Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
  • G03G9/00—Developers
  • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
  • G03G9/0802—Preparation methods
  • G03G9/0804—Preparation methods whereby the components are brought together in a liquid dispersing medium

Definitions

• This invention relates to toner processes, and more specifically, to aggregation and coalescence processes. Yet, more specifically, the present invention relates in embodiments to methods for the preparation of toner compositions by a chemical process, such as emulsion aggregation wherein latex particles are aggregated with a wax and colorants, in the presence of a coagulant like a polymetal halide, or alternatively a mixture of coagulants or flocculating agents to provide toner size aggregates, thereafter adding a base such as sodium hydroxide to stabilize the aggregates from further growth, followed by the addition of an organic sequestering or a chelating agent; and a toner process wherein heating of the toner mixture is accomplished above the resin Tg to provide toner size particles wherein the toner contains about 10 to about 30 percent of a coagulant metal ion, and wherein about 90 to about 70 percent of the metal ion is sequestered or extracted into the aqueous phase or the mother liquor. Also disclosed is the use of a number of se
• a number of advantages are associated with the present invention in embodiments thereof including, for example, providing a toner with excellent hot offset, for example above about 210°C, and more specifically, from about 210°C to about 230°C; a toner fusing latitude of from about 20°C to about 35°C wherein the fusing latitude refers, for example, to a temperature at which, when a developed image is fused, evidences substantially no toner or image offset either to the substrate that the image is fused on, referred to as "Cold" offset or a toner or image offset on the fuser roll referred to as the "HOT" offset; a minimum fixing temperature of, for example, about 160°C to about 185°C; and extended photoreceptor life since the toner fusing temperature can be below about 185°C, such as from about 160°C to about 180°C.
• Emulsion/aggregation/coalescing toner processes for the preparation of toners are illustrated in a number of Xerox patents, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, such as U.S. Patent 5,290,654, U.S. Patent 5,278,020, U.S. Patent 5,308,734, U.S. Patent 5,370,963, U.S. Patent 5,344,738, U.S. Patent 5,403,693, U.S. Patent 5,418,108, U.S. Patent 5,364,729, and U.S. Patent 5,346,797; and also of interest may be U.S.
• the components and processes of the Xerox patents can be selected for the present invention in embodiments thereof.
• U.S. Patent 5,922,501 illustrates a process for the preparation of toner comprising blending an aqueous colorant dispersion and a latex resin emulsion, and which latex resin is generated from a dimeric acrylic acid, an oligomer acrylic acid, or mixtures thereof and a monomer; heating the resulting mixture at a temperature about equal, or below about the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the latex resin to form aggregates; heating the resulting aggregates at a temperature about equal to, or above about the Tg of the latex resin to effect coalescence and fusing of the aggregates; and optionally isolating the toner product, washing, and drying.
• Tg glass transition temperature
• the present invention provides:
• toner of the coagulant metal ion can be selected to provide for toner particle size control irrespective of the amount of crosslinking.
• the organic sequestering agent is added after the pH of the aggregate is increased to a pH of about 7 and before the aggregates are heated to coalesce the latex into toner particles.
• aspects of the present invention relate to a toner process comprised of a first heating of a mixture of an aqueous colorant dispersion, an aqueous latex emulsion, and an aqueous wax dispersion in the presence of a coagulant to provide aggregates, adding a base followed by adding an organic sequestering agent, and thereafter accomplishing a second heating, and wherein the first heating is below about the latex polymer glass transition temperature (Tg), and the second heating is above about the latex polymer glass transition temperature; a process comprised of heating a mixture of a colorant dispersion, and a latex emulsion in the presence of a coagulant, a base, and an organic sequestering agent, and wherein the heating involves a first heating and a second heating, and wherein the second heating is at a higher temperature than the first heating; and wherein the higher temperature is equal to about or above about the Tg of polymer or resin contained in the latex emulsion; a process comprised of
• the resin or polymer particles selected for the process of the present invention can be prepared by, for example, emulsion polymerization methods, including semicontinuous emulsion polymerization methods, and the monomers utilized in such processes can be selected from, for example, styrene, acrylates, methacrylates, butadiene, isoprene, and acrylonitrile; monomers comprised of an A and a B monomer wherein from about 75 to about 95 percent of A and from about 5 to about 25 percent of B is selected, wherein A can be, for example, styrene, and B can be, for example, an acrylate, methacrylate, butadiene, isoprene, or an acrylonitrile; and optionally, acid or basic olefinic monomers, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, beta carboxy ethyl acrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, quaternary ammonium halide of dialkyl or trialkyl acrylamides or
• the acid or basic groups in the monomer or polymer are present in an amount of, for example, from about 0.1 to about 10 percent by weight of the polymer.
• Chain transfer agents such as dodecanethiol or carbon tetrabromide, can also be selected when preparing resin particles by emulsion polymerization.
• Other processes of obtaining resin particles of, for example, from about 0.01 micron to about 1 micron in diameter can be selected from polymer microsuspension process, such as those illustrated in U.S. Patent 3,674,736, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, polymer solution microsuspension process, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,290,654, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, mechanical grinding processes, or other known processes; and toner processes wherein the resin possesses a crosslinking percentage of from about 1 to about 50 and/or from about 1.5 to about 30.
• Colorants include dyes, pigments, and mixtures thereof, colorant examples being illustrated in a number of the copending applications referenced herein, and more specifically, which colorants include known colorants like black, cyan, red, blue, magenta, green, brown, yellow, mixtures thereof, and the like.
• Various known colorants, such as pigments, selected for the processes of the present invention and present in the toner in an effective amount of, for example, from about 1 to about 25 percent by weight of toner, and more specifically, in an amount of from about 3 to about 10 percent by weight include, for example, carbon black like REGAL 330®; REGAL 660®; phthalocyanine Pigment Blue 15, Pigment Blue 15.1, Pigment Blue 15.3, Pigment Green 7, Pigment Green 36, Pigment Orange 5, Pigment Orange 13, Pigment Orange 16, Pigment Orange 36, Pigment Red 122, Pigment Red 53.1, Pigment Red 48.1, Pigment Red 48.2, Pigment Red 49.1, Pigment Red 49.2, Pigment Red 22, Pigment Red 185, Pigment Red 188, Pigment Red 210, Pigment Red 238, Pigment Red 170, Pigment Red 23, Pigment Red 81.2, Pigment Red 81.3, Pigment Red 57, Pigment Red 17, Pigment Red 169, Pigment Violet 19, Pigment Violet 23, Pigment Violet 3, Pigment Violet 27, Pigment Yellow 65, Pig
• colored pigments that can be selected are cyan, magenta, or yellow pigments, and mixtures thereof.
• magentas examples include, for example, 2,9-dimethyl-substituted quinacridone and anthraquinone dye identified in the Color Index as Cl 60710, Cl Dispersed Red 15, diazo dye identified in the Color Index as Cl 26050, Cl Solvent Red 19, and the like.
• cyans that may be selected include copper tetra(octadecyl sulfonamido) phthalocyanine, x-copper phthalocyanine pigment identified in the Color Index as Cl 74160, Cl Pigment Blue, and Anthrathrene Blue, identified in the Color Index as Cl 69810, Special Blue X-2137, and the like; while illustrative examples of yellows that may be selected are diarylide yellow 3,3-dichlorobenzidene acetoacetanilides, a monoazo pigment identified in the Color Index as Cl 12700, Cl Solvent Yellow 16, a nitrophenyl amine sulfonamide identified in the Color Index as Foron Yellow SE/GLN, Cl Dispersed Yellow 33, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-sulfonanilide phenylazo-4'-chloro-2,5-dimethoxy acetoacetanilide, Yellow 180 and Permanent Yellow FGL, wherein the colorant is present,
• Organic dye examples include known suitable dyes, reference the Color Index, and a number of U.S. patents.
• Organic soluble dye examples, preferably of a high purity, for the purpose of color gamut are Neopen Yellow 075, Neopen Yellow 159, Neopen Orange 252, Neopen Red 336, Neopen Red 335, Neopen Red 366, Neopen Blue 808, Neopen Black X53, Neopen Black X55, wherein the dyes are selected in various suitable amounts, for example from about 0.5 to about 20 percent by weight, and more specifically, from about 5 to about 20 weight percent of the toner.
• Colorants include pigment, dye, mixtures of pigment and dyes, mixtures of pigments, mixtures of dyes, and the like.
• anionic surfactants include, for example, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecylnaphthalene sulfate, dialkyl benzenealkyl, sulfates and sulfonates, abitic acid, available from Aldrich Chemicals, NEOGEN RKTM, NEOGEN SCTM available from Kao Inc., and the like.
• An effective concentration of the anionic surfactant is, for example, from about 0.01 to about 10 percent by weight, and more specifically, from about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight of, for example, monomers used to prepare the toner polymer.
• nonionic surfactants that may be, for example, included in the resin latex dispersion include, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, methalose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, dialkylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, available from Rhodia as IGEPAL CA-210®, IGEPAL CA-520®, IGEPAL CA-720®, IGEPAL CO-890®, IGEPAL CO-720®, IGEPAL CO-290®, IGEPAL CA-210®, ANTAROX 890® and
• Organic sequestering agent examples include ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), gluconal, sodium gluconate, potassium and sodium citrate, nitrotriacetate (NTA) salt, GLDA (commercially available L-glutamic acid N,N diacetic acid) humic and fulvic acids, maltol and ethyl-maltol, peta-acetic and tetra-acetic acids; a number of water soluble polymers [polyelectrolytes] that contain both COOH and OH functionalities, and more specifically, EDTA.
• specific sequestering agents are and
• Counterionic coagulants may be selected for the toner processes illustrated herein, and can be comprised of organic, or inorganic entities and the like.
• the ionic surfactant of the resin latex dispersion can be an anionic surfactant
• the counterionic coagulant can be a polymetal halide (PAC) or a polymetal sulfo silicate (PASS).
• Coagulants that can be included in the toner in amounts of, for example, from about 0.05 to about 10 weight percent include polymetal halides, polymetal sulfosilicates monovalent, divalent or multivalent salts optionally in combination with cationic surfactants, and the like.
• Inorganic cationic coagulants include, for example, polyaluminumchloride (PAC), polyaluminum sulfosilicate (PASS), aluminum sulfate, zinc sulfate, or magnesium sulfate.
• PAC polyaluminumchloride
• PASS polyaluminum sulfosilicate
• aluminum sulfate aluminum sulfate
• zinc sulfate or magnesium sulfate.
• multivalent counterions provide a crosslinking mechanism resulting in the resin to become partially crosslinked and when stabilized only by a base, show more than 90 percent retention of the ion and hence a reduction in gloss is observed.
• waxes examples include those as illustrated herein, such as those of the aforementioned copending applications, polypropylenes and polyethylenes commercially available from Allied Chemical and Petrolite Corporation, wax emulsions available from Michaelman Inc. and the Daniels Products Company, EPOLENE N-15TM commercially available from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., VISCOL 550-PTM, a low weight average molecular weight polypropylene available from Sanyo Kasei K.K., and similar materials.
• Examples of functionalized waxes include amines, amides, for example AQUA SUPERSLIP 6550TM, SUPERSLIP 6530TM available from Micro Powder Inc., fluorinated waxes, for example POLYFLUO 190TM, POLYFLUO 200TM, POLYFLUO 523XFTM, AQUA POLYFLUO 411TM, AQUA POLYSILK 19TM, POLYSILK 14TM available from Micro Powder Inc., mixed fluorinated, amide waxes, for example MICROSPERSION 19TM also available from Micro Powder Inc., imides, esters, quaternary amines, carboxylic acids or acrylic polymer emulsion, for example JONCRYL 74TM, 89TM, 130TM, 537TM, and 538TM, all available from SC Johnson Wax, chlorinated polypropylenes and polyethylenes available from Allied Chemical and Petrolite Corporation and SC Johnson Wax.
• fluorinated waxes for example POLYFLUO 190TM, PO
• the coagulant is in embodiments present, for example, in an aqueous medium in an amount of from, for example, about 0.05 to about 10 percent by weight, and more specifically, in an amount of from about 0.075 to about 2 percent by weight.
• the coagulant may also contain minor amounts of other components such as, for example, nitric acid.
• the coagulant is usually added slowly into the blend of latex, colorant, and wax while continuously subjecting the blend to a high shear, for example, by stirring with a blade operating at about 3,000 to about 10,000 rpm, and more specifically about 5,000 rpm, for about 1 to about 120 minutes.
• a high shearing device for example an intense homogenization device, such as the in-line IKA SD-41, may be used to ensure that the blend is homogeneous and uniformly dispersed.
• the multi-stage addition of latex is conducted, a second portion used, for example about 15 to about 45 percent of the total amount of latex, is retained while the remainder is subjected to homogenization and aggregation.
• a majority of the latex is added at the onset while the remainder of the latex (the delayed latex) is added after the formation of the aggregate, and wherein the delayed addition of the latex provides in embodiments an outer shell of a nonpigmented material coating on the magnetite/colorant core, thereby encapsulating the pigment or colorant.
• the obtained toner particles possess, for example, an average volume diameter of from about 0.5 to about 25, and more specifically, from about 1 to about 10 microns, and narrow GSD characteristics of, for example, from about 1.05 to about 1.25, or from about 1.15 to about 1.25 as measured by a Coulter Counter.
• the toner particles also possess an excellent shape factor, for example, of 135 or less wherein the shape factor refers, for example, to the measure of toner smoothness and toner roundness, where a shape factor of about 100 is considered spherical and smooth without any surface protrusions, while a shape factor of about 150 is considered to be rough in surface morphology.
• the toner particles illustrated herein may also include known charge additives in effective amounts of, for example, from about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent, such as alkyl pyridinium halides, bisulfates, the charge control additives of U.S. Patents 3,944,493; 4,007,293; 4,079,014; 4,394,430 and 4,560,635, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, and the like.
• Surface additives that can be added to the toner compositions after washing or drying include, for example, metal salts, metal salts of fatty acids, colloidal silicas, metal oxides, mixtures thereof and the like, which additives are usually present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, reference U.S.
• Specific additives include zinc stearate and AEROSIL R972® available from Degussa Chemical and present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 2 percent which can be added during the aggregation process or blended into the formed toner product.
• Developer compositions can be prepared by mixing the toners obtained with the process of the present invention with known carrier particles, including coated carriers, such as steel, ferrites, and the like, reference U.S. Patents 4,937,166 and 4,935,326, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, for example from about 2 percent toner concentration to about 8 percent toner concentration.
• a latex emulsion (i) comprised of polymer particles generated from the emulsion polymerization of styrene, butyl acrylate and beta carboxy ethyl acrylate (Beta CEA) was prepared as follows.
• a surfactant solution of 434 grams of DOWFAX 2A1TM (anionic emulsifier -55 percent active ingredients) and 387 kilograms of deionized water was prepared by mixing these components for 10 minutes in a stainless steel holding tank. The holding tank was then purged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before transferring the mixture into a reactor. The reactor was then continuously purged with nitrogen while being stirred at 100 RPM. The reactor was then heated to 80°C.
• seeds refer, for example, to the initial emulsion latex added to the reactor prior to the addition of the initiator solution, while being purged with nitrogen.
• the above initiator solution was then slowly charged into the reactor forming about 5 to about 12 nanometers of latex "seed" particles. After 10 minutes, the remainder of the emulsion was continuously fed in using metering pumps.
• the resulting isolated product was comprised of 40 weight percent of submicron, 0.5 micron diameter resin particles of styrene/butylacrylate/beta CEA suspended in an aqueous phase containing the above surfactant.
• the molecular properties resulting for the resin latex were M w (weight average molecular weight) of 35,000, M n of 10.6, as measured by a Gel Permeation Chromatograph, and a midpoint Tg of 55.8°C, as measured by a Differential Scanning Calorimeter, where the midpoint Tg is the halfway point between the onset and the offset Tg of the polymer.
• aqueous wax dispersion utilized in the following Examples was generated using waxes available from Baker-Petrolite; (1) P725 polyethylene wax with a low molecular weight M w of 725, and a melting point of 104°C, or (2) P850 wax with a low molecular weight of 850 and a melting point of 107°C and NEOGEN RKTM as an anionic surfactant/dispersant.
• the wax particle diameter size was determined to be approximately 200 nanometers, and the wax slurry solid loading was 30 percent (weight percent throughout).
• the pigment dispersion obtained from Sun Chemicals, was comprised of an aqueous dispersion containing 18 percent by weight of Pigment Blue 15.3, an anionic surfactant, 2 percent, and 80 percent water. Similarly, other colorant dispersions of magenta, black, and yellow available from Sun Chemicals can be selected.
• cyan pigment P.B. 15.3 having a particle size of about 0.15 micron dispersed in water and an anionic surfactant were added to 600 grams of water.
• To the resulting pigment dispersion were added 60 grams of a dispersion of the above submicron polyethylene P725 wax particles (30 percent solids) followed by the addition of 286 grams of the above prepared anionic Latex A comprising submicron latex particles (40 percent solids) of styrene/butylacrylate/beta CEA, and then the resulting mixture was polytroned at speed of 5,000 rpm.
• aqueous PAC coagulant solution comprising 2.8 grams (equivalent of 0.14 pph by weight of toner) of 10 percent solids placed in 28 grams of 0.3 M nitric acid and polytroned for a period of 5 minutes.
• the resulting blend was then heated to a temperature of 52°C while stirring for a period of 105 minutes to obtain a particle size of 5.1 microns with a GSD of 1.21.
• 138 Grams of the above latex A were then added to the aggregate mixture and stirred at 52°C for an additional 30 minutes to provide a particle size of 5.7 microns and a GSD of 1.19.
• the aggregate mixture was then stabilized from further growth by changing the pH of the mixture from about 2.6 to about 7 followed by the addition of 3 grams of EDTA which is the equivalent of 1.5 pph of EDTA by weight of toner.
• the resulting mixture was then heated to 95°C. After 45 minutes at 95°C, the particle size measured was 5.7 microns and the GSD was 1.19.
• the pH when measured by a pH meter was found to be 6.5.
• the reactor was heated for a total of 240 minutes to obtain a particle size of 5.7 microns and a GSD of 1.20.
• the resultant mixture was cooled and the toner obtained was washed 6 times in the following manner.
• the first wash was conducted at a pH of 10 at a temperature of 60°C, followed by 3 washes with deionized water at room temperature, followed by a pH 4 wash at a temperature of 40°C, and finally a DIW (dionized water) wash at room temperature and then dried on a freeze dryer.
• the resulting toner was comprised of 86 percent (percent by weight throughout) resin, 5 percent pigment, and 9 percent wax.
• the resulting toner had an aluminum content of 90 ppm by weight of toner indicating that more than 90 percent of the aluminum was extracted or sequestered out.
• the shape factor of the toner was 125 where a SF of 100 is considered very smooth and spherical in shape, a SF of 145 is considered irregular in shape with a rough morphology, a SF of 125 of a potato shape with a smooth surface.
• the fusing of the toner indicated that the toner had a gloss of about 70 ggu at 160°C which was about 30 ggu higher than a toner which contained about 80 to about 95 percent of the aluminum.
• FNBF free nip belt fuser
• cyan pigment P.B. 15.3 comprised of 17 percent solids having a particle size of about 0.15 micron dispersed in water and an anionic surfactant were added to 600 grams of water.
• To the resulting pigment dispersion were added 80 grams of a dispersion of the above submicron polyethylene P725 wax particles (30 percent solids) followed by the addition of 271 grams of the above prepared anionic Latex A comprising submicron latex particles (40 percent solids) of styrene/butylacrylate/beta CEA, and then the resulting mixture was polytroned at speeds of 5,000 rpm to which was added an aqueous PAC coagulant solution comprising 2.8 (equivalent of 0.14 pph by weight of toner) grams of 10 percent solids placed in 28 grams of 0.3 M nitric acid and polytroned for a period of 5 minutes.
• the resulting blend was then heated to a temperature of 50°C while stirring for a period of 120 minutes to obtain a particle size of 4.6 microns (diameter in microns throughout) with a GSD of 1.20.
• 138 Grams of the above latex A were then added to the aggregate mixture and stirred at 50°C for an additional 60 minutes to provide a particle size of 5.6 and a GSD of 1.21.
• the aggregate mixture was then stabilized from further growth by changing the pH of the mixture from about 2.6 to about 6.8 followed by the addition of 2 grams of EDTA which is equivalent of 1 pph of EDTA by weight of toner.
• the resulting mixture was then heated to 95°C. After 100 minutes at 95°C, the minimal particle size measured 5.5 microns and the GSD was 1.20. The pH was maintained at 6.4 for a period of 300 minutes resulting in a particle size of 5.6 microns and a GSD of 1.20. The resultant mixture was cooled and the toner obtained was washed 6 times in the following manner. The first wash was conducted at a pH of 10 at a temperature of 60°C, followed by 3 washes with deionized water at room temperature, followed by a pH 4 wash at a temperature of 40°C, and finally a DIW wash at room temperature and dried on a freeze dryer. The resulting toner was comprised of 83 percent resin, 5 percent pigment, and 12 percent wax.
• the resulting toner had an aluminum content of 150 ppm by weight of toner indicating about 90 percent of the aluminum was extracted out of the toner.
• the shape factor of the toner was 122 where a SF of 100 is considered very smooth and spherical in shape while a SF of 145 is considered irregular in shape with a rough morphology, while a SF of 125 of a potato shape with a smooth surface.
• cyan pigment P.B. 15.3 comprised of 17 percent solids and with a particle size of about 0.15 micron and dispersed in water and an anionic surfactant were added to 600 grams of water.
• To the resulting pigment dispersion were added 80 grams of a dispersion of the above submicron polyethylene P725 wax particles (30 percent solids) followed by the addition of 271 grams of the above prepared anionic latex A comprising submicron latex particles (40 percent solids) of styrene/butylacrylate/beta CEA, and then the resulting mixture polytroned at a speed of 5,000 rpm to which was added an aqueous PAC coagulant solution comprising 3.6 (equivalent of 0.18 pph by weight of toner) grams of 10 percent solids placed in 28 grams of 0.3 M nitric acid and polytroned for a period of 5 minutes.
• the resulting blend was then heated to a temperature of 50°C while stirring for a period of 120 minutes to obtain a particle size of 5.2 with a GSD of 1.20.
• 138 Grams of the above latex A were then added to the aggregate mixture and stirred at 50°C for an additional 60 minutes to provide a particle size of 5.8 and a GSD of 1.19.
• the aggregate mixture was then stabilized from further growth by changing the pH of the mixture from about 2.6 to about 6.8 followed by the addition of 1 gram of EDTA which is equivalent of 0.5 pph of EDTA by weight of toner.
• the resulting mixture was then heated to 95°C. After 90 minutes at 95°C, the particle size measured was 5.9 microns and the GSD was 1.19.
• the pH was maintained at 6 for a period of 300 minutes resulting in a particle size of 6 microns and a GSD of 1.19.
• the resultant mixture was cooled and the toner obtained was washed 6 times in the manner described in Example I, and dried on a freeze dryer.
• the resulting toner was comprised of 83 percent resin, 5 percent pigment, and 12 percent wax.
• the resulting toner had an aluminum content of 550 ppm by weight of toner indicating about 65 percent of the aluminum was extracted or removed from the toner.
• the shape factor of the toner was 123 where a SF of 100 is considered very smooth and spherical in shape a SF of 145 is considered irregular in shape with a rough morphology, a SF of 125 is of a potato shape with a smooth surface.
• the circularity as measured on the Sysmex FPIA 2100 instrument was 0.956, that is the toner particles were round; 1 is a perfect sphere.
• the fusing of the toner on a free nip belt fuser (FNBF) (Xerox Corporation DocuColor 2240) showed that the toner had a gloss of about 50 ggu at 160°C which was about 10 ggu higher than a toner which retained about 80 to about 95 percent of the aluminum used in the preparation of the toner.
• the resulting blend was then heated to a temperature of 50°C while stirring for a period of 120 minutes to obtain a particle size of 4.8 with a GSD of 1.20.
• 138 Grams of the above latex A were then added to the aggregate mixture and stirred at 50°C for an additional 45 minutes to provide a particle size of 5.5 and a GSD of 1.20.
• the aggregate mixture was then stabilized from further growth by changing the pH of the mixture from about 2.6 to about 7 followed by the addition of 2 grams of EDTA, which is the equivalent of 1 pph of EDTA by weight of toner.
• the resulting mixture was then heated to 95°C. After 100 minutes at 95°C, the particle size measured was 5.6 microns and the GSD was 1.20. The pH was maintained at 6 for a period of 300 minutes resulting in a particle size of 5.7 microns and a GSD of 1.19.
• the resultant mixture was cooled and the toner obtained was washed 6 times in the manner stated in Example I, and dried on a freeze dryer.
• the resulting toner was comprised of 81 percent resin, 7 percent pigment, and 12 percent wax.
• the resulting toner had an aluminum content of 45 ppm by weight of toner indicating about 95 percent of the aluminum was extracted from the toner.
• the shape factor of the toner was 122 where a SF of 100 is considered very smooth and spherical in shape, a SF of 145 is considered irregular in shape with a rough morphology, and a SF of 125 a potato shape with a smooth surface.
• the resulting blend was then heated to a temperature of 50°C while stirring for a period of 150 minutes to obtain a particle size of 5.2 with a GSD of 1.22.
• 138 Grams of the above latex A were then added to the aggregate mixture and stirred at 50°C for an additional 45 minutes to provide a particle size of 5.8 microns and the GSD was 1.21.
• the aggregate mixture was then stabilized from further growth (or throughout where further growth was minimal) by changing the pH of the mixture from about 2.6 to about 7 followed by the addition of 2 grams of EDTA, which is the equivalent of 1 pph of EDTA by weight of toner.
• the resulting mixture was then heated to 95°C. After 100 minutes at 95°C, the particle size measured was 5.6 microns and the GSD was 1.20. The pH was maintained at 6 for a period of 300 minutes resulting in a particle size of 6 microns and a GSD of 1.21.
• the resultant mixture was cooled and the toner obtained was washed 6 times in the manner stated in Example I, and dried on a freeze dryer.
• the resulting toner was comprised of 81 percent resin, 6 percent pigment, and 12 percent wax.
• the resulting toner had an aluminum content of 122 ppm by weight of toner indicating about 90 percent of the aluminum was extracted from the toner.
• the shape factor of the toner was 122 where a SF of 100 is considered very smooth and spherical in shape while a SF of 145 is considered irregular in shape with a rough morphology, while a SF of 125 of a potato shape with a smooth surface.
• the fusing of the toner on the free nip belt fuser (FNBF) evidenced that the toner had a gloss of about 70 ggu at 160°C which was about 30 ggu higher than a toner which contained about 80 to about 95 percent of the aluminum used in the preparation of the toner.

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