Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G01M11/00—Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/006—Electronic inspection or testing of displays and display drivers, e.g. of LED or LCD displays
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/28—Testing of electronic circuits, e.g. by signal tracer
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/1306—Details
  • G02F1/1309—Repairing; Testing
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
  • G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
  • G06T3/40—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
  • G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
  • G06T3/40—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting
  • G06T3/4053—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting based on super-resolution, i.e. the output image resolution being higher than the sensor resolution
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
  • G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
  • G06T3/40—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting
  • G06T3/4084—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting in the transform domain, e.g. fast Fourier transform [FFT] domain scaling

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a device and a method for controlling display screens. It aims to control screens, in particular with a view to establishing the number of their defective pixels, and possibly locating these pixels.
• the invention applies to any type of screen capable of displaying a test pattern or a set of periodic or pseudo-periodic patterns.
• the invention finds applications in particular for quality control. Knowing the number of defective pixels on a display screen makes it possible to determine its destination or commercial value. The location of the defective pixels allows' also possible repair of the screen or a correction of the screen manufacturing process.
• an important control parameter for display screens is that of the existence or not of defective pixels, as well as their location on the screen.
• the presence of faults can prove to be prohibitive.
• the detection of a systematic defect on a series of screens produced one after the other can be the sign of an imperfection affecting a tool such as a screen or photolithography mask.
• abnormally lit faults correspond to pixels of the screen which have a display state when they are not requested by any ignition command.
• Abnormally extinguished faults correspond to pixels on the screen which do not have a display state despite their being requested by a control signal.
• the location of the faults of a screen can generally take place by imposing on the screen a certain display state and by comparing the display state actually obtained with the desired display state. This operation can take place by automatically analyzing one or more images of the screen, supplied by an electronic camera.
• Electronic camera means a camera presenting a set of photosensitive pixels which deliver an electronic signal in relation to the lighting received by the pixels. The electronic signal can then be used in computing equipment.
• the camera is, for example, a camera of the charge coupled type (CCD Charge Coupled Device).
• Document (4) describes a control device in which the definition of the camera can be chosen to be less by a factor of 1.5 than that of the screen to be monitored, but a fixed size ratio must exist between the pixels of the screens to be monitored and the pixels of the camera. This fixed size ratio, which is very restrictive in the positioning of the screen, also requires the use of a relatively high definition camera and excellent quality optics (very low distortion).
• Document (5) describes an interpolation control device in which a large number of test patterns are displayed to test a screen from a single acquisition. In addition to an analysis time which becomes long due to the high number of test patterns to be displayed (25 to 49), the device has the drawback of not detecting abnormally lit faults and of being disturbed by such faults.
• Document (6) describes a control device in which a camera of higher definition than that of the screen tested is used. The cost of such equipment is very high.
• the object of the invention is to propose a method and a device for controlling display screens which do not present the difficulties and limitations of the methods and devices mentioned above.
• One aim is in particular to propose a method and a device making it possible to use a camera with a resolution significantly lower than that of the screen to be controlled.
• Another aim is to authorize a continuous and automatic control of screens at the end of production, so as to assess their characteristics.
• Yet another object is to be able to locate, quickly and precisely, abnormally extinguished faults, as well as abnormally lit faults.
• An additional aim is to propose a process which is very stable and therefore not very sensitive to operating conditions.
• the invention more specifically relates to a method for controlling a display screen comprising the following steps: a) controlling the screen to be checked in order to display at least one test pattern having at least one spatial period P, b) the acquisition of a succession of simple images of the target by means of an electronic camera having a definition lower than the definition of the screen to be checked, the successive simple images having respectively an offset, c) the construction of an oversampled image (S) of the target from simple images, d) the calculation of certain spectral components of the oversampled image by means of a first Fourier transform, e) the compensation spectral alterations resulting from the preceding steps by suppression and / or weighting of spectral components, f) the calculation of spatial components of a new image of the target, by means of a second Fourier transform of the spectral components resulting from step e), g) the analysis of the new image.
• the term “electronic camera” means a camera, such as a CCD camera, delivering an electronic signal capable of being processed by a computer. It should in fact be noted that steps c) to g) of the method preferably take place in a computer, for example by a program executed in a microcomputer.
• the method of the invention not only makes it possible to provide a final image with a resolution higher than that of the camera, usable for evaluating the display screen, but also makes it possible to sort among the information acquired that which corresponds to the displayed pattern and those which result from parasitic phenomena.
• an oversampled image of the target can take place by interlacing single images. It makes it possible to form an oversampled image which contains more information than each of the simple images, initially captured by the camera. In both cases, the oversampled image is formed by more pixels than the single images taken individually.
• the spatial sampling step ⁇ s of the oversampled image is in fact finer than that of the pixels of the camera.
• the relative sampling step of the camera whose pixels are assumed to be square for simplification, is denoted ⁇ C c D in the following text.
• the pixel size of the camera can be different from the distance between two pixels (no CCD sampling) or CCD period noted XC CD ) • This occurs when the pixel filling rate is less than 100%, that is to say when there are non-photosensitive dead zones between the pixels of the camera. This case is found in particular in CCD cameras with an anti-bloo ing device.
• Interlacing can be summarized by the simple interleaving juxtaposition of the pixels of the different successive images acquired by means of the camera.
• the construction of the oversampled image from the pixels of the simple images can also be more complex.
• Each pixel of the oversampled image can be constructed from one or more pixels of the simple images, with a determined weighting.
• it is possible to adjust by calculation, during step c) the spatial step t s of the oversampled image so that the product Nt s is a multiple of the spatial period of the target displayed on the screen (x s N kP).
• the spatial step ⁇ s is adjusted so that a period of the spectrum is sampled by an integer number of points.
• the value N corresponds to the number of spatial samples retained in the oversampled image to perform the first Fourier transform.
• the spatial step ⁇ s can be defined as the ratio of the period of the pixels of the camera (XCC D ) (in a direction considered) to the number of single images of the succession of images (in the same direction).
• the choice of the pixels of the initial images, retained for the interleaving, and the weighting of the calculation of the pixels of the oversampled image, can also be adapted to introduce an offset, a rotation and / or a modification of the sampling step. ( ⁇ s ) of the oversampled image.
• the weighting makes it possible, for example, to correct the spatial sampling pitch ⁇ s of the oversampled image or to correct defects in centering or parallelism of the image of the screen formed on the camera.
• a setting of the oversampled image can in this way correct any misalignments between the screen to be checked and the camera. More precisely, a correction by calculation can be carried out to substantially align the center of an image of the screen to be checked with the center of the camera and / or to align at least one edge of the image with an edge of the camera and / or to correct or compensate for an optical distortion of an optical system associated with the camera.
• the above operations can be facilitated by a voluntary simulation on the screen of a plurality of defective pixels, of known coordinates, to form a calibration mark. As For example, abnormally extinct faults can be added to the test pattern.
• a timing mark can also be formed from abnormally lit pixels, intentionally displayed.
• Image registration and alignment are operations which, like other operations examined in the rest of the text, are not essential, but contribute to obtaining a better final image for localization. specifies faults.
• the method can comprise controlling pixels of the screen simulating faults on a line and / or a column of the test pattern, and modifying the phase of the spectral components, so as to make it symmetrical around a value 1 / 2P the phase of the spectrum recorded for said row and / or column.
• the calibration operations mentioned above are not critical for the implementation of the method.
• the calibration makes it possible to reduce the spatial extension of a defect on the new image obtained at the end of step f) of the method.
• a minimum spreading of the information is in fact obtained by calculating the samples of the second Fourier transform, preferably the inverse Fourier transform, for points on the screen capable of coinciding with pixels, lit or not.
• NX S exact of the spatial period "P of the target, x s being the spatial sampling step ' of the oversampled image.
• the spatial resolution of the oversampled image is simply defined. as the ratio of the period of the pixels of the camera by the number of images of the succession of images.
• the pixels of the camera are in the form of squares. In the case of pixels of rectangular shape, or other, it would be possible by the occurrence of taking into account the dimensions of the pixels in the offset direction (s) of the successive images.
• Another measure, still capable of being retained to improve the sharpness of the new image obtained at the end of step f), consists in artificially creating spectral harmonics of high order before this step. This can take place by performing a replication of the spectral components obtained at the end of step e). For a pattern of period P, the spectral components are replicated a number of times equal to P, preferably.
• the. spatial periods of the target displayed on the screen can also be determined depending on the size of the pixels of the camera.
• a test pattern presenting- can be displayed on the screen. in two directions x and y of periods P x and P y such that:
• RX and T Ry represent the dimensions of an integration window for a pixel of the camera and e__ and £ y small safety margins.
• the conditions are required to adapt the calculation of the spectral samples as a function of a spatial period of the target, as indicated above, and that the calibrations are correctly compensated, the restitution of the abnormally extinguished defects in the new image obtained at the end of the process , has the best sharpness.
• abnormally extinct faults are detected on a line or a column of the test pattern formed by lit pixels. The location of these defects therefore falls within the period for which the calculations, and in particular the Fourier transform calculations, are optimized. Abnormally extinguished faults are thus restored with the best possible clarity in the new image obtained.
• the abnormally lit defects which are offset with respect to the pattern, undergo a less optimized treatment.
• the abnormally lit fault thus presents a spatial spread in the new image which is greater than that of the abnormally quitted faults.
• Spatial spreading can be reduced by recalculating an exact position of abnormally lit faults from a barycentric combination of two or more contiguous pixels of the new image whose intensity exceeds a threshold that allows them to be assimilated to resulting pixels of such a defect.
• a barycentric calculation can also take place for abnormally extinct pixels.
• their spatial spread is reduced by a calculation taking into account pixels whose intensity exceeds by lower values a determined threshold.
• a reduction in the spatial spread of the defects in the new image can also be obtained by acting on the phase of the spectral components corresponding to these defects.
• the method can thus comprise, in particular for the abnormally lit pixels, the following additional operations: i) the selection of a region of the new image surrounding a defective pixel, ii) the calculation of spectral components of this region by means of a Fourier transform, iii) the adjustment of the spectral components by adding a phase correction term tending to make the phase symmetrical for the selected region, iv) the calculation of new spatial components by means of a Fourier transform , preferably vice versa, to form a new image of the region, v) establishing the coordinates of the fault from the new image of the region.
• the invention also relates to a control device with which the above method is likely to be implemented.
• the device includes:
• FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic representation of a device according to one invention.
• FIGS. 2 to 4 are schematic representations of parts of a screen to be checked and indicate different relationships between the pixel size of an image capture camera, and a period of a test pattern displayed on the screen.
• FIG. 5 to 9 are schematic representations of parts of a screen to be checked and illustrate shifted shots.
• FIG. 10 illustrates the construction of an oversampled image from simple images.
• FIG. 11 is an arbitrary scale representation of a spectrum corresponding to a periodic pattern.
• FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of timing constraints and alignment of one image of the screen relative to the camera.
• FIG. 1 shows a device according to the invention.
• This essentially comprises a table 10 for receiving a display screen E, a camera 12 and a microcomputer 14 connected to the camera for processing images supplied by the latter.
• the camera 12 is, for example, a CCD type camera, cooled so as to limit the noise.
• the camera has a resolution which can be lower than that of the screen E, which in this case results in a total number of pixels which can be lower than that of the screen.
• the camera is mounted mobile along a vertical rail 16 so as to allow adjustment of the distance from the camera to the screen. She is too provided with a lens 18 making it possible to adjust the focus and possibly a magnification ratio of the screen image.
• the objective 18 is used to form on the camera an image of the screen, or of a test pattern which is displayed there.
• the device comprises one or more separate means for authorizing the taking of a succession of slightly offset views of the screen E.
• These means can be means for translating the table in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the camera, so as to allow relative movement of the table and the camera between each shot.
• the offsets and movements of the table 10 along the two axes x and y can be caused in a controlled manner by control jacks 20 controlled by the computer 14. Movements of greater amplitude can also be performed manually.
• the offset between ... successive shots along the two, axes y and y can also be produced by means of a transparent blade 22 with parallel faces, pivotally mounted in the field of the camera.
• the rotation of the blade effectively causes an offset of the screen image on the camera.
• the blade 22 is rotated along at least one of the two axes x and y by a motor means, not shown, controlled by the computer 14. It is also possible to use two separate blades each movable around a different axis of rotation.
• the screen is controlled to display a periodic pattern therein, for example, by a periodic display of lit pixels.
• the screen can be controlled by the computer 14 or by any other device integrated or not on the screen.
• FIGS. 2 to 4 each represent a part of a color screen with strip structure.
• the pixels 30, corresponding to the colors red green and blue, are respectively indicated by the letters R, G and B.
• the pixels 30 have different dimensions in two directions marked ... with the arrows x and y in the figures. It is observed, moreover, that the red green and blue pixels are arranged respectively • columns in the y direction. It should however be made clear that such an arrangement is not essential. Any other arrangement of pixels, orthogonal or not, can be checked, provided that the screen allows the display of at least one periodic or pseudo-periodic test pattern.
• the pixels can have rectangular, square, triangular or other shapes.
• a square 32 indicates, by way of example, a region of the screen seen by a pixel of the camera. In the rest of the text, such a region is assimilated, by abuse of language, to a camera pixel. A single pixel 32 is shown for reasons of simplification.
• the relative size of the screen image and the pixel of the camera is such that the pixel 32 of the camera integrates the light information coming from several pixels 30 of the screen. This is because the resolution of the camera is lower than that of the screen.
• each pixel 32 of the camera "sees" about three pixels from the screen.
• the pixels of the camera are not necessarily contiguous. They can be separated by borders that are not sensitive to light. The loss of information due to the borders can perfectly be compensated by the multiplication of shots of the screen.
• Each pixel 32 of the camera integrates all or part of the light coming from 12 pixels of the screen. It can be seen in FIG. 3 that the size of the pixels of the camera does not coincide necessarily with a multiple of the screen pixel size. Thus, the contribution of an individual pixel of the screen can be variable.
• test pattern chosen is that of FIG. 3.
• each pixel of the screen can be tested at least once in each of its two states: on and off.
• the period of the target is greater than 2 in a given direction
• each pixel is tested once in its on state and (P-1) times in its off state.
• the method comprises the acquisition of a plurality of images having respectively an offset.
• the offset may a priori be greater than the size of a pixel of the camera, it is preferable, in particular to facilitate the subsequent step of interlacing, to make small shifts, less than the size of a pixel of the camera. More generally, the offset can be chosen so as to be different from the relative distance between two pixels of the camera. The shift between successive images can take place in any direction. Here again, however, it is preferable to provide an offset in one of the x or y directions parallel to the arrangements of the screen pixels.
• Figures 5 to 9, described below illustrate the acquisition of a plurality of images. Unlike the previous figures, several pixels 32 of the camera are represented.
• Figures 5 and 6 show an offset, substantially along the x axis, between two successive images captured by the camera.
• the images are taken for a screen on which a test pattern conforming to FIG. 3 is displayed.
• Figures 7, 8, and 9 give a second example in which the pixel pitch is always equal at 5.5 and in which the oversampling rate is equal to 3.
• the spatial step in the direction x is then
• the simple image acquisition operation is followed by an oversampled image construction operation.
• This can be summarized by the simple interleaving juxtaposition of the pixels of the simple images previously captured. Interleaving can also be much more complex, and each pixel of the oversampled image can be reconstructed from a single or a plurality of pixels from the single images. Rotations, offsets, aspect ratios or other corrections can thus be made to the oversampled image.
• the index x is here eliminated because the spatial step is not necessarily in the direction x.
• FIG. 10 A particularly simple """" example of interleaving is illustrated in FIG. 10. It is considered that there are eight images of a screen having made three shifts in an x direction and one shift in a y direction. The images are marked with references indicating the rows and columns in the following form I (T S / X ; T s , y ) where T s , x and T s , y indicate the shifts along the x and l axis y axis, respectively.
• Each of the eight images presents a low definition of 4x3 pixels.
• the pixel (0,0) of the oversampled image is given by the pixel (0,0) of image 1 (0,0)
• the pixel (0,1) of the image on -sampled is given by the pixel (0.01) of image 1 (0.1)
• the pixel (1.0) of the oversampled image is given by the pixel (0.0) of the image 1 (1.0)
• the pixel (T s , y , 0) of the oversampled image is given by the pixel (1.0) of image 1 (0.0)
• the pixel (0 , T S / X ) of the oversampled image is given by the pixel (0.1) of image 1 (0.0). . ...
• the construction of the oversampled image can also use a weighted interlacing.
• the pixel (0,0) of the oversampled image S can result from a linear combination of contribution of the pixels (0,0) - from the initial images 1 (0,0), 1 (0,1 ) and 1 (1.0) ..
• the oversampled image is used to establish the spectrum by Fourier transform.
• the calculation is a discrete calculation on the discrete values corresponding to the pixels of the oversampled image
• FIG. 11 shows, in a simplified manner, a continuous spectrum, with symmetry on the axis at 0.
• FIG. 11 shows an ideal continuous spectrum F corresponding to a periodic pattern displayed, on a flawless screen.
• the spectrum F presents a periodic succession of principal dominant lines, characteristic of the conversion of a periodic image.
• a consistent spectrum in FIG. 11 is however not obtained by the Fourier transform of the real image of a screen.
• the spectrum is affected by a number of parasitic phenomena.
• a first parasitic phenomenon known in itself is the spectral aliasing due to the periodic nature of the target and of the acquisition system (camera). It results in a beat phenomenon characterized by the appearance in the spectrum of parasitic lines centered on a fundamental or harmonic frequency of l / x s .
• the parasitic lines not shown in the figure for reasons of clarity, can be eliminated by a suitable selective filtering. As the position of the parasitic lines is dictated by the pitch of the displayed target, their occurrence is predictable and their elimination is easy.
• the parasitic lines indeed correspond to frequencies f such that:
• k and n denote natural numbers and P denotes the spatial frequency of the target.
• the spatial frequency is considered only in one direction to simplify the illustration.
• Another phenomenon affecting the spectrum is a modulation of the latter due to the necessarily non-zero width of the pixels of the display screen.
• This phenomenon can be characterized by a transfer function, of the cardinal sinus type, indicated by the reference B in FIG. 11.
• Another transfer function C also in the form of a cardinal sine (sinx / x) translates a low-pass filtering phenomenon induced by the camera which also has pixels of non-dimensional nothing.
• Other transfer functions characterize the influence on the spectrum of the acquisition system as a whole, including in particular the optical equipment. The influence of the acquisition system is manifested in particular for the high frequency components of the spectrum.
• the alterations can be compensated from the transfer functions, which are known or which can be previously established for the acquisition system. Indeed, the function F is restored, at least in part, by dividing the real spectrum, obtained by Fourier transform, by the corresponding values of the transfer functions (B and C in the example of FIG. 11).
• the compensation is not performed for the entire spectrum but is preferably limited to the components of the spectrum corresponding to the smallest spectral period of the target centered at 0 (zero).
• the selection of this least degraded part of the spectrum can be obtained by a windowing operation.
• the windowing makes it possible to select a part I P of the spectrum indicated in FIG. 11, which is preferably located before the first zero of a transfer function to avoid the amplification of parasitic phenomena during the division mentioned above.
• the selected part corresponds, for example, to a spectral period centered at zero.
• a new image, in the spatial domain, is obtained by a second Fourier transform carried out after the compensation for the alterations mentioned above.
• the second Fourier transform can be made on the part of the spectrum selected by the windowing or possibly, on a spectrum reconstructed by replication of the pattern corresponding to the window. Replication amounts to creating spectral harmonics.
• the number of replications is preferably equal to the pitch P of the target.
• the new image is then optionally used to identify defective pixels on the screen.
• the first Fourier transform takes place on a number of samples N which depend on the previously constructed oversampled image.
• the discrete Fourier transform gives a number N of spectral samples distributed from a frequency 0 to 1 / x s .
• the information contained in the image is reproduced optimally, that is to say with a minimum spatial (or spectral) spreading when one of the first and second Fourier transforms is carried out with a sampling step adapted to that of the target period.
• the analysis of the image can be optimized when at the time of the acquisition of the initial images the screen occupies a determined position relative to the camera.
• the relative position of the screen and the camera is chosen so that the image of the center of the screen coincides substantially with the center of the pixel matrix of the camera.
• the position is also ideally chosen to make the edges of the screen image and those of the camera matrix parallel.
• Different screen positioning faults are shown in FIG. 12. This shows the sensitive surface 40 of a camera and the image 42 of a screen, formed on the sensitive surface.
• the reference di indicates an offset between the centers of the image and of the sensitive surface of the camera.
• the reference d 2 indicates an offset between the first corner pixel 30 of the screen image and a pixel 32 of the camera.
• ⁇ indicates an interframe rotation angle marking a lack of parallelism.
• a few pixels 30 of the screen image and a single pixel 32 of the camera are only shown. The size of these pixels is further exaggerated.
• FIG. 12 finally shows another defect in restitution of the image which presents a barrel deformation due to the optics. This is indicated in broken lines
• Positioning faults do not prevent control of the screen but are likely to affect the quality of the final image obtained.
• position adjustments can be made directly by means of the jacks 20 described with reference to FIG. 1.
• An automatic correction can then be provided during image processing.
• the inter-frame rotation angle, the distortion of the image and possibly the offsets di and d 2 can be corrected during the construction of the oversampled image.
• the offsets can be compensated by a corresponding offset of the pixels of the simple images taken into account for the calculation of a pixel of the oversampled image. Correction is facilitated by the voluntary display of several abnormally extinguished or abnormally lit faults on the screen. These then constitute a positioning benchmark.
• phase correction term is adjusted until the phase of the spectrum is symmetrical around the half-period P of the target displayed on the screen.
• the final image can then be used to detect abnormally lit pixels among the extinct pixels or to detect abnormally lit pixels among the lit pixels. This can take place by means of the computer 14 indicated in FIG. 1. Brightness thresholds are then fixed, below which or above which a pixel can be considered as defective. Optionally, a prior normalization of the brightness of the pixels can also be carried out to correct variations affecting large areas of the screen.
• Defective pixels can be simply counted, or located by recording their coordinates in the final image.

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