EP1537194A1 - Procede de preparation d'acides gras par hydrolyse in situ des lipides contenus dans les graines d'une plante - Google Patents
Procede de preparation d'acides gras par hydrolyse in situ des lipides contenus dans les graines d'une planteInfo
- Publication number
- EP1537194A1 EP1537194A1 EP03769562A EP03769562A EP1537194A1 EP 1537194 A1 EP1537194 A1 EP 1537194A1 EP 03769562 A EP03769562 A EP 03769562A EP 03769562 A EP03769562 A EP 03769562A EP 1537194 A1 EP1537194 A1 EP 1537194A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hydrolysis
- seeds
- fatty acids
- lipase
- homogenization
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 126
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 118
- 102000004882 Lipase Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 108090001060 Lipase Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 239000004367 Lipase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 235000019421 lipase Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 claims description 74
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 claims description 51
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002960 lipid emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000005677 organic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 31
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 30
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 25
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 23
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 23
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 23
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 21
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 21
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 19
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 18
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 17
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 15
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 14
- 241000222175 Diutina rugosa Species 0.000 description 12
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 12
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 230000007071 enzymatic hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000006047 enzymatic hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 11
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 10
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 125000005456 glyceride group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 8
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000004383 glucosinolate group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 4
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007696 Kjeldahl method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000021245 dietary protein Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108010058651 thioglucosidase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- OOSZCNKVJAVHJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]piperazine Chemical compound C1=CC(F)=CC=C1CN1CCNCC1 OOSZCNKVJAVHJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000588986 Alcaligenes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000228212 Aspergillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011293 Brassica napus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006008 Brassica napus var napus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FRPHFZCDPYBUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromocresolgreen Chemical compound CC1=C(Br)C(O)=C(Br)C=C1C1(C=2C(=C(Br)C(O)=C(Br)C=2)C)C2=CC=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)O1 FRPHFZCDPYBUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000222120 Candida <Saccharomycetales> Species 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001536352 Fraxinus americana Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002918 Fraxinus excelsior Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000223198 Humicola Species 0.000 description 1
- NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isooctane Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(C)C NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000235395 Mucor Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000228143 Penicillium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589516 Pseudomonas Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000235527 Rhizopus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000000528 Ricinus communis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004443 Ricinus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000223257 Thermomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N batilol Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOCC(O)CO OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006037 cell lysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003850 cellular structure Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007073 chemical hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010908 decantation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009837 dry grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006911 enzymatic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011066 ex-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021189 garnishes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004130 lipolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- CEQFOVLGLXCDCX-WUKNDPDISA-N methyl red Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1\N=N\C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O CEQFOVLGLXCDCX-WUKNDPDISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdate Chemical compound [O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 on the one hand Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002895 organic esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000036632 reaction speed Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940074545 sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001256 steam distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001685 thyroid gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadate(3-) Chemical compound [O-][V]([O-])([O-])=O LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
- C11C1/00—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids
- C11C1/02—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils
- C11C1/04—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils by hydrolysis
- C11C1/045—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils by hydrolysis using enzymes or microorganisms, living or dead
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
- C11B1/02—Pretreatment
- C11B1/025—Pretreatment by enzymes or microorganisms, living or dead
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
- C11B1/02—Pretreatment
- C11B1/04—Pretreatment of vegetable raw material
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of the preparation of fatty acids from the lipids contained in the seeds of certain plants.
- Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with varying degrees of unsaturation and a wide variety of molecular weights. Fatty acids are used in the manufacture of a wide variety of products, such as soaps and surfactants, lubricants, paints and coatings, and candles, as well as in a wide variety of other products. agriculture and industry, especially in the food industry.
- fatty acids are produced by chemical hydrolysis of an oil, for example by the action of heat and pressure in the presence of water, in order to break the bonds between the acid and the alcohol constituting the lipids. contained in oils.
- fatty acids have been produced by chemical synthesis, a significant part of these is prepared from natural oils. Also known are processes for the preparation of fatty acids by hydrolysis of a medium containing lipids under the action of a lipase capable of hydrolyzing the lipids respectively into fatty acids and alcohols, mainly glycerol.
- a lipase capable of hydrolyzing the lipids respectively into fatty acids and alcohols, mainly glycerol.
- the hydrolysis of olive oil using Candida rugosa lipase has been described by LINFIELD et al. (LINFIELD W M et al., 1984, J. AM. Oil Chem. Soc. Vol. 61: 1067-1071).
- the hydrolysis required a preliminary treatment of the starting substrate oil with a bleaching earth.
- RAO et al. (RAO KSVA et al., 1992, Res. Ind., Vol. 37:36) describe a method of hydrolysis using a castor bean ground, in which the endogenous lipase of the seed, which is released from intracellular spherosomes by the grinding of the seeds is used to hydrolyze the endogenous lipids of these crushed seeds.
- JACHMANIAN et al. (JACHMANIAN I et al., 1995, J Agric. Food Chem. Vol. 43 (11): 2992-2996) studied the lipid hydrolysis of a comminuted ground seed rapeseed, under the action of lipase endogenous.
- the applicant has endeavored to develop an improved process for the preparation of fatty acids, by hydrolysis of the lipids contained in the seeds of a plant, which is simple, rapid, and which makes it possible to obtain a high yield. hydrolysis.
- the applicant has endeavored to develop an improved process which does not require an oil extraction step prior to bringing the lipase into contact with the lipids, the hydrolysis of which, respectively in fatty acids and liquor, is sought after.
- an exogenous lipase placed in a heterogeneous solid / liquid substrate reaction medium which reaction medium is subjected to a drastic homogenization treatment at high pressure or by ultrasound, retains its catalytic activity. hydrolysis of the lipids contained in the substrate solution thus treated.
- an exogenous lipase is capable of carrying out a complete or almost complete hydrolysis of the lipids present, in this heterogeneous solid / liquid reaction medium, in the form of an emulsion consisting of droplets of oil dispersed in an aqueous medium, and that the fatty acids resulting from the hydrolysis of the lipids contained in said emulsion could be easily recovered, for example by simple extraction.
- the subject of the present invention is a process for preparing fatty acids by in situ hydrolysis of the lipids contained in the seeds of a plant, characterized in that it comprises the following stages: a) grinding of the seeds in an aqueous medium up to obtaining a suspension of solid particles with a diameter of less than 500 ⁇ m; b) adding an exogenous lipase to the suspension obtained in step a); c) homogenization of the suspension containing the lipase until a homogenate consisting of an emulsion of the lipids initially contained in the seeds is obtained, mixed with the solid particles of the seeds; d) hydrolysis of the lipids contained in the homogenate obtained in step c) at a temperature between 15 ° C and 55 ° C, for a time between 15 minutes and 5 hours; e) recovery of the fatty acids resulting from the hydrolysis of the lipids carried out in step d).
- step a) of grinding is carried out using a knife mill of the "Waring Blendor" type in an aqueous medium.
- obtaining solid particles with an average diameter of less than 500 ⁇ m can be obtained by a grinding time of the seeds in the aqueous medium of a few minutes, preferably between 1 and 10 minutes and very preferably between 2 and 7 minutes, for example for a period of 5 minutes.
- the aqueous grinding medium is preferably water but can also be any buffer solution, such as for example the two buffer solutions below:
- 0.1 M phosphate buffer obtained from sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate NaH 2 PO 4 , 2H 2 0 and balanced at pH 7.0 with sodium hydroxide Na OH. • Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer adjusted to pH 7 with hydrochloric acid. Other hydrolysis media: reactivity in 0.1 M NaCl medium.
- a buffer solution is not preferred since a buffer solution is capable of introducing undesirable contaminating compounds which it is difficult or long to remove, in the rest of the process.
- the seeds are added to the aqueous medium in a proportion of less than 20%, preferably less than 15%, by total weight of the aqueous medium containing the seeds.
- step a) of grinding is difficult, if not impossible, to be carried out, because of a too high viscosity of the aqueous medium.
- step e) of recovery of the fatty acids is difficult to achieve optimally, due to a proportion of solid phase too high.
- the proportion by weight of the seeds, relative to the total weight of the aqueous medium containing the seeds is less than 15%.
- an optimal kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction and a degree of hydrolysis of at least 95% of the lipids are obtained whatever the proportion by weight of seeds used, for a weight ratio of lipase / weight of seeds given.
- the hydrolysis kinetics and the degree of hydrolysis of the lipids contained in the seeds were identical with an aqueous grinding medium containing respectively 10% and 13.5% by weight of seeds, relative to the total weight aqueous medium containing the seeds, for an identical lipase weight / seed weight ratio.
- the exogenous lipase added to step b) in the heterogeneous liquid / solid suspension obtained at the end of step a) can be of any kind. It can be a lipase obtained from microorganisms of the genera Rhizopus, Mucor, Alcaligenes, Candida, Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, Humicola, Thermomyces or Penicillium or from the lipases of plants.
- the exogenous lipase is added in an amount of 100 to 500 units, preferably from 150 to 400 units of lipase, per gram of the weight of the seeds treated in step a).
- One unit of lipase corresponds to the quantity of lipase required to release 1 ⁇ mol of fatty acid from glyceride, per minute, under optimal conditions of catalytic activity of the enzyme.
- step c) the homogenization of the liquid / solid suspension initially containing coarse seed particles of less than 500 ⁇ m is carried out until a homogenate consists of an emulsion of the lipids initially contained in the seeds, mixed with the solid particles of the seeds.
- Step c) of homogenization of the heterogeneous liquid / solid suspension and containing the exogenous lipase can be carried out by any means known per se.
- step c) of homogenization is carried out by homogenization under pressure or even by homogenization by sonication.
- a high pressure homogenizer can be used such as the Lab 1000 type homogenizer sold by the company APV (Evreux, France), according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
- the homogenization under pressure is carried out at a pressure of between 25 and 1000 bars, preferably between 100 and 500 bars, for example at 150 bars.
- the pressure jump caused in the middle produces a shock wave contributing to the disintegration of the seed cells and disperses the lipids contained in the seed.
- step c) of homogenization will be carried out by two successive cycles of homogenization under pressure.
- step c) of homogenization can be carried out by 1 to 4 cycles of passages in a high pressure homogenizer, optimal results are obtained with two cycles of homogenization at high pressure.
- the fatty acid extraction yield at the end of the process is increased without drastically affecting the activity of the exogenous lipase.
- step c) of homogenization of the suspension containing the exogenous lipase can be carried out by sonication of said suspension until a homogenate consisting of an emulsion of the lipids initially contained in the seeds is obtained. , mixed with the solid particles of the seeds.
- step c) of homogenization by sonication the solid particle suspension to which the exogenous lipase has been added is treated by ultrasound at a power greater than 20 Watts.
- the frequency of ultrasound does not seem to be an essential parameter of treatment.
- an ultrasonic power of between 20 and 200 Watts is used, and very preferably between 20 and 100 Watts.
- the duration of the homogenization step by sonication is advantageously between 10 seconds and 10 minutes, preferably between 30 seconds and 5 minutes.
- a sonication time of 30 seconds at the power of 64 Watts an average kinetics of lipid hydrolysis was observed, leading to a degree of hydrolysis after 120 minutes of reaction greater than 85%.
- a sonication time of 1 minute considerably improves the reaction kinetics and a degree of hydrolysis greater than 90% is reached after 120 minutes of reaction. Longer sonication times further increase the reaction kinetics without significantly increasing the final degree of hydrolysis.
- stage c) of homogenization by high pressure homogenization or by homogenization by sonication, the degrees of hydrolysis of the lipids obtained at the end of the process are comparable. They are generally greater than 95%, under the optimal conditions indicated above.
- the results obtained in the examples show that the final yield of extraction of fatty acids resulting from the hydrolysis of lipids is substantially the same, whether step c) of homogenization has been carried out by homogenization under pressure or else by homogenization by sonication.
- step c) shows that this homogenate is formed of lipid droplets which aggregate into small clumps forming an emulsion, the homogenate also containing many solid debris from the seeds, in particular seed shell debris as well as cellular debris.
- the size of the fatty drops is on average between 5 and 15 ⁇ m and their surface appears fine and smooth, which suggests that the stabilization of the oil / water interface of the droplets does not involve solid particles.
- the homogenate contains the lipids initially contained in the seeds in the form of a liquid / liquid emulsion with the water present in the aqueous medium that constitutes said homogenate.
- Step d) of hydrolysis of the lipids contained in the homogenate obtained in step c) is carried out by incubating the homogenate at a temperature between 15 ° C and 55 ° C, for a period between 15 minutes and 5 hours.
- the exogenous lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction of the lipids, in particular the triglycerides, contained in the form of a liquid / liquid emulsion in the homogenate, respectively in the different fatty acids constituting said lipids, on the one hand , and various alcohols, in particular glycerol, with which said fatty acids were esterified in the spherosomes of the seeds.
- the process for preparing fatty acids by in situ hydrolysis of the invention can therefore be carried out at room temperature without requiring heating of the reaction medium consisting of the homogenate obtained in step c), which makes this process simple to implementation and also inexpensive.
- step d) of hydrolysis at low temperature, for example between 20 ° C. and 30 ° C. makes it possible to avoid, or at the very least to reduce, the simultaneous hydrolysis of other compounds. side effects such as glucosinolates, the sulfur hydrolysis products of which cause thyroid problems in humans and animals.
- myrosinase which is the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, is not very active, the optimal catalytic activity of this enzyme being between
- step d) of lipid hydrolysis can be adapted as a function of the reaction temperature chosen.
- Step c) homogenization in fact allows a physical rupture of the macroscopic structure of the seeds and a release in the aqueous medium of the lipids initially contained in the spherosomes, which are intracellular vesicles surrounded by a membrane.
- stage c) of homogenization the lipase is localized over the entire surface of the oil / water interface of the lipid droplets generated, which allows rapid and as complete hydrolysis of said lipid substrates. which are readily available to the enzyme.
- Stage e) of recovery of the fatty acids resulting from the hydrolysis of the lipids produced in stage d) can be carried out by any method of extraction of the lipids known to those skilled in the art.
- step e) of recovery of fatty acids comprises the following steps: e1) separation of the fatty acids from the other constituents of the homogenate obtained in step d), in the form of an emulsion; e2) extraction of fatty acids from the emulsion, with a solvent.
- the fatty acids are separated from the other constituents of the homogenate obtained in step d) by obtaining a liquid medium with three phases, respectively a solid phase, a phase aqueous and a lipid emulsion phase, by centrifugation of the homogenate, then recovery of the lipid emulsion phase.
- Obtaining the three-phase liquid medium is preferably carried out by centrifugation of the heterogeneous liquid / solid reaction medium at the end of step d) of hydrolysis. If necessary, several successive centrifugations can be carried out in order to improve the yield of the process.
- a three-phase medium comprising respectively (i) a solid pellet comprising essentially the solid debris from the seeds, shells or cellular debris, (ii) an aqueous phase and (iii) an oily phase under the shape of an emulsion.
- the oily phase in the form of an emulsion constitutes the phase enriched in fatty acids resulting from the hydrolysis of the lipids initially contained in the seeds. This oily phase represents approximately 7 to 10% by weight of the total weight of the reaction medium obtained at the end of step d) of hydrolysis.
- the extraction of fatty acids is carried out with a solvent chosen from water, an alcohol, an ester, an organic carbonate or a ketone.
- a solvent chosen from water, an alcohol, an ester, an organic carbonate or a ketone.
- Water is preferably used for the extraction of fatty acids in the form of an emulsion.
- Ethanol is preferably used for the extraction of fatty acids and the obtaining of concentrates, as well as for the subsequent transformation of fatty acids into ethylenic esters, for various applications, in particular in solvents, lubricants, cosmetics. , preservatives, etc.
- an organic ester or carbonate is used for the subsequent transformation of the fatty acids, in situ or ex situ.
- the solvent precipitates the proteins and phospholipids contained in the emulsion and solubilizes the fatty acids.
- the fraction of precipitated compounds and the fraction of solubilized fatty acids can be easily separated, for example by centrifugation.
- the solvent used is ethanol, which can for example be added to the emulsion containing fatty acids in an amount of 1.5 to 2 volumes of ethanol per volume of emulsion.
- Step e2) of extracting the fatty acids from the emulsion using a solvent is advantageously followed by a step e3) of drying the extraction solution containing the fatty acids.
- the drying step can be carried out by simple evaporation, at atmospheric pressure or even under vacuum until a complete drying of the fatty acids is achieved.
- Figure 1 illustrates the kinetics of in situ enzymatic hydrolysis of endogenous lipids of rapeseed by lipase from Candida rugosa with a homogenization step carried out by sonication.
- Figure 2 illustrates the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis in situ of endogenous lipids of rapeseed by lipase from Candida rugosa: comparison of cell breaking tools, sonication or high pressure homogenization.
- Figure 3 illustrates the cumulative percentage of total lipids extracted by centrifugation of media from in situ enzymatic hydrolysis of rapeseed oil, after sonication or homogenization
- Figure 4 illustrates the comparative kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis in situ of endogenous lipids of rapeseed by lipase from Candida rugosa (1): effect of the dry matter content in the medium
- Figure 5 illustrates the comparative kinetics of in situ enzymatic hydrolysis of endogenous lipids from rapeseed by lipase from Candida rugosa (2): effect of the ultrasonic power dissipated in the medium.
- Figure 6 illustrates the comparative kinetics of in situ enzymatic hydrolysis of endogenous lipids from rapeseed by lipase from Candida rugosa (3): effect of the duration of the ultrasonic treatment.
- Figure 7 illustrates the comparative kinetics of in situ enzymatic hydrolysis of endogenous lipids from rapeseed by lipase from Candida rugosa (4): effect of temperature on the reaction rate.
- Figure 8 illustrates the comparative kinetics of in situ enzymatic hydrolysis of the endogenous lipids of rapeseed by the lipase from Candida rugosa (5): effect of the amount of lipase introduced into the medium.
- Figure 9 illustrates the in situ enzymatic hydrolysis of endogenous lipids from rapeseed by lipase from Candida rugosa: effect of the amount of lipase introduced into the medium on its specific activity and initial speed.
- Figure 10 is a light micrograph of the homogenate at the end of the lipid hydrolysis step.
- Figure 11 is a photo micrograph of light microscopy (magnification x1000) of the homogenate at the end of the lipid hydrolysis step
- Figure 12 is a light micrograph of the homogenate at the end of the lipid hydrolysis step
- Colza seeds are added with water so as to obtain the proportions 1: 8 by mass, respectively.
- This mixture is then poured into a household mixer of the “Warring blendor” type. The grinding is then carried out for 5 minutes, taking care to bring back to the bottom of the bowl the particles which adhere to the walls.
- the lipase from Candida rugosa (Lipolyve, Lyven, Cagny, France) is dissolved in water so as to obtain a concentration of 10 mg / ml.
- Ninety grams of the ground seed previously obtained are added with 10 grams of enzyme solution in a 150 ml double-coated beaker. At this point, the medium contains
- the mixture obtained after dry grinding or in the presence of water is then treated by ultrasound (Vibracell, Bioblock Scientific, Illkirch, France) 5 minutes at 59 W (70% of active period).
- the medium is cooled during the sonication by circulation of cold water in the wall of the beaker. After this step, the stream of cold water is immediately replaced by that from a bath thermostatically controlled at 37 ° C.
- the medium is then allowed to evolve with magnetic stirring (250 rpm) for 120 minutes.
- the reaction is monitored by a series of samples performed at predetermined times. During these, 1.5 ml of medium are transferred to a tube containing 1 ml of hydrochloric acid and 5 ml of chloroform.
- This tool was chosen for its compatibility with work on an industrial scale in addition to its robustness. Its principle of operation consists in forcing the liquid to emulsify by means of a constant flow pump, through the space of a few ⁇ m left free by a back pressure valve. The pressure upstream of the latter then becomes very high, and the sudden decompression downstream of this valve leads to the rupture of macrostructures such as the cells.
- the detailed description of the mode of operation of this type of apparatus has also been described in detail by Lecluse WJ (1979, High pressure homogenizations, preparation of emulsions and dispersions. Chemistry Information 191, 1-8). This process has the advantage of being continuous and of requiring homogeneous treatment of the entire medium, unlike sonication for which the particles only pass into the active zone periodically.
- A. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipase is added to the medium after grinding the seeds for 5 minutes in the presence of water.
- the sonication stage is replaced by two homogenization cycles with a Lab 1000 homogenizer (APV, Evreux, France) equipped with two homogenization stages.
- the pressure of the first homogenization stage is adjusted to 150 bars, that of the second stage being fixed at 20 bars, in agreement with the results published by Wâsche et al. (1993) and with the supplier's recommendations.
- the seed content of the medium is 13.5% by mass and the lipase / seeds ratio is fixed at 333 UL / g of seeds, in order to be able to compare the kinetics measured with those already obtained before with the use of ultrasound.
- the stopwatch is started with the addition of lipase, ie just before the start of the passage of the medium in the homogenizer.
- MG monoglycerides
- DG diglycerides
- TG triglycerides
- UL Lipase unit, corresponding to the quantity of lipase necessary to release 1 ⁇ mol. fatty acid per minute, from glycerides under optimal operating conditions.
- Inhibition reversible or irreversible loss of part of the activity of an enzyme following a physical phenomenon or due to an interaction with one or more molecules
- DH degree of hydrolysis, defined as the percentage of ester bonds broken during the hydrolysis of the oil into fatty acids.
- AS Specific activity, defined as the rate of formation of fatty acids in relation to the quantity of enzyme preparation introduced.
- a liter of medium at 15% by mass is prepared by passing for 5 minutes in the mixer 150g of rapeseed seeds in 850mL of H 2 0. After passing through the mixer, the quantity of medium recovered is weighed in order to estimate the quantity seeds (15% of the mass recovered).
- the hydrolysis is carried out with the enzyme “LIPOLYVE CC”, the concentration of which is 30 units / mg.
- the enzyme solution is prepared in water so as to obtain, after mixing with the medium, an enzyme concentration of the order of 300 units per gram of seeds and a concentration of seeds in the medium of the order of 13.5% by mass.
- the enzyme solution is added to the medium and the whole is passed to the 2-cycle homogenizer at 350 bars.
- the homogenate (medium passed to the homogenizer) thus recovered is placed in a reactor at 37 ° C with stirring at 250 rpm for two hours.
- the hydrolyzate (homogenate after 2 hours of hydrolysis at 37 ° C) is finally stored at 4 ° C.
- Emulsion recovery protocol :
- the emulsion is prepared from the hydrolyzate by centrifugation. After stirring, the hydrolyzate is centrifuged for 5 minutes at maximum speed. During the last emulsion preparation, the hydrolyzate was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 7600 G. During centrifugation, the different phases are separated and it is possible to recover the emulsion by filtration on a fine mesh. The pellet is then resuspended in the aqueous phase before being centrifuged a second time under the same conditions. The emulsion formed is thus recovered two other times.
- the determination of the dry matter makes it possible to calculate the amount of water contained in the emulsion.
- the amount of dry matter is calculated by weighing a certain volume of emulsion (about 4 ml) before and after passing 6 hours in an oven at 103 ° C. To avoid loss of emulsion by spraying, the weighed emulsion volume is mixed with sand before being placed in the oven. Always to avoid losses, the weighings are carried out with the aluminum dish containing the emulsion, with the sand and with the spatula used to mix the sand and the emulsion.
- the amount remaining after 6 hours at 103 ° C represents the dry matter.
- the difference in weight tells us about the amount of water in the emulsion.
- the oil is expected to contain the quantity of fatty acids resulting from the hydrolysis of the triglycerides of the lipids of the crushed seeds.
- the oil content of our emulsion is determined according to a "simplified method by extraction with Phexane" (Standard V 03-908). For safety reasons, cyclohexane was used and not Phexane.
- This content is determined on the dry matter allowing us to calculate the amount of water contained in the emulsion.
- the aluminum dish containing the dry matter and the spatula. were placed in the cartridge of the soxhlet.
- Oil content ((mi - mo) / m eSs ai) x 100 mo: balloon tare in grams mi: balloon mass after evaporation of the cyclohexane in grams rriessai: emulsion mass, in grams, used to obtain the dry matter
- Oil content of the emulsion 58.3 + /. 1.3%
- the determination of the proteins contained in the emulsion is done indirectly by determination of nitrogen according to the Kjeldahl method: mineralization and steam distillation.
- test portion of approximately 300 mg (weighed to the nearest mg) placed in a mineralization tube
- indicator solution (boric acid 4%, bromocresol green 1x10 "3 %, methyl red 7x10 " %)
- V HCI volume used for titration in mL.
- m mass of emulsion sample in milligrams
- test sample of approximately 1.2g of emulsion placed in a crucible • addition of 0.1g of previously calcined magnesium oxide • passage of 2 hours in the oven at 900 ° C to obtain white ashes
- the phosphorus assay was carried out on three independent emulsions.
- Phospholipid content of the emulsion 3.8 + /. 0.1%
- the emulsion is composed of: ... 32.5% H 2 O "7.0.6%
- the emulsion has a density of 0.943 +/- . 0.004%
- the media used to carry out these tests are obtained by homogenization under pressure or by homogenization by sonication, as indicated in Examples 1 and 2
- the homogenization by sonication was carried out by continuous sonication at the power of 82 W.
- the pellet is weighed before being supplemented with distilled water until the initial mass of treated medium is obtained. The whole is then homogenized by vigorous stirring for 30 seconds. This new suspension is then treated as the initial medium by centrifugation and then extraction of the fat from the phases higher than the solvent. In total, 4 cycles are carried out in this way, the last pellet obtained being also extracted with chloroform and methanol after being resuspended in 15 ml of distilled water. A balance on lipids can thus be carried out.
- the cumulative percentage of total lipids extracted after each washing cycle is presented in FIG. 3.
- the comparison of the results obtained for a hydrolysis involving sonication or homogenization shows us an identical extractability of lipids during the first cycle.
- the total percentage of lipids extracted during the following cycles is significantly higher if the medium has undergone a pressure homogenization treatment. Indeed, a difference of 6.5% is observed on the total yield.
- This difference shows that the homogenization of the medium at high pressure releases a greater quantity of fatty acids in the form of an emulsion. This suggests that cell wall disruption is more extensive than in experiments involving sonication.
- the similarity between the extraction yields during the first centrifugation cycle would seem to indicate that the interactions between the particles of the emulsion and the cellular debris are roughly equivalent in the two cases.
- the preparation of the hydrolysis media by grinding followed by homogenization makes it possible to clearly improve the total yield of extraction of the fatty acids produced during the reaction.
- the difference measured after 4 washing / centrifugation cycles is 6.5%.
- the extractability observed after the first aqueous extraction cycle suggests that the interactions between the emulsion droplets and the cell debris from the pellet are of the same order in the case of the use of ultrasound or homogenization. under pressure.
- the proportion of seeds introduced into the medium directly conditions the rate of filling of the reactor with glyceride substrate. Indeed, during the increase in the seed content of the medium, it is logically enriched in glycerides and proteins, which represent respectively 46.5 and 18% of the fresh mass of the rapeseeds used. the quantity of seeds in the medium was varied within the limits of the possibilities of the material. The response measured during this study is the change in the degree of hydrolysis (DH) over time.
- DH degree of hydrolysis
- the reaction kinetics measurement protocol is carried out using wet grinding as a pretreatment step before sonication. So that this last step of the process is not limiting, the ultrasonic probe was adjusted to its maximum power, ie 82 W with an active period of 100%. Two seed contents were tested: 10 and 13.5%. Beyond this, the ultrasonic probe heats up, which presents a risk of damage to the equipment. As before, each test was carried out three times to ensure reproducibility.
- the kinetics obtained, presented on figure 4, are superimposable, except for experimental errors.
- the hydrolysis rate is rapid during the first 30 minutes, then gradually slows down until reaching a level after 60 minutes of reaction, for an optimal DH value of 95%.
- a mixture containing 15% of rapeseed in distilled water is ground for 5 minutes in a household blender of the "Warring blendor" type.
- the lipase from Candida rugosa (Lipolyve, Lyven, Cagny, France) is dissolved in water so as to obtain a concentration of 10 mg / ml.
- Ninety grams of the ground seed previously obtained are added with 10 grams of enzyme solution in a 150 ml double-coated beaker.
- the medium contains 13.5% by mass of rapeseed seeds and an amount of lipase corresponding to 333 UL / g of seeds.
- the mixture is then treated by ultrasound (Vibracell, Bioblock Scientific, Illkirch, France) 5 minutes at 12, 28, 47, 64 or 82 W (100% active period) according to the tests.
- the medium is cooled during the sonication by circulation of cold water in the wall of the beaker. After this step, the stream of cold water is immediately replaced by that from a bath thermostatically controlled at 37 ° C.
- the medium is then allowed to evolve with magnetic stirring (250 rpm) for 120 minutes.
- the Monitoring of the reaction is ensured by a series of samples taken at predetermined times. During these, 1.5 ml of medium are transferred to a tube containing 1 ml of hydrochloric acid and 5 ml of chloroform. After vigorous stirring, the organic phase is removed, dried with anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , then diluted 10 times before being injected with GPC for analysis. Each test was carried out three times to determine the error on the experimental value
- EXAMPLE 7 Optimal conditions for homogenization by sonication - Duration of sonication.
- the sonication period was alternately fixed at 30 sec, 1 min., 2 min., 3 min. and 5 min for an ultrasonic power set at 64 W.
- the evolution of the DH as a function of time is used as a response, each test being repeated three times to ensure its reproducibility.
- the duration of sonication of the medium is an important parameter, which plays a positive role in reactivity.
- the explanation of these observations is close to that advanced to justify the influence of the ultrasonic power applied to the medium.
- a maximum is observed for a treatment duration greater than or equal to 3 minutes, beyond which there is no longer any improvement in the interactions between the lipase and its substrate.
- the ultrasonic power dissipated in the medium is 82 W and the temperature is set at 22, 27, 32, 37 or 42 ° C.
- the different kinetics of DH obtained are compared with each other. Each test is repeated 3 times and a standard deviation is calculated.
- the amount of lipase is a second determining factor for reactivity.
- the determination of this parameter thus makes it possible to determine the influence of the enzyme / seed ratio on the reactivity and on the efficiency of the lipase, in particular with regard to inhibitions of the enzyme by compounds of the seed.
- DH as a function of time is all the faster the higher the quantity of enzyme introduced. On the other hand, no optimum reactivity as a function of the amount of lipase added seems to be achieved.
- [AG] is the molar concentration of AG
- [MG] is the molar concentration of MG
- [DG] is the molar concentration of DG
- [TG] is the molar concentration of TG.
- the denominator represents total concentration of fatty acid radicals, whether in free form or linked to glycerol. This sum therefore remains constant, whatever the DH. The difference in DH between 0 and 15 minutes is therefore equal to the quantity of fatty acids produced during this period, normalized by the quantity of total fatty acid radicals.
- the media observed are prepared according to the same protocol as during the study of the reactivity presented in the previous example.
- the lipase / seed ratio is fixed at 333 UL / g of seeds.
- Cellular breaking is for its part ensured by wet grinding for 5 minutes followed by a period of 5 min. sonication at 82 W.
- the proportion of seed introduced is 13.5% by mass.
- the media thus obtained are left to react until complete hydrolysis.
- Figure 10 illustrates the various constituents of the medium as well as its organization after grinding and hydrolysis. It is within this that the lipase evolves and reacts with the lipids of the seed.
- the fatty acids appear in the form of a granulation present over the entire surface observed. It is noted that the lipid droplets do not seem to disperse but rather aggregate in small clusters. This phenomenon is important for the efficiency of the extraction step because it indicates that surfactants of all kinds which garnish fatty globules do not create repulsion between them. In the event of difficulties in breaking the emulsion, only the rigidity of the interface can be called into question.
- FIG. 11 This photographer was taken from the fatty layer separated by centrifugation, at a total magnification of 1 OOOx.
- This illustration allows to observe more precisely the lipid droplets.
- a scale bar provides a reference for the size of these fatty drops. Their dimensions are between 5 and 15 ⁇ m. Their surface appears fine and smooth, which suggests that the stabilization of the interface is molecular, and does not involve any solid particle.
- this microscopic observation shows that the hydrolysis in situ takes place at the level of a liquid / liquid emulsified system.
- the photo in Figure 11 shows that the centrifugation of the medium allows good separation of lipids and cellular debris from the breaking of the seed. Furthermore, the trend already observed at lower magnification that the droplets have to associate to form aggregates is confirmed by this finer shot. Finally, given the size of the fatty globules observed, which is generally between 5 and 15 ⁇ m, it is likely that a beginning of coalescence has already taken place. Indeed, according to Wâsche et al. (1993), (Wâsche A., Luck T., Holley W., 1993.
- Figure 12 is a photographic photograph taken at an intermediate magnification of 400 ⁇ , shows the detail of a group of cells having undergone the hydrolysis process. In this photograph, it is possible to clearly distinguish cells completely emptied of their content, but also cells still containing part of their constituents.
- FIG. 12 it can be seen that a homogenization by sonication results in the perforation of the cell walls, without completely breaking the cell since a large number of cells are emptied without their walls appear damaged at this magnification.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0210942A FR2843970B1 (fr) | 2002-09-04 | 2002-09-04 | Procede de preparation d'acides gras par hydrolyse in situ des lipides contenus dans les graines d'une plante. |
| FR0210942 | 2002-09-04 | ||
| PCT/FR2003/002636 WO2004022677A1 (fr) | 2002-09-04 | 2003-09-03 | Procede de preparation d'acides gras par hydrolyse in situ des lipides contenus dans les graines d'une plante |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1537194A1 true EP1537194A1 (fr) | 2005-06-08 |
| EP1537194B1 EP1537194B1 (fr) | 2012-10-31 |
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| EP03769562A Expired - Lifetime EP1537194B1 (fr) | 2002-09-04 | 2003-09-03 | Procede de preparation d'acides gras par hydrolyse in situ des lipides contenus dans les graines d'une plante |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1537194B1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2003278252A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2843970B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2004022677A1 (fr) |
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| FR3029738B1 (fr) * | 2014-12-10 | 2016-12-30 | Agronutrition | Procede de preparation d'une composition de traitement de plante, composition obtenue et ses utilisations |
| CN110564494A (zh) * | 2019-10-17 | 2019-12-13 | 东北农业大学 | 一种超声波预处理溶剂法提取大豆油脂的方法 |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3640725A (en) * | 1969-07-02 | 1972-02-08 | Rohm & Haas | Soybean fractionation employing a protease |
| FR2283902A1 (fr) * | 1974-09-06 | 1976-04-02 | Cpc International Inc | Procede de degradation enzymatique d'une matiere riche en proteine |
| SE450927B (sv) * | 1983-12-22 | 1987-08-17 | Svenska Lantmennens Riksforbun | Sett och anordning for behandling av raps- eller rypsfro sa att mjolkavkastningen hos mjolkkor hojs samt anvendning av den erhallna produkten |
| DE3843027A1 (de) * | 1988-12-21 | 1990-06-28 | Battelle Institut E V | Biotechnisches verfahren zur gewinnung von oel und ggf. fettsaeuren aus oelhaltigen pflanzen |
| US5616215A (en) * | 1991-04-19 | 1997-04-01 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Method of making paper from pulp treated with lipase and an aluminum salt |
| DE69414159T2 (de) * | 1993-02-09 | 1999-06-02 | The Quaker Oats Co., Barrington, Ill. | Haferfraktionierungsverfahren und Produkt daraus |
| US6685975B2 (en) * | 2000-05-19 | 2004-02-03 | Biozyme Systems Inc. | Process for recovering bone and oil from animal byproducts |
-
2002
- 2002-09-04 FR FR0210942A patent/FR2843970B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-09-03 AU AU2003278252A patent/AU2003278252A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-09-03 WO PCT/FR2003/002636 patent/WO2004022677A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2003-09-03 EP EP03769562A patent/EP1537194B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| See references of WO2004022677A1 * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| FR2843970B1 (fr) | 2006-02-17 |
| AU2003278252A8 (en) | 2004-03-29 |
| EP1537194B1 (fr) | 2012-10-31 |
| AU2003278252A1 (en) | 2004-03-29 |
| FR2843970A1 (fr) | 2004-03-05 |
| WO2004022677A1 (fr) | 2004-03-18 |
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