EP1458981B1 - Compressor for gas turbines - Google Patents

Compressor for gas turbines Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1458981B1
EP1458981B1 EP02803485A EP02803485A EP1458981B1 EP 1458981 B1 EP1458981 B1 EP 1458981B1 EP 02803485 A EP02803485 A EP 02803485A EP 02803485 A EP02803485 A EP 02803485A EP 1458981 B1 EP1458981 B1 EP 1458981B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layers
compressor
hardness
coating
layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP02803485A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1458981A1 (en
Inventor
Francisco Blangetti
Harald Reiss
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General Electric Technology GmbH
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Alstom Technology AG
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Publication of EP1458981A1 publication Critical patent/EP1458981A1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/007—Preventing corrosion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • F01D5/288—Protective coatings for blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/02—Selection of particular materials
    • F04D29/023—Selection of particular materials especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/321—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps for axial flow compressors
    • F04D29/324—Blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/20—Oxide or non-oxide ceramics
    • F05D2300/22—Non-oxide ceramics
    • F05D2300/224—Carbon, e.g. graphite
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/40—Organic materials
    • F05D2300/43—Synthetic polymers, e.g. plastics; Rubber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/50—Intrinsic material properties or characteristics
    • F05D2300/506—Hardness
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/50—Intrinsic material properties or characteristics
    • F05D2300/512—Hydrophobic, i.e. being or having non-wettable properties
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/60—Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
    • F05D2300/604—Amorphous
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/60—Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
    • F05D2300/611—Coating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/30—Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a compressor for gas turbines and in particular a Coating for protection against liquid drops and solid particles on the surfaces of components are applied in the inlet area of the compressor.
  • the components of compressors in turbines are during compressor operation exposed to various particles, which are the surfaces of the components sustainably damage.
  • particles include liquid drops, including water droplets and solid particles such as Dust particles that enter the compressor with the intake air.
  • ice particles to be mentioned which are due to desublimation due to the Cooling of the air by the acceleration of the air can form.
  • the Components in the inlet region of the compressor is in particular the blading affected by potential damage from these particles.
  • Liquids are injected with the gas or air stream. It becomes the Example for cleaning a mixture of water and a commercial concentrate by means of one or more atomizing nozzles in the compressor is injected as described for example in EP 0468024 is described.
  • drop impact erosion occurs even after the formation of closed liquid films, if the components of the injected Liquid have been wetted.
  • liquid separation from a surface Secondary big drops can form on the downstream side arranged components can cause drop impact erosion.
  • a compressor for a gas turbine according to the invention comprises components such as For example, the blading, which on their surfaces with a coating are provided, the at least two layers of an amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer.
  • the outermost layer of the coating has particular hydrophobic properties.
  • All layers or layer systems that are low in size are suitable Have interface energy, if it is less than the surface tension of water.
  • these layers also have the amorphous carbon or a Plasma polymer inherently high surface hardness, such as from 500 up to 3000 HV.
  • amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer particularly suitable.
  • the hydrophobic property of the outermost layer prevents the wetting of the Surfaces. Impacting drops of liquid go very low Interaction with the surface, since their interfacial energy is low. As a result, the liquid drops do not adhere to the surfaces, but rather roll over the surface while keeping its small size and without to unite with other drops or even a closed one Liquid film to form. The formation of large liquid drops through Tear off a closed film on an edge of a component is thereby prevented. The small drops can then also no significant To cause drop impact erosion.
  • Hydrophobic layers such as amorphous carbon also have dirt-repellent properties. Because of that Rolling liquid droplets immediately, will cause a chemical interaction of the Liquid or components that are dissolved in the liquid, with the Surface prevented. This then avoids a deposit of other foreign material, which has a positive effect on the gas turbine performance and the Life of the coated components affects.
  • the Components of the compressor on a protective coating which has a layer sequence a pair of layers or more pairs of layers, wherein the inner Layer of a layer pair compared to the outer layer of the layer pair has a higher hardness and the outer has a relatively low hardness.
  • the inner layer of the layer pair has a hardness of 1500 to 3000 HV and the outer layer has a hardness of 500 HV up to 1500 HV.
  • the individual layers of the Layer sequence thicknesses in the range of 0.1 to 2 microns.
  • the thicknesses behave the individual layers of the layer sequence in inverse proportion to their relative hardness.
  • the outer layer may have a thickness of 1.0 to 1.5 Micrometer and the inner layer has a thickness of 0.5 to 0.75 microns exhibit.
  • the surfaces the components of the compressor, an adhesive layer on which a pair of layers or several pairs of layers are applied are applied.
  • an adhesive layer is suitable for example a harder layer applied to titanium, which is the above-mentioned inner Layer corresponds.
  • the hydrophobic coating contains amorphous carbon.
  • amorphous carbon are to be understood in the following hydrogen-containing carbon layers with 10 to 50 at -% hydrogen content and with a ratio of sp 3 to sp 2 bonds between 0.1 to 0.9.
  • all amorphous or dense carbon layers produced by means of carbon or hydro-carbon precursors as well as plasma polymer layers, polymer-like or dense carbon and hydrocarbon layers can be used, provided they have the hydrophobic and the following mechanical or chemical properties of the amorphous carbon for the production of individual layers or layer sequences.
  • Amorphous carbon, also called diamond like carbon, is well known for its exceptional hardness, chemical stability as well as for its elasticity.
  • amorphous carbon has a low surface energy compared to the surface tension of water, thus providing a hydrophobic or water repellent property.
  • the hardness of amorphous carbon is variable by varying the parameters for the production of a coating.
  • a layer of relatively lower hardness (within the hardness range of amorphous carbon) is considered to be less hard than a hard layer.
  • a less hard layer has a pronounced hydrophobic property.
  • the coating according to the invention can be realized by various, generally known production methods, such as, for example, deposition by means of glow discharge in a plasma from hydrocarbon-containing precursors, ion beam coating and sputtering of carbon in hydrogen-containing working gas.
  • the substrate is exposed to a stream of ions of several hundred eV.
  • the glow discharge the substrate is placed in a reactor chamber in contact with a cathode capacitively connected to a 13.56 MHz RF generator.
  • the grounded walls of the plasma chamber form a large counterelectrode.
  • any hydrocarbon vapor or hydrocarbon gas can be used as the first working gas for the coating.
  • various gases are added to the first working gas.
  • nitrogen fluorine or silicon-containing gases, for example, high or low surface energies are achieved.
  • the addition of nitrogen additionally leads to an increase in the hardness of the resulting layer.
  • the bias voltage across the electrodes between 100 and 1000 V, the resulting hardness of the layer is controllable, with high bias voltage resulting in a hard, amorphous carbon layer and low stress resulting in a relatively lower hardness amorphous carbon layer.
  • the compressor according to the invention are all components that with the sucked air or with injected liquids come into contact with the Layer sequence provided.
  • the components in the inlet area are like for example, the blading and the bearing for the adjustable Vorleit plinth to provide with it.
  • the invention is to compressors for gas turbines of power plants of all kinds and also of turbine jet engines and other components in aircraft and Ships, such as the leading edge of aircraft wings.
  • the components of the inventive compressor consist of materials such as For example, titanium, stainless steels, chrome steels, aluminum and carbide.
  • the layer sequence described with adhesive layer is quite suitable for a Application on these materials.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Description

Technisches GebietTechnical area

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Verdichter für Gasturbinen und insbesondere eine Beschichtung zum Schutz gegen Flüssigkeitstropfen und Feststoffpartikel, die auf die Oberflächen von Bauteilen im Einlassbereich des Verdichters aufgetragen ist.The invention relates to a compressor for gas turbines and in particular a Coating for protection against liquid drops and solid particles on the surfaces of components are applied in the inlet area of the compressor.

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Die Bauteile von Verdichtern in Turbinen, wie zum Beispiel von Kraftanlagen, Flugzeug- und Schiffsgetrieben, sind während des Verdichterbetriebs verschiedenen Partikeln ausgesetzt, welche die Oberflächen der Bauteile nachhaltig beschädigen können. Zu diesen Partikeln gehören Flüssigkeitstropfen, unter anderem Wassertropfen sowie Feststoffpartikel wie zum Beispiel Staubpartikel, die mit der angesaugten Luft in den Verdichter gelangen. Ferner sind auch Eispartikel zu nennen, die sich durch Desublimierung aufgrund der Erkaltung der Luft durch die Beschleunigung der Luft bilden können. Von den Bauteilen im Einlassbereich der Verdichter ist insbesondere die Beschaufelung von potentiellen Schäden durch diese Partikel betroffen.The components of compressors in turbines, such as power plants, Aircraft and marine gearboxes are during compressor operation exposed to various particles, which are the surfaces of the components sustainably damage. These particles include liquid drops, including water droplets and solid particles such as Dust particles that enter the compressor with the intake air. Further are also ice particles to be mentioned, which are due to desublimation due to the Cooling of the air by the acceleration of the air can form. Of the Components in the inlet region of the compressor is in particular the blading affected by potential damage from these particles.

Es ist bekannt, dass während des Verdichterbetriebs gezielt bestimmte Flüssigkeiten mit dem Gas- oder Luftstrom eingespritzt werden. Es wird zum Beispiel zwecks Reinigungszwecken ein Gemisch aus Wasser und einem handelsüblichen Konzentrat mittels einer oder mehrerer Zerstäubungsdüsen in den Verdichter eingespritzt wie es beispielsweise in der EP 0 468 024 beschrieben ist.It is known that specifically determined during compressor operation Liquids are injected with the gas or air stream. It becomes the Example for cleaning a mixture of water and a commercial concentrate by means of one or more atomizing nozzles in the compressor is injected as described for example in EP 0468024 is described.

Während des Winterbetriebs ist die Bildung von Eis am Eintritt der Verdichterbeschaufelung und das Ansaugen von Eispartikeln (auch unter dem Begriff "ice ingestion" bekannt) äusserst gefährlich für die Integrität des Verdichters. Aus diesem Grund werden zur Verhinderung von Eisbildung am Verdichtereintritt Glykolmischungen eingespritzt.During winter operation, the formation of ice is at the entrance of the Compressor shoveling and the suction of ice particles (even under the Term "ice ingestion") extremely dangerous for the integrity of the Compressor. For this reason, to prevent ice formation on the Compressor inlet injected glycol mixtures.

Weiter wird zum Zweck der Verdunstungskühlung des angesaugten Gases oder der angesaugten Luft Wasser durch Einspritzung oder Zerstäubung in den Verdichter eingeführt. Diese Verdunstungskühlung dient der Erhöhung des Wirkungsgrads des Verdichters und letztendlich der Erhöhung der Gasturbinenleistung. Ein solches Verfahren ist beispielsweise US 5,463,873 offenbart.Further, for the purpose of evaporative cooling of the sucked gas or the aspirated air water by injection or atomization in the Compressor introduced. This evaporative cooling serves to increase the Efficiency of the compressor and ultimately the increase in Gas turbine power. Such a method is for example US 5,463,873 disclosed.

Bei den Verdichtern von Turbinenstrahlantrieben, wie zum Beispiel in Flugzeugen und gasturbinenbetriebenen Schiffen tritt das Problem von Beschädigungen an den Verdichterbauteilen auf, die durch die Ansaugung von Regen, Nebel, Eis oder Salzwasser verursacht werden.In the compressors of turbine jet engines, such as in aircraft and gas-powered ships, the problem of damage occurs to the compressor components, by the suction of rain, fog, ice or Saltwater are caused.

Bei Einspritzungen von verschiedenen Flüssigkeiten oder bei der Ansaugung von Flüssigkeitstropfen oder Feststoffpartikeln entsteht das Problem von Tropfenschlagerosion bzw. Erosion durch Feststoffpartikel an den Oberflächen der Bauteile, insbesondere der Beschaufelung und der Bauteile im Einlassbereich des Verdichters. Die Tropfenschlagerosion wird einerseits direkt durch die eingesprühten oder angesaugten Flüssigkeitstropfen auf den Oberflächen der Bauteile verursacht. Zu Beginn der Betriebszeit der Sprühdüsen für die Einspritzung von Flüssigkeiten sind die eingesprühten Tropfen zunächst klein, d.h. im Bereich von 10-20 Mikrometern Durchmesser. Nach einer gewissen Betriebszeit werden die Sprühdüsen jedoch derart abgenützt, dass die von ihnen versprühten Tropfen allmählich eine Grösse von bis zu 100 Mikrometern Durchmesser erreichen. Da die Masse und damit die kinetische Energie der Tropfen mit der dritten Potenz des Tropfendurchmessers anwächst, können grössere Tropfen weitaus mehr Erosionsschäden verursachen als kleine Tropfen. Deshalb können die von den Sprühdüsen versprühten Tropfen beträchtliche Tropfenschlagerosion verursachen. Injections of different liquids or in the intake of Liquid droplets or solid particles creates the problem of Drop impact erosion or erosion by solid particles on the surfaces the components, in particular the blading and the components in the inlet area of the compressor. The drop impact erosion is on the one hand directly through the sprayed or sucked liquid drops on the surfaces of the Caused components. At the beginning of the operating time of the spray nozzles for the Injection of liquids, the sprayed droplets are initially small, i. in the range of 10-20 microns in diameter. After a certain Operating time, however, the spray nozzles are worn down so that of them Drops gradually sprayed a size of up to 100 microns Reach diameter. Since the mass and thus the kinetic energy of the Drops with the third power of the drop diameter can grow larger drops cause far more erosion damage than small drops. Therefore, the sprayed from the spray nozzles drops considerably Cause drop impact erosion.

Anderseits entsteht Tropfenschlagerosion auch nach der Bildung von geschlossenen Flüssigkeitsfilmen, falls die Bauteile von der eingespritzten Flüssigkeit benetzt worden sind. Durch Flüssigkeitsabriss von einer Oberfläche können sich sekundäre grosse Tropfen bilden, die auf stromabwärts angeordneten Bauteilen Tropfenschlagerosion verursachen können.On the other hand, drop impact erosion occurs even after the formation of closed liquid films, if the components of the injected Liquid have been wetted. By liquid separation from a surface Secondary big drops can form on the downstream side arranged components can cause drop impact erosion.

Aus dem Stand der Technik sind unterschiedliche Schutzschichten bekannt, wie z.B. aus WO 00/75394A, DE 19 625 329 A, WO 99/43865 A und aus SU 572 576 A.Various protective layers are known in the art, e.g. out WO 00 / 75394A, DE 19 625 329 A, WO 99/43865 A and SU 572 576 A.

Schliesslich besteht auch allgemein das Problem der Verschmutzung durch Bestandteile, die dem eingespritzten Wasser zugesetzt worden sind und sich allmählich auf den Oberflächen ablagern. Ablagerungen dieser Bestandteile sowie von weiterem Fremdmaterial kann sich negativ auf die Lebensdauer der Bauteile sowie auch auf die Leistung der Gasturbine auswirken.Finally, there is also the general problem of pollution Ingredients that have been added to the injected water and gradually deposit on the surfaces. Deposits of these components as well Foreign material may adversely affect the life of the components as well as on the performance of the gas turbine.

Darstellung der ErfindungPresentation of the invention

Es ist der vorliegenden Erfindung die Aufgabe gestellt, Bauteile eines Verdichters für eine Gasturbine, wie zum Beispiel in einer Kraftanlage oder einem Flugzeug- oder Schiffstriebwerk zu schaffen, deren Oberflächen der Tropfenschlagerosion durch Flüssigkeitstropfen und der Erosion durch Feststoffpartikel wie Staubpartikel und Eis widerstehen. Weiter sollen die Oberflächen der Bauteile so beschaffen sein, dass sie den in Flüssigkeiten vorhandenen Zusätzen und Bestandteilen widerstehen und sich Verschmutzungen auf ihnen nicht ablagern können.It is the object of the present invention to provide components of a compressor for a gas turbine, such as in a power plant or an aircraft or to create a ship's engine whose surfaces are drop impact erosion by liquid drops and erosion by solid particles such as dust particles and resist ice. Furthermore, the surfaces of the components should procure this way be that they contain the additives and ingredients present in liquids resist and can not deposit debris on them.

Diese Aufgabe ist durch einen Verdichter für eine Gasturbine gemäss Anspruch 1 gelöst. Weitere besondere und bevorzugte Lösungen sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.This object is achieved by a compressor for a gas turbine according to claim 1 solved. Further particular and preferred solutions are in the subclaims specified.

Ein Verdichter für eine Gasturbine gemäss der Erfindung weist Bauteile auf, wie zum Beispiel die Beschaufelung, die an ihren Oberflächen mit einer Beschichtung versehen sind, die mindestens zwei Schichten aus einem amorphen Kohlenstoff oder einem Plasmapolymer enthält. Die äusserste Schicht der Beschichtung besitzt insbesondere hydrophobe Eigenschaften. Für die hydrophobe Schicht eignen sich alle Schichten oder Schichtsysteme, die eine geringe Grenzflächenenergie besitzen, sofern sie kleiner ist als die Oberflächenspannung von Wasser.A compressor for a gas turbine according to the invention comprises components such as For example, the blading, which on their surfaces with a coating are provided, the at least two layers of an amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer. The outermost layer of the coating has particular hydrophobic properties. For the hydrophobic layer All layers or layer systems that are low in size are suitable Have interface energy, if it is less than the surface tension of water.

Weiter besitzen diese Schichten zudem die für amorphen Kohlenstoff oder ein Plasmapolymer inhärent hohe Oberflächenhärte, wie zum Beispiel von 500 bis zu 3000 HV. Für Materialien mit hydrophoben Eigenschaften sowie auch Härten dieser Grösse ist der erwähnte amorphe Kohlenstoff oder ein Plasmapolymer besonders geeignet.Furthermore, these layers also have the amorphous carbon or a Plasma polymer inherently high surface hardness, such as from 500 up to 3000 HV. For materials with hydrophobic properties as well as hardnesses this size is the mentioned amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer particularly suitable.

Die hydrophobe Eigenschaft der äussersten Schicht verhindert die Benetzung der Oberflächen. Auftreffende Flüssigkeitstropfen gehen eine sehr geringe Wechselwirkung mit der Oberfläche ein, da deren Grenzflächenenergie gering ist. Dadurch haften die Flüssigkeitstropfen nicht an den Oberflächen, vielmehr rollen sie über die Oberfläche hinweg unter Beibehaltung ihrer kleinen Grösse und ohne sich mit anderen Tropfen zu vereinigen oder gar einen geschlossenen Flüssigkeitsfilm zu bilden. Die Bildung von grossen Flüssigkeitstropfen durch Abriss eines geschlossenen Films an einer Kante eines Bauteils wird dadurch verhindert. Die klein bleibenden Tropfen vermögen sodann auch keine signifikante Tropfenschlagerosion zu verursachen.The hydrophobic property of the outermost layer prevents the wetting of the Surfaces. Impacting drops of liquid go very low Interaction with the surface, since their interfacial energy is low. As a result, the liquid drops do not adhere to the surfaces, but rather roll over the surface while keeping its small size and without to unite with other drops or even a closed one Liquid film to form. The formation of large liquid drops through Tear off a closed film on an edge of a component is thereby prevented. The small drops can then also no significant To cause drop impact erosion.

Hydrophobe Schichten wie zum Beispiel solche aus amorphem Kohlenstoff besitzen ferner auch schmutzabweisende Eigenschaften. Dadurch, dass die Flüssigkeitstropfen sofort abrollen, wird eine chemische Wechselwirkung der Flüssigkeit oder von Bestandteilen, die in der Flüssigkeit gelöst sind, mit der Oberfläche verhindert. Dies vermeidet sodann auch eine Ablagerung von weiterem Fremdmaterial, was sich positiv auf die Gasturbinenleistung und die Lebensdauer der beschichteten Bauteile auswirkt.Hydrophobic layers such as amorphous carbon also have dirt-repellent properties. Because of that Rolling liquid droplets immediately, will cause a chemical interaction of the Liquid or components that are dissolved in the liquid, with the Surface prevented. This then avoids a deposit of other foreign material, which has a positive effect on the gas turbine performance and the Life of the coated components affects.

In einer speziellen und bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung weisen die Bauteile des Verdichters eine Schutzbeschichtung auf, die eine Schichtenfolge mit einem Schichtpaar oder mehreren Schichtpaaren aufweist, wobei die innere Schicht eines Schichtpaares im Vergleich zur äusseren Schicht des Schichtpaares eine höhere Härte aufweist und die äussere eine relativ niedrige Härte aufweist. Insbesondere weist die innere Schicht des Schichtpaares eine Härte von 1500 bis 3000 HV und die äussere Schicht eine Härte von 500 HV bis zu 1500 HV auf. In a specific and preferred embodiment of the invention, the Components of the compressor on a protective coating, which has a layer sequence a pair of layers or more pairs of layers, wherein the inner Layer of a layer pair compared to the outer layer of the layer pair has a higher hardness and the outer has a relatively low hardness. In particular, the inner layer of the layer pair has a hardness of 1500 to 3000 HV and the outer layer has a hardness of 500 HV up to 1500 HV.

Die alternierende Auftragung von Schichten mit einer hohen und einer im Vergleich niedrigeren Härte bewirkt beim Aufprall eines Flüssigkeitstropfens oder eines Feststoffpartikels einen Interferenzeffekt, bei dem sich die Druck- oder Kompressionswellen verschiedener, im Idealfall gegenläufiger Phasen weitgehend auslöschen. Dies führt zur Vernichtung der Druck- oder Kompressionswellen und letztendlich zur Verhinderung von Tropfenschlagerosion durch Flüssigkeitstropfen oder Erosion durch feste Partikel wie Staub oder Eis.The alternating application of layers with a high and a Comparison of lower hardness causes the impact of a liquid drop or a solid particle an interference effect, in which the pressure or Compression waves of different, ideally opposite phases largely extinguish. This leads to the destruction of the pressure or compression waves and ultimately to prevent drop impact erosion by liquid drops or erosion by solid particles such as dust or ice.

In einer weiteren Ausführung der Erfindung weisen die einzelnen Schichten der Schichtenfolge Dicken im Bereich von jeweils 0.1 bis 2 Mikrometern auf.In a further embodiment of the invention, the individual layers of the Layer sequence thicknesses in the range of 0.1 to 2 microns.

In einer weiteren besonderen Ausführung der Erfindung verhalten sich die Dicken der einzelnen Schichten der Schichtenfolge im umgekehrten Verhältnis zu ihrer relativen Härte. Als Beispiel kann die äussere Schicht eine Dicke von 1.0 bis 1.5 Mikrometer und die innere Schicht eine Dicke von 0.5 bis 0.75 Mikrometern aufweisen.In a further particular embodiment of the invention, the thicknesses behave the individual layers of the layer sequence in inverse proportion to their relative hardness. As an example, the outer layer may have a thickness of 1.0 to 1.5 Micrometer and the inner layer has a thickness of 0.5 to 0.75 microns exhibit.

In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführung der Erfindung weisen die Oberflächen der Bauteile des Verdichters eine Haftschicht auf, auf der ein Schichtpaar oder mehrere Schichtpaare aufgetragen sind. Als Haftschicht eignet sich zum Beispiel eine auf Titan aufgebrachte härtere Schicht, welche der oben genannten inneren Schicht entspricht.In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the surfaces the components of the compressor, an adhesive layer on which a pair of layers or several pairs of layers are applied. As an adhesive layer is suitable for example a harder layer applied to titanium, which is the above-mentioned inner Layer corresponds.

Ausführung der ErfindungEmbodiment of the invention

Gemäss der Erfindung enthält die hydrophobe Beschichtung amorphen Kohlenstoff. Hierunter sollen im folgenden wasserstoffhaltige Kohlenstoffschichten mit 10 bis 50 at -% Wasserstoffgehalt und mit einem Verhältnis von sp3 zu sp2-Bindungen zwischen 0.1 bis 0.9 verstanden werden. Generell können alle mittels Carbon- oder Hydro-Carbon-Precursorn hergestellten amorphen oder dichten Kohlenstoffschichten sowie Plasmapolymerschichten, polymerähnliche oder dichte Kohlenstoff- und Kohlenwasserstoffschichten verwendet werden, sofern sie die hydrophoben und die im folgenden genannten mechanischen oder chemischen Eigenschaften des amorphen Kohlenstoffs zur Herstellung von Einzelschichten oder Schichtfolgen aufweisen. Amorpher Kohlenstoff, auch diamond like carbon genannt, ist allgemein bekannt für seine aussergewöhnliche Härte, chemische Stabilität sowie auch für seine Elastizität. Ferner besitzt amorpher Kohlenstoff unter bestimmten Bedingungen eine niedrige Oberflächenenergie im Vergleich zur Oberflächenspannung von Wasser, sodass eine hydrophobe oder wasserabweisende Eigenschaft herbeigeführt wird. Dabei ist die Härte von amorphem Kohlenstoff durch Variierung der Parameter für die Herstellung einer Beschichtung veränderbar. Eine Schicht von relativ niedrigerer Härte (innerhalb des Härtebereichs von amorphem Kohlenstoff) ist im Vergleich zu einer harten Schicht lediglich als weniger hart zu verstehen. Eine weniger harte Schicht weist insbesondere eine ausgeprägte hydrophobe Eigenschaft auf.According to the invention, the hydrophobic coating contains amorphous carbon. These are to be understood in the following hydrogen-containing carbon layers with 10 to 50 at -% hydrogen content and with a ratio of sp 3 to sp 2 bonds between 0.1 to 0.9. In general, all amorphous or dense carbon layers produced by means of carbon or hydro-carbon precursors as well as plasma polymer layers, polymer-like or dense carbon and hydrocarbon layers can be used, provided they have the hydrophobic and the following mechanical or chemical properties of the amorphous carbon for the production of individual layers or layer sequences. Amorphous carbon, also called diamond like carbon, is well known for its exceptional hardness, chemical stability as well as for its elasticity. Further, under certain conditions, amorphous carbon has a low surface energy compared to the surface tension of water, thus providing a hydrophobic or water repellent property. The hardness of amorphous carbon is variable by varying the parameters for the production of a coating. A layer of relatively lower hardness (within the hardness range of amorphous carbon) is considered to be less hard than a hard layer. In particular, a less hard layer has a pronounced hydrophobic property.

Die erfindungsgemässe Beschichtung kann nach verschiedenen, allgemein bekannten Herstellungsverfahren realisiert werden, wie zum Beispiel Abscheidung mittels Glimmentladung in einem Plasma aus kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Precursorn, Ionenstrahlbeschichtung und Sputtern von Kohlenstoff in wasserstoffhaltigem Arbeitsgas.
Bei diesen Verfahren wird das Substrat einem Strom von Ionen von mehreren 100 eV ausgesetzt. Bei der Glimmentladung wird das Substrat in einer Reaktorkammer in Kontakt mit einer Kathode, die kapazitiv mit einem 13.56 MHz RF Generator verbunden ist, angeordnet. Die geerdeten Wände der Plasmakammer bilden dabei eine grosse Gegenelektrode. In dieser Anordnung lässt sich jeder Kohlenwasserstoffdampf oder jedes Kohlenwasserstoffgas als erstes Arbeitsgas für die Beschichtung verwenden. Um besondere Schichteigenschaften zu erzielen, beispielsweise verschiedene Oberflächenenergien, Härten, optische Eigenschaften usw. werden verschiedene Gase zum ersten Arbeitsgas dazugegeben. Unter Zugabe von Stickstoff, fluor- oder silizium-haltigen Gasen werden beispielsweise hohe oder niedrige Oberflächenenergien erreicht. Die Zugabe von Stickstoff führt zusätzlich zu einer Erhöhung der Härte der resultierenden Schicht. Ferner ist mittels der Veränderung der Bias-Spannung über den Elektroden zwischen 100 und 1000 V die resultierende Härte der Schicht steuerbar, wobei eine hohe Bias-Spannung zu einer harten, amorphen Kohlenstoffschicht und eine tiefe Spannung zu einer amorphen Kohlenstoffschicht mit relativ niedrigerer Härte führt.The coating according to the invention can be realized by various, generally known production methods, such as, for example, deposition by means of glow discharge in a plasma from hydrocarbon-containing precursors, ion beam coating and sputtering of carbon in hydrogen-containing working gas.
In these methods, the substrate is exposed to a stream of ions of several hundred eV. In the glow discharge, the substrate is placed in a reactor chamber in contact with a cathode capacitively connected to a 13.56 MHz RF generator. The grounded walls of the plasma chamber form a large counterelectrode. In this arrangement, any hydrocarbon vapor or hydrocarbon gas can be used as the first working gas for the coating. To achieve particular layer properties, for example, different surface energies, hardnesses, optical properties, etc., various gases are added to the first working gas. With the addition of nitrogen, fluorine or silicon-containing gases, for example, high or low surface energies are achieved. The addition of nitrogen additionally leads to an increase in the hardness of the resulting layer. Further, by varying the bias voltage across the electrodes between 100 and 1000 V, the resulting hardness of the layer is controllable, with high bias voltage resulting in a hard, amorphous carbon layer and low stress resulting in a relatively lower hardness amorphous carbon layer.

Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verdichter sind sämtliche Bauteile, die mit der angesaugten Luft oder mit eingespritzten Flüssigkeiten in Kontakt kommen mit der Schichtenfolge versehen. Insbesondere sind die Bauteile im Einlassbereich wie zum Beispiel die Beschaufelung und das Lager für die verstellbare Vorleitreihe damit zu versehen.In the compressor according to the invention are all components that with the sucked air or with injected liquids come into contact with the Layer sequence provided. In particular, the components in the inlet area are like for example, the blading and the bearing for the adjustable Vorleitreihe to provide with it.

Die Erfindung ist auf Verdichter für Gasturbinen von Kraftanlagen jeder Art sowie auch von Turbinenstrahlantrieben und anderen Bauteilen in Flugzeugen und Schiffen anwendbar, wie etwa die Vorderkante der Tragflächen von Flugzeugen.The invention is to compressors for gas turbines of power plants of all kinds and also of turbine jet engines and other components in aircraft and Ships, such as the leading edge of aircraft wings.

Die Bauteile des erfindungsgemässen Verdichters bestehen aus Materialien wie zum Beispiel Titan, rostfreie Stähle, Chromstähle, Aluminium sowie Karbidbildner. Die beschriebene Schichtenfolge mit Haftschicht eignet sich durchaus für eine Auftragung auf diesen Materialien.The components of the inventive compressor consist of materials such as For example, titanium, stainless steels, chrome steels, aluminum and carbide. The layer sequence described with adhesive layer is quite suitable for a Application on these materials.

Claims (7)

  1. Compressor for a gas turbine, the components of the compressor, on their surfaces, having a coating to protect against erosion from liquid drops and/or solid particles, the coating having at least two layers, characterized in that the two layers contain amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer, the outermost layer of the coating having hydrophobic properties.
  2. Compressor according to Claim 1, characterized in that the coating has a pair of layers or a sequence of a plurality of pairs of layers, the hardness of the inner layer of a pair of layers being higher than the hardness of the outer layer of the same pair of layers.
  3. Compressor according to Claim 2, characterized in that the inner layer of a pair of layers has a hardness in the range from 1500 to 3000 HV, and the outer layer of a pair of layers has a hardness in the range from 500 to 1500 HV.
  4. Compressor according to Claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the thicknesses of the layers of the pairs of layers are inversely proportional to their hardness.
  5. Compressor according to one of the preceding Claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the thicknesses of the inner and outer layers of the pairs of layers are in the range from 0.1 to 2 micrometres.
  6. Compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surfaces of the compressor components firstly have a bonding layer, to which the coating is applied.
  7. Compressor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the coating is applied to the surfaces of components in the inlet region of the compressor, of the blading of the compressor and/or of the bearing locations of the adjustable inlet guide vane row.
EP02803485A 2001-11-19 2002-11-12 Compressor for gas turbines Expired - Lifetime EP1458981B1 (en)

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CH21252001 2001-11-19
CH212501 2001-11-19
PCT/IB2002/004745 WO2003044374A1 (en) 2001-11-19 2002-11-12 Compressor for gas turbines

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WO2003044374A1 (en) 2003-05-30
US7083389B2 (en) 2006-08-01
JP2005518490A (en) 2005-06-23
AU2002366009A1 (en) 2003-06-10
EP1458981A1 (en) 2004-09-22
US20040213675A1 (en) 2004-10-28

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