EP1522734B1 - Méthode d'opération d'un appareil de levage pour pomper des liquides contaminés, en particulier des lubrifiants de refroidissement - Google Patents
Méthode d'opération d'un appareil de levage pour pomper des liquides contaminés, en particulier des lubrifiants de refroidissement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1522734B1 EP1522734B1 EP04022303A EP04022303A EP1522734B1 EP 1522734 B1 EP1522734 B1 EP 1522734B1 EP 04022303 A EP04022303 A EP 04022303A EP 04022303 A EP04022303 A EP 04022303A EP 1522734 B1 EP1522734 B1 EP 1522734B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- free
- bypass
- centrifugal pump
- flow centrifugal
- impeller
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000005068 cooling lubricant Substances 0.000 title claims description 30
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims 7
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D7/00—Pumps adapted for handling specific fluids, e.g. by selection of specific materials for pumps or pump parts
- F04D7/02—Pumps adapted for handling specific fluids, e.g. by selection of specific materials for pumps or pump parts of centrifugal type
- F04D7/04—Pumps adapted for handling specific fluids, e.g. by selection of specific materials for pumps or pump parts of centrifugal type the fluids being viscous or non-homogenous
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D15/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or systems
- F04D15/0005—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or systems by using valves
- F04D15/0011—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or systems by using valves by-pass valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D9/00—Priming; Preventing vapour lock
- F04D9/004—Priming of not self-priming pumps
- F04D9/005—Priming of not self-priming pumps by adducting or recycling liquid
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2260/00—Function
- F05D2260/60—Fluid transfer
- F05D2260/604—Vortex non-clogging type pumps
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of operating a lifting device for pumping out contaminated liquid media, such as cooling lubricants using at least one free-flow centrifugal pump, and a lifting device and a free-flow centrifugal pump for carrying out the method.
- lifting devices and free-flow centrifugal pumps are known in many forms and designs in the market and in use.
- such lifting devices are used with free-flow centrifugal pumps and subsequent flushing troughs, in particular to collect contaminated liquid media, arising from machine tools, to collect in the lifting device and by means of the freewheeling centrifugal pump and pumping a.
- cleaning device, filter device, reprocessing device od.
- Supply a
- a homogeneous pumping out of contaminated media, especially cooling lubricant is not possible. Therefore, there is often a backflow in the cooling lubricant channel, whereby the rinsing effect is prevented for the chip transport and uneven amount of quantity of cooling lubricant to the cutting machining center or the cutting processing machines is provided. Therefore, there is no homogeneous processing of the contaminated medium, especially liquid coolant and also no low supply of purified coolant possible, which is undesirable.
- the US 5,114,312 discloses a centrifugal pump having a main axial suction port, wherein in the radial region this has an inlet and an outlet. Inlet and outlet communicate with each other, whereby the pump flow can be diverted via the ports at the radial inlet and outlet into partial streams via separate services.
- the WO 88/05132 A discloses a pump structure in which liquid is added to the storage in the drive-side region near the drive and the storage of the actual pump impeller, to prevent drive-side secondary air or false air from entering the pump chamber.
- the present invention is therefore based on the object to provide a method and a lifting device and a free-flow centrifugal pump for carrying out the method with which the aforementioned disadvantages can be eliminated in a simple and cost-effective manner, and in which a homogeneous suction of liquid contaminated media, how cooling lubricant is made possible.
- an overall height, in particular installation height of the lifting device should be possible with a simultaneously reduced minimum level in the lifting container.
- the suction or a Intake area of the free-flow centrifugal pump used in a lifting device additionally preferably to supply via a bypass with liquid medium, in particular cooling lubricant.
- the bypass is preferably spaced and arranged centrally in front of the suction opening of the pump housing of the free-flow centrifugal pump and preferably leads permanently liquid medium to the pump housing or the impeller of the free-flow centrifugal pump.
- a height of the lifting device can be reduced, so that overall much lower lifting devices can be produced with subsequent flushing channels.
- the following devices such as, for example, treatment devices, filter devices which clean contaminated liquid media, in particular contaminated liquid cooling lubricant, can be operated more homogeneously.
- a storage container for providing purified liquid coolant can be made much smaller, since a more homogeneous transporting and providing of cooling lubricant in this way is possible.
- bypass outside and is assigned separately to the free-stream centrifugal pump. This can be provided, for example, in a tub bottom of the lifting device.
- the bypass may be inserted into a suction line, wherein it is common in all embodiments that an outlet opening of the bypass is preferably centered on the intake or centric on the impeller of the free-flow centrifugal pump.
- an inventive lifting means R 1 has a free-flow centrifugal pump F 1 which projects into a lifting vessel 1 of the lifting device R. 1
- the free-flow centrifugal pump F 1 has a drive unit 2, in particular an electric motor, which drives an impeller 4 indicated by dashed lines via a drive shaft 3, which is only indicated here.
- the impeller 4 is seated in a pump housing 5, to which preferably centrally to the impeller 4 in a lower housing part 6, a suction port 7 connects.
- liquid medium in particular cooling lubricant
- a further use such as, for example, a treatment or purification device, filter device, etc., in order to contaminate it Liquid media, or contaminated cooling lubricant can be cleaned and then returned to a same or further use.
- the free-flow centrifugal pump F 1 is inserted vertically in a lifting container 1, to which a flushing trough 9 connects.
- contaminated liquid medium in particular cooling lubricant, consisting of emulsions, oils, contaminated media such as chips, abrasion od.
- cooling lubricant consisting of emulsions, oils, contaminated media such as chips, abrasion od.
- machine tools such as turning centers, milling centers, etc. in the lifting container 1.
- the lifting container 1 collects in the region of a trough 10, the mixture of cooling lubricant and impurities and is further pumped there for further processing, in particular for cleaning by means of the free-stream centrifugal pump F 1 through the outlet 8 and further transported.
- the outlet opening 12 is preferably aligned centrally to the suction port 7 or centrally and in a common axis to the impeller 4 of the free-flow centrifugal pump F 1 .
- the outlet opening 12 of the bypass 11 is also spaced apart in the impeller 4 and the suction port 7 of the free-flow centrifugal pump F 1 .
- bypass 11 cooling lubricant from the entire system of the free-flow centrifugal pump F 1 permanently supplied, wherein the supply under a pressure of about 0.2 bar to 3 bar, preferably 0.5 bar. Further, a delivery volume of about 5% to 15%, preferably 10% of the total delivery of the free-flow centrifugal pump F 1, the bypass 11 is supplied to displace sucked secondary air and to reduce a minimum level.
- a lifting device R 2 is shown, in which a free-flow centrifugal pump F 2 on a substrate 13 is arranged in a horizontal version.
- a suction line 14 connects, which is in communication with the flushing trough 9.
- a bypass 11 adjoins the suction line 14 which supplies a partial flow of liquid medium, in particular cooling lubricant, to the suction opening 7 or the impeller 4 of the free-flow centrifugal pump F 2 in the manner described above.
- the outlet opening 12 and the bypass 11 is aligned centrally on the impeller 4 and lying in one axis, so that in this manner described above, liquid medium or cooling lubricant of the free-flow centrifugal pump F 2 can be permanently supplied to vent or an aspiration to reduce secondary air, wherein an efficiency of the free-flow centrifugal pump F 1 , in particular the lifting device R 2 is substantially improved.
- a free-flow centrifugal pump F 3 of conventional type is shown in which at least one or a plurality of bypasses 11 can be connected or connected at different locations in a pump housing 5, in particular in a lower housing part 6 in the manner described above to reduce secondary air during the aspiration of liquid medium or to vent the free-flow centrifugal pump F 3 .
- bypass 11 preferably centrally in front of the suction port 7 of the free-flow centrifugal pump F 3 can be assigned or opens directly into the lower housing part 6 of the pump housing 5, so that the outlet port 12 of the bypass 11 to the impeller. 4 the free-stream centrifugal pump F 3 is aligned.
- the bypass 11 in the pump housing 5 or housing part 6 axially, or radially or intervening axially to radially aligned with the impeller 4.
- the bypass 11 is arranged centrally and spaced from the intake opening 7.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Jet Pumps And Other Pumps (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Claims (21)
- Procédé d'opération d'un appareil de levage (R1, R2) pour pomper des liquides contaminés, tels que des lubrifiants de refroidissement, à l'aide d'au moins une pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3), caractérisé par le fait qu'une ouverture d'aspiration (7) de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3) est soumise en permanence à un liquide par l'intermédiaire d'un contournement (11), une ouverture de sortie (12) du contournement (11) étant distante de l'ouverture d'aspiration (7), et environ 5% à 15% du volume de refoulement de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3) étant amené, par l'intermédiaire du contournement (11), vers la roue à palettes (4).
- Procédé d'opération d'un appareil de levage (R1, R2) pour pomper des liquides contaminés, tels que des lubrifiants de refroidissement, à l'aide d'au moins une pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3), caractérisé par le fait qu'une zone d'aspiration de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3) est soumise en permanence à un liquide par l'intermédiaire d'un contournement (11), une ouverture de sortie (12) du contournement (11) étant distante de la zone d'aspiration (7), et le contournement étant disposé environ au centre et à une distance de l'ouverture d'aspiration, et le fluide du contournement (11) étant admis ou accéléré environ verticalement sur la roue à palettes (4) de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3).
- Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé par le fait que comme fluide arrive, par l'intermédiaire d'un contournement (11), du lubrifiant de refroidissement à l'ouverture d'aspiration (7) ou à la zone d'aspiration, en particulier à l'endroit de la roue à palettes (4), de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3).
- Procédé selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé par le fait qu'une ouverture de sortie (12) du contournement (11) est disposée à une distance d'une ouverture d'aspiration (7), de sorte qu'une partie du fluide soit admise ou arrive en permanence à la roue à palettes (4) de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3).
- Procédé selon la revendication 3 ou 4, caractérisé par le fait que le contournement (11) aboutit dans un élément de boîtier (6) de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3), près de la roue à palettes (4).
- Procédé selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé par le fait que de préférence 10% du volume de refoulement de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3) est amené par l'intermédiaire du contournement (11) à la roue à palettes (4).
- Procédé selon au moins l'une des revendications 3 à 6, caractérisé par le fait que le fluide, en particulier le lubrifiant de refroidissement, est admis avec une pression d'environ 0,2 bar à 3 bars, en particulier 0,5 bar, du contournement (11) à la roue à palettes (4), à l'ouverture d'aspiration (7) ou à la zone d'aspiration de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3).
- Procédé selon au moins l'une des revendications 3 à 7, caractérisé par le fait que le contournement (11) aboutit, dans le cas d'une disposition verticale de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F3), dans un fond de cuvette (10) de l'appareil de levage (R1, R2) et, dans le cas d'une disposition horizontale de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F2), dans une conduite d'aspiration (14) de l'appareil de levage (R1, R2).
- Procédé selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé par le fait que du côté de l'arbre d'entraînement est amené en supplément, au-dessus de la roue à palettes (4), du liquide d'arrêt en cas de dépression dans la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3).
- Appareil de levage pour pomper des liquides contaminés, tels que des lubrifiants de refroidissement, avec au moins une pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3), caractérisé par le fait que, par l'intermédiaire d'au moins un contournement (11), une ouverture d'aspiration (7) ou une zone d'aspiration de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3) peut être soumise à un liquide, une ouverture de sortie (12) du contournement (11) étant distante de l'ouverture d'aspiration (7) ou de la zone d'aspiration de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3) et par le contournement (11) pouvant être amené un volume de refoulement de liquide d'environ 5% à 15% du volume de refoulement de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3).
- Appareil de levage selon la revendication 10, caractérisé par le fait que le contournement (11) est disposé dans un élément de boîtier (6) de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3), et qu'une ouverture de sortie (12) du contournement (11) est orientée vers la roue à palettes (4) de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3).
- Appareil de levage selon la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisé par le fait que le contournement (11) est prévu à l'endroit d'un fond de cuvette (10) et qu'il est orienté vers la roue à palettes (4) de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3), une ouverture de sortie (12) du contournement (11) étant distante, en particulier réglable en hauteur, par rapport à l'ouverture d'aspiration (7) de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3).
- Appareil de levage selon au moins l'une des revendications 10 à 12, caractérisé par le fait qu'au moins un contournement (11) aboutit à une conduite d'aspiration (14) de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F2) se raccordant à la zone d'aspiration, dans le cas d'une construction horizontale, une ouverture de sortie (12) du contournement (11) étant orientée, de préférence au centre, sur la roue à palettes (4) de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F2).
- Appareil de levage selon au moins l'une des revendications 10 à 13, caractérisé par le fait qu'au moins un contournement (11) se raccorde dans un élément de boîtier (6), près de la roue à palettes (4) de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3), et que l'ouverture de sortie (12) du contournement (11) est orientée d'axialement à radialement vers la roue à palettes (4).
- Appareil de levage selon au moins l'une des revendications 10 à 14, caractérisé par le fait que le fluide, en particulier le lubrifiant de refroidissement, peut être amené avec une pression de 0,2 bar à 3 bars, en particulier 1 bar.
- Appareil de levage selon au moins l'une des revendications 10 à 15, caractérisé par le fait que par le contournement (11) peut être amené un volume de refoulement de liquide, en particulier de lubrifiant de refroidissement, d'environ 5% à 15%, en particulier 10% du volume de refoulement de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3).
- Appareil de levage selon au moins l'une des revendications 11 à 17, caractérisé par le fait qu'à la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3) est reliée, au-dessus de la roue à palettes (4), une conduite d'alimentation (16) aboutissant dans un boîtier intermédiaire (15) par laquelle du liquide d'arrêt peut être amené en cas de fonctionnement à dépression.
- Pompe centrifuge à jet libre pour pomper des liquides contaminés, tels que des lubrifiants de refroidissement, avec une roue à palettes (4) et une ouverture d'aspiration (7), caractérisée par le fait qu'à l'ouverture d'aspiration (7), à la zone d'aspiration ou à la roue à palettes (4), peut être amené, par l'intermédiaire d'au moins un contournement (11), du liquide additionnel, une ouverture de sortie (1) du contournement (11) étant distante de l'ouverture d'aspiration (7) ou de la zone d'aspiration de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3) et que le contournement (11) est, en dehors d'une ouverture d'aspiration (7), orienté vers cette dernière, une ouverture du contournement (11) étant, située environ verticalement et centralement sur un axe, orientée vers la roue à palettes (4).
- Pompe centrifuge à jet libre selon la revendication 18, caractérisée par le fait que le contournement (11) aboutit dans un élément de boîtier (6) et qu'une ouverture de sortie (12) du contournement (11) est orientée axialement, radialement, ainsi que d'axialement à radialement sur une roue à palettes (4).
- Pompe centrifuge à jet libre selon au moins l'une des revendications 18 et 19, caractérisée par le fait que par le contournement (11) peut être amené du liquide, en particulier du lubrifiant de refroidissement, avec une pression de 0,2 bar à 3 bars, en particulier 1 bar, vers la roue à palettes (4).
- Pompe centrifuge à jet libre selon au moins l'une des revendications 18 à 20, caractérisée par le fait que par le contournement (11) peut être amené environ 5% à 15%, en particulier 10% du volume de refoulement total de la pompe centrifuge à jet libre (F1, F2, F3) vers la roue à palettes (4).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL04022303T PL1522734T3 (pl) | 2003-10-08 | 2004-09-20 | Sposób eksploatacji zbiorczego urządzenia do odpompowania zanieczyszczonych ciekłych mediów, zwłaszcza cieczy chłodząco-smarującej |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10347261 | 2003-10-08 | ||
| DE10347261A DE10347261A1 (de) | 2003-10-08 | 2003-10-08 | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Hebeeinrichtung zum Abpumpen von verunreinigten flüssigen Medien, insbesondere Kühlschmiermitteln |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1522734A1 EP1522734A1 (fr) | 2005-04-13 |
| EP1522734B1 true EP1522734B1 (fr) | 2007-09-19 |
Family
ID=34306370
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP04022303A Expired - Lifetime EP1522734B1 (fr) | 2003-10-08 | 2004-09-20 | Méthode d'opération d'un appareil de levage pour pomper des liquides contaminés, en particulier des lubrifiants de refroidissement |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1522734B1 (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATE373780T1 (fr) |
| DE (2) | DE10347261A1 (fr) |
| PL (1) | PL1522734T3 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1034033B (de) * | 1956-01-05 | 1958-07-10 | Karl Wernert | Pumpenanlage mit einer oberhalb des Fluessigkeitsspiegels angeordneten Kreiselpumpe |
| FR1403881A (fr) * | 1964-05-15 | 1965-06-25 | Worthington | Pompe rotative équipée d'un dispositif d'alimentation forcée |
| US4188172A (en) * | 1978-05-24 | 1980-02-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Method and means for injecting hot liquid when pumping cold liquid |
| US4792275A (en) * | 1986-12-24 | 1988-12-20 | Eddy Pump Corporation | Pump construction |
| US5114312A (en) * | 1990-06-15 | 1992-05-19 | Atsco, Inc. | Slurry pump apparatus including fluid housing |
| DE9213913U1 (de) * | 1992-10-15 | 1993-01-14 | Scheible Versorgungsanlagen GmbH, 7340 Geislingen | Vorrichtung zum Entsorgen von flüssigen Medien |
| DE19804907C1 (de) * | 1998-02-07 | 1999-07-15 | Brinkmann Pumpen K H Brinkmann | Kreiselpumpe mit entlüfteter Pumpenkammer |
| DE19962729A1 (de) * | 1999-12-23 | 2001-07-05 | Grundfos As | Selbstansaugendes Pumpenaggregat |
| DE10118525B4 (de) * | 2001-04-14 | 2005-03-17 | Brinkmann Pumpen K.H. Brinkmann Gmbh & Co. Kg | Vorrichtung zum Absaugen von Kühlschmierstoff aus einem Sammelbecken |
-
2003
- 2003-10-08 DE DE10347261A patent/DE10347261A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2004
- 2004-09-20 DE DE502004005002T patent/DE502004005002D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-09-20 AT AT04022303T patent/ATE373780T1/de active
- 2004-09-20 EP EP04022303A patent/EP1522734B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-09-20 PL PL04022303T patent/PL1522734T3/pl unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE373780T1 (de) | 2007-10-15 |
| EP1522734A1 (fr) | 2005-04-13 |
| PL1522734T3 (pl) | 2008-02-29 |
| DE502004005002D1 (de) | 2007-10-31 |
| DE10347261A1 (de) | 2005-05-04 |
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