EP1458981A1 - Compressor for gas turbines - Google Patents

Compressor for gas turbines

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Publication number
EP1458981A1
EP1458981A1 EP02803485A EP02803485A EP1458981A1 EP 1458981 A1 EP1458981 A1 EP 1458981A1 EP 02803485 A EP02803485 A EP 02803485A EP 02803485 A EP02803485 A EP 02803485A EP 1458981 A1 EP1458981 A1 EP 1458981A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layers
compressor
layer
coating
hardness
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP02803485A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1458981B1 (en
Inventor
Francisco Blangetti
Harald Reiss
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Electric Technology GmbH
Original Assignee
Alstom Technology AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alstom Technology AG filed Critical Alstom Technology AG
Publication of EP1458981A1 publication Critical patent/EP1458981A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1458981B1 publication Critical patent/EP1458981B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/007—Preventing corrosion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • F01D5/288—Protective coatings for blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/02—Selection of particular materials
    • F04D29/023—Selection of particular materials especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/321—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps for axial flow compressors
    • F04D29/324—Blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/20—Oxide or non-oxide ceramics
    • F05D2300/22—Non-oxide ceramics
    • F05D2300/224—Carbon, e.g. graphite
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/40—Organic materials
    • F05D2300/43—Synthetic polymers, e.g. plastics; Rubber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/50—Intrinsic material properties or characteristics
    • F05D2300/506—Hardness
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/50—Intrinsic material properties or characteristics
    • F05D2300/512—Hydrophobic, i.e. being or having non-wettable properties
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/60—Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
    • F05D2300/604—Amorphous
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/60—Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
    • F05D2300/611—Coating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/30—Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a compressor for gas turbines and in particular to a coating for protection against liquid drops and solid particles, which is applied to the surfaces of components in the inlet region of the compressor.
  • the components of compressors in turbines are exposed to various particles during compressor operation, which can permanently damage the surfaces of the components.
  • These particles include liquid drops, including water drops, as well as solid particles such as dust particles that get into the compressor with the air drawn in.
  • solid particles such as dust particles that get into the compressor with the air drawn in.
  • ice particles that can form due to desublimation due to the cooling of the air due to the acceleration of the air.
  • the components in the inlet area of the compressor particularly affect the blading of potential damage caused by these particles.
  • Drop erosion is caused, on the one hand, directly by the sprayed or sucked-in liquid drops on the surfaces of the components.
  • the sprayed drops are initially small, ie in the range of 10-20 micrometers in diameter. After a certain operating time, however, the spray nozzles are worn out in such a way that the drops they spray gradually reach a size of up to 100 micrometers in diameter.
  • a compressor for a gas turbine according to the invention has components, such as, for example, the blades, which are provided on their surfaces with a coating which contains at least two layers of an amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer.
  • the outermost layer of the coating has, in particular, hydrophobic properties.
  • All layers or layer systems with a low interfacial energy are suitable, provided that they are smaller than the surface tension of water.
  • these layers also have the surface hardness inherently high for amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer, for example from 500 to 3000 HV.
  • amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer is particularly suitable for materials with hydrophobic properties and also hardnesses of this size.
  • the hydrophobic property of the outermost layer prevents wetting of the surfaces. Impacting liquid drops interact very little with the surface because their interfacial energy is low. As a result, the liquid drops do not adhere to the surfaces, rather they roll over the surface while maintaining their small size and without merging with other drops or even a closed one
  • Hydrophobic layers such as those made of amorphous carbon also have dirt-repellent properties.
  • the fact that the liquid drops roll off immediately prevents a chemical interaction of the liquid or of components which are dissolved in the liquid with the surface. This then also avoids the deposition of other foreign material, which has a positive effect on the gas turbine performance and the service life of the coated components.
  • the components of the compressor have a protective coating which has a layer sequence with a layer pair or several layer pairs, the inner layer of a layer pair having a higher hardness compared to the outer layer of the layer pair and the outer one being relatively has low hardness.
  • the inner layer of the pair of layers has a hardness of 1500 to 3000 HV and the outer layer has a hardness of 500 HV to 1500 HV.
  • the individual layers of the layer sequence have thicknesses in the range from 0.1 to 2 micrometers each.
  • the thicknesses of the individual layers of the layer sequence are inversely related to their relative hardness.
  • the outer layer can have a thickness of 1.0 to 1.5 micrometers and the inner layer can have a thickness of 0.5 to 0.75 micrometers.
  • the surfaces of the components of the compressor have an adhesive layer on which one or more pairs of layers are applied.
  • an adhesive layer for example, a harder layer applied to titanium, which corresponds to the inner layer mentioned above, is suitable as the adhesive layer.
  • the hydrophobic coating contains amorphous carbon.
  • amorphous carbon in the following, this should be understood to mean hydrogen-containing carbon layers with a hydrogen content of 10 to 50 at% and with a ratio of sp 3 to sp 2 bonds between 0.1 to 0.9.
  • all amorphous or dense carbon layers produced by means of carbon or hydrocarbon precursors, as well as plasma polymer layers, polymer-like or dense carbon and hydrocarbon layers can be used, provided that they provide the hydrophobic and the mechanical or chemical properties of the amorphous carbon mentioned below Have production of individual layers or layer sequences.
  • Amorphous carbon also known as diamond-like carbon, is generally known for its exceptional hardness, chemical stability and also for its elasticity.
  • amorphous carbon has a low surface energy compared to the surface tension of water, so that a hydrophobic or water-repellent property is brought about.
  • the hardness of amorphous carbon can be changed by varying the parameters for the production of a coating.
  • a layer of relatively lower hardness is only to be understood as less hard compared to a hard layer.
  • a less hard layer in particular has a pronounced hydrophobic property.
  • the coating according to the invention can be implemented using various, generally known production processes, such as, for example, deposition by means of glow discharge in a plasma from hydrocarbon-containing precursors, ion beam coating and sputtering of carbon in hydrogen-containing working gas.
  • the substrate is exposed to a current of ions of several 100 eV.
  • the substrate is arranged in a reactor chamber in contact with a cathode, which is capacitively connected to a 13.56 MHz RF generator.
  • the grounded walls of the plasma chamber form a large counter electrode.
  • any hydrocarbon vapor or hydrocarbon gas can be used as the first working gas for the coating.
  • various gases are added to the first working gas.
  • nitrogen fluorine or silicon-containing gases, for example, high or low surface energies are achieved.
  • the addition of nitrogen also leads to an increase in the hardness of the resulting layer.
  • the resulting hardness of the layer can be controlled by changing the bias voltage across the electrodes between 100 and 1000 V, with a high bias voltage increasing a hard, amorphous carbon layer and a deep stress leads to an amorphous carbon layer with relatively lower hardness.
  • the compressor according to the invention all components that come into contact with the intake air or with injected liquids are provided with the layer sequence.
  • the components in the inlet area such as the blading and the bearing for the adjustable guide rail, are to be provided with it.
  • the invention is applicable to compressors for gas turbines of power plants of all kinds as well as turbine jet drives and other components in aircraft and ships, such as the leading edge of the wings of aircraft.
  • the components of the compressor according to the invention consist of materials such as titanium, stainless steels, chromium steels, aluminum and carbide formers.
  • the described sequence of layers with adhesive layer is perfectly suitable for application to these materials.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

A compressor for a gas turbine comprises, on the surfaces of its components, particularly of its blading, a coating for protecting the surfaces from erosion. The coating comprises at least two layers or a number of layer pairs made of an amorphous carbon or of a plasma polymer. The layers have an inherently high degree of hardness, and the outermost layer of the coating exhibits hydrophobic properties. The hardness of an inner layer of a layer pair is, in addition, higher than the hardness of an outer layer. The coating is particularly suited for preventing impingement erosion caused by liquid drops, erosion caused by solid particles such as ice, and soiling caused by the deposit of dust particles and by constituents dissolved in liquids. The coating extends the serviceable life of the components and increases the turbine output.

Description

Verdichter für Gasturbinen Compressors for gas turbines
Technisches GebietTechnical field
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Verdichter für Gasturbinen und insbesondere eine Beschichtung zum Schutz gegen Flüssigkeitstropfen und Feststoffpartikel, die auf die Oberflächen von Bauteilen im Einlassbereich des Verdichters aufgetragen ist.The invention relates to a compressor for gas turbines and in particular to a coating for protection against liquid drops and solid particles, which is applied to the surfaces of components in the inlet region of the compressor.
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Die Bauteile von Verdichtern in Turbinen, wie zum Beispiel von Kraftanlagen, Flugzeug- und Schiffsgetrieben, sind während des Verdichterbetriebs verschiedenen Partikeln ausgesetzt, welche die Oberflächen der Bauteile nachhaltig beschädigen können. Zu diesen Partikeln gehören Flüssigkeitstropfen, unter anderem Wassertropfen sowie Feststoffpartikel wie zum Beispiel Staubpartikel, die mit der angesaugten Luft in den Verdichter gelangen. Ferner sind auch Eispartikel zu nennen, die sich durch Desublimierung aufgrund der Erkaltung der Luft durch die Beschleunigung der Luft bilden können. Von den Bauteilen im Einlassbereich der Verdichter ist insbesondere die Beschaufelung von potentiellen Schäden durch diese Partikel betroffen.The components of compressors in turbines, such as power plants, aircraft and ship gears, are exposed to various particles during compressor operation, which can permanently damage the surfaces of the components. These particles include liquid drops, including water drops, as well as solid particles such as dust particles that get into the compressor with the air drawn in. Also to be mentioned are ice particles that can form due to desublimation due to the cooling of the air due to the acceleration of the air. The components in the inlet area of the compressor particularly affect the blading of potential damage caused by these particles.
Es ist bekannt, dass während des Verdichterbetriebs gezielt bestimmte Flüssigkeiten mit dem Gas- oder Luftstrom eingespritzt werden. Es wird zum Beispiel zwecks Reinigungszwecken ein Gemisch aus Wasser und einem handelsüblichen Konzentrat mittels einer oder mehrerer Zerstäubungsdüsen in den Verdichter eingespritzt wie es beispielsweise in der EP 0 468 024 beschrieben ist.It is known that certain liquids are specifically injected with the gas or air flow during compressor operation. For example, for cleaning purposes, a mixture of water and a commercially available concentrate is injected into the compressor by means of one or more atomizing nozzles, as described, for example, in EP 0 468 024.
Während des Winterbetriebs ist die Bildung von Eis am Eintritt der Verdichterbeschaufelung und das Ansaugen von Eispartikeln (auch unter dem Begriff "ice ingestion" bekannt) äusserst gefährlich für die Integrität des Verdichters. Aus diesem Grund werden zur Verhinderung von Eisbildung am Verdichtereintritt Glykolmischungen eingespritzt.During winter operation, the formation of ice at the inlet of the compressor blades and the suction of ice particles (also known as "ice ingestion") are extremely dangerous for the integrity of the Compressor. For this reason, glycol mixtures are injected to prevent ice formation at the compressor inlet.
Weiter wird zum Zweck der Verdunstungskühlung des angesaugten Gases oder der angesaugten Luft Wasser durch Einspritzung oder Zerstäubung in den Verdichter eingeführt. Diese Verdunstungskühlung dient der Erhöhung des Wirkungsgrads des Verdichters und letztendlich der Erhöhung der Gasturbinenleistung. Ein solches Verfahren ist beispielsweise US 5,463,873 offenbart.Furthermore, water is introduced into the compressor by injection or atomization for the purpose of evaporative cooling of the sucked gas or air. This evaporative cooling serves to increase the efficiency of the compressor and ultimately to increase the gas turbine output. Such a method is disclosed for example in US 5,463,873.
Bei den Verdichtern von Turbinenstrahlantrieben, wie zum Beispiel in Flugzeugen und gasturbinenbetriebenen Schiffen tritt das Problem von Beschädigungen an den Verdichterbauteilen auf, die durch die Ansaugung von Regen, Nebel, Eis oder Salzwasser verursacht werden.The problem of damage to the compressor components, which is caused by the suction of rain, fog, ice or salt water, arises with the compressors of turbine jet drives, such as in aircraft and gas turbine-operated ships.
Bei Einspritzungen von verschiedenen Flüssigkeiten oder bei der Ansaugung von Flüssigkeitstropfen oder Feststoffpartikeln entsteht das Problem von Tropfenschlagerosion bzw. Erosion durch Feststoffpartikel an den Oberflächen der Bauteile, insbesondere der Beschaufelung und der Bauteile im Einlassbereich des Verdichters. Die Tropfenschlagerosion wird einerseits direkt durch die eingesprühten oder angesaugten Flüssigkeitstropfen auf den Oberflächen der Bauteile verursacht. Zu Beginn der Betriebszeit der Sprühdüsen für die Einspritzung von Flüssigkeiten sind die eingesprühten Tropfen zunächst klein, d.h. im Bereich von 10-20 Mikrometern Durchmesser. Nach einer gewissen Betriebszeit werden die Sprühdüsen jedoch derart abgenützt, dass die von ihnen versprühten Tropfen allmählich eine Grosse von bis zu 100 Mikrometern Durchmesser erreichen. Da die Masse und damit die kinetische Energie der Tropfen mit der dritten Potenz des Tropfendurchmessers anwächst, können grössere Tropfen weitaus mehr Erosionsschäden verursachen als kleine Tropfen. Deshalb können die von den Sprühdüsen versprühten Tropfen beträchtliche Tropfenschlagerosion verursachen. Anderseits entsteht Tropfenschlagerosion auch nach der Bildung von geschlossenen Flüssigkeitsfilmen, falls die Bauteile von der eingespritzten Flüssigkeit benetzt worden sind. Durch Flüssigkeitsabriss von einer Oberfläche können sich sekundäre grosse Tropfen bilden, die auf stromabwärts angeordneten Bauteilen Tropfenschlagerosion verursachen können.When different liquids are injected or when liquid drops or solid particles are sucked in, the problem of drop impact erosion or erosion from solid particles arises on the surfaces of the components, in particular the blading and the components in the inlet area of the compressor. Drop erosion is caused, on the one hand, directly by the sprayed or sucked-in liquid drops on the surfaces of the components. At the beginning of the operating time of the spray nozzles for the injection of liquids, the sprayed drops are initially small, ie in the range of 10-20 micrometers in diameter. After a certain operating time, however, the spray nozzles are worn out in such a way that the drops they spray gradually reach a size of up to 100 micrometers in diameter. Since the mass and thus the kinetic energy of the drops increases with the third power of the drop diameter, larger drops can cause far more erosion damage than small drops. Therefore, the drops sprayed from the spray nozzles can cause considerable drop erosion. On the other hand, drop impact erosion also occurs after the formation of closed liquid films if the components have been wetted by the injected liquid. Secondly, large droplets can form as a result of liquid tearing off from a surface, which can cause drop impact erosion on downstream components.
Schliesslich besteht auch allgemein das Problem der Verschmutzung durch Bestandteile, die dem eingespritzten Wasser zugesetzt worden sind und sich allmählich auf den Oberflächen ablagern. Ablagerungen dieser Bestandteile sowie von weiterem Fremdmaterial kann sich negativ auf die Lebensdauer der Bauteile sowie auch auf die Leistung der Gasturbine auswirken.Finally, there is also a general problem of contamination by components that have been added to the injected water and are gradually being deposited on the surfaces. Deposits of these components and other foreign material can have a negative impact on the service life of the components and also on the performance of the gas turbine.
Darstellung der ErfindungPresentation of the invention
Es ist der vorliegenden Erfindung die Aufgabe gestellt, Bauteile eines Verdichters für eine Gasturbine, wie zum Beispiel in einer Kraftanlage oder einem Flugzeugoder Schiffstriebwerk zu schaffen, deren Oberflächen der Tropfenschlagerosion durch Flüssigkeitstropfen und der Erosion durch Feststoffpartikel wie Staubpartikel und Eis widerstehen. Weiter sollen die Oberflächen der Bauteile so beschaffen sein, dass sie den in Flüssigkeiten vorhandenen Zusätzen und Bestandteilen widerstehen und sich Verschmutzungen auf ihnen nicht ablagern können.It is the object of the present invention to provide components of a compressor for a gas turbine, such as, for example, in a power plant or an aircraft or ship's engine, the surfaces of which resist drop impact erosion by liquid drops and erosion by solid particles such as dust particles and ice. Furthermore, the surfaces of the components should be such that they resist the additives and constituents present in liquids and soiling cannot accumulate on them.
Diese Aufgabe ist durch einen Verdichter für eine Gasturbine gemäss Anspruch 1 gelöst. Weitere besondere und bevorzugte Lösungen sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.This object is achieved by a compressor for a gas turbine according to claim 1. Further special and preferred solutions are specified in the subclaims.
Ein Verdichter für eine Gasturbine gemäss der Erfindung weist Bauteile auf, wie zum Beispiel die Beschaufelung, die an ihren Oberflächen mit einer Beschichtung versehen sind, die mindestens zwei Schichten aus einem amorphen Kohlenstoff oder einem Plasmapolymer enthält. Die äusserste Schicht der Beschichtung besitzt insbesondere hydrophobe Eigenschaften. Für die hydrophobe Schicht eignen sich alle Schichten oder Schichtsysteme, die eine geringe Grenzflächenenergie besitzen, sofern sie kleiner ist als die Oberflächenspannung von Wasser.A compressor for a gas turbine according to the invention has components, such as, for example, the blades, which are provided on their surfaces with a coating which contains at least two layers of an amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer. The outermost layer of the coating has, in particular, hydrophobic properties. For the hydrophobic layer All layers or layer systems with a low interfacial energy are suitable, provided that they are smaller than the surface tension of water.
Weiter besitzen diese Schichten zudem die für amorphen Kohlenstoff oder ein Plasmapolymer inhärent hohe Oberflächenhärte, wie zum Beispiel von 500 bis zu 3000 HV. Für Materialien mit hydrophoben Eigenschaften sowie auch Härten dieser Grosse ist der erwähnte amorphe Kohlenstoff oder ein Plasmapolymer besonders geeignet.Furthermore, these layers also have the surface hardness inherently high for amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer, for example from 500 to 3000 HV. The mentioned amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer is particularly suitable for materials with hydrophobic properties and also hardnesses of this size.
Die hydrophobe Eigenschaft der äussersten Schicht verhindert die Benetzung der Oberflächen. Auftreffende Flüssigkeitstropfen gehen eine sehr geringe Wechselwirkung mit der Oberfläche ein, da deren Grenzflächenenergie gering ist. Dadurch haften die Flüssigkeitstropfen nicht an den Oberflächen, vielmehr rollen sie über die Oberfläche hinweg unter Beibehaltung ihrer kleinen Grosse und ohne sich mit anderen Tropfen zu vereinigen oder gar einen geschlossenenThe hydrophobic property of the outermost layer prevents wetting of the surfaces. Impacting liquid drops interact very little with the surface because their interfacial energy is low. As a result, the liquid drops do not adhere to the surfaces, rather they roll over the surface while maintaining their small size and without merging with other drops or even a closed one
Flüssigkeitsfilm zu bilden. Die Bildung von grossen Flüssigkeitstropfen durch Abriss eines geschlossenen Films an einer Kante eines Bauteils wird dadurch verhindert. Die klein bleibenden Tropfen vermögen sodann auch keine signifikante Tropfenschlagerosion zu verursachen.To form liquid film. This prevents the formation of large liquid drops by tearing off a closed film on an edge of a component. The droplets that remain small are then unable to cause significant drop erosion.
Hydrophobe Schichten wie zum Beispiel solche aus amorphem Kohlenstoff besitzen ferner auch schmutzabweisende Eigenschaften. Dadurch, dass die Flüssigkeitstropfen sofort abrollen, wird eine chemische Wechselwirkung der Flüssigkeit oder von Bestandteilen, die in der Flüssigkeit gelöst sind, mit der Oberfläche verhindert. Dies vermeidet sodann auch eine Ablagerung von weiterem Fremdmaterial, was sich positiv auf die Gasturbinenleistung und die Lebensdauer der beschichteten Bauteile auswirkt.Hydrophobic layers such as those made of amorphous carbon also have dirt-repellent properties. The fact that the liquid drops roll off immediately prevents a chemical interaction of the liquid or of components which are dissolved in the liquid with the surface. This then also avoids the deposition of other foreign material, which has a positive effect on the gas turbine performance and the service life of the coated components.
In einer speziellen und bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung weisen die Bauteile des Verdichters eine Schutzbeschichtung auf, die eine Schichtenfolge mit einem Schichtpaar oder mehreren Schichtpaaren aufweist, wobei die innere Schicht eines Schichtpaares im Vergleich zur äusseren Schicht des Schichtpaares eine höhere Härte aufweist und die äussere eine relativ niedrige Härte aufweist. Insbesondere weist die innere Schicht des Schichtpaares eine Härte von 1500 bis 3000 HV und die äussere Schicht eine Härte von 500 HV bis zu 1500 HV auf. Die alternierende Auftragung von Schichten mit einer hohen und einer im Vergleich niedrigeren Härte bewirkt beim Aufprall eines Flüssigkeitstropfens oder eines Feststoffpartikels einen Interferenzeffekt, bei dem sich die Druck- oder Kompressionswellen verschiedener, im Idealfall gegenläufiger Phasen weitgehend auslöschen. Dies führt zur Vernichtung der Druck- oder Kompressionswellen und letztendlich zur Verhinderung von Tropfenschlagerosion durch Flüssigkeitstropfen oder Erosion durch feste Partikel wie Staub oder Eis.In a special and preferred embodiment of the invention, the components of the compressor have a protective coating which has a layer sequence with a layer pair or several layer pairs, the inner layer of a layer pair having a higher hardness compared to the outer layer of the layer pair and the outer one being relatively has low hardness. In particular, the inner layer of the pair of layers has a hardness of 1500 to 3000 HV and the outer layer has a hardness of 500 HV to 1500 HV. The alternating application of layers with a high and a comparatively lower hardness causes an interference effect when a drop of liquid or a solid particle impacts, in which the pressure or compression waves of different, ideally opposite phases, largely cancel each other out. This leads to the destruction of the pressure or compression waves and ultimately to the prevention of drop erosion by liquid drops or erosion by solid particles such as dust or ice.
In einer weiteren Ausführung der Erfindung weisen die einzelnen Schichten der Schichtenfolge Dicken im Bereich von jeweils 0.1 bis 2 Mikrometern auf.In a further embodiment of the invention, the individual layers of the layer sequence have thicknesses in the range from 0.1 to 2 micrometers each.
In einer weiteren besonderen Ausführung der Erfindung verhalten sich die Dicken der einzelnen Schichten der Schichtenfolge im umgekehrten Verhältnis zu ihrer relativen Härte. Als Beispiel kann die äussere Schicht eine Dicke von 1.0 bis 1.5 Mikrometer und die innere Schicht eine Dicke von 0.5 bis 0.75 Mikrometern aufweisen.In a further special embodiment of the invention, the thicknesses of the individual layers of the layer sequence are inversely related to their relative hardness. As an example, the outer layer can have a thickness of 1.0 to 1.5 micrometers and the inner layer can have a thickness of 0.5 to 0.75 micrometers.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführung der Erfindung weisen die Oberflächen der Bauteile des Verdichters eine Haftschicht auf, auf der ein Schichtpaar oder mehrere Schichtpaare aufgetragen sind. Als Haftschicht eignet sich zum Beispiel eine auf Titan aufgebrachte härtere Schicht, welche der oben genannten inneren Schicht entspricht.In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the surfaces of the components of the compressor have an adhesive layer on which one or more pairs of layers are applied. For example, a harder layer applied to titanium, which corresponds to the inner layer mentioned above, is suitable as the adhesive layer.
Ausführung der ErfindungImplementation of the invention
Gemäss der Erfindung enthält die hydrophobe Beschichtung amorphen Kohlenstoff. Hierunter sollen im folgenden wasserstoffhaltige Kohlenstoffschichten mit 10 bis 50 at -% Wasserstoffgehalt und mit einem Verhältnis von sp3 zu sp2-Bindungen zwischen 0.1 bis 0.9 verstanden werden. Generell können alle mittels Carbon- oder Hydro-Carbon-Precursorn hergestellten amorphen oder dichten Kohlenstoffschichten sowie Plasmapolymerschichten, polymerähnliche oder dichte Kohlenstoff- und Kohlenwasserstoffschichten verwendet werden, sofern sie die hydrophoben und die im folgenden genannten mechanischen oder chemischen Eigenschaften des amorphen Kohlenstoffs zur Herstellung von Einzelschichten oder Schichtfolgen aufweisen. Amorpher Kohlenstoff, auch diamond like carbon genannt, ist allgemein bekannt für seine aussergewöhnliche Härte, chemische Stabilität sowie auch für seine Elastizität. Ferner besitzt amorpher Kohlenstoff unter bestimmten Bedingungen eine niedrige Oberflächenenergie im Vergleich zur Oberflächenspannung von Wasser, sodass eine hydrophobe oder wasserabweisende Eigenschaft herbeigeführt wird. Dabei ist die Härte von amorphem Kohlenstoff durch Variierung der Parameter für die Herstellung einer Beschichtung veränderbar. Eine Schicht von relativ niedrigerer Härte (innerhalb des Härtebereichs von amorphem Kohlenstoff) ist im Vergleich zu einer harten Schicht lediglich als weniger hart zu verstehen. Eine weniger harte Schicht weist insbesondere eine ausgeprägte hydrophobe Eigenschaft auf.According to the invention, the hydrophobic coating contains amorphous carbon. In the following, this should be understood to mean hydrogen-containing carbon layers with a hydrogen content of 10 to 50 at% and with a ratio of sp 3 to sp 2 bonds between 0.1 to 0.9. In general, all amorphous or dense carbon layers produced by means of carbon or hydrocarbon precursors, as well as plasma polymer layers, polymer-like or dense carbon and hydrocarbon layers can be used, provided that they provide the hydrophobic and the mechanical or chemical properties of the amorphous carbon mentioned below Have production of individual layers or layer sequences. Amorphous carbon, also known as diamond-like carbon, is generally known for its exceptional hardness, chemical stability and also for its elasticity. Furthermore, under certain conditions, amorphous carbon has a low surface energy compared to the surface tension of water, so that a hydrophobic or water-repellent property is brought about. The hardness of amorphous carbon can be changed by varying the parameters for the production of a coating. A layer of relatively lower hardness (within the hardness range of amorphous carbon) is only to be understood as less hard compared to a hard layer. A less hard layer in particular has a pronounced hydrophobic property.
Die erfindungsgemässe Beschichtung kann nach verschiedenen, allgemein bekannten Herstellungsverfahren realisiert werden, wie zum Beispiel Abscheidung mittels Glimmentladung in einem Plasma aus kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Precursorn, lonenstrahlbeschichtung und Sputtern von Kohlenstoff in wasserstoffhaltigem Arbeitsgas.The coating according to the invention can be implemented using various, generally known production processes, such as, for example, deposition by means of glow discharge in a plasma from hydrocarbon-containing precursors, ion beam coating and sputtering of carbon in hydrogen-containing working gas.
Bei diesen Verfahren wird das Substrat einem Strom von Ionen von mehreren 100 eV ausgesetzt. Bei der Glimmentladung wird das Substrat in einer Reaktorkammer in Kontakt mit einer Kathode, die kapazitiv mit einem 13.56 MHz RF Generator verbunden ist, angeordnet. Die geerdeten Wände der Plasmakammer bilden dabei eine grosse Gegenelektrode. In dieser Anordnung lässt sich jeder Kohlenwasserstoffdampf oder jedes Kohlenwasserstoffgas als erstes Arbeitsgas für die Beschichtung verwenden. Um besondere Schichteigenschaften zu erzielen, beispielsweise verschiedeneIn these methods, the substrate is exposed to a current of ions of several 100 eV. During the glow discharge, the substrate is arranged in a reactor chamber in contact with a cathode, which is capacitively connected to a 13.56 MHz RF generator. The grounded walls of the plasma chamber form a large counter electrode. In this arrangement, any hydrocarbon vapor or hydrocarbon gas can be used as the first working gas for the coating. To achieve special layer properties, for example different ones
Oberflächenenergien, Härten, optische Eigenschaften usw. werden verschiedene Gase zum ersten Arbeitsgas dazugegeben. Unter Zugabe von Stickstoff, fluor- oder silizium-haltigen Gasen werden beispielsweise hohe oder niedrige Oberflächenenergien erreicht. Die Zugabe von Stickstoff führt zusätzlich zu einer Erhöhung der Härte der resultierenden Schicht. Ferner ist mittels der Veränderung der Bias-Spannung über den Elektroden zwischen 100 und 1000 V die resultierende Härte der Schicht steuerbar, wobei eine hohe Bias-Spannung zu einer harten, amorphen Kohlenstoffschicht und eine tiefe Spannung zu einer amorphen Kohlenstoffschicht mit relativ niedrigerer Härte führt.Surface energies, hardness, optical properties, etc., various gases are added to the first working gas. With the addition of nitrogen, fluorine or silicon-containing gases, for example, high or low surface energies are achieved. The addition of nitrogen also leads to an increase in the hardness of the resulting layer. Furthermore, the resulting hardness of the layer can be controlled by changing the bias voltage across the electrodes between 100 and 1000 V, with a high bias voltage increasing a hard, amorphous carbon layer and a deep stress leads to an amorphous carbon layer with relatively lower hardness.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verdichter sind sämtliche Bauteile, die mit der angesaugten Luft oder mit eingespritzten Flüssigkeiten in Kontakt kommen mit der Schichtenfolge versehen. Insbesondere sind die Bauteile im Einlassbereich wie zum Beispiel die Beschaufelung und das Lager für die verstellbare Vorleitreihe damit zu versehen.In the compressor according to the invention, all components that come into contact with the intake air or with injected liquids are provided with the layer sequence. In particular, the components in the inlet area, such as the blading and the bearing for the adjustable guide rail, are to be provided with it.
Die Erfindung ist auf Verdichter für Gasturbinen von Kraftanlagen jeder Art sowie auch von Turbinenstrahlantrieben und anderen Bauteilen in Flugzeugen und Schiffen anwendbar, wie etwa die Vorderkante der Tragflächen von Flugzeugen.The invention is applicable to compressors for gas turbines of power plants of all kinds as well as turbine jet drives and other components in aircraft and ships, such as the leading edge of the wings of aircraft.
Die Bauteile des erfindungsgemässen Verdichters bestehen aus Materialien wie zum Beispiel Titan, rostfreie Stähle, Chromstähle, Aluminium sowie Karbidbildner. Die beschriebene Schichtenfolge mit Haftschicht eignet sich durchaus für eine Auftragung auf diesen Materialien. The components of the compressor according to the invention consist of materials such as titanium, stainless steels, chromium steels, aluminum and carbide formers. The described sequence of layers with adhesive layer is perfectly suitable for application to these materials.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verdichter für eine Gasturbine dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Bauteile des Verdichters auf ihren Oberflächen eine Beschichtung zum Schutz gegen Erosion durch Flüssigkeitstropfen und/oder Feststoffpartikel aufweisen, die mindestens zwei Schichten aufweist, die amorphen Kohlenstoff oder ein1. Compressor for a gas turbine, characterized in that the components of the compressor have a coating on their surfaces for protection against erosion by liquid drops and / or solid particles, which has at least two layers, the amorphous carbon or
Plasmapolymer enthalten, wobei die äusserste Schicht der Beschichtung hydrophobe Eigenschaften aufweist.Contain plasma polymer, wherein the outermost layer of the coating has hydrophobic properties.
2. Verdichter nach Anspruch 1 dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung eine Schichtpaar oder eine Folge von mehreren Schichtpaaren aufweist, wobei die Härte der inneren Schicht eines Schichtpaares höher ist als die Härte der äusseren Schicht jenes Schichtpaares.2. Compressor according to claim 1, characterized in that the coating has a pair of layers or a sequence of several pairs of layers, wherein the hardness of the inner layer of a pair of layers is higher than the hardness of the outer layer of that pair of layers.
3. Verdichter nach Anspruch 2 dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die innere Schicht eines Schichtpaares eine Härte im Bereich von 1500 bis 3000 HV und die äussere Schicht eines Schichtpaares eine Härte im Bereich von 500 bis 1500 HV aufweist.3. Compressor according to claim 2, characterized in that the inner layer of a pair of layers has a hardness in the range from 1500 to 3000 HV and the outer layer of a pair of layers has a hardness in the range from 500 to 1500 HV.
4. Verdichter nach einem der Ansprüche 2 oder 3 dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Dicken der Schichten der Schichtenpaare sich in umgekehrtem Verhältnis zu ihrer Härte verhalten.4. Compressor according to one of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that the thicknesses of the layers of the pairs of layers behave in inverse proportion to their hardness.
5. Verdichter nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche 2 bis 4 dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Dicken der inneren und äusseren Schichten der Schichtpaare im Bereich von 0.1 bis 2 Mikrometern liegen. 5. Compressor according to one of the preceding claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the thicknesses of the inner and outer layers of the layer pairs are in the range from 0.1 to 2 micrometers.
6. Verdichter nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Oberflächen der Verdichterbauteile zunächst eine Haftschicht aufweisen, auf denen die Beschichtung aufgetragen ist.6. Compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surfaces of the compressor components first have an adhesive layer on which the coating is applied.
7. Verdichter nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Beschichtung auf den Oberflächen von Bauteilen im Einlassbereich des7. Compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that coating on the surfaces of components in the inlet region of the
Verdichters, der Beschaufelung des Verdichters und/oder der Lagerstellen der verstellbaren Vorleitreihe aufgetragen ist. Compressor, the blading of the compressor and / or the bearings of the adjustable preliminary guide is applied.
EP02803485A 2001-11-19 2002-11-12 Compressor for gas turbines Expired - Lifetime EP1458981B1 (en)

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