EP1467038A1 - Anchoring element - Google Patents
Anchoring element Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1467038A1 EP1467038A1 EP03405254A EP03405254A EP1467038A1 EP 1467038 A1 EP1467038 A1 EP 1467038A1 EP 03405254 A EP03405254 A EP 03405254A EP 03405254 A EP03405254 A EP 03405254A EP 1467038 A1 EP1467038 A1 EP 1467038A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- base part
- openings
- base
- kraganker
- side walls
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/88—Curtain walls
- E04B2/90—Curtain walls comprising panels directly attached to the structure
- E04B2/94—Concrete panels
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
- E04B1/41—Connecting devices specially adapted for embedding in concrete or masonry
Definitions
- the invention relates to a Kraganker with an elongated, a trough or U-shaped cross-section Base part, the latter being at its top two Longitudinal edges, each with a lateral out extending Projection, in one end of the base part in the Floor area with at least one mounting hole, preferably a slot, and in the opposite end the base part and / or the adjacent with openings for passing through anchoring parts provided is.
- the Kraganker of the previously known type have the disadvantages On top of that they are insufficient at their use on them acting loads are adjusted and / or too little are adaptable to the latter.
- Object of the present invention is to provide a Kragankers of the type mentioned which this Disadvantages, i. which optimally with the least Material expenses are adapted to their application and / or adaptable to them.
- the Kraganker shown is 1 with an elongated, a trough or U-shaped cross-section provided on facing base part 2, the latter at its two upper longitudinal edges 3 and 4, each with a opposite each other laterally extending Projection 5 and 6 are provided.
- Kraganker 1 To attach the Kragankers 1 at its future site is Kraganker 1 in one end region of the base part 2 in the bottom region 7 with a longitudinal direction 8 of the base part 2 extending slot 9 and in the opposite End region of the base part 2 and / or the adjacent Auskragungs negligence 5 and 6 with openings 10 respectively 11 to pass through e.g. rod-shaped anchoring parts Mistake.
- the openings 10 and 11 are so in between the side walls 12 and 13 and the bottom portion 7 are located Corner regions (see, e.g., Figure 8) provided later rod-shaped anchoring parts in horizontal or vertical Orientation can be inserted.
- the Kraganker 1 is on the side of the anchoring ground over the slot 9 by means of a fastener 20 fixedly connected to the anchoring ground 17.
- the Base part 2 for additional reinforcement of Kragankers. 1 along its side walls 12 and 13 of its with the openings 10 and 11 provided end region against the opposite, provided with the slot 9 end of the base part 2 with a U-shaped bent reinforcing iron 22 reinforced. At its free ends 22 'and 22 "is the latter by means of a fixing element 23 on the base part. 2 fixed resp. Fixed without fixing element 23 on the base part 2 become.
- FIG. 6 From Figures 5 to 8 is an embodiment of the the anchoring parts 19 certain passage openings 10th and 11 can be seen. These may be such as from the figures 5 to 8, be designed so that optionally either a lamellar reinforcing element 19 (FIG. 6) or two rod-shaped reinforcing elements 19 (FIG. 7) can be used.
- a lamellar reinforcing element 19 FIG. 6
- two rod-shaped reinforcing elements 19 FIG. 7
- the openings 10 and 11 can be arranged in this way that the rod-shaped anchoring parts either vertically (19) or horizontally (19 ') can be introduced.
- FIG. 11 shows an embodiment in which lamellar reinforcing members 19 are used.
- the latter are for optional adjustments of their vertical Insert height with several spaced over their length provided passage openings 25 arranged one another.
- the two side walls 12 and 13 are in the area the two lamellar anchoring parts 19 one each another passage opening for fixing the two anchoring parts 19 by means of a thorn-shaped pushed through Fixing element 26 is provided for stabilizing the two Anchoring parts 19 can further additionally above further rod-shaped fixing element 27 may be provided.
- the projections 5 and 6 can be away from each other or against each other.
- the mounting hole 9 can also only during the assembly of the Kragankers 1 on the anchoring ground 17 together with the be drilled in the latter to be provided mounting hole.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
- Amplifiers (AREA)
- Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
- Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
- Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
- Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Kraganker mit einem länglichen, einen trog- oder U-förmigen Querschnitt aufweisenden Basisteil, wobei der Letztere an seinen beiden oberen Längskanten mit je einer seitlichen hinaus sich erstreckenden Auskragung, im einen Endbereich des Basisteils in dessen Bodenbereich mit mindestens einem Befestigungsloch, vorzugsweise einem Langloch, und im gegenüberliegenden Endbereich des Basisteils und/oder den angrenzenden mit Öffnungen zum Hindurchstrecken von Verankerungsteilen, versehen ist.The invention relates to a Kraganker with an elongated, a trough or U-shaped cross-section Base part, the latter being at its top two Longitudinal edges, each with a lateral out extending Projection, in one end of the base part in the Floor area with at least one mounting hole, preferably a slot, and in the opposite end the base part and / or the adjacent with openings for passing through anchoring parts provided is.
Die Kraganker der bisher bekannten Art weisen die Nachteile auf, dass sie ungenügend an die bei ihrem Einsatz auf sie einwirkenden Beanspruchungen angepasst sind und/oder zu wenig an die letzteren anpassbar sind. The Kraganker of the previously known type have the disadvantages On top of that they are insufficient at their use on them acting loads are adjusted and / or too little are adaptable to the latter.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist die Schaffung eines Kragankers der eingangs erwähnten Art welcher diese Nachteile nicht aufweist, d.h. welcher optimal mit geringsten Materialaufwand an ihren Einsatzzweck angepasst sind und/oder an diesen anpassbar sind.Object of the present invention is to provide a Kragankers of the type mentioned which this Disadvantages, i. which optimally with the least Material expenses are adapted to their application and / or adaptable to them.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss nach einem der Ansprüche
1 bis 4 oder 8 gelöst.This object is achieved according to one of the
Zweckmässige Weiterausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand
der abhängigen Ansprüche 5 bis 7 und 9 bis 11.Advantageous further developments of the invention are the subject
Nachstehend wird die Erfindung anhand der Zeichnung beispielsweise erläutert. Es zeigt:
- Fig. 1, 2 und 4
- drei verschiedene beispielsweise Ausführungsformen eines erfindungsgemässen Kragankers;
- Fig. 3
- ein beispielsweiser Einsatz eines erfindungsgemässen Kragankers;
- Fig. 5
- im Grundriss eine weitere beispielsweise Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemässen Kragankers;
- Fig. 6, 7 und 8
- in grösserem Massstab im Detail die Ausbildung der für die Verankerungsteile bestimmten Durchstecköffnungen;
- Fig. 9 und 10
- im Grundriss sowie in Seitenansicht eine beispielsweise Möglichkeit zur Festklemmung von durch die Durchstecköffnung hindurchgesteckten Verankerungsstäben;
- Fig. 11
- in perspektivischer Ansicht eine Variante für eine wählbare Höheneinstellung von lamellenförmigen Verankerungsteilen;
- Fig. 12
- eine Möglichkeit zur Herstellung von Kragankern gemäss
Figur 1 aus bandförmigem Material; und - Fig. 13
- eine Möglichkeit zur Fixierung der Verstärkungsteile gegenüber dem Basisteil.
- Fig. 1, 2 and 4
- three different example embodiments of an inventive Kragankers;
- Fig. 3
- an exemplary use of an inventive Kragankers;
- Fig. 5
- in plan another example embodiment of an inventive Kragankers;
- FIGS. 6, 7 and 8
- on a larger scale in detail the formation of the anchoring parts for certain insertion openings;
- FIGS. 9 and 10
- in plan view and in side view, for example, a possibility for clamping of inserted through the insertion opening anchoring rods;
- Fig. 11
- in perspective view a variant for a selectable height adjustment of lamellar anchoring parts;
- Fig. 12
- a possibility for the production of Kragankern according to Figure 1 of band-shaped material; and
- Fig. 13
- a possibility for fixing the reinforcing parts relative to the base part.
Nachstehend werden zueinander analoge Teile mit gleichen Bezugszeichen versehen, so dass sich eine mehrmalige Beschreibung dieser zueinander analogen Teile erübrigt.Hereinafter, parts analogous to each other will be the same Numeral provided so that a repeated description These analog parts unnecessary.
Wie aus Figur 1 ersichtlich, ist der dargestellte Kraganker
1 mit einem länglichen, einen trog- oder U-förmigen Querschnitt
auf weisenden Basisteil 2 versehen, wobei der Letztere
an seinen beiden oberen Längskanten 3 und 4 mit je einer
entgegengesetzt zueinander seitlich hinaus sich erstreckenden
Auskragung 5 bzw. 6 versehen sind.As can be seen from Figure 1, the Kraganker shown is
1 with an elongated, a trough or U-shaped cross-section
provided on facing
Zur Befestigung des Kragankers 1 an seinem zukünftigen Einsatzort
ist der Kraganker 1 im einen Endbereich des Basisteils
2 in dessen Bodenbereich 7 mit einem in Längsrichtung
8 des Basisteils 2 sich erstreckenden Langloch 9 und im gegenüberliegenden
Endbereich des Basisteils 2 und/oder den
angrenzenden Auskragungsteilen 5 und 6 mit Öffnungen 10 respektive
11 zu Hindurchstecken von z.B. stabförmigen Verankerungsteilen
versehen.To attach the Kragankers 1 at its future site
is Kraganker 1 in one end region of the
Zur optimalen Anpassung des Kragankers an die in dessen
Einsatz auf ihn einwirkenden Belastungen unter grösstmöglicher
Einsparung von Material sowie ohne Schnittabfall bei
dessen Herstellung aus bandförmigem Ausgangsmaterial 14
(siehe Figur 12) sind die beiden Auskragungen 5 und 6 sowie
die beiden Seitenwände 12 und 13 des einen U-förmigen Querschnitt
aufweisenden Basisteils 2 gegen den mit den Öffnungen
10 und 11 versehenen Endbereich des Basisteils 2 zu
sich verbreiternd ausgebildet. In Figur 12 stellen die ausgezogenen
Linien 15 die Ausschnittslinien und die gestrichelten
Linien 16 die späteren Faltungslinien dar.For optimal adaptation of the Kragankers to those in the
Use on loads acting on him under the greatest possible
Saving of material and without cutting waste at
its production from strip-shaped starting material 14
(see Figure 12) are the two
Die Öffnungen 10 und 11 sind derart in den zwischen Seitenwänden
12 bzw. 13 und dem Bodenbereich 7 sich befindenden
Eckbereichen (siehe z.B. Figur 8) vorgesehen, dass später
stabförmige Verankerungsteile in horizontaler oder vertikaler
Ausrichtung hindurchgesteckt werden können.The
Bei der in Figur 2 dargestellten Ausführungsform ist zusätzlich
der Bodenbereich 7 des Basisteils 2 gegen den mit
den Öffnungen 10 und 11 versehenen Endbereich des Basisteils
2 zu sich verschmälernd ausgebildet. Ausserdem sind
bei dieser Ausführungsform die Öffnungen 10 und 11 im oberen
Endbereich des Basisteils 2 angeordnet, so dass stabförmige
Verankerungsteile bei vertikaler Einführung in diese
Öffnungen 10 bzw. 11 auf die Aussenseiten der jeweils
angrenzenden Seitenwänden 12 bzw. 13 zu liegen kommen.In the embodiment shown in Figure 2 is in addition
the
Aus Figur 3 ist eine beispielsweise Anordnung eines Kragankers
1 gemäss den Figuren 1 oder 2 dargestellt. Dabei
stellt 17 den Verankerungsgrund, 18 ein vorgehängtes, über
den Kragankers 1 am Verankerungsgrund 17 abgestütztes Betonelement,
und 19 in letzterem einbetonierte, durch den
Kraganker 1 hindurchgesteckte stabförmige Verankerungsteile
dar. From Figure 3 is an example arrangement of Kragankers
1 according to the figures 1 or 2 shown. there
17 turns over the ground, 18 a curtain
the Kragankers 1 on the anchoring
Der Kraganker 1 ist auf der Seite des Verankerungsgrundes
über das Langloch 9 mit Hilfe eines Befestigungselementes
20 fest mit dem Verankerungsgrund 17 verbunden.The Kraganker 1 is on the side of the anchoring ground
over the
Nach erfolgter Montage kann der bauseitige Teil des Kragankers
1 mit Hilfe eines Abdeckmaterials 21 überdeckt werden.After installation, the on-site part of Kragankers
1 are covered by means of a
Bei der in Figur 4 dargestellten Ausführungsform ist der
Basisteil 2 zur zusätzlichen Verstärkung des Kragankers 1
längs seiner Seitenwände 12 und 13 von seinem mit den Öffnungen
10 und 11 versehenen Endbereich her gegen den gegenüberliegenden,
mit dem Langloch 9 versehenen Endbereich
des Basisteils 2 mit einem U-förmigen gebogenen Armierungseisen
22 verstärkt. An seinen freien Enden 22' und 22" ist
das Letztere mittels einem Fixierelement 23 am Basisteil 2
fixiert resp. Ohne Fixierelement 23 am Basisteil 2 befestigt
werden.In the embodiment shown in Figure 4 is the
Aus den Figuren 5 bis 8 ist eine Ausführungsform der für
die Verankerungsteile 19 bestimmten Durchtrittsöffnungen 10
und 11 ersichtlich. Diese können, wie z.B. aus den Figuren
5 bis 8 ersichtlich, so ausgebildet sein, dass wahlweise
entweder ein lamellenförmiges Verstärkungselement 19 (Fig.
6) oder zwei stabförmige Verstärkungselemente 19 (Fig. 7)
eingesetzt werden können.From Figures 5 to 8 is an embodiment of the
the anchoring
Die Öffnungen 10 und 11 können dabei so angeordnet werden,
dass die stabförmigen Verankerungsteile entweder vertikal
(19) oder horizontal (19') eingeführt werden können.The
Aus den Figuren 9 und 10 ist ersichtlich, wie die im Inneren
des Basisteils 2 verlaufenden stabförmigen Verstärkungsteile
19 mittels einem hineingepressten Klemmteil 24
seitlich im Basisteil 2 fixiert werden können. From Figures 9 and 10 can be seen how the inside
the
Aus Figur 11 ist eine Ausführungsform ersichtlich, bei welcher
lamellenförmige Verstärkungsteile 19 eingesetzt sind.
Die letzteren sind zur wahlweisen Einstellungen ihrer vertikalen
Einsatzhöhe mit mehreren über ihre Länge distanziert
voneinander angeordneten Durchtrittsöffnungen 25 versehen.
In den beiden Seitenwänden 12 und 13 sind im Bereich
der beiden lamellenförmigen Verankerungsteile 19 je eine
weitere Durchtrittsöffnung zur Fixierung der beiden Verankerungsteile
19 mittels eines durchgeschobenen dornförmigen
Fixierelement 26 vorgesehen zur Stabilisierung der beiden
Verankerungsteile 19 kann weiter oben noch zusätzlich ein
weiteres stabförmiges Fixierelement 27 vorgesehen sein.FIG. 11 shows an embodiment in which
lamellar reinforcing
Aus Figur 13 ist eine weitere Möglichkeit zur Fixierung der
Verstärkungsteile 19 gegenüber dem Basisteil 2 mittels eines
Drahtes 28 dargestellt.From Figure 13 is another way to fix the
Selbstverständlich können die Auskragungen 5 und 6 sich
voneinander weg- oder gegeneinander zu erstrecken.Of course, the
Das Befestigungsloch 9 kann auch erst bei der Montage des
Kragankers 1 auf dem Verankerungsgrund 17 zusammen mit dem
im letzteren vorzusehenden Befestigungsloch gebohrt werden.The mounting
Claims (11)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE50310858T DE50310858D1 (en) | 2003-04-11 | 2003-04-11 | Kraganker |
EP03405254A EP1467038B1 (en) | 2003-04-11 | 2003-04-11 | Anchoring element |
AT03405254T ATE416281T1 (en) | 2003-04-11 | 2003-04-11 | CRAFT ANCHOR |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP03405254A EP1467038B1 (en) | 2003-04-11 | 2003-04-11 | Anchoring element |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1467038A1 true EP1467038A1 (en) | 2004-10-13 |
EP1467038B1 EP1467038B1 (en) | 2008-12-03 |
Family
ID=32865106
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03405254A Expired - Lifetime EP1467038B1 (en) | 2003-04-11 | 2003-04-11 | Anchoring element |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1467038B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE416281T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE50310858D1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2014088913A1 (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-06-12 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Embedment attachment system |
US9068347B2 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2015-06-30 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Curtain wall panel bracket leveling system |
US9663961B2 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2017-05-30 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Curtain wall panel installation system |
US11142916B2 (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2021-10-12 | Columbia Insurance Company | Anchor for a concrete floor |
US11536021B2 (en) * | 2019-08-23 | 2022-12-27 | Meadow Burke, Llc | Adjustable plate support for a precast concrete panel |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1985003099A1 (en) * | 1984-01-09 | 1985-07-18 | Lomma Element Ab | Corbel in a house wall for a masonry wall beside the house wall |
DE29611201U1 (en) * | 1996-06-27 | 1996-09-05 | Hebel Ag, 82275 Emmering | Fastening element for fastening curtain walls to walls, especially from aerated concrete elements |
JPH11256679A (en) * | 1998-03-16 | 1999-09-21 | Tokyu Constr Co Ltd | Joint metal of precast member and connecting method |
DE10028514C1 (en) * | 2000-06-08 | 2001-12-20 | Manfred Distler | Shuttering unit for edge shuttering has shuttering element provided with openings receiving fixing bolts for securing to further shuttering unit |
US6397552B1 (en) * | 1999-07-23 | 2002-06-04 | Michael Bourque | Deck attachment bracket and method of attaching a deck to a building |
-
2003
- 2003-04-11 EP EP03405254A patent/EP1467038B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-04-11 AT AT03405254T patent/ATE416281T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-04-11 DE DE50310858T patent/DE50310858D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1985003099A1 (en) * | 1984-01-09 | 1985-07-18 | Lomma Element Ab | Corbel in a house wall for a masonry wall beside the house wall |
DE29611201U1 (en) * | 1996-06-27 | 1996-09-05 | Hebel Ag, 82275 Emmering | Fastening element for fastening curtain walls to walls, especially from aerated concrete elements |
JPH11256679A (en) * | 1998-03-16 | 1999-09-21 | Tokyu Constr Co Ltd | Joint metal of precast member and connecting method |
US6397552B1 (en) * | 1999-07-23 | 2002-06-04 | Michael Bourque | Deck attachment bracket and method of attaching a deck to a building |
DE10028514C1 (en) * | 2000-06-08 | 2001-12-20 | Manfred Distler | Shuttering unit for edge shuttering has shuttering element provided with openings receiving fixing bolts for securing to further shuttering unit |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1999, no. 14 22 December 1999 (1999-12-22) * |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2014088913A1 (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-06-12 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Embedment attachment system |
US8955285B2 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2015-02-17 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Embedment attachment system |
US9068347B2 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2015-06-30 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Curtain wall panel bracket leveling system |
CN104956011A (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2015-09-30 | 伊利诺斯工具制品有限公司 | Embedment attachment system |
US9410315B2 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2016-08-09 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Curtain wall panel bracket leveling system |
CN104956011B (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2017-03-01 | 伊利诺斯工具制品有限公司 | Built-in fitting attachment system |
US9663961B2 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2017-05-30 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Curtain wall panel installation system |
US9677265B2 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2017-06-13 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Curtain wall panel bracket leveling system |
US11142916B2 (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2021-10-12 | Columbia Insurance Company | Anchor for a concrete floor |
US11624191B2 (en) | 2018-12-19 | 2023-04-11 | Columbia Insurance Company | Anchor for a concrete floor |
US11536021B2 (en) * | 2019-08-23 | 2022-12-27 | Meadow Burke, Llc | Adjustable plate support for a precast concrete panel |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE50310858D1 (en) | 2009-01-15 |
EP1467038B1 (en) | 2008-12-03 |
ATE416281T1 (en) | 2008-12-15 |
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