devices (1, 2, 3, 4) can be positioned.
- the charging and preparation device (2, 4) is provided for the fluid exchange, while the charging and preparation control device (1, 3) is provided for the exchanging area (19) of the storage heat exchanger.
- the exchanging area (19) is supplied from the inside of the storage heat exchanger with heat transfer fluid for regulated heat exchange.
- the particular advantage of the trader One area is that no additional circulating energy is required for heat exchange.
- the problem then arises with the charging and preparation control device (1, 3) that the exchange of the medium takes place in heat exchange gearboxes, as a result of which the flow cannot be used for changing location.
- the charging and ready control devices (1,2,3,4) consist of the same elements. Namely from a limp line (5) from the feed line or discharge line (16, 18, 15, 17) to the joining element (53), in which the fluid is conducted.
- the joining elements are conical here, so that the upper joining element (2) can be inserted into the lower joining element (4) and a bypass can thus be produced.
- the joining element consists of a gas space (6), a baffle plate (7), a locking magnet (9) and a sensor (8). With the help of the gas space, the charging and ready control device (2, 4, 1, 3) is balanced so that it has a preferred direction of movement due to gravity or buoyancy.
- the loading device (2) must have a preferred direction of buoyancy, since the downward movement takes place with the flow and with the help of the baffle plate (7).
- the preferred direction must also be upward, ie with the buoyancy, since here too the flow positions the provision device downward.
- the charging and ready control devices (2, 4) are balanced with a preferred direction downwards, whereby the force of gravity positions the devices downwards. With the help of the attached electromagnets (9), the charging and ready control device can be locked in one position and thus the buoyancy or downforce or flow forces can be rendered ineffective. In this exemplary embodiment, it is locked on the storage heat exchanger wall.
- the position is determined using a sensor (8) which, for example, determines the temperature in the storage heat exchanger or the position-dependent pressure, and the locking magnet (9) is controlled accordingly.
- the charging and ready control device (1,3) differs from the charging and
- control device (2,4) that the flow cannot be used as a drive for a positioning direction.
- This problem is solved by coupling the charging and ready control devices (1,3).
- they are coupled to actuators (20, 22), for example cables, by means of electromagnets (11, 13), these being separated and guided in a magnetically non-conductive tube (12) and to magnetically conductive elements (10, 14 ) can have a driving effect.
- Manual control elements or motor drives can be connected to the control elements.
- Coupling to other charging and ready control devices, which are driven by flow and preferred movement, is also advantageous. However, decoupling must also be possible here if the driven charging and ready control device is to be positioned alone and there is no connection.
- the changeability of the charging and ready control device can take place along a guide in the storage heat exchanger, the guide specifying the path of the element that can be changed.
- the bellow is advantageously guided with an incline so that buoyancy or downforce can act.
- the guidance can be done by gravity or mechanically by means of guide rods or tubes or tubes or wires.
- joining elements can also be brought together by the guide.
- Such charging and preparation devices have the advantage that they not only layer the fluid fed into the layer, which has the same temperature as the supplied fluid, but also into any other desired temperature level layer. Furthermore, a layer of any desired thickness and height can be loaded or unloaded.
- a precisely defined temperature can be provided for heat generators and heat consumers and / or fed back with a precisely defined temperature.
- temperatures are not available, e.g. if the storage heat exchanger is fully charged and the desired temperature for heating or domestic water is below the storage heat exchanger temperatures, or the solar coil return brings a temperature in the return line that is below the storage heat exchanger temperatures, the joining elements in the storage heat exchanger can be brought together , so that the desired temperatures can be controlled or regulated by positioning the joining elements, and thereby fluid from the circulation system and the memory can be mixed.
- the conical joining elements feed fluid from the reservoir and from the return to the flow.
- the position of the joining elements relative to one another changes the opening to the storage fluid, so that the mixing ratio can be controlled by the positioning.
- the proposed device Compared to the known mixing valves, the proposed device has the advantage that only temperatures that are really required are taken from the storage heat exchanger. This avoids unnecessary temperature drops and circulation losses, such as taking fluid out of the storage tank and immediate feeding back through the mixing valve. This improves the availability of renewable energy, which further improves the efficiency of solar systems. Furthermore, the multi-function of the charging and provisioning devices, such as temperature-appropriate provision and / or temperature-appropriate energy recovery, create defined layers, maintain layers, measure the storage heat exchanger, monitor the storage heat exchanger, regulate room temperatures, so that these functions are suitable for circulation systems can be used where this has hitherto rarely or not been done, such as solar panel circulation systems or preheating circulation systems. New functions such as monitoring or minimizing the loss of solar collectors are also economically possible.
- FIG. 2 shows charging and ready control devices (27, 34, 28, 35) for the medium gas, such as air (25, 26).
- the device for drifting in a preferred direction must be balanced with a different gas filling, for example hydrogen, and with a larger volume of the float, so that the joining element can float in air.
- the use of lighter materials also facilitates driftability, for example of films for the flexible connection and for the joining element.
- the balancing can also be done with balance counterweights, which is also made possible by the easier accessibility of the air duct.
- the impact elements for the flow drive must be somewhat larger, since air does not apply the kinetic energy to the changeable joining elements like fluid due to the lower mass.
- a significant problem with charging and supplying devices for air is that air convection can take place more easily in air ducts due to leaks and losses in the insulation, which makes the stratification of the storage more unstable and destroys it over a long period of time.
- This problem is solved by making the air duct (30, 31, 32, 33) narrow so that large air rollers cannot arise. Furthermore, the division of the air duct into vertically separated segments (29) prevents the undesired air convection.
- the arrangement of the changeable joining elements (27, 34, 28, 35) on the outer edges of the air duct (25, 26) causes the air to flow through the segments, which are enclosed by the two joining elements. As a result, the loading and preparation devices for air behave exactly like that for fluid and can perform the same functions.
- the joining elements must be brought together over at least one segment.
- a segment can also be insulated from the heat exchange to the storage heat exchanger.
- the charging and standby device for air fulfills the regulation of the room temperature while at the same time protecting the temperature level of the layers in the storage heat exchanger. This also solves the problem that relatively large solar collectors would have to be used to charge large storage heat exchangers with regenerative energy, where air collectors are sufficient for preheating.
- the charging and preparation device is suitable, for example, for charging solar air collectors or for heat recovery or cooling with air, the stratification being maintained or generated.
- FIG. 3 shows a storage heat exchanger with the matrix addition of charging and preparation devices (39, 40, 41, 49, 50, 51), it being possible for a number of such devices to be joined together as desired.
- the guides (42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48) of the joining elements (39, 40, 41, 49, 50, 51) are arranged in a matrix and with an incline.
- the joining elements can be brought together at the intersections of the guides, so that circulation systems can be interconnected.
- the upper joining elements (39, 40, 41) lead the flows of a return or forward flow out of the drawing plane, while the lower joining elements (49, 50, 51) guide the flows into the plane. If two joining elements meet at the intersection, they transfer the flow into one another. The precise positioning on each other then creates a connection, which is sealed by flexible seals such as silicone rings or brush hair.
- Positioning the joining elements slightly next to it enables the partial absorption or delivery of fluid from or into the storage heat exchanger. By regulating the position, a mixture of the fluid for temperature-appropriate provision in a circulation system is possible.
- the exact positions of the coupling can be transferred to the control device by contacts at the intersection points, for example by magnetic triggering by a magnet on the joining element and a magnetic sensor in the guide.
- the precise joining position can also be controlled by a pressure sensor, which detects the exact height position in the storage heat exchanger.
- the arrangement of the joining elements, so that the flow is deflected into the horizontal enables on the one hand the coupling and on the other hand the positioning of the joining elements at any height.
- the connected circulation system can simultaneously be a heat source or sink, and the positioning of the joining elements means that the lower joining element can be above the upper joining element or below the upper joining element.
- the joining elements can be positioned by drifting and by the flow or by means of motors, as already described.
- the impact element for the flow drive must, however, be installed in the line before the flow deflection in the case of a horizontal diversion.
- the coupling of circulation systems can be used in addition to the direct connection of the solar collector to other storage heat exchangers or to connect storage heat exchangers to each other for heat exchange, and also to operate circulation systems with common resources, such as circulation device, filling device, temperature sensor, flow sensor.
- circulation device such as circulation device, filling device, temperature sensor, flow sensor.
- the equipment is connected to a return and flow and the corresponding circulation system is switched to the equipment as required.
- the storage heat exchangers can be operated independently, so that circulation systems do not have to be operated at the same time. However, the change of location cannot take place with the flow, but must be done with motors or via a
- Fluid level change take place.
- the use of shared resources can reduce costs or to use more expensive pumps with higher efficiencies, so that the operating costs can be reduced.
- Heating components with stored media such as fluid stores, storage heat exchangers, stores in which elements can be changed in location, accordingly have elements which can be moved, moved, adjusted and brought and / or held in a defined location or positions or location.
- At least one medium such as gas, e.g. Air, (25,26), exhaust gas, inert gas or fluid e.g. Water (45.22), process water, cistern water, waste water, cooling fluid, heating fluid, water with antifreeze, water with anticorrosive, oil allows the following gas, e.g. Air, (25,26), exhaust gas, inert gas or fluid e.g. Water (45.22), process water, cistern water, waste water, cooling fluid, heating fluid, water with antifreeze, water with anticorrosive, oil allows the change of location of elements in at least one medium, such as gas, e.g. Air, (25,26), exhaust gas, inert gas or fluid e.g. Water (45.22), process water, cistern water, waste water, cooling fluid, heating fluid, water with antifreeze, water with anticorrosive, oil allows the following medium, such as gas, e.g. Air, (25,26), exhaust gas, inert gas or fluid e
- the change of location advantageously takes place even in storage with solids, such as sand, gravel, granules; however, driving forces with buoyancy, downforce and gravity can act in particular in gas-filled or fluid-filled channels in such storage media.
- the changeable element is a loading (1,2,3,4,27,28,34,35) and
- Ready control device (1, 2, 3, 4, 27, 28, 34, 35) is a device such as a hold-open device, flow control, flow reversing device. This enables the targeted loading of temperature rooms after various optimization measures for regenerative heat generation and / or heat storage. In addition, precisely defined temperature levels can be provided from the heating system component, so that the heat control is therefore effected.
- the changeable element is a heat exchanging unit, e.g. Storage heat exchangers, heat exchangers, exchanging areas, heat pipes, these can act as a charging and ready control device.
- the heat-exchanging unit can also be positioned so that the heat-exchanging surface in the medium can be changed or switched.
- external exchanging or storing devices can be adapted to a storage unit, so that undesired heat or cold conduction can be prevented, for example, by switching the heat conduction. It is particularly useful to change the location of an insulating or conductive partition, such as a curtain, partition, temperature room. This can be used, for example, for insulating curtains
- a temperature space is understood to mean a limited area of a storage heat transfer medium in a storage which contains a defined temperature level and can be charged and discharged with defined temperature levels (also with a charging and ready control device). This can be implemented with insulating separations, so that a change in location of such separations can change the size of the temperature space or can be penetrated by charging and Makes ready control devices or enables the heat exchange or the termination of the heat exchange with the temperature space.
- the location-changeable element is a location-changeable part of the aforementioned devices, such as sensor (6), locking device (9), joining element (39, 40, 41, 49, 50, 51), actuator (20, 21), drive, Float, slider (6), baffle elements (7), line (7), coupling element (10,11,13,14) channel, valve, these parts can be used several times for different loading and preparation devices. This increases the cost-effectiveness of more complex heating components.
- the fact that the drive for changing the location takes place according to the invention with at least one media drive, such as a fan, pump, allows the use of existing media flow drives and the central arrangement and use of the drive for several heating components.
- baffles (7) or baffles for flow-driven change of location enables inexpensive driving of elements that can be changed.
- the direction of movement of the element that can be changed can be determined or are changed so that such elements can avoid obstacles or change location without a preferred direction of movement, so that loading and preparation devices can change their flow direction, making them suitable, for example, for heat sources and heat sinks.
- the media level drive it makes sense for the media level drive to come from at least one separate area (12) that can be changed by the media level, and at least one element, such as floats or baffle elements, being positioned depending on the media level or the flow that occurs when the media level is changed.
- the production of an area (12) separated from the media is particularly advantageous. This means that protected areas can be built up, which are pressure-independent and media-independent and which are adapted to the elements that can be changed.
- the separated areas can be sleeves, pipes, channels, containers, containers.
- Locks, drives, actuators are located in the separate area.
- the flow can also be driven independently in different directions.
- a swimming pool can be filled with fluid and emptied, so that buoyancy or downforce are reversed.
- That the changeable elements can be locked, such as using magnets, electromagnets
- the guides bring further profit in a matrix (FIG. 3) or partial matrix, so that
- Joining elements can be joined with any other joining element or positioning points can be positioned from several elements that can be changed.
- Buoyancy forces, downforce, gravity can also be used as drives during a web movement.
- This also contributes to the fact that the coupling can be changed, such as canceled, exchangeable.
- connections to elements that can be changed in place, or that the elements that can be changed in place themselves or separate areas (12) are limp, such as silicone, fabric, film, mats, tubes, and composites. In this way, on the one hand, a lightweight design with simultaneous flexibility can be achieved, so that changes in weight have little influence on the balancing. Insulation that can be changed in place can be easily manufactured using flexible connections.
- the conductivity is maintained according to the invention in that the limp parts are kept dimensionally stable, such as by inserts made of wires, strips.
- the changeable elements are positioned depending on sensory values, such as temperatures, of the temperature space.
- the supplied temperature, the discharged temperature, the position in the heating component, such as the media pressure, media level or position-determining sensors, such as contacts, magnetic contacts or codings, can be used according to claims 30 and 31.
- the location can be changed
- Elements have the advantage that only a few sensors are required, since these can be replaced and / or changed in location. As a result, different media and media conditions can be measured at many points. With the aid of sensors (9) that can be changed in place, in particular temperature sensors, pressure sensors and / or flow sensors, most of the measurements that can be started can be carried out in a heating system with few sensors. Furthermore, measurements can be extended to circulation systems where this was previously not economical.
- Magnetic coupling 12 Separate area Magnetic coupling Coupling counter element supply / discharge in charging / supply device supply / discharge in charging / supply device supply / derivation in charging / supply device supply / discharge in charging / supply device exchange area control element Stellgüed medium fluid - / Ready control device Separated air areas Guide channel Guide channel Guide channel Guide channel Loading / preparation device Loading / preparation device Air supply / removal Air supply / removal Supply / discharge in loading preparation device Joining element joining element Joining element Guide Guide Guide Medium Fluid Guide Guide Guide Joining element Joining element Joining element Joining element Driver Joining element
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Central Heating Systems (AREA)
- Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10254728 | 2002-11-16 | ||
DE10254728 | 2002-11-16 | ||
PCT/EP2003/012799 WO2004046631A1 (en) | 2002-11-16 | 2003-11-15 | Positioning device for elements of heating components, method for the operation and use thereof |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1561080A1 true EP1561080A1 (en) | 2005-08-10 |
Family
ID=32318639
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03775363A Withdrawn EP1561080A1 (en) | 2002-11-16 | 2003-11-15 | Positioning device for elements of heating components, method for the operation and use thereof |
EP03779940A Ceased EP1561081A1 (en) | 2002-11-16 | 2003-11-15 | Storage heat exchanger, related operating methods and use |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03779940A Ceased EP1561081A1 (en) | 2002-11-16 | 2003-11-15 | Storage heat exchanger, related operating methods and use |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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US (2) | US20050233275A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1561080A1 (en) |
WO (2) | WO2004046631A1 (en) |
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EP1947411A1 (en) * | 2007-01-18 | 2008-07-23 | Tibor G. Horwath | Energy saving construction element |
US20080289793A1 (en) * | 2007-05-22 | 2008-11-27 | Gerald Geiken | Thermal energy storage systems and methods |
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DE10003334A1 (en) * | 2000-01-27 | 2001-08-02 | Rinberger Sen | Thermally-insulated tank storing e.g. solar-heated water under pressure, contains insert forming air space |
DE20113633U1 (en) * | 2001-08-17 | 2002-01-10 | Heiß, Rudolf, 85669 Pastetten | Heat storage and heating system |
US6907923B2 (en) * | 2003-01-13 | 2005-06-21 | Carrier Corporation | Storage tank for hot water systems |
-
2003
- 2003-11-15 WO PCT/EP2003/012799 patent/WO2004046631A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-11-15 WO PCT/EP2003/012800 patent/WO2004046632A1/en active Search and Examination
- 2003-11-15 EP EP03775363A patent/EP1561080A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-11-15 EP EP03779940A patent/EP1561081A1/en not_active Ceased
-
2005
- 2005-05-16 US US11/130,353 patent/US20050233275A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-05-16 US US11/130,354 patent/US20050247430A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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None * |
See also references of WO2004046631A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20050233275A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
WO2004046631A1 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
EP1561081A1 (en) | 2005-08-10 |
WO2004046632A1 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
US20050247430A1 (en) | 2005-11-10 |
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