EP1429004B1 - Method and device for affecting thermoacoustic oscillations in combustion systems - Google Patents
Method and device for affecting thermoacoustic oscillations in combustion systems Download PDFInfo
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- EP1429004B1 EP1429004B1 EP03104406A EP03104406A EP1429004B1 EP 1429004 B1 EP1429004 B1 EP 1429004B1 EP 03104406 A EP03104406 A EP 03104406A EP 03104406 A EP03104406 A EP 03104406A EP 1429004 B1 EP1429004 B1 EP 1429004B1
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- fuel
- modulated
- burner
- lance
- combustion chamber
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 title description 36
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 122
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 claims description 3
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- 241001156002 Anthonomus pomorum Species 0.000 description 2
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- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C9/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
- F23C9/006—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber the recirculation taking place in the combustion chamber
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M20/00—Details of combustion chambers, not otherwise provided for, e.g. means for storing heat from flames
- F23M20/005—Noise absorbing means
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
- F23C2900/07002—Premix burners with air inlet slots obtained between offset curved wall surfaces, e.g. double cone burners
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
- F23K2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for fuel supplies
- F23K2900/05003—Non-continuous fluid fuel supply
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
- F23R2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for continuous combustion chambers; Combustion processes therefor
- F23R2900/00013—Reducing thermo-acoustic vibrations by active means
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for influencing thermoacoustic oscillations in a combustion system with at least one burner and at least one combustion chamber having the features of the preamble of claim 1 or with the features of the preamble of claim 5.
- thermoacoustic oscillations refers to mutually accelerating thermal and acoustic disturbances. It can thereby high vibration amplitudes occur which may lead to undesired effects, such as to a high mechanical load of the combustion chamber and increased NO x emissions by a non-homogeneous combustion. This is especially true for low acoustic attenuation combustion systems. To achieve high performance in terms of pulsations and emissions over a wide range Operating range may require active control of combustion oscillations.
- DE 199 48 673 A1 teaches to generate targeted areas of different average flow velocity to avoid thermoacoustic combustion instabilities in combustion chambers of gas turbines within a gas flow, for example by means of vortex generating elements, and inject the fuel targeted in these areas. In this way it is achieved that the injected fuel is transported at different speeds to the place of heat release, so a wider range of residence is achieved. A spread of the delay times reduces the formation of self-excited thermoacoustic oscillations and thus increases the thermoacoustic stability of the system.
- thermoacoustic oscillations in a combustion system are to be influenced by modulating an injection of liquid or gaseous fuel.
- thermoacoustic vibration systems There is a further need to further reduce the interference of the thermoacoustic vibration systems.
- the present invention addresses the problem of demonstrating another way to reduce thermoacoustic oscillations in a combustion system.
- the invention is based on the general idea of injecting fuel into this recirculation zone in a combustion system in whose combustion chamber a recirculation zone is formed.
- the total amount of fuel is injected in such a way that a first quantity of fuel is injected in a constant manner and a second quantity of fuel is modulated the modulated injected amount of fuel is approximately between 6% and 1% of the total amount of fuel. It has been found that the suppression of the thermoacoustic oscillations can be significantly improved by this measure.
- the fuel injection into the recirculation zone which can be formed in the combustion chamber and each other influential vortex systems are intensively influenced. Since the vortex systems present in the combustion chamber are essentially involved in the development of thermoacoustic oscillations, a targeted, modulated fuel injection into the recirculation zone can effectively influence the thermoacoustic oscillations.
- Such recirculation zones which according to the invention are particularly suitable for the modulated injection of fuel, can be formed in the combustion chamber in the case of special burner / combustor configurations.
- a recirculation zone can form in the combustion chamber when the swirling flow supplied by the burner suddenly collapses when it enters the combustion chamber.
- the collapse of such a swirl flow can be achieved, for example, by a sudden cross-sectional widening in the transition between the burner and the combustion chamber, which, in conjunction with corresponding pressure conditions, virtually causes the swirl flow to burst.
- Such recirculation zones are specifically produced in modern combustion systems, since they support the formation of a stationary and stable flame front in the combustion chamber. Stable combustion leads to high efficiency and low pollutant emissions.
- thermoacoustic oscillations can lead to instabilities of the recirculation zone, improved suppression or damping of the thermoacoustic oscillations leads to increased stability of the recirculation zone.
- modulated fuel injection into the recirculation zone this can thus be stabilized.
- this procedure uses the knowledge that the use of a (relatively small) subset of the injected fuel is sufficient to achieve the desired effect on the thermoacoustic oscillations by the modulated injection. Since therefore only a part of the fuel must be modulated injected, the fuel supply device designed for this purpose can be dimensioned correspondingly smaller.
- the unmodulated injection of a constant amount of fuel can be done in a conventional manner.
- the modulated injection of the fuel into the recirculation zone is carried out by means of a lance projecting into the burner. Appropriately, this lance protrudes relatively far into the burner in order to allow the fuel injection into the recirculation zone.
- Corresponding Fig. 1 includes a combustion system 1, at least one burner 2 and at least one combustion chamber 3.
- the burner 2 is here constructed so that in him a swirl flow is generated, which is indicated by a corresponding arrow 4.
- the burner 2 is at 5 with a sudden cross-sectional widening 6 in the immediately adjacent combustion chamber 3 via.
- This results in the combustion chamber 3 to form a central recirculation zone 7, which consists essentially of an annular, quasi-stationary vortex roll, which is indicated by arrows 8.
- a stationary swirling roller can form, which is indicated by arrows 9.
- One in the Combustion chamber 3 forming flame front 10 is stabilized in particular by the recirculation zone 7.
- a fuel supply system 11 has a lance 12, which protrudes into the burner 2 and is designed such that liquid or gaseous fuel can be injected modulated into the recirculation zone 7 with the aid of this lance 12.
- the influencing of the recirculation zone 7 produced in this way can be selectively selected by a corresponding modulation of the fuel injection in such a way that an attenuation or suppression of thermoacoustic oscillations of the combustion system 1 is formed. Since these thermoacoustic oscillations are disadvantageous for the stability of the recirculation zone 7 or the flame front 10, the proposed modulated fuel injection into the recirculation zone 7 leads to a stabilization of the combustion in the combustion chamber 3.
- the burner 2 which is designed here as a premix burner, two fuel lines 13 and 14, which are provided with openings 15. Through these openings 15 also gaseous or liquid fuel 16 of the combustion air 25 can be mixed.
- the fuel supply to the lance 12 is in Fig. 2 represented by an arrow 17.
- the position of the openings 15, through which the fuel 16 is mixed with the combustion air 25, is out Fig. 3 better removable.
- the fuel lines 13, 14 are attached to partial bodies 18 and 19, of which the burner 2 is composed.
- the openings 15 are then lined up along two straight lines which are diametrically opposite each other with respect to a longitudinal center axis 20 of the burner 2 and approximately intersect at a point on the longitudinal central axis 20. As a result, all the openings 15 lie in one plane, the so-called fuel injection plane.
- the fuel is thus partially injected via the lance 12 and partially via the openings 15.
- the fuel is injected exclusively via the lance 12.
- the amount of fuel injected via the lance 12 is smaller, in particular considerably smaller, than the quantity of fuel which is injected via the openings 15.
- the amount of fuel injected via the lance 12 is approximately 5% or less, in particular approximately 2%, of the total injected fuel quantity.
- the fuel injection via the openings 15 takes place unambiguously within the burner 2. Apart from the lance 12, it is similar to the one in FIG Fig. 2 and 3 shown burner thus from the EP 0 985 810 A1 known burner. Accordingly, in order to influence the thermoacoustic oscillations, additionally the fuel injection can be carried out modulated via the openings 15. For operation of the additional modulated fuel injection through the openings 15 is on the EP 0 985 810 A1 directed.
- the modulated fuel injection is carried out so that the total injected amount of fuel from a first, constant, ie unmodulated injected fuel quantity and a second, modulated injected fuel quantity. In this way, an emaciation of the combustible mixture in the combustion chamber can be avoided below the proportion of the constant injected fuel quantity.
- the modulated injected amount of fuel smaller, in particular to select much smaller than the constant injected amount of fuel.
- an embodiment is preferred in which the modulated fuel injection takes place exclusively via the lance 12, while the constant, that is to say unmodulated, fuel injection is carried out exclusively via the openings 15. Accordingly, the abovementioned division results again, in which only about 5% or preferably 2% of the total fuel quantity is modulated via the lance 12 into the recirculation zone 7.
- the lance 12 is arranged coaxially to the longitudinal central axis 20 of the burner 2.
- the lance 12 protrudes relatively far and centrally into the burner 2 into it.
- the lance 12 extends at least over 50%, in particular over about 75% of the axial length of the burner second
- the lance 12 is formed so that it axially performs the fuel injection into the recirculation zone 7, that is, the modulated injected fuel exits the lance 12 at an axial end face 21.
- a device 22 according to the invention for influencing the thermoacoustic oscillations in the combustion system 1 may have a controller 23, which is symbolized here only by a frame shown with broken lines.
- the device 22 also comprises at least one fuel valve 24 of the fuel supply device 11, which comprises the lance 12.
- This fuel supply device 11 is coupled to the combustion system 1, which comprises the burner 2 and the combustion chamber 3.
- Burner 2 and combustion chamber 3 symbolized by a common rectangle.
- the control 23 is formed as an open control loop, ie as a control circuit, and contains a control signal generator 26 and an amplifier 27.
- the control signal generator 26 generates independently of the thermoacoustic oscillations of the combustion system 1, a control signal which is amplified in the amplifier 27 and for actuating the fuel valve 24th serves.
- the control signal generator 26 is designed, for example, to the nominal operating point of the combustion system, so that experience shows that the control signals generated by it effect a sufficient suppression of the thermoacoustic oscillations. It is also possible for the control signal generator 26 to generate the control signals as a function of current operating parameters of the combustion system 1, in particular by accessing characteristic maps.
- the device 22 may include another controller 28 configured as a closed control loop, that is, a closed loop.
- the controller 28 again actuates the at least one fuel valve 24 of the fuel supply device 11 for supplying the combustion system 1, in particular its burner 2 and the combustion chamber 3, with fuel.
- the controller 28 also includes a control signal generator 29, which receives an oscillation signal on the input side and generates the control signal for actuating the fuel valve 24 on the output side in dependence thereon.
- the incoming vibration signal correlates with the current thermoacoustic vibrations in the combustion system 1 and is determined by a sensor, not shown here.
- the vibration signals determined by the sensor system can be pressure signals, wherein the sensor system then comprises pressure sensors, preferably microphones, in particular water-cooled microphones and / or microphones with piezoelectric pressure transducers. It is also possible that the signals detected by the sensor system are formed by chemiluminescence signals, preferably by chemiluminescence signals from the emission of one of the radicals OH or CH.
- the sensors can have optical sensors for visible or infrared radiation, in particular optical fiber probes.
- the control signal generator 29 includes, for example, a special algorithm and / or maps to generate from the incoming vibration signals suitable control signals. These control signals are then fed to a filter 30, which is designed in particular as a bandpass filter or as a high-pass filter and retains unwanted low-frequency interference. After the filter 30, the control signals are phase-shifted in a time delay element 31; then they are amplified in an amplifier 32 and can then be used to drive the fuel valve 24.
- the influence of the control 28 on the interference frequency to be damped can be varied or tracked.
- the in Fig. 4 embodiment shown generates a modulated fuel injection, which is independent of the current thermoacoustic oscillations, in particular independent of the oscillation phase of the current thermoacoustic oscillations, in the in Fig. 5
- the modulated fuel injection can be tuned to the current thermoacoustic oscillations, in particular to the oscillation phase of the current thermoacoustic oscillations.
- the instantaneous actuation of the fuel valve 24 is phase-coupled to the measured in the combustion system 1, correlating with the thermoacoustic fluctuations vibration signal.
- the vibration signal can be measured downstream of the burner 2 in the combustion chamber 3 or in a settling chamber arranged upstream of the burner 2.
- the fluid mechanical stability of a gas turbine combustor 2 is of crucial importance for the occurrence of thermoacoustic oscillations.
- the fluid-mechanical instability waves arising in the burner 2 lead to the formation of vortices.
- These vortices also known as coherent structures, play an important role in air-fuel mixing.
- the spatial and temporal dynamics of these coherent structures influence combustion and heat release.
- the modulated fuel injection can counteract the formation of these coherent structures. If the formation of vortex structures at the burner outlet is reduced or prevented, this also reduces the periodic heat release fluctuation.
- these periodic heat release fluctuations form the basis for the occurrence of thermoacoustic oscillations, so that by the acoustic Excitation the amplitude of the thermoacoustic fluctuations can be reduced.
- the fuel injection counteracts the formation of coherent structures, so that the amplitude of the pressure pulsation is reduced.
- the said phase difference is set by the time delay element 31 and takes into account that, as a rule, phase shifts occur due to the arrangement of the measuring sensors and fuel valves 24 as well as by the measuring devices and lines themselves. If the set relative phase is chosen such that the greatest possible reduction in the pressure amplitude results, all these phase-rotating effects are implicitly taken into account. Since the most favorable relative phase can change over time, the relative phase advantageously remains variable and can be tracked, for example, via a control of the pressure fluctuations so that a large suppression is always ensured.
- thermoacoustic oscillations can be influenced in a targeted manner.
- a modulated fuel injection means any time-varying injection of liquid or gaseous fuel. This modulation can be done, for example, at any frequency.
- the injection can take place independently of the phase of the pressure oscillations in the combustion system (cf. Fig. 4 ); However, preferred is the embodiment according to Fig. 5 in which the injection is phase-locked with the vibration signal measured in the combustion system 1, which is correlated with the thermoacoustic oscillations.
- the modulation of the fuel injection takes place by a corresponding opening and closing of the fuel valve or valves 24, whereby the injection times (start and end of the injection) and / or the injection quantity are varied. Due to the modulated fuel supply into the recirculation zone 7, the amount of fuel reacted in large-scale vortices can be controlled in the combustion chamber 3. As a result, the formation of the coherent structures and thus the formation of thermoacoustic instabilities can be influenced.
- thermoacoustic oscillations may be influenced by means of the device 22 according to the invention via the control signal generator 26 or 29.
- the main noise frequency may depend on the respective operating state of the combustion system 1.
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Beeinflussung thermoakustischer Schwingungen in einem Verbrennungssystem mit wenigstens einem Brenner und wenigstens einer Brennkammer mit den Merkmalen des Oberbegriffs des Anspruchs 1 bzw. mit den Merkmalen des Oberbegriffs des Anspruchs 5.The invention relates to a method and a device for influencing thermoacoustic oscillations in a combustion system with at least one burner and at least one combustion chamber having the features of the preamble of
Es ist bekannt, dass in Brennkammern von Gasturbinen häufig unerwünschte thermoakustische Schwingungen auftreten. Mit dem Begriff "thermoakustische Schwingungen" werden sich gegenseitig aufschaukelnde thermische und akustische Störungen bezeichnet. Es können dabei hohe Schwingungsamplituden auftreten, die zu unerwünschten Effekten, wie etwa zu einer hohen mechanischen Belastung der Brennkammer und zu erhöhten NOx-Emissionen durch eine inhomogene Verbrennung führen können. Dies trifft insbesondere für Verbrennungssysteme mit geringer akustischer Dämpfung zu. Um eine hohe Leistung in Bezug auf Pulsationen und Emissionen über einen weiten Betriebsbereich zu gewährleisten, kann eine aktive Kontrolle der Verbrennungsschwingungen notwendig sein.It is known that undesirable thermoacoustic oscillations often occur in combustion chambers of gas turbines. The term "thermoacoustic oscillations" refers to mutually accelerating thermal and acoustic disturbances. It can thereby high vibration amplitudes occur which may lead to undesired effects, such as to a high mechanical load of the combustion chamber and increased NO x emissions by a non-homogeneous combustion. This is especially true for low acoustic attenuation combustion systems. To achieve high performance in terms of pulsations and emissions over a wide range Operating range may require active control of combustion oscillations.
Um niedrige NOx-Emissionen zu erzielen, wird in modernen Gasturbinen ein zunehmender Anteil der Luft durch die Brenner selbst geleitet und der Kühlluftstrom reduziert. Da bei herkömmlichen Brennkammern die in die Brennkammer einströmende Kühlluft schalldämpfend wirkt und damit zur Dämpfung thermoakustischer Schwingungen beiträgt, wird durch die vorgenannten Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung der NOx-Emissionen die Schalldämpfung reduziert.In modern gas turbines, in order to achieve low NO x emissions, an increasing proportion of the air is passed through the burners themselves and the cooling air flow is reduced. Since in conventional combustion chambers, the cooling air flowing into the combustion chamber acts to dampen the sound and thus contributes to the damping of thermoacoustic oscillations, the noise reduction is reduced by the abovementioned measures for reducing the NO x emissions.
Aus der
Aus der dem stand der Technick nächstliegenden gattungsgemäßen
Es besteht weiterer Bedarf, die Störwirkung der thermoakustischen Schwingungssysteme noch stärker zu reduzieren.There is a further need to further reduce the interference of the thermoacoustic vibration systems.
Hier setzt die Erfindung an. Die vorliegende Erfindung beschäftigt sich mit dem Problem, einen weiteren Weg zur Verminderung thermoakustischer Schwingungen in einem Verbrennungssystem aufzuzeigen.This is where the invention starts. The present invention addresses the problem of demonstrating another way to reduce thermoacoustic oscillations in a combustion system.
Dieses Problem wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Gegenstände der unabhängigen Ansprüche gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen sind Gegenstand der abhängigen Ansprüche.This problem is solved according to the invention by the subject matters of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments are the subject of the dependent claims.
Die Erfindung beruht auf dem allgemeinen Gedanken, bei einem Verbrennungssystem, in dessen Brennkammer sich eine Rezirkulationszone ausbildet, Brennstoff in diese Rezirkulationszone moduliert einzudüsen, wobei die Eindüsung der Gesamtbrennstoffmenge so erfolgt, dass eine erste Brennstoffmenge konstant und eine zweite Brennstoffmenge moduliert eingedüst werden, und dass die moduliert eingedüste Brennstoffmenge etwa zwischen 6 % und 1 % der Gesamtbrennstoffmenge beträgt. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass durch diese Maßnahme die Unterdrückung der thermoakustischen Schwingungen deutlich verbessert werden kann. Durch die Brennstoffeindüsung in die Rezirkulationszone können die sich in der Brennkammer ausbildenden und sich gegenseitig beeinflussenden Wirbelsysteme intensiv beeinflusst werden. Da die in der Brennkammer vorliegenden Wirbelsysteme wesentlich am Entstehen thermoakustischer Schwingungen beteiligt sind, lässt sich durch eine gezielte, modulierte Brennstoffeindüsung in die Rezirkulationszone eine wirkungsvolle Beeinflussung der thermoakustischen Schwingungen erzielen.The invention is based on the general idea of injecting fuel into this recirculation zone in a combustion system in whose combustion chamber a recirculation zone is formed. The total amount of fuel is injected in such a way that a first quantity of fuel is injected in a constant manner and a second quantity of fuel is modulated the modulated injected amount of fuel is approximately between 6% and 1% of the total amount of fuel. It has been found that the suppression of the thermoacoustic oscillations can be significantly improved by this measure. By the fuel injection into the recirculation zone, which can be formed in the combustion chamber and each other influential vortex systems are intensively influenced. Since the vortex systems present in the combustion chamber are essentially involved in the development of thermoacoustic oscillations, a targeted, modulated fuel injection into the recirculation zone can effectively influence the thermoacoustic oscillations.
Derartige Rezirkulationszonen, die sich erfindungsgemäß für die modulierte Eindüsung von Brennstoff besonders eignen, können sich bei speziellen Brenner-Brennkammer-Konfigurationen in der Brennkammer ausbilden. Beispielsweise kann sich eine solche Rezirkulationszone in der Brennkammer dann ausbilden, wenn die vom Brenner zugeführte, drallbehaftete Strömung beim Übergang in die Brennkammer plötzlich zusammenbricht. Der Zusammenbruch einer solchen Drallströmung kann beispielsweise durch eine sprungartige Querschnittserweiterung beim Übergang zwischen Brenner und Brennkammer erreicht werden, die in Verbindung mit entsprechenden Druckverhältnissen quasi ein Aufplatzen der Drallströmung bewirkt. Derartige Rezirkulationszonen werden bei modernen Verbrennungssystemen gezielt erzeugt, da sie in der Brennkammer die Ausbildung einer stationären und stabilen Flammenfront unterstützen. Eine stabile Verbrennung führt zu einem hohen Wirkungsgrad und zu niedrigen Schadstoffemissionen. Es ist daher von besonderem Interesse, in der Brennkammer eine stabile Rezirkulationszone zu erzeugen. Da sich ausbildende thermoakustische Schwingungen zu Instabilitäten der Rezirkulationszone führen können, führt eine verbesserte Unterdrückung oder Dämpfung der thermoakustischen Schwingungen zu einer erhöhten Stabilität der Rezirkulationszone. Durch die erfindungsgemäß vorgeschlagene modulierte Brennstoffeindüsung in die Rezirkulationszone kann diese somit stabilisiert werden. Indem die Eindüsung der Gesamtbrennstoffmenge so erfolgt, dass die erste Brennstoffmenge konstant eingedüst wird, während die zweite Brennstoffmenge moduliert eingedüst wird, wird einerseits gewährleistet, dass das brennbare Gemisch in der Brennkammer nicht zu stark abmagert, um ein Erlöschen der Flammen zu vermeiden. Andererseits nutzt diese Vorgehensweise die Erkenntnis, dass die Verwendung einer (relativ kleinen) Teilmenge des eingedüsten Brennstoffs ausreicht, um durch die modulierte Eindüsung den gewünschten Einfluss auf die thermoakustischen Schwingungen zu erzielen. Da somit nur ein Teil des Brennstoffs moduliert eingedüst werden muss, kann die dazu ausgebildete Brennstoffversorgungseinrichtung entsprechend kleiner dimensioniertsein.Such recirculation zones, which according to the invention are particularly suitable for the modulated injection of fuel, can be formed in the combustion chamber in the case of special burner / combustor configurations. For example, such a recirculation zone can form in the combustion chamber when the swirling flow supplied by the burner suddenly collapses when it enters the combustion chamber. The collapse of such a swirl flow can be achieved, for example, by a sudden cross-sectional widening in the transition between the burner and the combustion chamber, which, in conjunction with corresponding pressure conditions, virtually causes the swirl flow to burst. Such recirculation zones are specifically produced in modern combustion systems, since they support the formation of a stationary and stable flame front in the combustion chamber. Stable combustion leads to high efficiency and low pollutant emissions. It is therefore of particular interest to create a stable recirculation zone in the combustion chamber. Since forming thermoacoustic oscillations can lead to instabilities of the recirculation zone, improved suppression or damping of the thermoacoustic oscillations leads to increased stability of the recirculation zone. By the invention proposed modulated fuel injection into the recirculation zone, this can thus be stabilized. By injecting the total amount of fuel so that the first amount of fuel is constantly injected while the second amount of fuel is modulated injected, on the one hand ensures that the combustible Do not over-mix the mixture in the combustion chamber to avoid extinguishing the flames. On the other hand, this procedure uses the knowledge that the use of a (relatively small) subset of the injected fuel is sufficient to achieve the desired effect on the thermoacoustic oscillations by the modulated injection. Since therefore only a part of the fuel must be modulated injected, the fuel supply device designed for this purpose can be dimensioned correspondingly smaller.
Die nicht modulierte Eindüsung einer konstanten Brennstoffmenge kann auf herkömmliche Weise erfolgen.The unmodulated injection of a constant amount of fuel can be done in a conventional manner.
Die modulierte Eindüsung des Brennstoffs in die Rezirkulationszone wird mittels einer Lanze durchgeführt, die in den Brenner hineinragt. Zweckmäßig ragt diese Lanze dabei relativ weit in den Brenner hinein, um die Brennstoffeindüsung in die Rezirkulationszone zu ermöglichen.The modulated injection of the fuel into the recirculation zone is carried out by means of a lance projecting into the burner. Appropriately, this lance protrudes relatively far into the burner in order to allow the fuel injection into the recirculation zone.
Weitere wichtige Merkmale und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen, aus den Zeichnungen und aus der zugehörigen Figurenbeschreibung anhand der Zeichnung.Other important features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims, from the drawings and from the associated figure description with reference to the drawing.
Bevorzugte Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in den Zeichnungen dargestellt und werden in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert, wobei gleiche Bezugszeichen gleiche oder ähnliche oder funktional gleiche Bauteile bezeichnen. Es zeigen, jeweils schematisch,
- Fig. 1
- eine stark vereinfachte Prinzipdarstellung eines mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung ausgestatteten Verbrennungssystems,
- Fig. 2
- eine teilweise geschnittene, perspektivische Darstellung eines Brenners,
- Fig. 3
- eine vereinfachte Darstellung des Brenners aus
Fig. 2 , jedoch aus einer anderen Perspektive, - Fig. 4
- eine nochmals vereinfachte Darstellung des Verbrennungssystems mit einer Steuerung,
- Fig. 5
- eine Darstellung wie in
Fig. 4 , jedoch bei einer anderen Ausführungsform der Steuerung.
- Fig. 1
- a greatly simplified schematic representation of a combustion system equipped with a device according to the invention,
- Fig. 2
- a partially cut, perspective view of a burner,
- Fig. 3
- a simplified representation of the burner
Fig. 2 but from a different perspective, - Fig. 4
- a further simplified representation of the combustion system with a controller,
- Fig. 5
- a representation like in
Fig. 4 but in another embodiment of the controller.
Entsprechend
Erfindungsgemäß besitzt ein Brennstoffversorgungssystem 11 eine Lanze 12, die in den Brenner 2 hineinragt und so ausgestaltet ist, dass flüssiger oder gasförmiger Brennstoff mit Hilfe dieser Lanze 12 in die Rezirkulationszone 7 moduliert eindüsbar ist. Die dadurch erzeugte Beeinflussung der Rezirkulationszone 7 kann durch eine entsprechende Modulation der Brennstoffeindüsung gezielt so gewählt werden, dass sich eine Dämpfung oder Unterdrückung von thermoakustischen Schwingungen des Verbrennungssystems 1 ausbildet. Da diese thermoakustischen Schwingungen nachteilig für die Stabilität der Rezirkulationszone 7 bzw. der Flammenfront 10 sind, führt die vorgeschlagene, modulierte Brennstoffeindüsung in die Rezirkulationszone 7 zu einer Stabilisierung der Verbrennung in der Brennkammer 3.According to the invention, a
Entsprechend
Die Lage der Öffnungen 15, durch welche der Brennstoff 16 der Verbrennungsluft 25 zugemischt wird, ist aus
Bei der hier gezeigten Ausführungsform wird der Brennstoff somit teilweise über die Lanze 12 und teilweise über die Öffnungen 15 eingedüst. Grundsätzlich ist auch eine Ausführungsform möglich, bei welcher der Brennstoff ausschließlich über die Lanze 12 eingedüst wird. Bevorzugt wird eine Variante, bei welcher die über die Lanze 12 eingedüste Brennstoffmenge kleiner, insbesondere erheblich kleiner ist als die Brennstoffmenge, die über die Öffnungen 15 eingedüst wird. Beispielsweise liegt die über die Lanze 12 eingedüste Brennstoffmenge etwa bei 5 % oder weniger, insbesondere bei etwa 2 %, der insgesamt eingedüsten Brennstoffmenge.In the embodiment shown here, the fuel is thus partially injected via the
Während über die Lanze 12 der Brennstoff in die Rezirkulationszone 7 eindüsbar ist, erfolgt die Brennstoffeindüsung über die Öffnungen 15 eindeutig innerhalb des Brenners 2. Abgesehen von der Lanze 12 gleicht der in den
Dementsprechend ist es somit möglich, sowohl über die Lanze 12 als auch über die Öffnungen 15 den Brennstoff moduliert einzudüsen. Bevorzugt wird jedoch eine Ausführungsform, bei welcher die modulierte Brennstoffeindüsung ausschließlich über die Lanze 12 erfolgt.Accordingly, it is thus possible to inject the fuel modulated both via the
Die modulierte Brennstoffeindüsung wird so durchgeführt, dass sich die insgesamt eingedüste Brennstoffmenge aus einer ersten, konstant, also unmoduliert eingedüsten Brennstoffmenge und einer zweiten, moduliert eingedüsten Brennstoffmenge zusammensetzt. Auf diese Weise kann eine Abmagerung des brennbaren Gemischs in der Brennkammer unter den Anteil der konstant eingedüsten Brennstoffmenge vermieden werden.The modulated fuel injection is carried out so that the total injected amount of fuel from a first, constant, ie unmodulated injected fuel quantity and a second, modulated injected fuel quantity. In this way, an emaciation of the combustible mixture in the combustion chamber can be avoided below the proportion of the constant injected fuel quantity.
Es hat sich gezeigt, dass es zur Dämpfung der thermoakustischen Schwingungen ausreicht, die moduliert eingedüste Brennstoffmenge kleiner, insbesondere erheblich kleiner zu wählen als die konstant eingedüste Brennstoffmenge. Bevorzugt wird hierbei eine Ausführungsform, bei der die modulierte Brennstoffeindüsung ausschließlich über die Lanze 12 erfolgt, während die konstante, also unmodulierte Brennstoffeindüsung ausschließlich über die Öffnungen 15 durchgeführt wird. Dementsprechend ergibt sich wieder die obengenannte Aufteilung, bei der nur etwa 5 % oder vorzugsweise 2 % der gesamten Brennstoffmenge moduliert über die Lanze 12 in die Rezirkulationszone 7 eingedüst wird.It has been shown that it is sufficient for damping the thermoacoustic oscillations, the modulated injected amount of fuel smaller, in particular to select much smaller than the constant injected amount of fuel. In this case, an embodiment is preferred in which the modulated fuel injection takes place exclusively via the
Wie aus den
Zweckmäßig ist die Lanze 12 so ausgebildet, dass sie die Brennstoffeindüsung in die Rezirkulationszone 7 axial durchführt, das heißt, der moduliert eingedüste Brennstoff tritt an einer axialen Stirnseite 21 aus der Lanze 12 aus.Suitably, the
Grundsätzlich kann die modulierte Eindüsung des Brennstoffs in die Rezirkulationszone 7 so ausgeführt werden, dass die Modulation unabhängig von einer Schwingungsphase der aktuellen thermoakustischen Schwingungen im Verbrennungssystem 1 ist. Gemäß
Entsprechend
Der Steuersignalgenerator 29 enthält beispielsweise einen speziellen Algorithmus und/oder Kennfelder, um aus den eingehenden Schwingungssignalen geeignete Steuersignale zu erzeugen. Diese Steuersignale werden dann einem Filter 30 zugeführt, der insbesondere als Bandpassfilter oder als Hochpassfilter ausgebildet ist und unerwünschte, niederfrequente Störungen zurück hält. Nach dem Filter 30 werden die Steuersignale in einem Zeitverzögerungsglied 31 phasenverschoben; anschließend werden sie in einem Verstärker 32 verstärkt und können dann zur Ansteuerung des Brennstoffventils 24 verwendet werden. Zweckmäßig kann die Steuerung 28, insbesondere deren Steuersignalgenerator 29, in Abhängigkeit der momentanen Druck- oder Lumineszens-Signale das Zeitverzögerungsglied 31 zur Veränderung der Phasenverschiebung und/oder den Verstärker 32 zur Veränderung der Signalamplitude und/oder das Filter 30 zur Veränderung des Filterbereichs ansteuern. Hierdurch kann der Einfluss der Steuerung 28 auf die zu bedämpfende Störfrequenz variiert bzw. nachgeführt werden. Während die in
Die strömungsmechanische Stabilität eines Gasturbinenbrenners 2 ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für das Auftreten thermoakustischer Schwingungen. Die im Brenner 2 entstehenden strömungsmechanischen Instabilitätswellen führen zur Ausbildung von Wirbeln. Diese auch als kohärente Strukturen bezeichneten Wirbel spielen eine bedeutende Rolle bei Mischungsvorgängen zwischen Luft und Brennstoff. Die räumliche und zeitliche Dynamik dieser kohärenten Strukturen beeinflusst die Verbrennung und die Wärmefreisetzung. Durch die modulierte Brennstoffeindüsung kann der Ausbildung dieser kohärenten Strukturen entgegengewirkt werden. Wird die Entstehung von Wirbelstrukturen am Brenneraustritt reduziert oder verhindert, so wird dadurch auch die periodische Wärmefreisetzungsschwankung reduziert. Diese periodischen Wärmefreisetzungsschwankungen bilden jedoch die Grundlage für das Auftreten thermoakustischer Schwingungen, so dass durch die akustische Anregung die Amplitude der thermoakustischen Schwankungen reduziert werden kann.The fluid mechanical stability of a
Durch die Wahl einer geeigneten, je nach Art des gemessenen Signals verschiedenen Phasendifferenz zwischen Messsignal und momentaner Modulation der Brennstoffeindüsung wirkt die Brennstoffeindüsung der Ausbildung kohärenter Strukturen entgegen, so dass die Amplitude der Druckpulsation verringert wird. Die genannte Phasendifferenz wird durch das Zeitverzögerungsglied 31 eingestellt und berücksichtigt, dass in der Regel durch die Anordnung der Messsensoren und Brennstoffventile 24 sowie durch die Messgeräte und Leitungen selbst Phasenverschiebungen auftreten. Wird die eingestellte relative Phase so gewählt, dass sich eine möglichst große Reduzierung der Druckamplitude ergibt, werden alle diese phasendrehenden Effekte implizit berücksichtigt. Da sich die günstigste relative Phase mit der Zeit ändern kann, bleibt die relative Phase vorteilhaft variabel und kann etwa über eine Kontrolle der Druckschwankungen so nachgeführt werden, dass stets eine große Unterdrückung gewährleistet ist.By choosing a suitable, different depending on the type of measured signal phase difference between the measurement signal and instantaneous modulation of the fuel injection, the fuel injection counteracts the formation of coherent structures, so that the amplitude of the pressure pulsation is reduced. The said phase difference is set by the
Mit Hilfe der modulierten Brennstoffeindüsung, die erfindungsgemäß in die Rezirkulationszone 7 der Brennkammer 3 erfolgt, lässt sich die Ausbildung thermoakustischer Schwingungen gezielt beeinflussen. Unter einer modulierten Brennstoffeindüsung wird hierbei jede zeitlich variierende Eindüsung von flüssigem oder gasförmigem Brennstoff verstanden. Diese Modulation kann beispielsweise mit einer beliebigen Frequenz erfolgen. Die Eindüsung kann phasenunabhängig von den Druckschwingungen im Verbrennungssystem erfolgen (vgl.
Über den Steuersignalgenerator 26 bzw. 29 kann es insbesondere möglich sein, die mit Hilfe der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung 22 zu beeinflussende Störfrequenz der thermoakustischen Schwingungen zu variieren. Beispielsweise kann die Hauptstörfrequenz vom jeweiligen Betriebszustand des Verbrennungssystems 1 abhängen.It may be possible, in particular, to vary the interference frequency of the thermoacoustic oscillations to be influenced by means of the
- 11
- Verbrennungssystemcombustion system
- 22
- Brennerburner
- 33
- Brennkammercombustion chamber
- 44
- Drallströmungswirl flow
- 55
- Übergangcrossing
- 66
- QuerschnittserweiterungCross-sectional widening
- 77
- Rezirkulationszonerecirculation zone
- 88th
- Wirbelwalzeeddy roll
- 99
- Wirbelwalzeeddy roll
- 1010
- Flammenfrontflame front
- 1111
- BrennstoffversorgungseinrichtungFuel supply device
- 1212
- Lanzelance
- 1313
- Brennstoffleitungfuel line
- 1414
- Brennstoffleitungfuel line
- 1515
- Öffnungopening
- 1616
- Brennstofffuel
- 1717
- Brennstofffuel
- 1818
- Teilkörperpartial body
- 1919
- Teilkörperpartial body
- 2020
- LängsmittelachseLongitudinal central axis
- 2121
- axiale Stirnseiteaxial end face
- 2222
- Vorrichtungcontraption
- 2323
- Steuerungcontrol
- 2424
- Brennstoffventilfuel valve
- 2525
- Verbrennungsluftcombustion air
- 2626
- SteuersignalgeneratorControl signal generator
- 2727
- Verstärkeramplifier
- 2828
- Steuerungcontrol
- 2929
- SteuersignalgeneratorControl signal generator
- 3030
- Filterfilter
- 3131
- ZeitverzögerungsgliedTime delay element
- 3232
- Verstärkeramplifier
Claims (11)
- Method for influencing thermoacoustic vibrations in a combustion system (1) with at least one burner (2) and at least one combustion chamber (3), wherein a modulated injection of fuel is carried out, characterized in that- the modulated injection of the fuel is carried out into a recirculation zone (7) which is formed in the combustion chamber (3),- the injection of the total amount of fuel is carried out so that a first amount of fuel is injected constantly and a second amount of fuel is injected in a modulated manner,- the amount of fuel which is injected in a modulated manner is approximately between 6% and 1% of the total amount of fuel.
- Method according to Claim 1,
characterized in that
the modulated injection of the fuel is carried out independently of a vibration phase of the thermoacoustic vibrations. - Method according to Claim 1,
characterized in that
the modulated injection of the fuel is coupled with a vibration phase of the thermoacoustic vibrations. - Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3,
characterized in that
the modulated injection of the fuel is carried out exclusively into the recirculation zone (7). - Device for influencing thermoacoustic vibrations in a combustion system (1) with at least one burner (2) and at least one combustion chamber (3), wherein the burner (2) has at least one fuel supply device (11) with at least one fuel valve (24) for creating a modulated injection of the fuel,
characterized in that- the fuel supply device (11) has at least one lance (12) which projects into the burner (2) for the modulated injection of the fuel into a recirculation zone (7) which is formed in the combustion chamber (3),- a control system (23) for operating the fuel valve (24) which controls the fuel supply to the lance (12) is designed so that it controls the fuel valve (24) so that the amount of fuel which is injected in a modulated manner is approximately between 6% and 1% of a total amount of fuel which is altogether fed to the combustion chamber (3). - Device according to Claim 5,
characterized in that
the lance (12) is arranged coaxially to a longitudinal centre axis (20) of the burner (2). - Device according to Claim 5 or 6,
characterized in that
the lance (12) injects the fuel essentially axially into the recirculation zone (7). - Device according to one of Claims 5 to 7,
characterized in that
a control system (23) for operating the fuel valve (24) which controls the fuel supply to the lance (12) has an open control loop which includes a control signal generator (26) which generates a control signal for operating the fuel valve (24) independently of the current thermoacoustic vibrations. - Device according to Claim 8,
characterized in that
the open control loop includes a signal amplifier (27) which transmits the control signal which is generated by the signal generator (26) to the fuel valve (24) in an amplified state. - Device according to one of Claims 5 to 7,
characterized in that
a control system (28) for operating the fuel valve (24) which controls the fuel supply to the lance (12) has a closed control loop which includes a control signal generator (29) which generates a control signal for operating the fuel valve (24) in dependence upon a vibration signal which correlates with the current thermoacoustic vibrations. - Device according to Claim 10,
characterized in that
the closed control loop includes sensors for generating the vibration signal, and/or a filter (30) for noise suppression in the control signal, and/or a time delay element (31) for phase shift of the control signal, and/or a signal amplifier (32) for amplifying the control signal before it reaches the fuel valve (24).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10257275 | 2002-12-07 | ||
DE10257275A DE10257275A1 (en) | 2002-12-07 | 2002-12-07 | Method and device for influencing thermoacoustic vibrations in combustion systems |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1429004A2 EP1429004A2 (en) | 2004-06-16 |
EP1429004A3 EP1429004A3 (en) | 2005-05-25 |
EP1429004B1 true EP1429004B1 (en) | 2010-03-24 |
Family
ID=32318999
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03104406A Expired - Lifetime EP1429004B1 (en) | 2002-12-07 | 2003-11-27 | Method and device for affecting thermoacoustic oscillations in combustion systems |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7549857B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1429004B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE462071T1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE10257275A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
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DE102005059184B3 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2007-09-06 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Apparatus and method for damping thermoacoustic resonances in combustion chambers |
DE102006015529A1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-04 | Alstom Technology Ltd. | Burner system with staged fuel injection |
EP2006606A1 (en) * | 2007-06-21 | 2008-12-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Swirling-free stabilising of the flame of a premix burner |
FI128276B (en) | 2016-09-19 | 2020-02-28 | Finno Energy Oy | A method for operating a gas turbine |
CN112253317A (en) * | 2020-11-10 | 2021-01-22 | 上海电气燃气轮机有限公司 | Closed-loop combustion control system and control method thereof |
Family Cites Families (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4262482A (en) * | 1977-11-17 | 1981-04-21 | Roffe Gerald A | Apparatus for the premixed gas phase combustion of liquid fuels |
US5082421A (en) * | 1986-04-28 | 1992-01-21 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Active control of unsteady motion phenomena in turbomachinery |
DE4339094A1 (en) * | 1993-11-16 | 1995-05-18 | Abb Management Ag | Damping of thermal-acoustic vibrations resulting from combustion of fuel |
US5487265A (en) * | 1994-05-02 | 1996-01-30 | General Electric Company | Gas turbine coordinated fuel-air control method and apparatus therefor |
EP0765453B1 (en) | 1994-06-24 | 2001-01-10 | United Technologies Corporation | Pilot injector for gas turbine engines |
CA2187255A1 (en) * | 1995-10-13 | 1997-04-14 | Randall S. Gemmen | Combustor oscillating pressure stabilization and method |
DE19704540C1 (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 1998-07-23 | Siemens Ag | Method for actively damping a combustion oscillation and combustion device |
US6560967B1 (en) * | 1998-05-29 | 2003-05-13 | Jeffrey Mark Cohen | Method and apparatus for use with a gas fueled combustor |
EP0985810B1 (en) | 1998-09-10 | 2003-10-29 | ALSTOM (Switzerland) Ltd | Method for minimizing thermo-acoustic oscillations in gas turbine combustion chambers |
DE19928226A1 (en) * | 1999-05-07 | 2001-02-01 | Abb Alstom Power Ch Ag | Process for suppressing or controlling thermoacoustic vibrations in a combustion system and combustion system for carrying out the process |
DE19934612A1 (en) * | 1999-07-23 | 2001-01-25 | Abb Alstom Power Ch Ag | Method for actively suppressing fluid mechanical instabilities in a combustion system and combustion system for carrying out the method |
DE19948673B4 (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2009-02-26 | Alstom | Method for producing hot gases in a combustion device and combustion device for carrying out the method |
DE10040869A1 (en) * | 2000-08-21 | 2002-03-07 | Alstom Power Nv | Method and device for suppressing flow vortices within a fluid power machine |
DE10257244A1 (en) * | 2002-12-07 | 2004-07-15 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Method and device for influencing thermoacoustic vibrations in combustion systems |
DE10257245A1 (en) * | 2002-12-07 | 2004-07-15 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Method and device for influencing thermoacoustic vibrations in combustion systems |
-
2002
- 2002-12-07 DE DE10257275A patent/DE10257275A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-11-27 AT AT03104406T patent/ATE462071T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-11-27 DE DE50312545T patent/DE50312545D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-27 EP EP03104406A patent/EP1429004B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-03 US US10/725,562 patent/US7549857B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE10257275A1 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
ATE462071T1 (en) | 2010-04-15 |
US7549857B2 (en) | 2009-06-23 |
DE50312545D1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
US20050019713A1 (en) | 2005-01-27 |
EP1429004A3 (en) | 2005-05-25 |
EP1429004A2 (en) | 2004-06-16 |
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