EP1555071A1 - Method for mixing and device for fill level adjustment of pasty multi-component materials in containers - Google Patents

Method for mixing and device for fill level adjustment of pasty multi-component materials in containers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1555071A1
EP1555071A1 EP05000229A EP05000229A EP1555071A1 EP 1555071 A1 EP1555071 A1 EP 1555071A1 EP 05000229 A EP05000229 A EP 05000229A EP 05000229 A EP05000229 A EP 05000229A EP 1555071 A1 EP1555071 A1 EP 1555071A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mixing
attachment
components
containers
static
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Granted
Application number
EP05000229A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1555071B1 (en
Inventor
Klaus-Dieter Nehren
Alf Memmer
Norbert Weber
Udo Friese
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Kulzer GmbH
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Heraeus Kulzer GmbH
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Publication of EP1555071A1 publication Critical patent/EP1555071A1/en
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05CAPPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C17/00Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces
    • B05C17/005Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces for discharging material from a reservoir or container located in or on the hand tool through an outlet orifice by pressure without using surface contacting members like pads or brushes
    • B05C17/00553Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces for discharging material from a reservoir or container located in or on the hand tool through an outlet orifice by pressure without using surface contacting members like pads or brushes with means allowing the stock of material to consist of at least two different components
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05CAPPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C17/00Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces
    • B05C17/005Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces for discharging material from a reservoir or container located in or on the hand tool through an outlet orifice by pressure without using surface contacting members like pads or brushes
    • B05C17/00503Details of the outlet element
    • B05C17/00516Shape or geometry of the outlet orifice or the outlet element

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a mixing method and a device for level control in containers with pasty multicomponent materials to be mixed.
  • Multi-component materials for automix systems are used in tubular bag films or double cartridges offered. All components must have the same volume or at of 1: 1 different mixing ratios have the same level, so that in the application the correct ratio of the components is discharged.
  • mixing attachment hereinafter “mixer”
  • static or dynamic mixing device passed before the Application are fed and later cure.
  • mixing attachments are for ordinary on the discharge device or the metering device for the cartridges or tubular bag placed.
  • the resulting misdosed mixture then remains during the further promotion and mixture partially still in the mixer and is taken off.
  • the material with the wrong one Mixing ratio often does not harden and must therefore be disposed of in pasty form, which can lead to pollution. This often requires relatively large amounts of material be discarded.
  • the task was to develop a device that is used to treat all individuals mixing components filled chambers of the container to an equal level level before bringing the multi-component material through a subsequently auf strict static or dynamic mixing attachment is promoted, and produce the cheapest possible is and causes little material loss and the least possible pollution.
  • the task is solved by a hollow attachment, in which the components - without mixed to be discharged - until the level of the component container is the same.
  • the Attachment is, as well as the mixer, detachable placed on the dosing device.
  • the essay will as long as material is transported in until both components can be conveyed. Is to the tower advantageously transparent.
  • the material to be discarded is then inside the device cavity. After that the hollow top is discarded with the discharged material and by the functional one Replaced mixing attachment.
  • the empty housing of the mixing attachment without the otherwise existing Mixing element can be used as a hollow attachment.
  • This part already has the necessary fastening device for attachment to the discharge. It is possible the outlet opening to be closed with a lid or equipped with a valve. To this This ensures a clean reception and disposal of the discharged material.
  • the means for placing on the metering device may e.g. Screw thread or plug, Rast- or bayonet joints, as they are familiar to the expert.
  • the material flow flows through the openings 2,3 in the cavities until all components be promoted visibly and thus the intended mixing ratio is reached.
  • the Components can be in a common cavity 4 or in separate cavities. 5 be directed. Subsequently, the hollow attachment is removed and replaced by the mixer.
  • the invention also relates to a method for mixing pasty Mehrkomponentenmateralien in predetermined proportions, wherein the flow, in which the proportions the components are outside the intended range, in a separate hollow Attachment - with at least one cavity 4,5 - for placement on the metering at the Place, where the placement of the static or dynamic mixer is provided, collected and disposed of therein.
  • Advantages of the solution according to the invention are in particular the reduction of the waste volume and the cleaner handling of the waste.
  • the device according to the invention can be used for all multicomponent systems, in which promoted, dosed and at the same time by means of static or dynamic mixer attachment mixed or homogenized.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Accessories For Mixers (AREA)

Abstract

The system to bring together two paste components, to be mixed together, has a hollow attachment with inflow openings (2,3) to take each component into its hollow interior (4) from their separate containers. When the attachment is filled with the correct proportions, the contents are transferred through an opening (1) to a static or dynamic mixer, and the attachment is discarded.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Mischverfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Füllstandsregulierung in Behältern mit zu mischenden pastösen Mehrkomponentenmaterialien.The invention relates to a mixing method and a device for level control in containers with pasty multicomponent materials to be mixed.

Mehrkomponentenmaterialien für Automixsysteme werden in Schlauchbeutelfolien oder Doppelkartuschen angeboten. Dabei müssen alle Komponenten das gleiche Volumen bzw. bei von 1:1 abweichenden Mischungsverhältnissen den gleichen Füllstand besitzen, damit bei der Anwendung das korrekte Verhältnis der Komponenten ausgetragen wird.Multi-component materials for automix systems are used in tubular bag films or double cartridges offered. All components must have the same volume or at of 1: 1 different mixing ratios have the same level, so that in the application the correct ratio of the components is discharged.

In der Regel werden die einzelnen Komponenten durch einen Mischaufsatz (im folgenden "Mischer" genannt) mit einer statischen oder dynamischen Mischvorrichtung geleitet, bevor sie der Anwendung zugeführt werden und später aushärten. Solche Mischaufsätze werden für gewöhnliche auf die Austragvorrichtung bzw. das Dosiergerät für die Kartuschen oder Schlauchbeutel aufgesetzt.As a rule, the individual components are passed through a mixing attachment (hereinafter "mixer"). called) with a static or dynamic mixing device passed before the Application are fed and later cure. Such mixing attachments are for ordinary on the discharge device or the metering device for the cartridges or tubular bag placed.

Da es aus technischen Gründen nicht möglich ist, bei der Befüllung der Kartuschen/Beutel immer exakt den gleichen Füllstand einzustellen, kommt es beim ersten Anwenden der Materialien meistens zum Überdosieren einer der Komponenten.Since it is not possible for technical reasons, when filling the cartridges / bag always Setting exactly the same level is the first time you use the materials mostly for overdosing one of the components.

Die entstehende fehldosierte Mischung verbleibt dann auch während der weiteren Förderung und Mischung partiell noch im Mischer und wird verschleppt. Das Material mit dem falschen Mischungsverhältnis härtet oft nicht aus und muss somit in pastöser Form entsorgt werden, was zur Verschmutzung führen kann. Dadurch müssen häufig relativ große Mengen an Material verworfen werden. Man behilft sich damit, daß die Komponenten solange ausgepresst werden, bis der Anwender nach seiner Erfahrung meint, daß eine funktionierende härtende Mischung entstanden ist. Das kann zu weiter erhöhtem Materialverlust führen. The resulting misdosed mixture then remains during the further promotion and mixture partially still in the mixer and is taken off. The material with the wrong one Mixing ratio often does not harden and must therefore be disposed of in pasty form, which can lead to pollution. This often requires relatively large amounts of material be discarded. One manages that the components are pressed out as long as until the user thinks in his experience that a working hardening mixture originated. This can lead to further increased material loss.

Aufgabe war es eine Vorrichtung zu entwickeln, die angewendet wird, um alle einzelnen mit zu mischenden Komponenten gefüllten Kammern des Behälters auf ein gleiches Füllstandsniveau zu bringen, bevor das Mehrkomponentenmaterial durch einen anschließend aufzusetzenden statischen oder dynamischen Mischaufsatz gefördert wird, und die möglichst preiswert herzustellen ist und einen geringen Materialverlust sowie möglichst wenig Verschmutzung verursacht.The task was to develop a device that is used to treat all individuals mixing components filled chambers of the container to an equal level level before bringing the multi-component material through a subsequently aufzusetzenden static or dynamic mixing attachment is promoted, and produce the cheapest possible is and causes little material loss and the least possible pollution.

Die Aufgabe wird durch einen hohlen Aufsatz gelöst, in den die Komponenten - ohne gemischt zu werden - ausgetragen werden, bis der Füllstand der Komponentenbehälter gleich ist. Der Aufsatz ist, ebenso wie der Mischer, auf das Dosiergerät lösbar aufsetzbar. In den Aufsatz wird so lange Material hineingefördert, bis erkennbar beide Komponenten gefördert werden. Dazu ist der Aufsatz vorteilhafterweise transparent.The task is solved by a hollow attachment, in which the components - without mixed to be discharged - until the level of the component container is the same. Of the Attachment is, as well as the mixer, detachable placed on the dosing device. In the essay will as long as material is transported in until both components can be conveyed. Is to the tower advantageously transparent.

Das zu verwerfende Material befindet sich dann innerhalb des Vorrichtungshohlraumes. Danach wird der hohle Aufsatz mit dem ausgetragenen Material verworfen und durch den funktionsfähigen Mischaufsatz ersetzt.The material to be discarded is then inside the device cavity. After that the hollow top is discarded with the discharged material and by the functional one Replaced mixing attachment.

Die Erfindung betrifft somit eine Vorrichtung D) zur Füllstandsregulierung in Behältern mit zu mischenden pastösen Mehrkomponentenmaterialien als Zusatz zu einer Mischanordnung mit

  • A) separaten Behältern für die einzelnen Komponenten mit je einer Öffnung;
  • B) Austrag- bzw. Dosiervorrichtung zum Fördern der Komponenten aus den Öffnungen;
  • C) einem statischen oder dynamischem Mischaufsatz zum Aufsetzen auf die Dosiervorrichtung so, daß er mit den Öffnungen der Behälter verbunden ist und die Komponenten ihn durchströmen können;
    wobei die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung
  • D) einen hohlen Aufsatz ohne Mischfunktion- mit separaten Einlassöffnungen (2,3) für jede Komponente darstellt, der mindestens einen Hohlraum (4,5) sowie Mittel zum Aufsetzen auf die Dosiervorrichtung B) an der Stelle (2,3) aufweist, wo das Aufsetzen des statischen oder dynamischen Mischers C) vorgesehen ist.
  • The invention thus relates to a device D) for level control in containers with pasty multicomponent materials to be mixed as an additive to a mixing arrangement with
  • A) separate containers for the individual components, each with an opening;
  • B) Discharge or dosing device for conveying the components from the openings;
  • C) a static or dynamic mixing attachment for placing on the dosing device so that it is connected to the openings of the container and the components can flow through it;
    wherein the device according to the invention
  • D) a hollow attachment without Mischfunktion- with separate inlet openings (2,3) for each component, which has at least one cavity (4,5) and means for placing on the metering device B) at the point (2,3), where the placement of the static or dynamic mixer C) is provided.
  • Zweckmäßigerweise kann das leere Gehäuse des Mischaufsatzes ohne das sonst vorhandene Mischelement als hohler Aufsatz verwendet werden. Dieses Teil besitzt bereits die nötige Befestigungsvorrichtung zum Aufsatz auf die Austragvorrichtung. Es ist möglich, die Auslaßöffnung mit einem Deckel verschließbar zu machen oder mit einem Ventil auszustatten. Auf diese Weise ist eine saubere Aufnahme und Entsorgung des ausgetragenen Materials gewährleistet. Conveniently, the empty housing of the mixing attachment without the otherwise existing Mixing element can be used as a hollow attachment. This part already has the necessary fastening device for attachment to the discharge. It is possible the outlet opening to be closed with a lid or equipped with a valve. To this This ensures a clean reception and disposal of the discharged material.

    Die Mittel zum Aufsetzen auf die Dosiervorrichtung können z.B. Schraubgewinde oder Steck-, Rast- oder Bajonettverbindungen sein, wie sie dem Fachmann geläufig sind.The means for placing on the metering device may e.g. Screw thread or plug, Rast- or bayonet joints, as they are familiar to the expert.

    Die Erfindung wird anhand der Figuren wie folgt erläutert:

  • Fig. 1 zeigt den hohlen Aufsatz mit einem Hohlraum 4
  • Fig. 2 zeigt den hohlen Aufsatz mit zwei Hohlräumen 5.
  • The invention will be explained with reference to the figures as follows:
  • Fig. 1 shows the hollow top with a cavity. 4
  • 2 shows the hollow attachment with two cavities 5.
  • Der Materialvorlauf strömt durch die Öffnungen 2,3 in die Hohlräume, bis alle Komponenten sichtbar gefördert werden und somit das vorgesehene Mischungsverhältnis erreicht ist. Die Komponenten können dabei in einen gemeinsamen Hohlraum 4 oder in separate Hohlräume 5 geleitet werden. Anschließend wird der hohle Aufsatz entfernt und durch den Mischer ersetzt.The material flow flows through the openings 2,3 in the cavities until all components be promoted visibly and thus the intended mixing ratio is reached. The Components can be in a common cavity 4 or in separate cavities. 5 be directed. Subsequently, the hollow attachment is removed and replaced by the mixer.

    Die Erfindung betrifft auch ein Verfahren zum Mischen von pastösen Mehrkomponentenmateralien in vorbestimmten Mengenverhältnissen, wobei der Vorlauf, bei dem die Mengenverhältnisse der Komponenten außerhalb des vorgesehenen Bereichs liegen, in einem separaten hohlen Aufsatz - mit mindestens einem Hohlraum 4,5 - zum Aufsetzen auf die Dosiervorrichtung an der Stelle, wo das Aufsetzen des statischen oder dynamischen Mischers vorgesehen ist, aufgefangen und darin entsorgt wird.The invention also relates to a method for mixing pasty Mehrkomponentenmateralien in predetermined proportions, wherein the flow, in which the proportions the components are outside the intended range, in a separate hollow Attachment - with at least one cavity 4,5 - for placement on the metering at the Place, where the placement of the static or dynamic mixer is provided, collected and disposed of therein.

    Die Verfahrensschritte lassen sich so beschreiben, daß

  • a) die oben beschriebene Vorrichtung D) an der Stelle (2,3), wo das Aufsetzen des statischen oder dynamischen Mischers vorgesehen ist, an der Austrag- oder Dosiervorrichtung B) angebracht wird,
  • b) die Austrag- oder Dosiervorrichtung B) betätigt wird,
  • c) der Vorlauf, bei dem die Mengenverhältnisse außerhalb des vorgesehenen Bereichs liegen, in der Vorrichtung D) aufgefangen wird,
  • d) die Vorrichtung D) abgenommen und entsorgt wird, und anschließend
  • der Mischaufsatz C) aufgesetzt und die Komponenten gemischt werden.The process steps can be described so that
  • a) the above-described device D) at the point (2,3) where the placement of the static or dynamic mixer is provided, is attached to the discharge or metering device B),
  • b) the discharge or metering device B) is actuated,
  • c) the feed, in which the proportions are outside the intended range, is collected in the device D),
  • d) the device D) is removed and disposed of, and then
  • the mixing cap C) are placed and the components are mixed.

    Es ist möglich, zusätzlich die Öffnungen 1,2,3 der Vorrichtung verschließbar zu gestalten, um eine Verschmutzung gänzlich zu vermeiden. It is possible additionally to make the openings 1, 2, 3 of the device closable to avoid pollution altogether.

    Vorteile der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung sind insbesondere die Reduzierung des Abfallvolumens und die sauberere Handhabung des Abfalls.Advantages of the solution according to the invention are in particular the reduction of the waste volume and the cleaner handling of the waste.

    Angewandt werden kann die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung für alle mehrkomponentigen Systeme, bei denen gefördert, dosiert und zugleich mittels statischem oder dynamischem Mischeraufsatz gemischt bzw. homogenisiert wird.The device according to the invention can be used for all multicomponent systems, in which promoted, dosed and at the same time by means of static or dynamic mixer attachment mixed or homogenized.

    Claims (3)

    Vorrichtung D) zur Füllstandsregulierung in Behältern mit zu mischenden pastösen Mehrkomponentenmaterialien als Zusatz zu einer Mischanordnung mit A) separaten Behältern für die einzelnen Komponenten mit je einer Öffnung; B) Austrag- bzw. Dosiervorrichtung zum Fördern der Komponenten aus den Öffnungen; C) einem statischen oder dynamischem Mischaufsatz zum Aufsetzen auf die Dosiervorrichtung so, daß er mit den Öffnungen der Behälter verbunden ist und die Komponenten ihn durchströmen können; wobei die Vorrichtung D) einen hohlen Aufsatz ohne Mischfunktion- mit separaten Einlassöffnungen (2,3) für jede Komponente darstellt, der mindestens einen Hohlraum (4,5) sowie Mittel zum Aufsetzen auf die Dosiervorrichtung B) an der Stelle (2,3) aufweist, wo das Aufsetzen des statischen oder dynamischen Mischers C) vorgesehen ist.Device D) for level control in containers to be mixed with pasty multicomponent materials as an addition to a mixing arrangement with A) separate containers for the individual components, each with an opening; B) Discharge or dosing device for conveying the components from the openings; C) a static or dynamic mixing attachment for placing on the dosing device so that it is connected to the openings of the container and the components can flow through it; the device D) being a hollow attachment without mixing function, with separate inlet openings (2, 3) for each component, having at least one cavity (4, 5) and means for placing on the dosing device B) at the point (2, 3) where the placement of the static or dynamic mixer C) is provided. Verfahren zum Mischen von pastösen Mehrkomponentenmateralien in vorbestimmten Mengenverhältnissen unter Verwendung einer Vorrichtung D) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Vorlauf, bei dem die Mengenverhältnisse außerhalb des vorgesehenen Bereichs liegen, in der Vorrichtung D) aufgefangen und darin entsorgt wird.A method for mixing pasty Mehrkomponentenmateralien in predetermined proportions using a device D) according to claim 1, characterized in that the flow, in which the ratios are outside the intended range, is collected in the device D) and disposed therein. Verfahren zum Mischen von pastösen Mehrkomponentenmateralien in vorbestimmten Mengenverhältnissen unter Verwendung einer Mischanordnung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß a) eine Vorrichtung D) nach Anspruch 1 an der Stelle (2,3), wo das Aufsetzen des statischen oder dynamischen Mischers vorgesehen ist, an der Austrag- oder Dosiervorrichtung B) angebracht wird, b) die Austrag- bzw. Dosiervorrichtung B) betätigt wird, c) der Vorlauf, bei dem die Mengenverhältnisse außerhalb des vorgesehenen Bereichs liegen, in der Vorrichtung D) aufgefangen wird, d) die Vorrichtung D) abgenommen und entsorgt wird, und anschließend e) der Mischaufsatz C) aufgesetzt und die Komponenten gemischt werden. A method for mixing pasty Mehrkomponentenmateralien in predetermined proportions using a mixing arrangement according to claim 1, characterized in that a) a device D) according to claim 1 at the point (2,3) where the placement of the static or dynamic mixer is provided, is attached to the discharge or metering device B), b) the discharge or metering device B) is actuated, c) the feed, in which the proportions are outside the intended range, is collected in the device D), d) the device D) is removed and disposed of, and then e) the mixing attachment C) is placed and the components are mixed.
    EP05000229A 2004-01-16 2005-01-07 Method for mixing and device for fill level adjustment of pasty multi-component materials in containers Active EP1555071B1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (2)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    DE102004002654 2004-01-16
    DE102004002654A DE102004002654A1 (en) 2004-01-16 2004-01-16 Device for level control of multi-component materials

    Publications (2)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP1555071A1 true EP1555071A1 (en) 2005-07-20
    EP1555071B1 EP1555071B1 (en) 2006-04-12

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    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP05000229A Active EP1555071B1 (en) 2004-01-16 2005-01-07 Method for mixing and device for fill level adjustment of pasty multi-component materials in containers

    Country Status (4)

    Country Link
    US (1) US20050205606A1 (en)
    EP (1) EP1555071B1 (en)
    JP (1) JP2005199272A (en)
    DE (2) DE102004002654A1 (en)

    Families Citing this family (9)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    DE10112904C5 (en) * 2001-03-15 2010-04-22 3M Espe Ag Dynamic mixer and method for mixing at least two paste components
    ATE297249T1 (en) * 2003-08-14 2005-06-15 3M Espe Ag MIXING ELEMENT FOR A MULTI-COMPONENT PASTE MIXER, AND MIXER WITH THIS MIXING ELEMENT
    EP1720664A1 (en) * 2004-02-27 2006-11-15 Heraeus Kulzer GmbH Method for the production of dental moulding materials and device therefor
    EP1588779A1 (en) * 2004-04-19 2005-10-26 3M Espe AG Dynamic mixer
    EP1640060A1 (en) 2004-09-22 2006-03-29 3M Espe Ag Mixer for multi-component pastes, kit, and method of mixing paste components
    EP1802385B1 (en) * 2004-09-22 2008-01-23 3M Espe AG Mixer for multi-component pastes, kit, and method of mixing paste components
    EP2618921B1 (en) * 2011-08-24 2014-06-18 Kettenbach GmbH & CO. KG Mixer
    US20150014372A1 (en) * 2013-03-21 2015-01-15 Birmingham Innovations Ltd Nozzle Part, Connector, Nozzle Assembly, and Kit
    KR101406068B1 (en) * 2013-09-05 2014-06-11 (주)디엑스엠 Impression mixing tip

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    FR2603558B1 (en) * 1986-09-04 1988-11-18 Oreal DISPENSING HEAD OF A PASTY PRODUCT RESULTING FROM THE MIXTURE OF TWO SEPARATELY STORED COMPONENTS AND PACKAGING ASSEMBLY WITH SUCH A DISPENSING HEAD
    CN2157139Y (en) * 1993-03-14 1994-02-23 钟竞铮 Double chamber mixing and packaging container
    DE19708548A1 (en) * 1997-03-04 1998-09-17 Struening Thomas Multi=chamber tubular film cartridge, especially for two or more separate components
    US6412660B1 (en) * 1999-02-17 2002-07-02 E-L Management Corp. Dispensing nozzle for multi-compartment container

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    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    US5788122A (en) * 1992-07-22 1998-08-04 Keller; Wilhelm A. Mixing device with attachment
    US6352177B1 (en) * 1998-10-14 2002-03-05 Kettenbach Gmbh & Co. Kg Device for discharging a pasty two-component mixture

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    DE102004002654A1 (en) 2005-08-18
    EP1555071B1 (en) 2006-04-12
    JP2005199272A (en) 2005-07-28
    DE502005000004D1 (en) 2006-05-24
    US20050205606A1 (en) 2005-09-22

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