EP1567817A1

EP1567817A1 - Method for operating heating systems, heating system essentially for carrying out said method and use thereof

Info

Publication number: EP1567817A1
Application number: EP03780050A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Karl Heinz Gast
Original assignee: Gast Karl Heinz
Current assignee: Gast Karl Heinz
Priority date: 2002-11-30
Filing date: 2003-11-25
Publication date: 2005-08-31
Also published as: US20050258261A1; DE10257309A1; WO2004051169A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for operating solar and/or solar-operated and/or heat absorbing and/or heat accumulating heating systems, wherein at least one fluid for at least one operating function such as a protective function or heat function is exchanged and/or maintained in a standby position, enabling direct heat exchange to occur between media such as fluids, gas and fluid, emulsion and fluid, whereby said standby state can occur without any exchange of fluid. This enables the heating system to be protected e.g. from frost or from boiling, and enables heat functions such as storage, production and heating to be performed in a more economic manner involving a reduced number of components. Solar collectors with various height loops can also be operated directly in a heating system. The invention also relates to devices for said operation of a heating system and to the use of the methods and devices.

Description

Process for operating heating systems, heating system primarily for its implementation and use

The invention relates to a method for operating solar and / or fabric layers and / or heat-absorbing and / or heat-storing heating systems. From the general state of the art, solar circulation systems are known in heating systems which use a water-glycol mixture for frost protection.However, this means that heat exchangers for the Solar circuit must be used, which cause the disadvantage of heat exchanger losses, pressure losses and higher operating costs due to a larger circulation volume.With these solar systems, the water glycol mixture at cooking temperature is displaced from the solar collector, which means that the solar system can no longer be operated with further solar radiation, but only after Cooling down of the solar collector

Furthermore, heat exchange systems are known, which are emptied for frost protection and filled with inert gas, whereby the aforementioned disadvantages can be avoided, but filling arrangements are required, which also have to be controlled in part in order to avoid temperature mixing or for venting, starting from a method according to the preamble of Claim 1 is based on the object of avoiding the disadvantages of the known heating systems to ensure the frost protection easily and safely, so that a heating system can be designed which manages without or with reduced heat exchangers or absorbers between heat sources and storage and heat emission elements The cost-effectiveness of connecting further heat exchange systems with protective functions and warm functions should be increased so that regenerative energy sources can be better used Operating functions of a heating system are to be supported, which should result in functional expansions and improvements as well as cost optimization, especially in connection with regenerative energy generation and storage. Above all, the connection of solar heat generators with any height loops should be possible, whereby the heat exchange with the heating system does not require a heat exchanger According to the invention, the object is achieved by the features specified in the characterizing part of claim I, namely by the fact that at least one fluid for at least one operating function, such as a protective function, a warning function, is exchanged for operating solar and / or fabric layers and / or heat-absorbing and / or heat-storing heating systems and / or is kept ready, whereby a direct heat exchange between media, such as fluids, gas and fluid, emulsion and fluid, can take place and takes place without any fluid exchange when kept ready

CONFIRMATION OP During the operation of the heating system, the apron functions: frost protection, cooking protection, overtemperature protection, corrosion protection are achieved by means of the aforementioned method according to the invention. Furthermore, heat functions such as heat exchange, heat exchange, heat storage, heat absorption, heat emitting, solar absorption, heat collection, heat distribution, heat use, charging, providing, can be better used or expanded. Advantageous developments of the method are given in claims 2 to 42. The invention also relates to devices for heating systems, in particular according to claims 1 to 42, which is based on the same object as the method. This object is achieved by the features specified in the characterizing part of claim 43, namely by the fact that a heating system has at least one of the following devices: fluid exchange device, FlddbereiÄalteeinrichtung, device for direct heat exchange between media, device for introducing and / or discharging media, door device, such as emission remediation device, emission avoidance device. Advantageous further developments of this heating system are specified in claims 42 to 50. The invention further relates to the use of devices and / or methods for operating heating systems in such a way that devices and / or methods according to claims 2 to 50 are used for controlled ventilation and / or for regenerative heat use. With controlled ventilation, for example, the supply air can be passed through the storage heat exchanger for heat exchange purposes and this heat can be fed back in from the exhaust air. Compared to the prior art of heat recovery with air-air heat exchangers, the methods and devices have the advantage that the air can be filtered through water at the same time, and the storage heat exchanger can be used to store heat, for example from the air. The method for operating heating systems is explained in more detail below with the aid of the drawings. The drawing shows partly in a schematic representation: Figure 1: Fluid exchange device on a solar heating system.

Figure 2: Fluid exchange device with loading and preparation device and fluid heat exchange. Figure 3: Fluid exchange device with high temperature storage. Figure 4: System with fluid supply and heat exchange management. FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a method for operating a heating system in accordance with the task. Here, an oil layer (3) floating on the storage water (7) is kept ready in the storage tank (7) and inert gas container (1). The return (2) of a solar collector circulation system opens into the oil layer (3). For frost protection, the exchange shut-off valve (12) is closed and the exchange valve (11) is opened by the control device (13). As a result, the water in the solar collector circulation system can escape into the fluid receiving container (10) by gravity, as a result of which the oil is drawn from the oil layer (3) into the solar collector circulation system. By means of the fluid discrimination sensor (8), the control device can recognize that the oil has arrived safely at this point, and the control device can close the exchange valve (11), so that the frost protection by the oil in the frost-prone part of the circulation system is ensured. But also the limitation of the fluid receptacle (10), whereby as much water is emptied and oil is filled as fits into the frost-prone part of the heat exchange system, is sufficient to produce the frost protection.

If the solar controller requests heat exchange with the solar collector, the control device (13) starts the circulation pump (9) and opens the exchange valve (11). As a result, the water contained is pumped into the solar co-circulation system and the oil is circulated back into the storage tank. After a defined period of time or by means of a level sensor in the fluid receiving container (10), the exchange valve (11) is closed and the exchange shut-off valve (12) is opened so that normal circulation can take place through the solar collector. Frost protection can be triggered by a temperature sensor (6) in the solar collector, which the control device (13) evaluates.

The fluid exchange device can also be activated in the system in FIG. 1 in the operational functions of cook protection or corrosion protection. Cooking protection is guaranteed by the high boiling point of the oil. Advantageously, the fluid exchange also means that, unlike fluid-displacing systems, the solar collector can be operated again at any time. In the case of heating systems without pressure, the oil can be used to prevent the ingress of oxygen, since the oil displaces the air due to the higher density and does not absorb oxygen itself, which guarantees corrosion protection.

In FIG. 2, using the example of a solar circuit, further advantageous developments are shown which additionally enable the temperature-appropriate charging and provision of the heat in and from the store with fluid heat exchange. Since the system in this example, the protective fluid (17) is also operated as a heat transfer fluid, which is lighter than the storage fluid (36), it makes sense to operate the heat exchange circuit from top to bottom, since the lighter heat transfer fluid can then rise in the storage. This requires the installation of the exchange shut-off valve (12) and the fluid receptacle (10) in front of the pump, as well as the use of a check valve (25) on the line to the accumulator. In contrast to the system in FIG. 1, the exchange shut-off valve is only closed when the fluid is pumped back from the fluid receiving container into the store and opened again for circulation in the heat exchange circuit when the exchange valve (11) is closed. The return flow of fluid from the reservoir (36) is prevented by the check valve (25). In the memory there is a fluid processing device with a distribution function (21) and a positionable fluid supply device with a collecting function (19) and with a flexible line (18) Flow of the heat circuit (16) attached. An additional line (14) to the flow of the heat circuit, which can be closed with a valve (15), opens into a ready layer for the protective fluid (17).

The heat circuit of the solar collector can be operated with a heat transfer fluid (e.g. oil) which is lighter than the storage fluid (e.g. water), frost-proof, boil-proof and corrosion-proof. The embossed devices (21, 19) keep the heat transfer fluid in circulation during circulation. The area with distribution function (19) is filled by the pump (9) and emptied over the edge of the container, which is open at the bottom, so that a fluid curtain forms, which rises in the reservoir. The thin curtain results in good heat exchange and heat transfer to the storage fluid. The heat exchange can also be increased by forming several curtains at the bottom of the holding device with the aid of slits or many thin flows with holes. The belt-mounted device (21) is designed so that it can never be completely emptied with the lighter heat transfer fluid. No storage fluid can get into the heat exchange circuit through the mouth of the storage flow in the area of the heat transfer fluid, since the backflow is also prevented by the check valve (25).

The cleaning device with a collecting device (19) is designed such that it overlaps over the distribution direction (19) and thus the heat transfer fluid is guaranteed to be collected and transferred via the flexible line (18) into the flow of the heat exchange circuit. The collecting device (19) is also designed as a container open at the bottom.

When fluid heat exchange in the storage tank, however, there is the problem that the free flow of the fluids can form emulsions in one another, as a result of which the heat transfer fluid is slowly displaced from the heat exchange circuit and storage water would get into the heat exchange circuit, which would impair the protective functions. This problem is solved by the fact that there is sufficient heat transfer fluid in the area to be removed (19), so that there are idle times for the heat transfer fluid in the area to be removed and the emulsions can thus regress. The density of the heat transfer fluid is also monitored with a sensor (20). If it is determined here that there is too much water in the area of the device (19), the control (13) can position the area of the device (19) upwards in the upper heat transfer fluid layer (17) and fill it completely with new heat transfer fluid. Because the

Heat transfer fluid layer (17) is at rest most of the time, the emulsions are regressed here and the heat transfer fluid has its full protective properties.

In addition, this problem can also be solved by balancing the embossing device (19) in such a way that it is in suspension when fully filled with heat transfer fluid and drops if there is too much water. Then, at a certain position of the holding device, the valve (15) is opened by the downward-drawn line and the heat transfer fluid is continuously flowing out of the Pumped back heat transfer fluid layer (17) into the heat transfer circuit, so that the water is forced downward out of the directional tea element.

To optimize the heat exchange, the storage fluid water could also be used for heat exchange. For example, use oil as the heat transfer fluid at high temperatures and water as the heat transfer fluid at lower temperatures. On the one hand, this would save operating energy, since at a low temperature level a lot of heat transfer fluid has to be circulated until a corresponding amount of energy has been harvested and water has a higher storage density and less fluid has to be circulated compared to oil. At high temperature levels, where this disadvantage of oil due to the higher amount of energy is not so serious, the advantage of safer operation with oil as a heat transfer medium due to the lack of gas bubbles can be used. Furthermore, higher temperatures can be harvested and stored, for example, in a solid storage where there is no risk of cooking. To use storage fluid as the heat transfer fluid, for example, the heat transfer fluid oil can be drained with the aid of a valve at the top of the provision device (19). The circulation device (19) and the heat exchange circuit are filled with storage fluid by further circulation. Oil will continue to be in the provision device (21). However, the heavier water will run down and move in the same density. To protect the heat exchange system, however, the fluid exchange device must exchange the fluids again. This can be done, for example, by opening the valve (15) by lowering the standby device (19) and securely exchanging the fluid by means of the pump or by gravity exchange of the fluid exchange system.

The fluid holding devices (19, 21) can also be designed so that they can be positioned in the memory. For example, in that these are balanced so that they submerge downward in the accumulator at low speed when the flow is stopped and are positioned upward in the event of a flow due to the flow generated by the circulation pump (9). Should they

Fluid-retaining devices (19, 21) hold a position, they can be locked, for example with the help of an electromagnetic lock. The lower fluid preparation device (21) can be positioned particularly effectively by the flow, since it acts as a baffle plate for guiding the flow. The impact effect in the upper area-adjusting device (19) is low due to the distribution function of the holding device (21). This problem can be solved in that the lower stand-by device (21) positions the upper stand-by device (19) by contact upwards and the lower stand-by device (21) is then moved down again into its position by the output. This problem can also be solved with a baffle plate in the line (18) to the relief device (19). This positioning means that any layer with any layer thickness can be

Heat exchange can be selected. This allows the heat exchange fluid on the one hand with a targeted Temperature are made available to the heat exchange system and on the other hand the storage is unloaded and loaded in a defined manner. This avoids unnecessary intermixing of the accumulator, as a result of which the temperature level of the accumulator is maintained and charged as best as possible compared to conventional charging devices. A by-pass function is also possible in that the holding device (21) is positioned in the holding device (19), as a result of which a lower temperature than that available in the memory can be made available, or a higher temperature level can be obtained than in the case of a single circulation of the heat transfer medium would be possible. FIG. 3 shows an application for fluid exchange with a high-temperature accumulator. According to the invention, the high-temperature store (31) is integrated in a normal store (36) and the heat generation here, a collector (4), can be used for both stores. This is particularly advantageous because, on the one hand, the losses in the high-temperature store are reduced by the lower temperature difference to the normal store compared to an external high-temperature store, and the losses still occurring in the high-temperature store are utilized in the normal store. In addition, by sharing the collector, the high-temperature storage can be charged with full solar radiation and the normal storage with limited solar radiation, which increases the economy compared to separate systems. It is advantageous here to use oil as the heat transfer fluid and heat storage fluid for the high-temperature function, since oils have significantly higher boiling points than, for example, water. For normal storage, there is the possibility of using water or oil as heat transfer medium and water as storage fluid, as well as using the oil as protective fluid, as described in FIG. 2. The high-temperature store (31) is thermally insulated from the normal store (36). This can be done, for example, with the aid of a container wall made of foam glass, the surfaces being sealed, for example with a layer of glass or metal. The fluid arriving in the reservoir is distributed in the holding device (35) for direct heat exchange. If water comes from the heat exchange system (4), it would rise or fall in the storage water of the normal storage tank depending on the temperature difference. No water can get into the high-temperature store (31) even when the opening (32) is open, since it is filled with oil and is lighter than water. If oil is circulated through the heat exchange system (4), this is also circulated through the high-temperature accumulator (31) when the opening (32) is open and releases or absorbs the heat. At high oil temperatures, the hot oil would cause the storage water to evaporate, thereby disrupting the circulation. This can be avoided by opening the opening (32) a little deeper than the reimaging device (35) which fits exactly into the opening (32). As a result, the holding device (35) can be positioned in the opening (32), whereby on the one hand an opening to the

High temperature storage (35), however, the flow remains only in the oil. By a corresponding thick oil layer down to the water there is insulation during the fluid circulation so that the water does not evaporate. In addition, by positioning the standby (35), the opening (32) can be closed, so that oil can also be circulated through the normal store (36), which enables the optimized heat exchange in the heat exchange system (4).

Here, the oil is guided via the fluid baffles (33, 34) into an area of the normal store (36) that it can be collected by the fluid supply device with a collecting function (29) and can be returned to the heat exchange system (4). The standby device (29) is designed as a channel running around the high-temperature store, but otherwise has the same function as the standby device (19) in FIG. 2. Also the valve (26), the oil layer (27), the lines (28, 22, 23) ) and the devices in the heat exchange system (4) have the same function as in FIG. 2.

However, the layer thickness would not be entirely freely selectable since the holding device (35) can only be positioned to a limited extent. However, this can be achieved by means of an additional standby device in the form of the releasing device (29), although it is somewhat smaller. Here, however, the guide devices (33, 34) should direct the flow in bundles, so that only a small amount of heat can be exchanged and the heat can only be exchanged by distributing the flow in the additional area arrangement. FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the method according to the invention in which the heating system is equipped with a fluid supply and a heat exchange guide. In contrast to FIG. 1, the protective fluid is constantly kept at least partially in the heat exchange system (4) and is thus also heat transfer fluid. This also saves the fluid exchange device. However, the heat transfer fluid is then, for example, oil, which does not have the high heat density of water, so that more oil has to be circulated compared to water for heat exchange, which means a somewhat higher operating energy. This can be used for example for single solar collectors or for heating circuits with low circulation.

This is achieved in that a fluid preparation device (44) is installed in the store, the emptying pipe (46) and the filling pipe (45) overlapping, so that there is always protective fluid in the fluid preparation container (44) and thereby the flow (16 ) of the heat exchange system also immersed in the protective fluid (17) there is also always protective fluid in the heat exchange system. This achieves frost protection, corrosion protection and boil protection in the heat exchange system (4). The heat exchange in the store (3) takes place through the direct heat exchange of fluids, the heat transfer fluid being guided through the store by means of a meandering flow guide (39). This lengthening of the heat transfer fluid enables an optimal heat exchange. The The flow is supplied and the flow is diverted to and from the heat-exchanging flow guide (39) with a bundled flow (43, 37). This is achieved by means of bundling emptying (46, 38) from the fluid supply (44) and a Sarruriel device on the heat-exchanging fluid guide device (39). It is thereby achieved that the heat exchange takes place, if possible, only in the area of the guide device (39).

With the help of (42) the bundled flow (43) is collected and, for example, distributed in a thin flow curtain and transferred to the guide device. The thin flow curtain (40) and the structured surface of the guide device result in a good heat exchange with little use of material. The baffles (42) prevent the flow from flowing away from the heat-exchanging flow guide (39).

By positioning the heat-exchanging flow guide (39) in the accumulator, any layer with any layer thickness can be selected for heat exchange. As a result, the heat exchange fluid can be made available to the heat exchange system at a targeted temperature on the one hand and the storage can be unloaded and loaded in a defined manner on the other hand with the advantages described in FIG. 2. The layer thickness of the flow guide can be selected with the aid of a lower lock and an upper lock, by positioning the upper end of the flow guide (39) and the lower end of the flow guide (39) at another time. The positioning in a layer then advantageously also takes place in two steps, by likewise positioning the two ends of the flow guide (39) one after the other. The balancing of such a dynamic system, where the buoyancy or downforce is not exactly defined by changing fluid contents, can cause problems. This is achieved in that the positionable flow guide is balanced in such a way that it is positioned downwards without lighter fluid and positioned upwards with lighter fluid, so that when the lock is released and the circulation is stopped, the flow guidance is positioned downwards and with circulation upwards.

By means of the provision and exchange of media, media with at least one different property, such as heat storage density, evaporation temperature, evaporation property, freezing temperature, oxygen uptake, oxygen repellency. Absorption property, emission property, density, viscosity, storage capacity,

Thermal conductivity, mixing properties can be tailored precisely for the respective operating function, which means that it can be operated optimally. As a result, the heat transfer medium can be designed, for example, for optimal storage and / or heat recovery and for economical heat exchange, and protective functions can also be achieved. Because the protective function ensures that the fluid is kept liquid and / or protects against corrosion, regenerative heating systems can be operated at higher temperatures without the need to use pressure systems.

The method is advantageous for a simple embodiment that predominantly water (7.36) and / or oil (3, 17.27.31.35.44.43.40.37, 19.21.29) as fluids, such as Paraffin oil, mineral oil, synthetic oil can be used. As a result, high storage density is achieved by the water, as well as frost protection, boil protection and overtemperature protection by the heat transfer oil. When using paraffin oil, good corrosion protection is ensured, since paraffin oil is an inert liquid and the components are wetted with it. It is also useful to have at least one medium in at least one media storage area of a heating system and / or to replace it, such as with partitions, containers with openings with or without a valve in media-containing containers. As a result, in addition to fluids, gases or special fluids for thermal functions or protective functions can also be kept ready and / or exchanged. Media storage areas, such as inert gas containers (1), fluid heat stores (7.36),

Fluid storage heat exchangers, boilers, fluid containers, charging devices, provision devices, fluid exchange devices, boilers, fluid exchange lines, exchanging area, stores, fluid gravel stores are supported in their operating functions. For example, the gas is transported within oil for ventilation or for heat exchange. By means of the method that media are kept floating (3, 17, 27) and / or immersed (19, 21, 29, 31, 35) in fluids (7, 36), simple designs of such a heating system can be carried out on the one hand and on the other hand more complex functionality can be guaranteed. This is advantageously achieved by having at least one of the following functions ready: flow control (21, 19, 35, 29, 38, 42, 44), flow formation (21, 35, 44, 42, 38), loading (21, 35.44), Deploy (19,29,38,62,68), Media Collection, Media Separation. The method, in which the exchange of media by means of stored energies, such as fluid level differences (7, 10; 36, 10), pressure differences and / or non-generation energies, such as gravity, gravity differences, buoyancy, downforce, takes place, ensures the secure exchange of media. In addition, the circulation and thus an exchange process can take place in one direction in a media exchange system with a pump, while the exchange process can be carried out in a protective function with the aforementioned energies. The method of exchanging fluids by taking up at least one fluid in a container (10) enables heating systems with a higher fluid level to exchange media. The container (10) can be attached at any height below the fluid level, making any heating system with fluid level suitable for replacement. The Container (10) can be a separate exchange container or another container capable of absorbing fluid, such as fluid storage, storage heat exchanger, inert gas container, boiler. It is particularly advantageous that at least one further medium (3, 17.27) is drawn in when exchanging fluids. As a result, circulation systems with loops of different heights can be provided with chute functions. In this way, for example, solar collectors with all possible interconnections of the absorbers can be connected. In the prior art, where solar circulation systems are emptied, these circulation systems can only be provided with frost protection with a gradient in two directions, ie without vertical loops. In the case of solar circulation systems with one or two directions of the slope in the protected area, the displacement of the heat transfer fluid by a protective fluid is sufficient. This can be achieved by allowing a protective fluid that is lighter or heavier than the heat transfer fluid from below or from above. As a result, the replacement container (10) can be omitted in the case of cost-specific heating systems. The fact that the exchange of media takes place with an exchange flow which counteracts the buoyancy of the lighter medium in the denser medium means that the entire medium is exchanged in a circulation system. The medium to be exchanged cannot collect in reverse, since it is carried away by the correspondingly large current. The beneficial method that the exchange of fluids is ended when a protective fluid exceeds a defined point (8) in the heat exchange system (4) ensures that the circulating system is safely filled with a protective fluid. This can be done by detecting the

Protective fluids with a density sensor and / or by collecting a defined amount of fluid (10) and / or by determining a defined missing amount of fluid in an area

(3, 17.27) can be achieved.

Through the exchange of gas, the passage of heat-carrying gas media is achieved, as a result of which inexpensive heating functions can be accomplished with a heating system.

With the aid of the method that at least one line of a heat exchange system (4) is immersed (2) or can be introduced or connected (14, 26) in a stored fluid, the exchange of the fluid is prepared and the fluid to be exchanged can be stored in fluid-storing heating components be stored.

With the help of the method that the exchange is made possible by at least one flexible element, such as a membrane or gas area, the exchange can take place with low energy and in heating systems that are pressurized or pressureless or have fluid levels. In this case, this element yields each time it is exchanged, so that the exchange container (10) can be filled and emptied. The resilient element can be located in the memory or in the re-enactment device. When using paraffin oils as a protective fluid in frost-prone areas, the problem arises that cold is mainly introduced into insulated areas and this is held by the insulation and thus viscous oil adheres to this area, so that the exchange, ie the start after frost, only occurs would be possible with high pump pressure. In smaller, insulated cold areas, this problem can be solved economically by using positive displacement pumps, which can apply the appropriate pressure. Otherwise, the method that heat exchange systems or parts thereof temperature can be raised and / or stored is suitable for solving this problem. Simple implementation options for this are solar heating from a collector or by means of transparent thermal insulation or from a heat store. The heat transfer can take place by means of air and spaces in insulated cold areas, where the air is let in and / or circulates in the spaces. This method can also be used to keep the temperature above the freezer or critical viscous liquid temperature if this is not too energy-intensive, for example with low frost and / or high insulation. With the help of the method that actions for safe exchange, such as establishing a connection from the area to be protected (4) to the protective fluid (17.27), positioning of

Reimelt devices, valve actuations on exchange systems, by means of which safe energies are produced from claim 0, the exchange of protective functions can be guaranteed without the need to supply energy in the event of a protection. For example, by means of valves (15, 26) or positionable lines, moved by buoyancy or output body (19, 29) and / or moved by the fluid level difference of the store or storage heat exchanger and fluid receiving container (10) and / or moved by the pressure difference of the store or storage heat exchanger and fluid receiving container the exchange can be done safely. Further security means that the presence and absence of the fluids in the heating system and / or in areas of a heating system are monitored for a safe exchange. This can be done with a buoyancy sensor (8), output sensor, conductivity sensor, fluid level sensor, fluid presence sensor, density sensor, fluid quantity measuring sensor. This can ensure that, in the event of a protection, the protective fluid is continuously introduced in an area to be protected. Significant security is achieved by the method that the exchange is guaranteed for the secure fluid exchange with redundant measures, such as redundant elements, redundant processes, self-sufficient additional devices. Redundant elements can consist of thermostats, temperature sensors, valve-controlled drain lines and / or replacement lines, evaluation units of sensors, fluid presence sensors or fluid absence sensors with and without valve-controlled drain lines and / or

Exchange lines, controls exist. Redundant operations can repeat, such as Repetition of exchanges, repeated activation of redundant exchange devices, or processes for eliminating FeU functions, such as logging of FeU functions, flushing processes. Autonomous additional devices can be implemented, for example, with a thermostat and an evaluation unit, which creates a safe state. Increased safety is also achieved by the control voltage for safety-relevant actuators, such as pumps (9), exchange devices, valves (11, 12), being connected via a chain connection via at least one redundant system, such as control, thermostat, evaluation unit, and approval for the control voltage occurs from all systems, and the transition to the safe state of the control voltage takes place when a system is withdrawn. In this way, safe states can also be established for FeM functions of control devices.

High efficiency results from the method that the direct heat exchange takes place via at least one flow (21-19, 35-33-29.40) and / or via at least one storage area (21, 19, 35, 29) of the media. The increase in heat exchange performance is triggered according to the invention in that the

Heat exchange is carried out and / or intensified by means of at least one flow control (21, 35, 44, 39) and / or flow shaping (21, 35, 42). In this way, a path extension and / or a larger heat exchange surface of the heat carrier can be achieved. Mixing of the heat transfer media is also possible in this way. The flow control is advantageously carried out in such a way that at least one flow of the media is free in a medium (35-29, 37, 43) and / or partially free (39), such as on guide plates, guide channels, guide foils, and / or embedded, such as in flexible connections (60.70), in other media. In this way, a precisely defined temperature space is achieved on the one hand, and large heat exchange surfaces are achieved in a small space on the other hand. With the aid of the guidance through fluid-storing areas of free or partially free flows, on the one hand constant flows and division of the flows are achieved and on the other hand the storing area can also act as a storage heat exchanger. Because the flow guide (39) and / or flow introduction is changed with the inclination to the horizontal, as adjusted, regulated, controlled, a turbulence can be generated or flow guides can be changed with regard to the space to be flowed through, which, for example, enables selectively flowed through layer thicknesses will be realized. As a result of the fact that the flow guidance (39) takes place in a meandering and / or spiral manner through the area storing the media, coherent flow guidance can be realized, whereby a large heat-exchanging surface can be generated in a small space. Heat-exchanging influences are realized in that the flow guide (39) and / or flow introduction (21, 35, 42) influences flow, such as accelerating, retarding, swirling, path-lengthening, surface-enlarging flows. This can be supported by means of structures on baffles and / or rotatable flow foils and / or laminar flows. The flow can also be influenced with channels, curvatures, inclinations influencing flow velocities, curves, calming zones, quantity-controlled calming zones, so that it can be guided and / or distributed in a laminar manner.

Advantageous charging and or provision of heat enables the method that at least one of the following elements: standby (21,35,44), collection 19,29,32,38), flow formation (21,35,44,42,38), Flow forms (37,43,40), flow control (21,35,44), transfer (33,34,41), flow deflection, flexible guidance, sensors (20,30), media separation, to flow control devices for at least one heat separation , As a result, charging can take place in temperature rooms and heat can be provided at the correct temperature with a precisely defined temperature level without mixing a medium. The process of forming at least one flow, such as centered (43.37) and / or distributed (21.35.40) flow, is useful for a good heat exchange or for minimal heat exchange depending on the location of the flow. In this way, a flow with a large surface or with a reduced surface as well as swirled or laminar flow can be generated. As a result, flows to and from a temperature space can be realized freely with the least heat exchange and flows in a temperature space with high heat exchange performance. For the variability of the heat exchange, the method with which the flow guidance and / or flow takes place variably with regard to the shape and / or in several forms is useful.

For example, flows with a centered and small surface (43, 37) and / or flat (40) and / or radiating with a large surface and / or in the form of bubbles or drops and / or with different cross sections. Flow curtains and / or flow rinsals and / or flow jets and / or pot-shaped and / or bubble-shaped and or impulse-like flows and / or in dispersed forms, such as in spray form, rain form, sprinkler form, and / or wetted forms. By changing the shapes or the number of shapes, the heat exchange capacity can also be adapted, for example for temperature-appropriate provision. By means of the method that the orifices and / or flow devices of media lines can be rotated and / or pivoted, mainly driven by the fluid flow, media mixing or the optional targeting of different devices, such as holding devices, flow guide devices, Beritstellurigs devices, loading devices, can be realized with the flow.

To solve emulsion problems, it is advantageous that emulsion regression in the system is promoted and / or emulsion formation is avoided. For example, this can be done by means of collecting areas (3, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 35, 42, 38) and / or constricting exits of the fluids (38), such as funnels, funnels with exits with a slight inclination to the horizontal, Returns to the collecting area from the lower or upper area of the outlet guide, flow-calmed areas, large interfaces between the fluids, rest periods of fluids before renewed circulation, returns from border areas, separating devices, such as density-dependent floating partitions, laminar flow control.

The method with which the loading and / or provision of media with positionable flow deflections and / or with fixed flow deflections, which are flowed through by the flow guide, brings about a simple and economical implementation of such functions. Here, for example, a flow with a small surface area is applied upwards directed a flow deflection, and this flow is diverted into a horizontal and surface-enlarged flow, whereby the heat exchange begins from the position of the deflection and ends, for example, in a ready-made device.

It is helpful when loading and providing that the flow during loading and / or providing is minimized, as by means of flow measurement in the layer, by spatial expansion of the flow. The measurement and / or spatial expansion can take place at the flow deflection. The flow can also be minimized by means of defined flow velocities for selected layers by controlling the flow through the circulating pump. This also prevents undesired mixing. Due to the fact that at least one positionable holding device or collecting device is used for loading and / or providing media areas, these can act as storage heat exchangers in temperature rooms, whereby a partial direct heat exchange between the media is also carried out at the open positions of the holding device. The process is profitable if at least one external and / or internal medium, such as exhaust gas, air, water, waste water, oil, is introduced and / or discharged into the heating system. This allows heat to be exchanged with direct heat exchange with external elements that are not directly assigned to the heating system or that use heat transfer media other than the heating system. Examples of this can be the use of heat from exhaust gas, the use of waste heat from machines, components. The selection of external media and the output of internal media is based on the conditions of the heating system with regard to deposits, corrosion protection and media separation.

Media are advantageously introduced and / or discharged by introducing and / or discharging introduced and / or discharged media into and / or out of a flow and / or a storage area. Air is introduced into flows, for example, so that it is transported into fluid pressure areas and can rise again in exchange for heat. For low operating costs, the internal and / or external media will be introduced and / or removed in an area of the heating system and / or the external system where there are similar pressure conditions. In the case of air, this is the case in a flow in overpressure-free heating systems where there is approximately atmospheric pressure. Fluids from different fluid pressure columns are exchanged at locations with the same fluid pressure columns and density differences are used for exchange in the fluid area.

The aforementioned method is also used in that the exchange and / or circulation of media within the heating system takes place at different pressure ratios and / or fluid levels in areas where there are similar pressure ratios, the media possibly being passed on. With the help of this method, media in stores with different fluid levels can be exchanged at low operating costs, since pressure differences of pumps do not have to be overcome and the heat exchange can take place with provision and / or charging devices. A further development is the method that high-temperature functions of the heat functions take place by means of at least one medium, so that temperatures, for example, are harvested and stored from paraffin oil by means of heat carriers, which is above the boiling point of water without an increase in pressure. This means that higher temperatures can be exchanged and stored without pressure in heating systems, which increases efficiency. It is then also advantageous that the operating resources of the heating system (FIG. 3), such as collectors, boilers, heat exchange systems, control devices, protective devices, are used for standard temperature functions and for high temperature functions. This also makes it easier to store and use higher temperatures. Losses of high temperature storage can be used by means of the method that the high temperature storage (Fig. 3) or storage heat exchanger is integrated in a normal temperature storage or storage heat exchanger, mainly heat insulated. The losses are then recorded by the normal temperature storage.

It is useful that the heat transfer medium for exchange and / or for high temperature storage is a heat transfer oil and / or solid, such as scrap metals, concrete, stone sand mixture. For example, the design of high-temperature storage makes sense in such a way that the heat transfer oil can absorb the average yield of a day and this yield is transferred to a solid storage, the storage size being predetermined by the solid storage. The high-temperature functions can be used for regenerative heat, such as increasing the storage capacity and / or for cooking and / or baking and / or for processes such as melting, welding, evaporation, sterilization, and / or for cooling and / or cooling functions, such as machines, Motors, collectors, fuel cells, exhaust gases, processes and / or for Fast heating functions, such as for heat-reduced rooms, rooms used for short periods, temporarily or partially open rooms, and or for heat radiation.

Heating systems with devices such as fluid exchange device, Fluid prepared device, device for direct heat exchange between media, device for introducing and / or discharging media, jetting device, such as emulsion recovery device, emulsion avoidance device, can perform the heat and protective functions more cost-effectively compared to the prior art. Provisioning devices, heat exchangers, resources for heat exchange systems can be saved and heat sources can simply be used to store the heat.

A heating system in which a fluid exchange device consists of a fluid receptacle (10) and the pump (9) of the heat exchange system can carry out the fluid exchange even if the fluid level or storage area of the heating system is above the areas to be protected. In addition, this allows gravity to be used for fluid exchange. With the help of the separation of the fluid receptacle (10) and the heat exchange system and / or the store by at least one valve (11, 12, 25) in each case, the control of the exchange process and the fluid holding process is possible.

It is useful if the fluid receiving container (10) is a separate container and / or a fluid-storing area of the heating system, such as fluid heat accumulators, boilers, but also fluid storage heat exchangers, containers connected to a heat exchanger, inert gas containers. As a result, the fluid receiving container can be used for heat storage or functional containers can be used in two forms.

It is economical and material-productive that one or more heat exchange systems are operated by a fluid exchange device. This also applies in that the media supply device with partitions, such as sheets,

Containers. Inexpensive examples of separations can also be foils, bowls, troughs, troughs, sacks, containers.

Due to the fact that in the case of readiness devices there is an overlap over at least one other and / or over at least one flow, so that overflows of the media and / or inlets are reliably caught and / or the readiness devices can be positioned one inside the other, the readiness device is constantly functional and for production by-passports. It is particularly advantageous for the function of the readiness that a holding device (21, 35, 29, 44, 42, 38) has at least one of the following devices: overflow (46), valve, collecting area (19, 29), opening, storage area ( 21.35), flexible flow line, integrated flow control, connection to the heat exchange system (2,22,67), sensor (20,30),

Guidance (64), coupling, fluid exchange area, gas removal, flow formation (21,35,44,42,38), Flow forming memory area. For this reason, standby devices can be designed to exchange heat well or to intensify heat exchange. Furthermore, the formation of emulsions can be avoided or promoted or regressed. The optional loading of temperature rooms and temperature-appropriate provision of media with the ready device can also be realized in this way

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1 inert gas container

2 return outlet

3 Paraffin oil layer 4 Heat exchange system with solar collector

5 Destruction device

6 Frost protection temperature sensor

7 memory

8 Fluid differentiation sensor 9 Circulation pump

10 fluid receptacles

11 Exchange valve

12 Exchange shut-off valve

13 Control device 14 Muzzle for safe exchange

15 closing flap

16 Line to the fluid holding, charging and ready control device

17 Protective and heat transfer fluid layer

18 Flexible line to the fluid holding, loading and supply device 19 Fluid ready device with collecting function

20 fluid discrimination sensor

21 Fl d ready device with distribution function

22 Muzzle for safe exchange

23 Line to the fluid holding, charging and supply device 24 Line with siphon for high temperature storage

25 check valve

26 flap

27 Protective and heat transfer fluid layer

28 Flexible line to the ready-hold device 29 Fluid-ready device with collecting function Fluid differentiation sensor High-temperature accumulator with high-temperature fluid Closure form Fluid baffle Fluid baffle Fluid standby device with distribution function and closure function Buffer with storage fluid Bundled flow Flow catcher and bundling Flow guide with fault correction Large-area heat-exchanging flow Baffle flow catcher and distribution Bundled flow

Claims

claims

1. A method for operating solar and / or material-operated and / or heat-absorbing and / or heat-storing heating systems, characterized in that at least one fluid is exchanged and / or kept ready for at least one operating function, such as protection function, heat function, a direct one

Heat exchange between media (Fig.2-4), such as fluids, gas and fluid, emulsion and fluid, can take place and takes place without fluid exchange when ready.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the protective function causes the fluid to be kept liquid and / or corrosion protection.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the fluids are predominantly water (7, 36,) and / or oil (3, 17, 27, 31, 35, 44, 43, 40, 37, 19, 21, 29). such as paraffin oil, synthetic oil.

4. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that at least one medium is kept available in at least one media storage area of a heating system and / or is exchanged, such as with separations, containers with openings with or without a valve in media-containing containers.

5. The method as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the media are kept floating (3, 17.27) and / or immersed (19,21,29,31,35) in fluids (7,36).

6. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the readiness performs at least one of the following functions: flow guidance (21, 19, 35, 29, 38, 42, 44), flow formation (21, 35, 44, 42, 38) ), Loading (21,35,44), providing (19,29,38), media collection, media separation.

7. The method according to one or more of claims lbisόd characterized in that the exchange of media by means of stored energies, such as fluid level differences (7,10; 36), pressure differences and / or generation-free energies, such as gravity, buoyancy, downforce, takes place.

8. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the exchange of fluids takes place by receiving at least one fluid in a container (10).

9. The method according to one or more of claims lbisδd characterized in that at least one further medium (3, 17, 27) is drawn and / or displaced when exchanging fluids.

10. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the exchange of media takes place with an exchange flow which counteracts the buoyancy of the lighter medium in the denser medium.

11. The method according to one or more of the claims, characterized in that the exchange of the fluids is terminated when a protective fluid exceeds a defined point (8) in the heat exchange system (4), such as by means of the detection of the protective fluid with a density sensor and / or by means of collecting a defined amount of fluid.

12. The method according to one or more of claims lbislld characterized in that gas can also be exchanged by exchanging at least one fluid.

13. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that at least one line of a heat exchange system (4) is immersed (2) in a stored fluid or can be introduced or connected (14, 26).

14. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the exchange is made possible by at least one flexible element, such as a membrane, gas area.

15. The method according to one or more of the claims IbisHd characterized in that heat exchange systems or parts thereof temperature can be raised and / or stored, so that critical temperatures are avoided.

16. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that actions for secure exchange, such as establishing a connection from the area to be protected (4) to the protective fluid (17.27), positioning of holding devices, valve actuations on heat exchange systems, by means of the safe energies Claim 7 is produced.

17. The method according to one or more of claims lbislόd characterized in that the presence and absence of the fluids in the heating system and / or in areas of a heating system is monitored for safe exchange.

18. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the exchange is reliably guaranteed for the safe fluid exchange with redundant measures, such as redundant elements, redundant processes, self-sufficient additional devices.

19. The method according to one or more of the claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the control voltage for safety-relevant actuators, such as pumps (9), exchange devices, valves (11, 12), is effected via a chain connection via at least one redundant system, such as a control, thermostat, and approval for that Control voltage occurs from all systems, and the transition to the safe state of the control voltage takes place when an approval of one of the systems is withdrawn.

20. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that the heat exchange via at least one flow (21-19, 35-33-29.40) and / or via at least one storage area (21, 19, 35, 29) of the Media done.

21. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 20 d a d u r c h characterized in that the heat exchange is carried out and / or intensified by means of at least one flow guide (21, 35, 44, 39) and / or flow shaping (21, 35, 42).

22. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that at least one flow of the media freely in a medium (35-

29,37,43) and / or partially free (39), as on guide plates, guide channels, guide foils, and / or embedded, as in flexible connections (60,70), in other media.

23. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 22 characterized in that free or partially free flows are conducted through fluid-storing areas.

24. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 23 d a d u r c h characterized in that the flow guidance (39) and / or flow introduction is changed with the inclination to the horizontal, as set, regulated, controlled.

25. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 24 d a d u r c h characterized in that the flow guide (39) is meandering and / or spiral through the media storage area.

26. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that the flow guidance (39) and / or flow introduction (21, 35, 42) causes flows which influence the flow, such as swirling, path-extending, surface-enlarging, flows.

27. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 26, characterized in that at least one of the following elements: ready (21,35,44), collection 19,29,32,38), flow formation (21,35,44,42 , 38), flow forms (37,43,40), flow control (21,35,44,39), transfer (33,34,41), flow deflection, flexible control, sensors (20,30), media separation, to flow control devices for at least one heating function is used.

28. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that at least one flow is shaped, such as centered (43.37) and / or distributed (21.35.40) flow.

29. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 28, characterized in that the flow control and / or flow variable in terms of shape and / or in several forms, such as with variable and / or variable flow curtains, dispersed forms.

30. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 29 d a d u r c h characterized that mouths and / or flow forming devices of media lines are rotatable and / or pivotable, mainly driven by the fluid flow.

31. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 30, characterized in that an emulsion regression in the system is promoted and / or an emulsion formation is avoided, as by means of collecting areas (3, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 35, 42, 38). , Periods of rest of fluids before renewed circulation, separating devices.

32. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 31, characterized in that the loading and / or provision of media is carried out with positionable flow deflections and / or with fixed flow reversals which are flowed through by the flow control.

33. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 32, characterized in that the flow during loading and / or provision is minimized, as by means of flow measurement in the temperature space, by spatial expansion of the flow.

34. The method as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 33, characterized in that at least one positionable holding device or collecting device is used for the provision of media at the correct temperature and / or for loading media storage areas.

35. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 34, characterized in that at least one external and / or internal medium, such as exhaust gas, air, water, oil, is introduced and / or discharged into the heating system.

36. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that introduced and / or discharged media are introduced and / or discharged into and / or out of a flow and / or a storage area.

37. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that the introduction and / or discharge of internal and / or external media takes place in a region of the heating system and / or the external system where there are similar pressure conditions.

38. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 37, characterized in that the exchange and / or circulation of media within the heating system takes place at different pressure ratios and / or fluid levels in areas where there are similar pressure ratios, the media possibly being forwarded.

39. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 38 d a d u rc h characterized in that by means of at least one medium high-temperature functions of the heating functions take place.

40. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 39 d a d u r c h characterized in that the resources of the heating system (Fig.3), such as collectors, heat exchange systems, protection devices, are used for normal temperature functions and for high temperature functions

41. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 40 d a d u r c h characterized in that the high-temperature storage (Fig.3) or storage heat exchanger is integrated into a normal temperature storage or storage heat exchanger, mainly insulated.

42. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 41, characterized in that the heat transfer medium for exchange and / or for high temperature storage is a heat transfer oil and / or solid, such as scrap metals, concrete, stone sand mixture.

43. Solar and / or material-operated and / or heat-absorbing and / or heat-storing heating system, primarily for carrying out the method according to one or more of claims 1 to 42, characterized in that a heating system has at least one of the following devices: fluid exchange device, fluid holding device, device for direct heat exchange between media, device for introducing and / or discharging media, separating device, such as emulsion re-forming device, emulsion avoiding device.

44. Heating system according to claim 43 d a d u r c h gekennenni chn et that the fluid exchange device consists of a fluid receiving container (10) and the pump (9) of the heat exchange system.

45. Heating system according to claim 43 or 44, characterized in that the fluid receiving container (10) and the heat exchange system and / or the memory can be separated by at least one valve (11, 12, 25).

46. Heating system according to one or more of claims 43 to 45 d a d u r c h characterized in that the fluid receiving container (10) is a separate container and / or a fluid-storing area of the heating system, such as fluid heat storage, boiler.

47. Heating system according to one or more of claims 43 to 46 d a d u r c h characterized in that one or more heat exchange systems are operated by a fluid exchange device.

48. Heating system according to one or more of claims 43 to 47, characterized in that the media holding device with separations, such as sheets, containers, takes place.

49. Heating system according to one or more of claims 43 to 48, characterized in that in the case of standby devices, there is an overlap over at least one other and / or over at least one flow, so that overflows of the media and / or inlets are reliably collected and / or the standby devices can be positioned one inside the other.

50. Heating system according to one or more of claims 43 to 49, characterized in that a holding device (21, 35, 29, 44, 42, 38) has at least one of the following devices: overflow (46), valve, collecting area (19, 29 ), Opening, storage area (21, 35), flexible flow line, integrated flow control, connection to the heat exchange system (2, 22, 67), sensor (20, 30), guide (64), coupling, fluid exchange area, gas removal, flow formation (21, 35,44,42,38), flow shaping storage area.

51. Heating system according to one of claims 43 to 49, g e k e n n e e i c h n e t by the use in facilities for controlled ventilation and / or for regenerative heat use.

52. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 42, characterized in that it is used for controlled ventilation and / or for regenerative heat use.