EP1434985A1 - Capteur utilise pour determiner une concentration en monoxyde de carbone d'un melange gazeux - Google Patents

Capteur utilise pour determiner une concentration en monoxyde de carbone d'un melange gazeux

Info

Publication number
EP1434985A1
EP1434985A1 EP02776773A EP02776773A EP1434985A1 EP 1434985 A1 EP1434985 A1 EP 1434985A1 EP 02776773 A EP02776773 A EP 02776773A EP 02776773 A EP02776773 A EP 02776773A EP 1434985 A1 EP1434985 A1 EP 1434985A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sensor
operating parameter
carbon monoxide
change
electrical
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP02776773A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Norbert Breuer
Ian Faye
Christian Schiller
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP1434985A1 publication Critical patent/EP1434985A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0444—Concentration; Density
    • H01M8/04447—Concentration; Density of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/416—Systems
    • G01N27/417—Systems using cells, i.e. more than one cell and probes with solid electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
    • H01M8/0618—Reforming processes, e.g. autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a sensor for determining a carbon monoxide concentration of a gas mixture according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • SPE sensors solid polymer electrolyte sensors
  • Corresponding SPE sensors generally have two electrodes, an electrolyte and a cell housing. One of these electrodes serves as a cathode, on which a substance is electrochemically reduced, while the other accordingly represents the anode, which electrochemically oxidizes a second compound.
  • the cell housing is also used for Power line and as a distribution structure for the corresponding gases.
  • the publication EP 911 898 AI discloses an SPE sensor for determining the carbon monoxide concentration in reformate gases from fuel cell units, the oxidation current at the anode decreasing as a function of the respective carbon monoxide concentration.
  • a carbon monoxide concentration is assigned to the respective measured current via a previous calibration.
  • comparable SPE sensors which, for example in the absence of hydrogen, directly determine the oxidation of carbon monoxide or other process gases in a potentiostatic manner.
  • a solid electrolyte and two or three electrodes are used when integrating a reference electrode.
  • Corresponding CO sensors are used primarily as indoor air quality sensors, for example in airplanes, apartments or the like, and for determining the CO concentration of the hydrogen-containing anode gas of a fuel cell.
  • Fuel cells currently in use show signs of poisoning of the anode catalyst in the presence of carbon monoxide in the hydrogen-rich anode gas.
  • Typical limits for carbon monoxide to avoid this poisoning are, for example, around 10 ppm (platinum catalysts) to 100 ppm (platinum-ruthenium catalysts), depending on the electrode catalyst.
  • the object of the invention is to propose a sensor for determining a carbon monoxide concentration of a gas mixture with a proton-conducting electrolyte arranged between at least two electrochemically active electrodes, one of the electrodes being carbon monoxide sensitive, with which calibration intervals are significantly increased and cross-sensitivities are minimized.
  • a sensor according to the invention is characterized in that an evaluation unit for evaluating a change over time in the first, electrical operating parameter of the sensor as a function of a known, temporal change of at least one second operating parameter, in particular the sensor and / or a device which changes the carbon monoxicl concentration of the gas mixture, is provided.
  • a model of the electrochemical sensor system i.e., e.g. Using a so-called electrotechnical equivalent circuit diagram, the corresponding electronic components, such as resistors, inductors and capacitors, which correlate with electrochemical processes in the overall electrochemical system, can be determined so that, above all, the internal state of the sensor can also be determined.
  • the reformer or the carbon monoxide source for determining or measuring the known, temporal change in the second operating parameter evaluates the change in the first operating parameter of the sensor.
  • the carbon monoxide sensor according to the invention ensures a significantly increased measurement accuracy, since the information width is much more detailed than when only detecting sensor current or voltage according to the prior art.
  • measurement inaccuracies caused by a change in the sensor, such as aging, poisoning or the like, and the frequency of regular calibration intervals can be decisively reduced.
  • the service life of the sensor according to the invention is also significantly extended.
  • one or more cleaning stages for cleaning the gas mixture and a fuel cell unit for generating electrical energy which in particular are subject to frequent load changes, such as in vehicle applications or the like, is advantageously used in the event of a load change second operating parameters of the fuel cell system, for example the so-called load resistance and / or the operating state of the reformer or the like, are monitored or determined by means of the evaluation unit and the change in the first operating parameter of the sensor advantageously evaluated.
  • the value or course of the change in time of the second operating parameter for example the change in the load resistance, is comparatively simple to determine.
  • a corresponding change can optionally be implemented by actuating an actuating element, for example in the form of an "accelerator pedal" in a vehicle or the like.
  • a generator for generating a known, temporal change in the second operating parameter, in particular the sensor and / or the carbon monoxide source.
  • This ensures that the internal operating parameters of the sensor can be checked in all operating states of the sensor, that is to say also in the case of static use.
  • both a comparatively small and / or continuous or long-lasting as well as a comparatively strong and / or pulse-like change in the second operating parameter, in particular the sensor and / or the carbon monoxide source can be implemented in an advantageous manner.
  • the second operating parameter of the sensor and / or the carbon monoxide source is also an electrical operating parameter, such as the operating voltage, the operating current or the like.
  • the change, preferably caused by the generator, is comparatively small, so that the operation of the sensor is not adversely affected. This measure advantageously ensures electrical monitoring of the gas mixture with regard to its CO concentration by means of the sensor according to the invention.
  • the second operating parameter in particular the sensor and / or of the reformer or corresponding cleaning stages for CO cleaning of the reformate gas of a fuel cell unit, a non-electrical operating parameter, such as the pressure, temperature, humidity or the composition of the gas mixture and / or the reformer or corresponding cleaning stages for CO cleaning of the reformate gas.
  • the known, temporal change of at least the second operating parameter of the sensor and / or the CO source preferably takes place at a time offset from a subsequent measuring phase of the first operating parameter of the sensor or, alternatively, simultaneously.
  • the latter means that the known, temporal change in an operating parameter, for example an AC voltage with a known frequency, may be modulated onto the corresponding operating parameter, for example the operating voltage.
  • the evaluation unit is designed to compare the change over time of the first electrical operating parameter of the sensor with a target change of the first operating parameter of the sensor. In this way, a diagnosis of the internal operating state of the sensor can be implemented in an advantageous manner.
  • the evaluation unit preferably comprises at least one electrical filter device for separating the change in the first operating parameter of the sensor caused by the change in the second operating parameter, in particular the sensor and / or the CO source, from changes in other operating parameters.
  • this filter can be designed, for example, as a lock-in amplifier. This advantageously ensures that the change in the first operating parameter caused by the known, temporal change in the second operating parameter, in particular the sensor, can be determined.
  • the filter device in particular improves the distinction between signal and noise behavior more clearly.
  • pressure oscillation of a reactant stream with a defined frequency spectrum can be filtered out of the current or voltage signal of the sensor, if necessary by means of a lock-in amplification, advantageously only the frequencies of the measurement signal, e.g. pressure oscillation.
  • the evaluation unit preferably comprises a
  • Recording unit for recording the time profile of at least one operating parameter, so that, for example, an advantageous monitoring or diagnosis of the sensor can be implemented by means of a stored characteristic field, an integrated expert system or the like.
  • the evaluation unit comprises a device for externally displaying the operating state of the sensor, for example for visualizing the operating state for the user or for the technical monitoring personnel.
  • the maintenance and repair of a sensor according to the invention is advantageously improved, since it can log or record the course of the operating parameters for this purpose.
  • the catalytic converter on the anode side or the catalytically active anode is cleaned over a relatively long time at certain or regular intervals to ensure that the sensor functions properly.
  • This can be done in particular by a short-term change in the sensor current or voltage.
  • carbon monoxide is oxidized on the catalyst or the anode and desorbed from the catalyst, quasi "present unpolluted v again whereby the sensor.
  • it is possible to determine the degree of poisoning of the anode and the detoxification which may be necessary as a result thereof by means of a corresponding evaluation unit.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a sensor according to the invention without an evaluation unit
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of a sensor according to the invention with an evaluation unit.
  • a structure of a CO sensor 1 is shown schematically in FIG shown according to the invention.
  • a mixed gas stream 2 to be examined and an operating gas stream 3 flow through the sensor 1.
  • the gas mixture stream 2 to be examined flows through the sensor 1 on the side of a catalytically active anode 5.
  • the operating gas stream 3, in particular oxygen or air flow, flows through the sensor 1 on the side of a cathode 6.
  • the cathode 6 or anode 5 can optionally be formed as a catalytically active coating of a membrane 4.
  • the electrodes, ie the anode 5 and the cathode 6, are each made of an electrochemically active material, the anode 5 being carbon monoxide sensitive.
  • the electrode material is selected to be as insensitive to carbon monoxide as possible, so that even with a comparatively small change in the amounts or concentrations of carbon monoxide in the gas mixture stream 2, this can be recognized in the electrode response.
  • a wide variety of metals or alloys, in particular elements of subgroup 8 such as platinum or the like, are preferably used here.
  • the sensor 1 further comprises a housing 7 which, in addition to the sealing of the sensor 1, is also provided for power conduction and as a distributor structure for the gases 2, 3.
  • a sensor 1 with a generator 8 is shown in FIG.
  • the gas mixture stream 2 and the operating gas stream 3 flow through the sensor 1, a proton-conducting membrane 4 being arranged between an anode 5 and a cathode 6.
  • the generator 8 is designed both as a frequency generator and a frequency analyzer or as an evaluation unit according to the invention.
  • the generator 8 preferably has three connections 9, so that one connection by means of one connection Reference measurement of the current or the voltage is made possible.
  • the generator 8 is designed in such a way that it can, if necessary, superimpose sine, rectangular or comparable measurement signals on the operating signal of the sensor 1.
  • the generator 8 can also be designed in a special variant for the so-called Fourier transformation.
  • the determination of the carbon monoxide concentration of the gas mixture stream 2 takes place, for example, by measuring the current or the voltage of the sensor 1.
  • a specific carbon monoxide concentration is assigned to the respective measured current or the respective measured voltage via a previous calibration. Based on the sensor signal evaluation according to the invention, cross-sensitivities can be minimized and calibration intervals can be significantly increased.
  • impedance spectroscopy can be implemented as a measurement method according to the invention both by means of a capacitive coupling and an inductive coupling of an impedance measuring device.
  • the frequency-dependent impedance of SPE sensors 1 can be modeled using electrical equivalent circuit diagrams.
  • the equivalent circuit diagram consists of a network of ohmic, capacitive and inductive resistors as well as other complex-valued resistors that describe, for example, mass transfer or catalyst deactivation.
  • the values of the resistance network are frequently adapted via measurement data of the impedance spectrum, the values determined in this way representing the internal operating state of the sensor 1 as a model.
  • an AC voltage is superimposed or impressed on the voltage of the sensor 1 for several, for example ten different frequencies.
  • the corresponding current response is recorded by means of a current measuring device or the generator 8.
  • the measurement process can be carried out either sequentially, that is to say one after the other, or, if an appropriate filter, for example a lock-in amplifier, is used, by superimposing the measurement signals on the operating signal.
  • the complex impedance for the selected frequencies can be determined from the ratio of the current response to the excitation voltage signal.
  • Resistor network of sensor 1 is calculated. These values are then interpreted, that is to say that, depending on the operating state of the sensor 1, the resistance values are in narrowly limited parameter intervals and if the parameter limits are exceeded, this indicates a non-optimal or faulty operating state of the sensor 1, which can thereby be identified.
  • a measure matrix to be defined, appropriate countermeasures can be taken. If, for example, the value that corresponds to the ohmic electrolyte resistance in the resistance network exceeds a certain threshold value, this can be an indication of inadequate membrane moistening. Accordingly, a humidifier (not shown) would possibly change the moisture of the educt streams of the sensor 1.
  • a system that works with a corresponding measure matrix can also be referred to as a so-called "expert system”, whereby this defines, for example, an impedance value set as "good” and initiates appropriate countermeasures if predetermined values of the operating parameters are exceeded.
  • the change over time of an electrochemical operating parameter can be converted into a frequency-dependent representation using a Fourier transformation.
  • the reaction of the system can be analyzed and evaluated in a frequency domain using a second Fourier transformation in analogy to the above statements, as a result of which the CO concentration of the gas mixture 2 can be determined.
  • the senor 1 can be characterized in terms of its time behavior under different load conditions, the parameter sets obtained in this way being stored in a database. This ensures that deviations from the ideal state are selected during operation by observing the load change behavior.
  • the determined load change behavior is compared with the stored values. For example, a comparison with known patterns, that is to say by means of a so-called "pattern matching", or by means of a functional analysis, can determine whether the behavior determined corresponds to a proper state of the sensor 1 or in which direction the operating state deviates from the target state Has.
  • pattern matching a so-called "pattern matching”
  • This procedure is particularly advantageous in the case of highly dynamic systems in which load changes occur frequently, for example when reforming hydrocarbons in a vehicle.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un capteur (1) utilisé pour déterminer une concentration en monoxyde de carbone d'un mélange gazeux (2). Ce capteur (1) comprend un électrolyte (4) conducteur de protons disposé entre au moins deux électrodes électrochimiquement actives (5, 6), en particulier des électrodes catalytiquement actives (5, 6), dont au moins une est sensible au monoxyde de carbone. Au moins une unité de mesure (8) servant à mesurer au moins un premier paramètre de fonctionnement électrique du capteur (1) est placée au niveau d'au moins une électrode (5, 6) dudit capteur (1). Ce capteur doit permettre d'augmenter de façon significative les intervalles d'étalonnage et de réduire les sensibilités croisées. A cet effet, on utilise une unité d'évaluation (8) pour évaluer une variation dans le temps du premier paramètre de fonctionnement électrique du capteur (1) en fonction d'une variation dans le temps connue d'au moins un deuxième paramètre de fonctionnement.
EP02776773A 2001-10-04 2002-10-02 Capteur utilise pour determiner une concentration en monoxyde de carbone d'un melange gazeux Withdrawn EP1434985A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10148855 2001-10-04
DE10148855A DE10148855A1 (de) 2001-10-04 2001-10-04 Sensor zur Ermittlung einer Kohlenmonoxidkonzentration eines Gasgemisches
PCT/DE2002/003742 WO2003036286A1 (fr) 2001-10-04 2002-10-02 Capteur utilise pour determiner une concentration en monoxyde de carbone d'un melange gazeux

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1434985A1 true EP1434985A1 (fr) 2004-07-07

Family

ID=7701301

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP02776773A Withdrawn EP1434985A1 (fr) 2001-10-04 2002-10-02 Capteur utilise pour determiner une concentration en monoxyde de carbone d'un melange gazeux

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US20050029102A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1434985A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE10148855A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003036286A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11813926B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2023-11-14 Denso International America, Inc. Binding agent and olfaction sensor
US11760169B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2023-09-19 Denso International America, Inc. Particulate control systems and methods for olfaction sensors
US11828210B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2023-11-28 Denso International America, Inc. Diagnostic systems and methods of vehicles using olfaction
US11760170B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2023-09-19 Denso International America, Inc. Olfaction sensor preservation systems and methods
US11932080B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2024-03-19 Denso International America, Inc. Diagnostic and recirculation control systems and methods
US11881093B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2024-01-23 Denso International America, Inc. Systems and methods for identifying smoking in vehicles
US11636870B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2023-04-25 Denso International America, Inc. Smoking cessation systems and methods
US12017506B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2024-06-25 Denso International America, Inc. Passenger cabin air control systems and methods

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JP3564742B2 (ja) * 1994-07-13 2004-09-15 トヨタ自動車株式会社 燃料電池発電装置
JP3453954B2 (ja) * 1994-11-02 2003-10-06 トヨタ自動車株式会社 一酸化炭素検出装置、有機化合物検出装置および低級アルコール検出装置
DE19617297A1 (de) * 1996-04-30 1997-11-13 Brand Gerhart Rosemarie Simultane Detektion von oxidierbaren und reduzierbaren Gasen mit Metalloxidsensoren unter Einsatz von Impedanzspektroskopie
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US6210820B1 (en) * 1998-07-02 2001-04-03 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Method for operating fuel cells on impure fuels
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20050029102A1 (en) 2005-02-10
DE10148855A1 (de) 2003-04-17
WO2003036286A1 (fr) 2003-05-01

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