EP1516113A1 - Gek hlter zylinderkopf f r eine kolbenbrennkraftmaschin e - Google Patents
Gek hlter zylinderkopf f r eine kolbenbrennkraftmaschin eInfo
- Publication number
- EP1516113A1 EP1516113A1 EP03760645A EP03760645A EP1516113A1 EP 1516113 A1 EP1516113 A1 EP 1516113A1 EP 03760645 A EP03760645 A EP 03760645A EP 03760645 A EP03760645 A EP 03760645A EP 1516113 A1 EP1516113 A1 EP 1516113A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cylinder head
- water jacket
- head according
- inlet
- outlet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
- F01P3/02—Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
- F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
- F02F1/26—Cylinder heads having cooling means
- F02F1/36—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling
- F02F1/40—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling cylinder heads with means for directing, guiding, or distributing liquid stream
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
- F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
- F02F1/42—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads
- F02F1/4214—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads specially adapted for four or more valves per cylinder
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
- F01P3/02—Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads
- F01P2003/024—Cooling cylinder heads
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
- F01P3/12—Arrangements for cooling other engine or machine parts
- F01P3/14—Arrangements for cooling other engine or machine parts for cooling intake or exhaust valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B75/00—Other engines
- F02B75/16—Engines characterised by number of cylinders, e.g. single-cylinder engines
- F02B75/18—Multi-cylinder engines
- F02B2075/1804—Number of cylinders
- F02B2075/1816—Number of cylinders four
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B75/00—Other engines
- F02B75/16—Engines characterised by number of cylinders, e.g. single-cylinder engines
- F02B75/18—Multi-cylinder engines
- F02B75/20—Multi-cylinder engines with cylinders all in one line
Definitions
- the invention has for its object to provide a cylinder head, through which better cooling is achieved, in particular in the exhaust area.
- a cylinder head with a water jacket delimited by a flame deck and an oil deck on a water-cooled piston internal combustion engine with cylinders arranged in series, each of which has at least one inlet valve with inlet connection and two outlet valves, the outlet of which opens into an outlet connection, and with one between
- Inlet valve and outlet valves arranged receptacle for a fuel injector or a spark plug solved according to the invention in that a channel arrangement is provided for guiding the cooling water in the water jacket at least in the area of the outlet side of each cylinder, through which the cooling water in the inlet from the outside on a Side of the outlet pipe is guided inwards against the receptacle and in the return from the inside to the outside on the other side of the outlet pipe and that an overflow channel is provided which, viewed in the direction of flow, connects the return side of a channel arrangement with the inlet side of the next channel arrangement.
- a bulkhead is provided for guiding the cooling water between adjacent cylinders in the water jacket.
- the water jacket delimited by the oil deck and flame deck is divided by an intermediate deck into an upper and a lower water jacket part.
- one water jacket part preferably the lower water jacket part, is connected on the inlet side to the overflow channel and, accordingly, the other water jacket part is connected on the outlet side to the overflow channel to the water jacket part, preferably the lower water jacket part of the adjacent cylinder.
- the flow guidance through the lower and the upper water jacket part takes place according to the invention in that the intermediate deck has at least one flow opening connecting the lower to the upper water jacket part.
- the throughflow opening can each be arranged in the region of the inlet connection piece.
- the throughflow opening is arranged between the two inlet connections in the intermediate deck.
- the inlet-side part of the channel arrangement has a main channel running between the outlets and a side channel which is guided laterally around each outlet and opens into a deflection area delimited by the receptacle.
- the main and side channels By appropriately dimensioning the main and side channels, it can be achieved that the larger volume flow runs between the two outlets and thus sufficient heat dissipation is achieved in this critical area.
- the bulkhead has at least one overflow channel through which the channel arrangements of the adjacent cylinders are connected.
- the inlet port is surrounded by a flow channel on its side facing away from the outlets.
- the flow channels of adjacent cylinders which surround the inlet connections are each connected to one another via a passage opening in the bulkhead wall.
- the larger volume flow can also be passed through the duct arrangement on the outlet side in accordance with the greater thermal load on the outlet side.
- Fig. 1 shows a cylinder head divided by an intermediate deck into an upper and lower water jacket part in section through the lower water jacket part. the line I-I in Fig. 2,
- Fig. 2 shows a vertical section through the cylinder head. the line II-II in Fig. 1,
- Fig. 3 shows a horizontal section through the upper water jacket part. the line III-III in Fig. 2,
- Fig. 4 is a side view of the cylinder head acc. Arrow B in Fig. 1
- Fig. 5 shows a modified embodiment of the cylinder head acc. Fig. 1 in horizontal section through the lower part of the water jacket. the line VV in Fig. 6,
- Fig. 6 shows a vertical section. the line VI-VI in Fig. 5,
- Fig. 7 shows a horizontal section through the upper water jacket part. the line VII-VII in Fig. 6,
- FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of a further embodiment of a cylinder head to explain the cooling water flow
- Fig. 9 shows a vertical section transverse to the longitudinal axis of the engine through an exhaust valve. the line IX-IX in Fig. 11,
- Fig. 10 is a vertical section transverse to the longitudinal axis of the engine through the receptacle. the line X-X in Fig. 11
- Fig. 11 shows a horizontal section. the line XI-XI in Fig. 9,
- Fig. 12 shows a horizontal section. the line XII-XII in Fig. 9,
- Fig. 13 is a horizontal section acc. the line XIII-XIII in Fig. 9,
- 1, 2 and 3 is a schematic of a cylinder head for a four-cylinder internal combustion engine with its flame deck 1.1, its oil deck 1.2 and an intermediate deck 1.3 in the sections shown. To simplify matters, the cut edges are pulled out strongly and the visible edges are pulled out thinly.
- two intake valves are provided, which are characterized by their intake port 2.
- a receptacle 4 for a fuel injector or also for a spark plug is arranged between the inlet nozzle 2 and the outlet nozzle 3
- a transverse bulkhead 5 is arranged, through which the inlet / outlet areas of each cylinder are closed off from one another.
- each cylinder area of the cylinder head i.e. H. between two bulkhead walls 5
- the water jacket delimited by the flame deck 1.1 and the oil deck 1.2 is divided by the intermediate deck 1.3 into a lower water jacket part W1 and an upper water jacket part W2, which form the channel arrangement for guiding the cooling water.
- Through openings are provided so that the cooling water from the lower water jacket part Wl into the upper water jacket part W2.
- the cooling water is led from the inlet side E to the outlet side A of the cylinder head.
- the routing of the cooling water through the channel arrangements within the water jacket is shown by the flow path 6.
- the cooling water flow flows from the outside below the outlet connection 3 into the lower water jacket part W1 divided off by the two bulkheads 5 and the intermediate deck 1.3 above the flow path 6.1, then below the outlet connection 3 between the two separate outlets of the outlet valves in the direction of the receptacle 4, flows around it and flows up to the inlet port 2.
- a passage 7.1 in the intermediate deck 1.3 forms a deflection area and causes a deflection in the upper part of the water jacket W2.
- the supervision shows the tip of the arrow P in Fig. 2.
- the returning flow path 6.2 located at the top in the flow direction enters via an overflow channel 8, which is arranged essentially in the region of the longitudinal side of the cylinder head, as the incoming flow path 6.1 into the lower water jacket part W1 for the next cylinder head region, as the side view in FIG. 4 shows.
- the successive cylinder areas are connected in this form.
- a U-shaped cooling water flow results in the area of each water jacket divided by flame deck 1.1, oil deck 1.2, bulkheads 5 and intermediate deck 1.3, which is directed transversely to the longitudinal axis L of the row of cylinders from the outside in and back out again , then connecting the return side of the upper water jacket part W2 to the inlet side of the next lower water jacket part W1 via the overflow channel 8 results in a generally helical flow through the cylinder head, each of which has a long cross-flow path.
- the difference according to the embodiment. 1 to 4 essentially consists in the fact that the deflection of the cooling water flow from the lower water jacket part Wl to the upper water jacket part W2 takes place via two through openings 7.2, which are each provided in areas of the intermediate deck 1.3 directly adjacent to the bulkhead walls 5.
- These passage openings 7.2 are expediently arranged approximately in the region of the longitudinal central axis L of the piston internal combustion engine, so that the passage openings when the castings are being made. can serve to support the core for the upper water jacket part W2. This core can be fixed against floating if the mold for the oil deck 1.2 is designed accordingly.
- the incoming flow path 6.1 flows as in the embodiment according to 1 to 4 also here the receptacle 4, so that the receptacle 4 and thus the injection nozzle arranged in the receptacle 4 is reliably cooled.
- cooling water flows in partial flows into the area between the two inlet ports 2 and flows around them on its rear side facing away from the receptacle 4, so that the inlet ports are directly connected to the flame deck 1.1 Area should be cooled sufficiently.
- the upper water jacket part W2 of one cylinder is connected to the lower water jacket part W1 of the next cylinder by an overflow channel 8, as shown in FIG. 4.
- a cylinder head for a four-cylinder internal combustion engine with its flame deck 1.1 is shown in perspective as a further embodiment of the invention.
- the oil deck of the cylinder head has been left out for reasons of clarity, an intermediate deck is not provided.
- Each between inlet 2 and outlet Trim 3 is a receptacle 4 for a fuel injector or for a spark plug.
- a transverse bulkhead 5 is arranged between each two adjacent cylinders, through which the inlet / outlet areas of each cylinder are closed off from one another.
- the bulkhead 5 is shown "transparently" here.
- passage openings (not shown here in each case) are provided, through which the cooling water is guided from one cylinder region to the other cylinder region.
- each cylinder area of the cylinder head i.e. H.
- channel arrangements or flow channels for guiding the cooling water are provided for the area of the outlet ports 3 on the one hand and for the area of the inlet ports 2, which are cast in, for example.
- the duct arrangement is guided such that the cooling water is guided from the inlet side E to the outlet side A of the cylinder head.
- the routing of the cooling water on the gas outlet side through the channel arrangement is represented by the flow path 6.
- the cooling water flow flows from the outside below the outlet port 3 into the area divided by the two bulkheads 5, then below the outlet port 3 between the two separate outlets of the outlet valves in the direction of the receptacle 4.
- the space between the two outlets of the outlet valves and the Recording 4 forms a deflection area 7, in which the cooling water is guided from the bottom up to the top of the outlet nozzle 3 and flows back towards the outside via the channel arrangement.
- the returning flow path 6.2 of the region located at the top in the flow direction is via an overflow channel 8 in the bulkhead 5 connected to the inlet side 6.1 of the next cylinder area. Due to this cooling water flow, a U-shaped cooling water flow results in the area of each outlet connection 3, which is guided from the outside inwards and back out again, with the connection of the return side of the cylinder area above and the supply side of the next cylinder area below results in an approximately helical flow on the outside of the cylinder head, each of which has a long cross-flow path.
- Corresponding flow channels are provided in the cylinder head for cooling the inlet ports 2 and form flow paths according to lines 9.1 and 9.2.
- Corresponding through openings are also provided in the bulkhead 5 so that a total longitudinal flow takes place in the area of the inlet side of the cylinder head, the inlet ports 2 being flowed around both on their side facing the receptacle 4 and on their side facing away from the receptacle.
- Appropriate dimensioning of the flow channels and the passage openings in the bulkheads 5 enables the respective cooling water volume flows to be coordinated, so that overall, taking into account the lower thermal load on the inlet side on the one hand and the outlet side on the other hand, correspondingly different volume flows at the inlet connection piece 2 and the outlet port 3 can be passed and thus a largely uniform cooling of the cylinder head is effected.
- FIG. 9 shows a section through a gas outlet valve transversely to the longitudinal direction, corresponding to the line IX-IX in FIG. 11.
- the outlets 3.1 and 3.2 of a gas outlet valve are respectively 10 merged into the common outlet 3. This creates the possibility that the cooling water between the two outlets 3.1 and 3.2 can flow into the deflection space 7 in front of the receptacle 4 and can flow out again from the deflection space 7 above the outlet connection 3, as shown in FIG. 1. This is indicated by the flow arrow 11 in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4.
- the channel arrangement in the area of the outlets 3.1 and 3.2 each has lateral flow channels 12 and 13, so that branch flows around the outlets 3.1 and 3.2 can flow into the deflection space 7.
- 11 also shows the bulkhead 5 with the associated overflow channel 14, through which the returning flow path 6.2 above the outlet port 3 of the previous cylinder area is connected to the flow path 6.1 of the cylinder area shown below.
- the bulkhead 5 has corresponding through openings 9.3 and 9.4 for the flow paths 9.1 and 9.2 shown in FIG. 8, which are separated from one another by a flow guide element 14.
- a guide element 15.1 is assigned to the passage opening 9.3, at least on the outlet side. This has the effect that the inlet nozzle 2 is provided both via an internal flow channel 15 for the flow path 9.1 and via an external flow channel 16 for the flow path 9.2, so that the inlet nozzle 2 is flowed around on both sides as well as the receptacle 4.
- the flow path is indicated by the flow arrows.
- sectional representations corresponding to FIGS. 12, 13 and 14 show the flow guidance in the different sectional planes, only the area of the outlet connection 3 being shown in FIGS. 13 and 14.
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10227690 | 2002-06-21 | ||
DE10227690A DE10227690A1 (de) | 2002-06-21 | 2002-06-21 | Gekühlter Zylinderkopf für eine Kolbenbrennkraftmaschine |
PCT/EP2003/006440 WO2004001214A1 (de) | 2002-06-21 | 2003-06-18 | Gekühlter zylinderkopf für eine kolbenbrennkraftmaschine |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1516113A1 true EP1516113A1 (de) | 2005-03-23 |
EP1516113B1 EP1516113B1 (de) | 2007-11-07 |
Family
ID=29719313
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03760645A Expired - Lifetime EP1516113B1 (de) | 2002-06-21 | 2003-06-18 | Gekühlter zylinderkopf für eine kolbenbrennkraftmaschine |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6973897B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1516113B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2005535819A (de) |
CN (1) | CN100340759C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE377704T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2003246555A1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10227690A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2004001214A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4788236B2 (ja) * | 2005-08-19 | 2011-10-05 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | シリンダヘッドの冷却構造 |
JP4756381B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-07 | 2011-08-24 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 多気筒エンジンの冷却装置 |
JP2009002265A (ja) * | 2007-06-22 | 2009-01-08 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の冷却構造 |
JP4998339B2 (ja) * | 2008-03-12 | 2012-08-15 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の冷却装置 |
AT505591B8 (de) * | 2008-10-02 | 2010-04-15 | Avl List Gmbh | Brennkraftmaschine mit einem zylinderkopf |
DE102009019327A1 (de) | 2009-04-30 | 2010-11-04 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh | Zylinderkopf, Verfahren zur Kühlung eines Zylinderkopfes und Gießform zur Herstellung eines Zylinderkopfes |
EP2388463B1 (de) * | 2010-05-17 | 2012-05-16 | Fiat Powertrain Technologies S.p.A. | Zylinderkopf für Verbrennungskraftmaschine, mit integriertem Abgaskrümmer |
JP5553055B2 (ja) * | 2010-06-29 | 2014-07-16 | マツダ株式会社 | 水冷式エンジンの冷却装置 |
DE102010041105A1 (de) * | 2010-09-21 | 2012-03-22 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Kühlmittelmantel für einen flüssigkeitsgekühlten Zylinderkopf |
US20150176521A1 (en) * | 2012-06-18 | 2015-06-25 | Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Sdn Bhd | Method and apparatus for cooling a cylinder head |
CN104870792B (zh) * | 2012-11-28 | 2018-04-24 | 康明斯公司 | 具有冷却系统的发动机 |
JP2016138461A (ja) * | 2015-01-26 | 2016-08-04 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | シリンダヘッド及びシリンダヘッドの製造方法 |
KR102108929B1 (ko) | 2016-10-10 | 2020-05-13 | 현대자동차(주) | 실린더헤드의 워터재킷 |
JP6562013B2 (ja) * | 2017-02-16 | 2019-08-21 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | シリンダヘッド |
JP6812866B2 (ja) * | 2017-03-21 | 2021-01-13 | スズキ株式会社 | シリンダヘッド構造 |
JP6759160B2 (ja) * | 2017-06-30 | 2020-09-23 | 株式会社クボタ | 水冷エンジン |
DE112019006640T5 (de) * | 2019-01-10 | 2021-10-07 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Engine & Turbocharger, Ltd. | Motor und inverter-integrierte rotierbare elektrische maschine |
CN109915274A (zh) * | 2019-03-05 | 2019-06-21 | 广西玉柴机器股份有限公司 | 一种防机油结焦的网状水道气缸盖 |
FR3105649B1 (fr) * | 2019-12-19 | 2021-11-26 | Valeo Equip Electr Moteur | Machine électrique tournante refroidie |
CN111271186B (zh) * | 2020-01-19 | 2021-09-28 | 一汽解放汽车有限公司 | 一种气缸盖冷却结构 |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1423241A (fr) * | 1965-01-29 | 1966-01-03 | Culasse de cylindre pour moteur à combustion interne à injection à refroidissement par eau et à distribution par soupapes | |
DE2236028A1 (de) * | 1971-08-03 | 1973-03-01 | List Hans | Zylinderkopf fuer eine wassergekuehlte brennkraftmaschine |
JPS5426446Y2 (de) * | 1974-08-20 | 1979-08-31 | ||
JPH0517373Y2 (de) * | 1987-08-25 | 1993-05-11 | ||
JP2555691Y2 (ja) * | 1991-02-28 | 1997-11-26 | 三菱自動車工業株式会社 | 内燃機関のシリンダヘッド |
FR2682994B1 (fr) * | 1991-10-25 | 1993-12-10 | Renault Regie Nale Usines | Circuit de refroidissement par liquide pour moteur a combustion interne. |
JPH09242602A (ja) * | 1996-03-04 | 1997-09-16 | Isuzu Motors Ltd | シリンダヘッド |
JP3417832B2 (ja) * | 1998-03-27 | 2003-06-16 | 日産ディーゼル工業株式会社 | 内燃機関の冷却構造 |
JP3596305B2 (ja) * | 1998-09-25 | 2004-12-02 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | エンジンのシリンダヘッド |
JP2000161130A (ja) * | 1998-11-30 | 2000-06-13 | Yanmar Diesel Engine Co Ltd | モノブロックエンジンのヘッド過熱部冷却構造 |
JP2000230457A (ja) * | 1999-02-09 | 2000-08-22 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関のシリンダヘッド |
US6363893B1 (en) * | 2001-04-03 | 2002-04-02 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Water jacket for multi-cylinder internal combustion engine |
-
2002
- 2002-06-21 DE DE10227690A patent/DE10227690A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-06-18 AU AU2003246555A patent/AU2003246555A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-06-18 CN CNB038145049A patent/CN100340759C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-06-18 DE DE50308546T patent/DE50308546D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-06-18 EP EP03760645A patent/EP1516113B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-06-18 AT AT03760645T patent/ATE377704T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-06-18 JP JP2004514770A patent/JP2005535819A/ja active Pending
- 2003-06-18 WO PCT/EP2003/006440 patent/WO2004001214A1/de active IP Right Grant
-
2004
- 2004-12-21 US US11/016,748 patent/US6973897B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2004001214A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2005535819A (ja) | 2005-11-24 |
DE10227690A1 (de) | 2004-01-08 |
CN100340759C (zh) | 2007-10-03 |
US20050145205A1 (en) | 2005-07-07 |
AU2003246555A1 (en) | 2004-01-06 |
ATE377704T1 (de) | 2007-11-15 |
WO2004001214A1 (de) | 2003-12-31 |
DE50308546D1 (de) | 2007-12-20 |
EP1516113B1 (de) | 2007-11-07 |
US6973897B2 (en) | 2005-12-13 |
CN1662737A (zh) | 2005-08-31 |
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