EP1418397B1 - Wärmetauscher für Brennstoffreformierungs- und Turbogeneratorsysteme - Google Patents

Wärmetauscher für Brennstoffreformierungs- und Turbogeneratorsysteme Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1418397B1
EP1418397B1 EP03257048A EP03257048A EP1418397B1 EP 1418397 B1 EP1418397 B1 EP 1418397B1 EP 03257048 A EP03257048 A EP 03257048A EP 03257048 A EP03257048 A EP 03257048A EP 1418397 B1 EP1418397 B1 EP 1418397B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
heat
steam
porous
recited
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EP03257048A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1418397A2 (de
EP1418397A3 (de
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Hideo Kawamura
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Ship and Ocean Foundation
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Ship and Ocean Foundation
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Priority claimed from JP2002325052A external-priority patent/JP4202093B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP2002325045A external-priority patent/JP2004156881A/ja
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Publication of EP1418397A2 publication Critical patent/EP1418397A2/de
Publication of EP1418397A3 publication Critical patent/EP1418397A3/de
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
    • F28F13/185—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/003—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by using permeable mass, perforated or porous materials

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a heat exchanger having a porous metal as defined in the preamble of claim 1.
  • a heat exchanger is known for instance from FR-A-2026088 .
  • thermal energy of exhaust gases is available for the thermal decomposition of natural gas to produce reformed fuel, the generation of steam from water, the condensing of a vapor to a liquid, the warming of an oily substance, and so on.
  • Some sort of a heat exchanger disclosed in, for example Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6601/1999 is known, in which a porous ceramics member is installed in a gas passage while first-stage and second-stage heat exchangers are provided in the course of an exhaust line out of a gas engine to boost the steam in temperature.
  • the first-stage heat exchanger is constituted with a steam passage installed in a first casing to allow the steam to flow through there, and an exhaust gas passage arranged in the steam passage to get the exhaust gases running through there.
  • the second-stage heat exchanger includes a water-steam line allowed to hold water therein, which is installed in a second casing lying behind the first casing, and an exhaust gas line surrounding around the water-steam line to allow the exhaust gases to flow through there.
  • a natural gas-reforming system disclosed in, for example Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 93777/1999 is also known, in which the principal constituent: CH 4 in natural gas is pyrolyzed to the reformed fuel of CO and H 2 to improve the gas engine in thermal efficiency, and further the CO 2 contained in the exhaust gases is used for the pyrolysis, thus rendering the CO 2 content in the exhaust gases reduced.
  • an exhaust gas passage is defined inside an exhaust gas tube while a gaseous fuel casing is disposed around the exhaust gas tube to allow the gaseous fuel to flow through there.
  • the gaseous fuel casing is filled with porous ceramic substance coated with a catalyst helping convert the CH 4 in natural gas into CO and H 2 .
  • the gaseous fuel casing is shielded around there with a thermal insulation.
  • the CO 2 separated out from the exhaust gases though a separator membrane is forced into the catalytic converter.
  • Heat energy remaining in the exhaust gases is reclaimed at a turbo-charger and also discharged at the first and second heat exchangers to produce high-temperature steam that is in turn used to drive a steam turbine, which would result in reclaiming the heat energy as electric energy.
  • a steam engine working on Rankine cycle disclosed in, for example Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 51582/1999 is also known which is comprised of a steam generator to convert the liquid to vapor, a steam turbine driven with the vapor produced in the steam generator, a condenser to reduce exhaust steam from the steam turbine to a liquid, and a pump to return the liquid discharged out of the condenser back to the steam generator.
  • the condenser is composed of an inside cylinder providing a fluid passage to allow the steam leaving the steam turbine to flow through there, the inside cylinder having a rotor of permanent magnet, a first porous member installed in the fluid passage, a second porous member wound around the inside cylinder in a spiral way to form successive fins, and an outside cylinder surrounding around the successive fins to provide an air passage in which any one fin and a circular space separating any two successive fins alternate lengthwise within the outer cylinder, the outer cylinder having a stator in opposition to the rotor on the inside cylinder to bear the inside cylinder for rotation thereon.
  • a gas engine disclosed in, for example Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6602/1999 is also known, in which an energy recovery means with heat exchanger is disposed behind a turbocharger installed in an exhaust pipe. High-temperature steam produced in the heat exchanger passes through a steam turbine to produce electric power by the action of a generator coupled with the steam turbine.
  • the gas engine employs fuel of natural gas and is applicable well to, for example a cogeneration system.
  • the gas engine includes a fuel tank to hold a natural gas containing a principal constituent of CH 4 , a fuel pump to forcibly feed the gaseous fuel into an auxiliary chamber connected to a main combustion chamber, a first heat exchanger unit installed behind the turbocharger in the exhaust pipe, a steam turbine driven by the steam produced in the first heat exchanger unit, and a second heat exchanger unit disposed behind the first heat exchanger unit to convert a low-temperature vapor and water leaving the steam turbine into a high-temperature vapor that is fed back to the first heat exchanger unit.
  • the generator when driven by the steam turbine, produces electric power in proportion to turning force exerted by the turbine.
  • the heat exchanger should be high in efficiency for the reclaiming of heat energy from the exhaust gases.
  • the combustion chamber has to be made in heat insulation to exploit the most of heat energy from the exhaust gases, converting the most of energy derived from the fuel into power.
  • Effectiveness in the heat exchanger is very crucial for the heat transfer from one fluid to another. That is, the higher the effectiveness in the heat exchanger is, the better it is for available rate of heat energy and therefore for the overall thermal efficiency.
  • the operating fluids have considerable affect on the effectiveness of the heat exchanger in both their heat conductivity and heat transfer rate, and also less thermal resistance is preferred for smooth mobility of heat.
  • porous metallic product has a complex geometrical construction in which metals get entangled and intersected with one another in three-dimensional structure, and therefore has the outside surface area per unit volume, which is up to about six times greater than the conventional fins and further made continuous over the product block. This feature is fit well for heat transfer between the fluids that are different in temperature from one another.
  • porous metallic members are joined together with opposite sides of metallic sheet, one to each side, which is a partition wall to separate two fluids at different temperatures from one another to provide a heat-extracting area or hotter area and a heat-emitting area or colder area in opposition to each other across the partition wall.
  • the hot fluid including a hot gas and so on passes over the heat-extracting area or hotter area through clearances in the associated porous metallic member with coming into collision contact against the over-all surface of the porous metallic member, the remaining heat in the hot fluid is first transferred to the solid of the porous metallic member, and then to the wall of metallic sheet. The heat is eventually transmitted to another fluid in the heat-emitting area or colder area.
  • the porous metallic members have to be securely joined together with the wall through their stems that come in engagement with the sides of the wall.
  • the heat exchanger high in efficiency in order to realize the effective reclaiming of heat energy from the exhaust gases.
  • the combustion chamber needs heat insulation to exploit the most of heat energy from the exhaust gases, converting the most of energy derived from the fuel into power.
  • Effectiveness in the heat exchanger is very crucial for the heat transfer from one fluid to another. That is, the higher the effectiveness in the heat exchanger is, the better it is for available rate of heat energy and therefore for the over-all thermal efficiency.
  • the operating fluids have considerable affect on the effectiveness of the heat exchanger in their heat conductivity and heat transfer rate, and also less thermal resistance is preferred for smooth transmission of heat.
  • the present invention therefore, has as its primary aim to overcome the subject as recited just above and to provide a heat exchanger that is applicable well, for example to the thermal decomposition of natural gas to produce reformed fuel, the conversion of water into steam, the condensing of a vapor to a liquid, the warming of an oily substance, and so on.
  • a heat exchanger in which a porous metallic member is joined integrally with a partition wall with stems thereof being connected to the partition wall in a physically continuous condition sharing the same physical properties with the partition wall, thereby bringing triple to fifth-fold improvement in coefficient of overall heat transmission to transmit the heat energy in the heat-extracting area or hotter area to the heat-emitting area or colder area, thus eventually increasing the effectiveness in the heat exchanger.
  • the improvement in coefficient of overall heat transmission as stated earlier can be achieved by employment of junction layers that are interposed between the porous metallic members and the surface areas of the partition wall preparatory to joining together them to avoid the occurrence of any thermal interruption in the joined zones, thereby increasing the effectiveness in the heat exchanger.
  • Another aim of the present invention is to combine the heat exchanger constructed as recited earlier together with a turbo-generator system.
  • a Rankine cycle engine is employed together with a heat exchanger installed in an exhaust line for the high reclaiming of heat energy remaining in the exhaust gases.
  • a porous metallic member lying in the flow of exhaust gases is joined integrally with a partition wall defining a passage to allow a fluid to pass through there.
  • the porous metallic member is merged with the partition wall in physically continuous condition sharing the same physical properties with the partition wall, thereby bringing triple to fifth-fold improvement in coefficient of overall heat transmission to transmit the heat energy in the hotter area to the colder area, thus eventually increasing the effectiveness in the heat exchanger.
  • the present invention is concerned with a heat exchanger in which heat is transferred from a heat-extracting area where a fluid is allowed to flow through there to a heat-emitting area where another fluid different in temperature from the fluid is allowed to flow through there, wherein a wall is provided to separate the areas from one another, and porous metals are provided in the areas, one to each area, the porous metals being each made on a surface thereof with a junction layer of pasty joining material kneaded with powdery metal, the porous metals being each merged together with the wall through fusion of the associated junction layer to make certain of heat transfer between the wall and the porous metal.
  • a heat exchanger in which the porous metal is made of at least one metal selected from nickel, nickel-chrome alloy, copper and aluminum, while the wall is made of an alloy of copper and any one of nickel and nickel chrome alloy, and the powdery metal is of a heat-resisting metal superior in heat conductivity, selected from silver, nickel, copper and zinc.
  • a heat exchanger in which the junction layers are buried in the porous metals in a way coming into contact with opposite sides of the wall, one to each side, and any first junction layer has a high heat-resisting property and the second junction layer has a fusing temperature more than 100°C lower than the one, the first junction layer being made of joining material higher in fusing temperature than the second junction layer.
  • a heat exchanger is disclosed in which the porous metals has a stem while the junction layers are bonded to the porous metals in a way the stem is either buried into the associated junction layer in a depth not less than a diameter of the stem in cross section or surrounded with the junction layer in a conical shape.
  • a heat exchanger in which at least one metal of high heat conductivity selected from copper, aluminum and silver is coated on the surface of the porous metals by any one process of plating, dipping and vacuum evaporation.
  • the porous metals are each made with a groove on a surface thereof opposite to the surface bonded with the associated junction layer, the groove extending along flow of the fluid.
  • a heat exchanger in which the porous metals are applied over the surface thereof with a ceramic coating of alumina or zirconia over which is distributed at least one catalyst selected from platinum, platinum, vanadium, rhodium, ruthenium and cerium oxide.
  • a heat exchanger is provided in which the porous metal is coated over the surface thereof with a plating layer of at least one material high in heat conductivity selected from copper, silver and aluminum, the plating layer varying gradually in thickness across the junction layer.
  • the gradual variation in thickness of the plating layer over the surface of the porous metal is done by varying a time it takes for dipping the porous metal in a plating bath.
  • an aluminum coating layer is made over the surfaces of the porous metal and then subjected to heat-treatment to precipitate ⁇ -alumina structure.
  • the fins or porous metallic bodies come into merging integrally with the opposite surfaces of the wall through the junction layers without causing any local area where heat-transmission is obstructed, helping improve the heat conductivity between the porous metallic bodies and the separating wall, thereby largely increasing the effectiveness of the heat exchanger.
  • Three-dimensional open-cell arrays in the porous metallic body installed in both the heat-extracting or hotter area and the heat-emitting or colder area in the heat exchanger helps provide largely extended surfaces coming in fluid-to-surface contact with the fluids including natural gas, exhaust gases, and so on, which are allowed to flow through the porous metallic body, thus largely raising the effectiveness of the heat exchanger.
  • a heat exchanger applicable well to a turbo-generator system including an exhaust turbine extracting energy from exhaust gases exhaled out of the heat source of an engine or a combustor, a first heat exchanger unit installed with a porous metal to generate high-temperature steam by a remaining energy in the exhaust gases leaving the exhaust turbine, a steam turbine extracting energy from a high-temperature steam generated in the first heat exchanger unit, an electric generator having a rotor shaft connected to the exhaust turbine and the steam turbine at axially opposite ends thereof, a condenser for removing heat from a steam discharged out of the steam turbine to reduce the steam to a liquid, the condenser being comprised of a porous metal installed on a tubing that allows the steam to pass through there, a pump to feed a water produced in the condenser into the first heat exchanger unit, and a second heat exchanger unit installed between the pump and the first heat exchanger unit to convert the water forced through the pump into a steam
  • a heat exchanger in which the first heat exchanger unit has an outer cylinder filled with a porous metal where the exhaust gases are allowed to pass through there, and an inner cylinder nested in the outside cylinder and packed inside with a porous metal where a steam is allowed to flow through there, the inner cylinder being joined on an outside surface thereof with the porous metal inside the outer cylinder while on an inside surface thereof with the porous metal inside the inner cylinder through fusing metal so that the inner cylinder serves as a wall isolating the porous metals on opposite surfaces thereof from one another.
  • the porous metals on opposite surfaces of the wall in the first heat exchanger unit are joined together with the wall by fusing the junction layers of pasty joining material buried into the porous metals.
  • a heat insulator surrounds around a periphery of the outer cylinder, and the porous metal installed inside the outer cylinder is higher in porosity than the porous metal enclosed in the inner cylinder.
  • a heat exchanger in which the inner cylinder is made in a way that a flow passage for the stream is made smaller in cross sectional area at an egress thereof than an ingress thereof to get a velocity of the stream faster at the egress.
  • a heat exchanger is provided in which a porous metal or a fin is installed on a steam line midway between the steam turbine and the condenser to cool down the steam leaving the steam turbine.
  • the condenser is comprised of an inside liquid chamber having a porous metal, an outside chamber for cooling gas or liquid in which a porous metal is installed, a wall separating the inside and outside chambers from one another, and a steam passage extending in the liquid chamber to deliver the steam leaving the steam turbine into the liquid chamber.
  • a heat exchanger in which the porous metal in the in the liquid chamber of the condenser is made up of a plurality of multistage porous metallic sheets, which are penetrated with the steam passage at the center thereof and joined with the wall separating the liquid chamber from the gas or liquid, so that the steam is discharged out of the steam passage into the liquid chamber, where the steam passes through the porous metallic sheets with losing a remaining energy in the steam.
  • the porous metal in the outside chamber for cooling gas or liquid is joined together with the wall to cool down the steam discharged out of the steam turbine, so that the condenser is made in either an air-cooled system where air is forced into the outside chamber by a blower or a water-cooled system where cooling water is forced to pass through there.
  • a heat exchanger in which the porous metal installed in the liquid chamber is made of porous material of nickel coated with at least one corrosion resisting metal including silver, copper and aluminum, while the porous metal in the outside chamber for cooling air or liquid is made of nickel-based porous metal coated with aluminum.
  • a rotor shaft surrounded with a permanent-magnet rotor of the generator is flanked with the steam turbine and the exhaust turbine, one to each flank.
  • electric power produced by the generator is supplied to either a motor to drive a compressor to force air into the heat source or a motor to spin a crankshaft of the engine through an inverter.
  • a heat exchanger applicable to a fuel-reforming system installed in an exhaust line from an engine to convert a natural gas into a reformed fuel of H 2 and CO by using heat energy of exhaust gases of the engine where the reformed fuel ignites and burns.
  • the fuel-reforming system has absorption means to absorb CO 2 out of the exhaust gases, and catalyst means to help convert the natural gas into the reformed fuel, whereby heat energy is reclaimed from the exhaust gases.
  • the fuel-reforming system includes a cylindrical shell having inlet ports and outlet ports, an circular rotary vessel supported for rotation in the cylindrical shell and provided therein with radial partition plates to form compartments juxtaposed in circular direction, porous metals accommodated in the compartments, the porous metals having a absorbing material and a catalyst thereon, and the exhaust line, steam line and natural gas line are communicated respectively to the inlet and outlet ports in the cylindrical shell.
  • the fuel-reforming system includes valve means to control sequential flows of exhaust gases from the exhaust line, steam from the steam line, and natural gas fuel from the natural gas line into the rotary vessel.
  • the porous metal lying in the flow of fluid provides surface extension enough to make sure of high efficiency of the heat exchanger.
  • the heat exchanger needs high efficiency.
  • Heat transfer rate of the gaseous body is determined depending on Reynolds' number expressed as a function of the velocity and the kinematic viscosity, Prandtl number representing physical characteristics of gaseous body, the heat conductivity, and Nusselt number expressed as a function of Reynolds' number.
  • ⁇ g1 heat transfer rate
  • Nu Nusselt number
  • ⁇ heat conductivity
  • K constant
  • Re Reynolds' number
  • Pr Prandtl number
  • U representative velocity
  • ⁇ kinematic viscosity
  • X representative length.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a basic model that would implement all the conditions 1-5 stated just above.
  • it will be preferred to curb the velocity of gaseous body while increase the area of heat-transfer surface, rather than raising the velocity of gaseous body to increase Reynolds' number, thereby growing the quantity of transferred heat.
  • 1 K 1 hi + di 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ln ⁇ do di + di do ho Af ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ f + Ab / Ar
  • hi heat transfer rate on radially inside surface (W/ m 2 ⁇ K)
  • ho heat transfer rate on radially outside surface (W / m2 ⁇ K)
  • ⁇ heat conductivity of a tube
  • di inside diameter of a tube wall (m)
  • do outside diameter of a tube wall (m)
  • Af fin-mounted area (m 2 ) inside the tube wall
  • ⁇ f fin efficiency
  • Ab outer peripheral area (m 2 ) between adjacent fins
  • Ar is reference area (outer peripheral area corresponding a pitch of successive fins, m 2 )
  • In is natural logarithm.
  • Heat is transmitted from hot gas GA in a heat-extracting or hotter area 7, referred to hotter area 7 hereinafter, to a cold gas GB in a heat-emitting or colder area 8, referred to colder area 8 hereinafter, through a partition wall 2 separating the two gases from one another.
  • a porous metallic body 1 one to each area, which has many stems 5 integrally merged together with the partition wall 2 with the help of any one of junction layers 9, 10, the porous metallic body 1 itself is made up of many stems 5 and twigs or whiskers 6 branching from the stems 5, which are randomly dispersed and entangled on themselves to form open-cells.
  • the coefficient of overall heat transmission K is linked to heat transfer rates on hotter and colder areas.
  • the partition wall 2 separating the two fluids is made over the opposite surfaces thereof with either fins 3 (refer to FIG. 2 ) or the porous metallic body 1
  • any extended surface effect must be considered to get test results tallying with the theoretical coefficient of overall heat transmission K.
  • the heat exchanger of the basic principle model in FIG. 1 to enlarge or increase the heat-transfer surfaces in the hotter and colder areas, it will be considered that the heat-transfer surface made up of the stems 5 and twigs 6 branching away in all directions can amplify the coefficient of overall heat transmission K three to five times.
  • the porous metallic body comes into merging integrally with the partition wall through the junction layer without any local area where heat-transmission is obstructed, helping improve the heat conductivity between the porous metallic body and the partition wall, thereby largely increasing the effectiveness of the heat exchanger.
  • Three-dimensional open-cell arrays in the porous metallic body installed in both the hotter and colder areas in the heat exchanger helps provide large surface extension coming in fluid-to-surface contact with the fluids including natural gas, exhaust gases, and so on, which are allowed to flow through the porous metallic body, thus largely raising the effectiveness of the heat exchanger.
  • any one of two fluids at different temperatures or a hot fluid GA flows through a hotter area 7 while another fluid or a cold fluid GB flows through a colder area 8. Heat is transferred from the hotter area 7 to the colder areas 8.
  • the hot fluid is, for example, heated exhaust gases coming out of any heat source including engines and combustors, whereas the cold fluid is cool natural gases that will be pyrolyzed to produce a reformed fuel.
  • the heat exchanger has partition wall 2 to separate the hotter area 7 and the colder area 8 from one another, where porous metallic members 11, 12 (the entire porous metallic member is designated by reference number 1) are disposed, one to each area, and joined to opposite side surfaces of the partition wall 2.
  • the porous metallic body 1 has many stems 5 that are joined or merged together with the partition wall 2 through junction layers 9, 10, the partition wall 2 being made of any metal superior in heat conductivity.
  • the stems 5, as seen in FIG. 4 each branch out into many twigs or whiskers 6.
  • the stems 5 may be varied in their cross section depending on whether they are in the hotter area 7 or in the colder area 8.
  • junction layers 9, 10 made a paste of joining material kneaded with any powdery metal are applied over an outside surface of the porous metallic body 1 in a way filling in open-cells in a depth from the outside surface.
  • the junction layers 9, 10 over the porous metallic body 1 are brought into close contact with the partition wall and subjected to sintering to join the porous metallic body 1 together with the partition wall 2.
  • the powdery metal kneaded in the joining material to make the paste is selected from any metals rich in corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant properties, including silver, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, and so on.
  • the porous metallic body 1 is composed of a metal selected from nickel, copper, aluminum, and so on.
  • the partition wall 2 is made of a metal high in heat conductivity including nickel, copper, and so on.
  • the powdery metal contained in the junction layers 9, 10 is composed of a heat-resistant metal superior in heat conductivity including silver, nickel, copper, zinc, and so on.
  • the first junction layer 9 buried in the porous metallic member 11 in the hotter area 7 has a heat-resistance enough to suffer higher temperature whereas the second junction layer 10 buried in another porous metallic member 12 in the colder area 8 has a moderate resistance endurable about 100 °C relatively colder than in the first junction layer 9.
  • the first junction layer 9 is made of such a material that sintering may be done with a temperature below that in the second junction layer 10.
  • the first junction layer 9 buried into the porous metallic member 11 in the hotter area 7 is first placed in close contact with the associated side of the partition wall 2 and then sintered at elevated temperature to join securely the porous metallic member 11 with the partition wall 2 through the sintered first junction layer 9.
  • the second junction layer 10 buried into the porous metallic member 12 in the colder area 8 is brought in close contact with the associated side of the partition wall 2, followed by being sintered at moderate temperature to join the porous metallic member 12 with the partition wall 2 by virtue of the sintered second junction layer 10, without causing degradation of the sintered first junction layer 9.
  • both the first and second junction layers 9, 10 may be made of the same material or any substance substantially equivalent in heat-resistant property.
  • the porous metallic member 11 is covered over the outside surface thereof with any metal superior in heat conductivity, including copper, silver, aluminum, and so on, by means of any coating including metal plating, dipping, vacuum evaporation, and do on.
  • another porous metallic member 12 is applied over the outside thereof with any ceramic skin including alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), zirconium oxide (ZrO 3 ), and so on, on which ceramic skin is distributed a catalyst layer 13 including platinum, vanadium, nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, cerium oxide (Ce 2 O 3 ), and so on for catalytic reforming of, for example natural gas.
  • the plating layer 51 of any metal high in heat conductivity such as copper, silver, aluminum and the like, as shown in FIG. 5 is applied over the porous metallic members 11, 12 in a way varying gradually in thickness across the junction layers 9, 10.
  • Gradual change in thickness of the plating layer 51 on the porous metallic members 11, 12 as in FIG. 5 can be made by varying the time it takes for dipping the porous metallic members 11, 12 in a solution containing the desired surface material.
  • aluminum coating layer is made on the surfaces of the porous metallic members 11, 12 and then subjected to heat-treatment to precipitate a corundum crystalline of ⁇ -alumina structure, which helps enhance the porous metallic members 11, 12 in mechanical strength and corrosion resistance, and also form much roughness including voids or cells over the outside surfaces of the porous metallic members 11, 12 to provide a largely extended surface area, thereby improving the effectiveness of the heat exchanger.
  • FIG. 4 shows schematically a unit area to imagine a stem 5 joined with the partition wall 2, along with twigs 6 branching out from the stem 5 of the porous metallic member 12 in the colder area 8.
  • the stem 5 of the porous metallic member 12 comes into engagement with the partition wall 2 in a way buried in a depth L more than a diameter D of the stem 5 in cross section.
  • the porous metallic members 11, 12 come into joining at their many stems 5 together with the partition wall 2 through the junction layers 9, 10.
  • Many twigs 6, as shown in FIG. 6 get entangled and intersected with each other to leave clearances among them, which provide open-cells 14 to make sure of smooth flow of fluids GA, GB.
  • the hotter area 7 helps provide a largely extended heat-extracting surface area making contact with the hot fluid to transmit heat energy from the fluid to the partition wall 2 while the colder area 8 provides a heat-emitting contact area with the cold fluid, which is largely extended enough to make certain of smooth transmission of heat from the partition wall 2 to the cold fluid.
  • the heat exchanger of the present invention is suited, for example, for a fuel-reforming system 15 as in FIG. 7 .
  • the fuel-reforming system 15 includes a pair of heat exchanger units 16, 17, which are equal in construction with one another and contained in an enclosure 18.
  • the two heat exchanger units 16, 17, one for reforming a natural gas and the other for capturing CO 2 gas, work sequentially, alternatively to pyrolyze the natural gas with heat energy of exhaust gases in the presence of CO 2 gas.
  • the two heat exchanger units 16, 17 are separated from one another through a thermal isolation layer 19.
  • the heat exchanger units 16, 17 are each made in a layered construction where there are provided the hotter area 7 to allow the exhaust gases to flow through there, the colder area 8 for the natural gas, and the partition wall 2 interposed between the hotter area 7 and the colder area 8 to separate them from one another.
  • the colder area 8 is filled with the porous metallic member 12, on the surface of which a catalyst layer 13 is distributed to promote the pyrolysis of, for example the natural gas flowing through the colder area 8.
  • the hotter area 7 has the porous metallic member 11 therein, which is coated with any absorbent including zeolite, lithium zirconate, and so on to recover CO 2 gas from, for example the low-temperature exhaust gases. It will be understood that the captured CO 2 gas will be used for the pyrolysis of natural gas.
  • the fuel-reforming system 15 is, for example, arranged downstream of an exhaust pipe of an engine to convert the natural gas into the reformed fuel in the presence of any catalyst by using the heat energy reclaimed from the exhaust gases.
  • the fuel-reforming system 15 is installed on a turning shaft in any housing with the enclosure 18 being made with gas lines opened to other systems.
  • the enclosure 18 is divided into the two heat exchanger units 16 and 17, which are each separated into the hotter area 7 and the colder area 8, which are isolated from one another by means of the partition wall 2.
  • the high-temperature exhaust gases flows into the hotter area 7 at an upstream ingress, followed by passing through the hotter area 7 and leaving the area 7 at a downstream egress.
  • the natural gas is charged along with air and vapor at an upstream ingress into the colder area 8 in which the catalyst is distributed.
  • the natural gas is reformed in the presence of the catalyst and the reformed fuel leaves the colder area 8 at a downstream egress.
  • the CO 2 gas needed for pyrolysis of the natural gas is captured out of the low-temperature exhaust gases in absorptive reclamation on the porous metallic member 12.
  • the high-temperature exhaust gases are first led through the porous metallic member 11 in the hotter area 7 of any one heat exchanger unit 16, where the hotter exhaust gases results in losing somewhat heat energy, getting a low-temperature exhaust gases.
  • the resultant exhaust gases at low-temperature is then introduced into the porous metallic member 12 in the colder area 8 of other heat exchanger unit 17, where the CO 2 gas is absorbed by zeolite and/or by reaction with lithium zirconate. Thereafter, the enclosure 18 makes a half turn.
  • the porous metallic body 1 filling in both the hotter and colder areas 7, 8 can emit radiation heat, helping improve the effectiveness of the heat exchanger, use the heat energy stored in the exhaust gases to rearrange the natural gas in properties, thereby converting major component: CH 4 in the natural gas into H 2 and CO.
  • the reclaiming of CO 2 gas from the exhaust gases preparatory to the reforming of the natural gas makes it possible to avail the hotter exhaust gases to alter the properties of natural gas in the presence of CO 2 .
  • the turbo-generator system includes the provision of a steam turbine improved in possible efficiency to convert heat energy in an exhaust gases from any heat source or engine 20 into either electric or kinetic energy.
  • an exhaust turbine 21 needs to be curbed moderately in turbine inlet pressure to relieve the engine 20 from loss of power, which might occur because the engine 20 is exposed to any excess load in exhaust phase thereof.
  • a first heat exchanger unit 24 to convert the heat energy stored in the exhaust gases into steam power of elevated stem pressure to drive a steam turbine 22.
  • a condenser 25 of heat exchanger is installed at a steam turbine outlet side. In the condenser 25, the steam having left the steam turbine 22 is reduced down in temperature and pressure, for example, below 0.05 kg/cm 2 , thus transformed to a liquid state. This helps improve the efficiency of the steam turbine 22.
  • the turbo-generator system includes the exhaust turbine 21 extracting energy from exhaust gases EG exhaled out of the heat source 20 through an exhaust line 45, a first heat exchanger unit 24 installed with the porous metallic body 1 to generate high-temperature steam by the remaining energy in the exhaust gases EG leaving the exhaust turbine 21, the steam turbine 22 extracting energy from a high-temperature steam SG generated in the first heat exchanger unit 24 and fed through a steam line 46, and an electric generator 23 driven with the exhaust turbine 21 and the steam turbine 22, which are connected to a rotor shaft of the generator 23 at opposite ends.
  • the turbo-generator system moreover, includes the condenser 25 for removing heat from a steam SG discharged out of the steam turbine 25 to reduce the steam to a liquid, the condenser being comprised of a porous metallic material surrounding around a tubing that allows the steam to pass through there, a pump 27 to feed the water W produced in the condenser 25 into the first heat exchanger unit 24, and a second heat exchanger unit 28 installed between the pump 27 and the first heat exchanger unit 24 to convert the water W forced through the pump 27 into a steam by using a hotter oil O recirculating through the heat source 20.
  • Rankine cycle is mainly composed of the first heat exchanger unit 34, the steam turbine 22, the pump 27 and the second heat exchanger unit 28.
  • the first heat exchanger unit 24, as illustrated in FIG. 9 has an outer cylinder 29 filled with a porous metallic member 31 where exhaust gases EG are allowed to pass through there, an inner cylinder 30 nested in the outside cylinder 29 and packed inside with a porous metallic member 32 where a steam SG is allowed to flow through there, and a partition wall 33 to isolate the inside of the outer cylinder 29 from the inside of the inner cylinder 30, the porous metallic members 31, 32 being joined with the opposite sides of the partition wall 33 through many stems of the porous members.
  • the partition wall 33 is constituted with the inner cylinder 30.
  • porous metallic members 31, 32 lying on opposite sides of the partition wall 33, one to each side, are integrally merged together with the associated surfaces of the partition wall 33 by sintering process of junction layers that are of a paste of joining material kneaded with any powdery metal and buried in the porous metallic members 31, 32.
  • a heat insulator 41 to keep the exhaust gases EG against losing heat energy by radiation.
  • open-cellular material for the porous metallic member 31 installed inside the outer cylinder 29 is higher in porosity than another open-cellular material for the porous metallic member 32 enclosed in the inner cylinder 30 to make certain of smooth flow of the exhaust gases to thereby keep the engine 20 against any loss that might be otherwise caused by undue back pressure.
  • the inner cylinder 30 nests therein a center wall 35 tapered in a fashion that the flow passage for the stream SG is made smaller in cross sectional area at the side of an egress 56 than an ingress 55 to get the velocity of the stream SG faster at the egress 56, increasing Reynolds' number, thereby raising the heat transfer rate.
  • the steam line 46 communicated with the egress 56 of the inner cylinder 30 is designed in a way becoming equal in cross section with the egress 56. With this design consideration, the steam SG having increased in velocity during flowing though the inner cylinder 30 will be kept against getting reduced with expansion after the steam SG has left the egress 56 into the steam line 46.
  • the taper may be turned upside down to allow the steam SG flowing along the inside of the tapered wall, not shown, and communicating into the steam line 46.
  • the steam SG is wet steam and therefore a nozzle 52 is installed in the steam line 48 at the inlet side of the first heat exchanger unit 24 to deliver atomized water jetting out of spray orifices 53 of the nozzle 52 to elevate the heat-transfer efficiency of the first heat exchanger unit 24.
  • a porous metallic member 37 is arranged in the steam conduit 36 midway between the steam turbine 22 and the condenser 25 to cool down the steam SG leaving the steam turbine 22.
  • the condenser 25 is comprised of an inside liquid chamber 39 having a porous metallic member 34 therein, an outside chamber 40 for cooling gas or liquid in which a porous metallic member 57 is installed, a partition wall 38 separating the inside and outside chamber 39, 40 from one another, and a steam passage 26 extending in the liquid chamber 39 to deliver the steam SG leaving the steam turbine 22 into the liquid chamber 39.
  • the porous metallic member 34 in the liquid chamber 39 of the condenser 25 is made up of a plurality of multistage porous metallic sheets 42, which are penetrated with the steam passage 26 at the center thereof and joined with the partition wall 38 along the periphery thereof.
  • the steam SG discharged out of the steam passage 26 into the liquid chamber 39, where the steam SG passes through the porous metallic sheets 42 with losing the remaining energy in the steam, once sufficient heat is eliminated, liquefaction occurs.
  • the porous metallic member 57 surrounding around the partition wall 38 is arranged to extend the heat-transfer surface coming in contact with the cooling gas or liquid flowing through the outside chamber 40.
  • the condenser 25 to cool down the steam SG leaving the steam turbine 22 is made in either an air-cooled system where air is forced into the outside chamber 40 by a blower 43 or a water-cooled system where cooling water is forced to pass through there.
  • the porous metallic member 34 installed in the liquid chamber 39 is made of porous material of nickel coated with any corrosion resisting metal including silver, copper, aluminum, and so on, while the another porous metallic member 57 in the outside chamber 40 for cooling air or liquid is made of nickel-based porous metallic material coated with aluminum, and so on.
  • a rotor shaft surrounded with a permanent-magnet rotor of the generator 23 is flanked with the steam turbine 22 and the exhaust turbine 21, one to each flank.
  • Electric power produced by the generator 23 is partially supplied to a motor 44 through a conductor 50 to drive a compressor to force air into the heat source 20.
  • the electric power is in part consumed to drive the motor 44 to spin a drive shaft and a crankshaft to start the engine.
  • the exhaust gas and steam energies rotate the rotor shaft, torque of which is reclaimed in the electric power through generator 23.
  • the second heat exchanger unit 28 cools down oil heated in recirculating through the engine 20 while converts the water W in Rankine cycle into the steam SG.
  • the heated oil 0 including engine oil, lubricating oil, and so on recirculating through the engine 20 is fed into the second heat exchanger unit 28 through a hotter oil line 49, while a cooled oil 0 is fed back to the engine 20 through a colder oil line 49.
  • the water W discharged out of the pump 27 is delivered through a water line 47 as a cooling medium into the second heat exchanger unit 28 where the water W is heated to be converted into a low-temperature steam that is in turn supplied through a steam line 48 into the first heat exchanger unit 24, where the low-temperature steam is boosted in temperature by the transfer of heat from the hot exhaust gases EG, and the resultant high-temperature steam SG is delivered into the steam turbine 22 through a hot steam line 46.
  • FIGS. 10 and 11 there is shown a preferred embodiment of a fuel-reforming system 15 having incorporated with the heat exchanger of the present invention.
  • the fuel-reforming system 15 includes valve means to control the sequential flows of exhaust gases, steam, natural gas fuel and air: an exhaust valve 86, a steam valve 82, a natural gas valve 83 and an air valve 85.
  • the fuel-reforming system 15 further includes a cylindrical shell 61 having a plurality of inlet ports 72 at any one of axially opposite ends thereof and a plurality of outlet ports 73 at the other end, and an circular rotary vessel 62 supported for rotation in the cylindrical shell 61 and provided therein with radial partition plates 69 (corresponding the partition wall 2 isolating the hotter and colder areas 7 and 8 from one another), which are positioned at circular intervals to form compartments 75 juxtaposed in circular direction.
  • the inlet ports 72 of the cylindrical shell 61 are communicated hermetically through sealing members 79 to, respectively, an exhaust line 64, a steam line 65, a natural gas intake line 66 and an air intake line 84.
  • the outlet ports 73 of the cylindrical shell 61 are communicated hermetically through other sealing members 79 to, respectively, another exhaust line 64, another steam line 65, a reformed product delivery line 70 and another air intake line 84.
  • the reformed product delivery line 70 and another air intake line 84 are merged into a single line that is communicated with a suction line 80.
  • the natural gas intake line 6 lies in lengthwise alignment with the reformed product delivery line 70.
  • the compartments 75 in the rotary vessel 62 have contained therein porous metallic bodies 63, one to each compartment, which have the function to alter the properties of natural gas.
  • the rotary vessel 62 is fixed to a turning shaft 74 that is supported in the shell 61 for rotation through bearings 76.
  • the rotary vessel 62 is made on one axially end thereof with ingress openings allowed to come in alignment with the inlet ports 72 in the shell 61 while on the other end thereof with egress openings 68 allowed to come in alignment with the outlet ports 73 in the shell 61.
  • Fuel line is made up of the natural gas intake line 66 connected to the associated inlet port 72 in the shell 61 and the reformed product delivery line 70 opened to the associated outlet port 73 in the shell 61, the natural gas intake line 66 and the reformed product delivery line 70 being positioned in a way lying in axial alignment with one another.
  • the rotary vessel 62 is enclosed in the shell 61 with a vacuum space 78 being left between them, and supported on a base 77 for rotation through bearings 76.
  • the rotary vessel 62 driven in circular direction by means of a motor 71 that is controlled with commands sent from a controller 60.
  • the porous metallic body 63 is composed of a metal including Ni, Cr, Fe, and so on.
  • the porous metallic body 63 is coated over the overall surface thereof with alumina over which powdery zeolite is applied to absorb CO 2 gas from the exhaust gases.
  • a catalyst layer including Pt, Ru, Ni, Pd, Al 2 O 3 , and so on to promote the thermal reforming of the natural gas into the products of H 2 and CO.
  • the motor 71 gets the rotary vessel 62 starting to rotate, coming to rest, turning in intermittent manner, and turning with variable rpm.
  • the exhaust gases are introduced through the exhaust line 64 into the compartment 75 in the rotary vessel 62 in which the CO 2 gas is absorbed by the zeolite applied on the surface of the porous metallic body 63.
  • the steam produced with heat energy in the exhaust gases is led through the steam line 65 into the compartment 75 to thereby expel the exhaust gases containing oxygen therein out of the compartment 75.
  • Natural gas is then charged through the natural gas line 66 into the compartment 75 where the reaction of natural gas with CO 2 absorbed by zeolite and/or activated carbon is carried out in the presence of steam to reform the natural gas into the product of CO and H 2 .
  • the rotary vessel 62 is formed in, for example hollow cylinder such as circular cylinder.
  • the rotary vessel 62 is also provided therein with radial partition plates 69 to form the compartments 75 defining rooms 81 in which are disposed porous metallic bodies 63, one to each room.
  • the ingress openings 67 and the egress openings 68 formed in the rotary vessel 62 pass successively across the inlet and outlet ports 72 and 73 in the shell 61, respectively, which are communicated with the exhaust line 64, steam line 65, natural gas line 66 and the air intake line 73.
  • the controller 60 is provided to apply the commands to the motor 71 to control the turning operation of the rotary vessel 62 so as to keep the rotary vessel 62 at the optimal operating condition.
  • the motor 71 gets the rotary vessel 62 starting to rotate, coming to rest, turning in intermittent manner, and turning with variable rpm.
  • the exhaust gases are introduced through the exhaust line 64 into the compartment 75 in the rotary vessel 62 in which the CO 2 gas is absorbed by the zeolite and/or activated carbon on the surface of the porous metallic body 63. Subsequently, the steam produced with heat energy in the exhaust gases is charged into the compartment 75 to thereby expel the remaining O 2 out of the compartment 75.
  • There natural gas is fed into the compartment 75 where CH 4 in the natural gas is converted into the reformed fuel of CO and H 2 in the presence of CO 2 absorbed by zeolite and/or activated carbon, while the reaction of CH 4 with H 2 O is carried out to obtain the reformed fuel of CO and H 2 . All the natural gas is converted into the reformed fuel of CO and H 2 .
  • the reformed fuel is fed, along with air introduced through the air intake line 84 into the compartment 75, through the air intake line 80 and then an air intake manifold into the engine.
  • the fuel-reforming system 15 can be made in a facilitated construction as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 , in which the steam line 65 is closed at the outlet side thereof to get the heat energy in the steam consumed completely to reform natural gas (the reaction of the reaction of CH 4 with H 2 O is carried out to convert the natural gas into the reformed fuel of CO and H 2 ).
  • the inlet ports 72 of the cylindrical shell 61 are communicated hermetically through sealing members 79 to, respectively, an exhaust line 64, a natural gas intake line 66, a steam line 65 and an air intake line 84.
  • the outlet ports 73 of the cylindrical shell 61 are communicated hermetically through other sealing members 79 to, respectively, another exhaust line 64, a reformed product delivery line 70 and another air intake line 84.
  • valve means to control sequential flows of exhaust gases, steam, natural gas fuel and air that is, the exhaust valve 86, natural gas valve 83, steam valve 82 and the air valve 85).
  • the fuel-reforming system 15 of facilitated type further includes the motor 71 connected to the rotary vessel 62 to get the rotary vessel 62 starting to turn, coming to rest, turning in intermittent manner, and turning with variable rpm depending on the commands issued from the controller 60.
  • the exhaust gases are introduced through the exhaust line 64 into the compartment 75 in the rotary vessel 62 in which the CO 2 gas is absorbed by the zeolite and/or activated carbon on the surface of the porous metallic body 63. Subsequently, natural gas is charged into the compartment 75 in which the reaction of CH 4 with O 2 in the exhaust gases is carried out to convert them into CO and H 2 while the reaction of CO 2 with CH 4 is carried out to convert them into the reformed fuel of CO and H 2 .
  • the steam generated with heat energy stored in the exhaust gases is introduced through the steam line 65 into the compartment 75 where the remaining CH 4 is converted in the presence of steam (H 2 O) into the reformed fuel of CO and H 2 .
  • steam H 2 O
  • all the natural gas is completely converted into the reformed fuel of CO and H 2 .
  • the reformed fuel is fed, along with air introduced through the air intake line 84 into the compartment 75, through the air intake line 80 and then an air intake manifold into the engine.

Claims (25)

  1. Wärmetauscher, in dem Wärme von einem Wärme entziehenden Bereich (7) übertragen wird, in dem es einer Flüssigkeit ermöglicht wird, durch den Wärme entziehenden Bereich zu einem Wärme abstrahlenden Bereich (8) zu fließen, in dem es einer weiteren Flüssigkeit mit einer Temperatur unterschiedlich zu der der Flüssigkeit ermöglicht wird, durch den Wärme abstrahlenden Bereich zu fließen,
    wobei eine Wand (2) zur Verfügung gestellt ist, um die Bereiche (7, 8) von einander zu trennen, und poröse Metalle (11, 12) in den Bereichen (7, 8) zur Verfügung gestellt sind, eines in jedem Bereich, wobei die porösen Metalle (1) jedes auf einer Oberfläche von diesen ausgebildet ist mit einer Verbindungsschicht (9, 10) aus pastösem Verbindungsmaterial, das mit pulverförmigem Metall durchgeknetet ist, wobei die porösen Metalle (1) jedes mit der Wand (2) zusammengefügt sind durch Verschmelzung der zugehörigen Verbindungsschicht (9, 10), um eine Wärmeübertragung zwischen der Wand (2) und den porösen Metallen (1) sicherzustellen, und dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Verbindungsschichten (9, 10) auf eine Weise in die porösen Metalle (11) eingelassen sind, dass sie mit gegenüber liegenden Seiten der Wand (2) in Kontakt kommen, eine mit jeder Seite, und dass die erste Verbindungsschicht (9) eine hohe Wärmebeständigkeitseigenschaft aufweist und die zweite Verbindungsschicht (10) eine Schmelztemperatur von mehr als 100° C niedriger als die erste aufweist, wobei die erste Verbindungsschicht (9) aus Verbindungsmaterial ausgebildet ist, das eine höhere Schmelztemperatur aufweist als die zweite Verbindungsschicht (10).
  2. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß Anspruch 1, wobei die porösen Metalle (1) aus zumindest einem Metall ausgebildet sind, das ausgewählt ist aus Nickel, Nickel-Chrom-Legierung, Kupfer und Aluminium, während die Wand (2) ausgebildet ist aus einer Legierung aus Kupfer und Einem aus Nickel und Nickel-Chrom-Legierung, und das pulverförmige Metall aus einem wärmebeständigen Metall mit überlegener Wärmeleitfähigkeit besteht, das ausgewählt ist aus Silber, Nickel, Kupfer und Zink.
  3. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 2, wobei die porösen Metalle (12) einen Schaft (5) aufweisen während die Verbindungsschichten (9, 10) auf eine Weise mit den porösen Metallen (12) verbunden sind, dass der Schaft (5) entweder in die zugehörige Verbindungsschicht eingelassen ist in einer Tiefe die nicht geringer ist als ein Durchmesser (D) des Schafts (5) im Querschnitt oder in einer konischen Form von der Verbindungsschicht (9, 10) umgeben ist.
  4. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei zumindest ein Metall mit einer hohen Wärmeleitfähigkeit, ausgewählt aus Kupfer, Aluminium und Silber, durch eines der Verfahren Metallisieren, Tauchen und Aufdampfen auf die Oberfläche der porösen Metalle (1) beschichtet ist.
  5. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei jedes der porösen Metalle (11, 12) ausgebildet ist mit einer Nut auf einer Oberfläche davon, die der mit der zugehörigen Verbindungsschicht verbundenen Oberfläche gegenüber liegt, wobei sich die Nut entlang des Flusses der Flüssigkeit erstreckt.
  6. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die porösen Metalle (12) über die Oberfläche von diesem aufgebracht sind mit einer keramischen Beschichtung aus Aluminium oder Zirkonoxid über die zumindest ein Katalysator verteilt ist der ausgewählt ist aus Platin, Vanadium, Rhodium, Ruthenium und Ceroxid.
  7. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die porösen Metalle (11, 12) über die Oberfläche von diesem aufgebracht sind mit einer Metallisierungsschicht (51) aus zumindest einem Material mit hoher Wärmeleitfähigkeit das ausgewählt ist aus Kupfer, Silber und Aluminium,
    wobei sich die Metallisierungsschicht (51) über die Verbindungsschicht (9, 10) hinweg fortschreitend in der Dicke ändert.
  8. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß Anspruch 7, wobei die fortschreitende Veränderung in der Dicke der Metallisierungsschicht (51) über die Oberfläche der porösen Metalle (11, 12) hinweg ausgeführt ist durch Verändern einer Zeitdauer die benötigt wird, um die porösen Metalle (11, 12) in einem Metallisierungsbad einzutauchen.
  9. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß Anspruch 1, wobei eine Beschichtungsschicht aus Aluminium über die Oberflächen der porösen Metalle (11, 12) ausgebildet wird und dann einer Wärmebehandlung unterzogen wird, um eine Alpha-Aluminiumstruktur herbeizuführen.
  10. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß Anspruch 1, der auf eine Turbogeneratoranordnung angewendet wird, die eine Abgasturbine (21) aufweist, die Energie aus Auspuffgasen (EG) extrahiert, die aus der Wärmequelle eines Antriebssystems (20) oder einer Verbrennungsanlage ausgestoßen werden, die einen ersten Wärmetauscher (24) aufweist, um Dampf hoher Temperatur aus einer verbleibenden Energie in den Auspuffgasen (EG) zu erzeugen, die aus der Abgasturbine (21) austreten, die eine Dampfturbine (22) aufweist, die Energie aus Dampf hoher Temperatur extrahiert, der in dem ersten Wärmetauscher (24) erzeugt wird, die einen elektrischen Generator (23) aufweist, der eine mit der Abgasturbine (21) und der Dampfturbine (22) an axial gegenüber liegenden Enden von dieser verbundene Rotorwelle aufweist, die einen Dampfkondensator (25) aufweist, um Wärme aus einem Dampf (SG) zu entnehmen, der aus der Dampfturbine (22) abfließt, um den Dampf (SG) auf eine Flüssigkeit zu reduzieren, wobei der Dampfkondensator (25) aus einem porösen Metall (34) ausgebildet ist, das auf einer Rohrleitung (2) angeordnet ist, die es ermöglicht, dass der Dampf (SG) dort hindurch tritt, eine Pumpe (27) aufweist, um ein in dem Dampfkondensator (25) erzeugtes Wasser (W) in den ersten Wärmetauscher (24) einzuleiten, und einen zweiten Wärmetauscher (28) aufweist, der zwischen der Pumpe (27) und der ersten Wärmetauschereinheit (24) angeordnet ist, um durch Verwendung eines heißen Öles (O), das durch die Wärmequelle (20) umläuft, das durch die Pumpe (27) gedrückte Wasser (W) in einen Dampf umzuwandeln.
  11. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß Anspruch 10, wobei die erste Wärmetauschereinheit (24) eine äußeren Zylinder (29) aufweist, der mit einem porösen Metall (31) gefüllt ist, wobei es den Auspuffgasen (EG) ermöglicht wird, durch das poröses Metall (31) hindurchzutreten, und einen inneren Zylinder (30) aufweist, der in den äußeren Zylinder (29) verschachtelt ist und im Inneren mit einem porösen Metall (32) befüllt ist, wobei es einem Dampf (SG) ermöglicht wird, durch das poröse Metall (32) zu fließen, wobei der innere Zylinder (30) auf einer äußeren Oberfläche von diesem mit dem porösen Metall (31) im Inneren des äußeren Zylinders (29) verbunden ist, während er auf einer inneren Oberfläche von diesem mit dem porösen Metall (32) im Inneren des inneren Zylinders (30) durch Verschmelzen von Metall so verbunden ist, dass der innere Zylinder (30) als eine Wand dient, die die porösen Metalle (31, 32) auf gegenüber liegenden Oberflächen von dieser von einander isoliert.
  12. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß Anspruch 11, wobei die porösen Metalle (31, 32) auf gegenüber liegenden Oberflächen der Wand (33) in der ersten Wärmetauschereinheit (24) mit der Wand (33) zusammengefügt sind durch Verschmelzen der Verbindungsschichten aus pastösem Verbindungsmaterial, das in die porösen Metalle (31, 32) eingelassen ist.
  13. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der Ansprüche 11 oder 12, wobei eine Wärmeisolation (41) einen Umfang des äußeren Zylinders (29) umgibt, und das im Inneren des äußeren Zylinders (29) angeordnete poröse Metall (31) in der Porosität höher ist als das in dem innen Zylinder (30) eingeschlossene poröse Metall (32).
  14. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 13, wobei der innere Zylinder (30) auf eine Weise ausgebildet ist, dass ein Durchgangskanal für den Fluss des Dampfes (SG) an einem Austritt (56) von diesem in der Querschnittsfläche kleiner ausgebildet ist als an einem Eintritt (55) von diesem, um eine schnellere Geschwindigkeit des Stroms an dem Austritt (56) zu bewirken.
  15. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 14, wobei ein poröses Metall (37) oder eine Lamelle auf einer Dampfleitung (46) in der Mitte zwischen der Dampfturbine (22) und dem Dampfkondensator (25) angeordnet ist, um den Dampf (SG) abzukühlen, der aus der Dampfturbine (22) austritt.
  16. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 15, wobei der Dampfkondensator (25) ausgebildet ist aus einer inneren Flüssigkeitskammer (39), die ein poröses Metall (34) aufweist, aus einer äußeren Kammer (40) zur Kühlung von Gas oder Flüssigkeit, in der ein poröses Metall (57) angeordnet ist, aus einer Wand (38), die die inneren und äußeren Kammern (39, 40) von einander trennt, und aus einem Dampfdurchgangskanal (26), der sich in die Flüssigkeitskammer (39) erstreckt, um den Dampf (SG), der aus der Dampfturbine (22) austritt, in die Flüssigkeitskammer (39) zuzuführen.
  17. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 16, wobei das poröse Metall (34) in der Flüssigkeitskammer (39) des Dampfkondensators (25) aus einer Vielzahl von mehrstufigen metallischen Blechen (42) ausgebildet ist, die im Zentrum von diesen von dem Dampfdurchgangskanal (26) durchdrungen werden und verbunden sind mit der Wand (38), die die Flüssigkeitskammer (39) von dem Gas oder der Flüssigkeit trennt, so dass der Dampf (SG) aus dem Dampfdurchgangskanal (2) in die Flüssigkeitskammer (39) ausgestoßen wird, wo der Dampf durch die porösen metallischen Bleche (42) hindurch tritt, wobei eine verbleibende Energie in dem Dampf (SG) abgebaut wird.
  18. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß Anspruch 17, wobei das poröse Metall (57) in der äußeren Kammer (40) zur Kühlung von Gas oder Flüssigkeit mit der Wand (38) verbunden ist, um den Dampf (SG) abzukühlen, der aus der Dampfturbine (22) ausgestoßen wird, so dass der Dampfkondensator (25) entweder in einer luftgekühlten Anordnung ausgeführt ist, in der Luft durch ein Gebläse (43) in die äußere Kammer (40) geblasen wird, oder in einer wassergekühlten Anordnung, in der Kühlwasser gezwungen wird, durch diese hindurch zu treten.
  19. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 18, wobei das in der Flüssigkeitskammer (39) angeordnete poröse Metall (34) aus porösem Material aus Nickel ausgebildet ist, das mit zumindest einem korrosionsbeständigen Metall einschließend Silber, Kupfer und Aluminium beschichtet ist, während das poröse Metall (57) in der äußeren Kammer (40) zur Kühlung von Luft oder Flüssigkeit aus auf Nickel basierendem porösem Metall ausgebildet ist, das mit Aluminium beschichtet ist.
  20. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 19, wobei eine mit einem Permanentmagnetrotor des Generators (23) umgebene Rotorwelle durch die Dampfturbine (22) und die Abgasturbine (21), eine an jeder Flanke, flankiert wird.
  21. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 20, wobei durch den Generator (23) erzeugte elektrische Energie entweder einem Motor (44) zur Verfügung gestellt wird, um einen Kompressor anzutreiben, um Luft in die Wärmequelle (20) zu drücken, oder einem Motor (44) zur Verfügung gestellt wird, um mittels eines Umrichters die Kurbelwelle des Antriebssystems zu drehen.
  22. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß Anspruch 1, der auf eine Treibstoffaufbereitungsanordnung (15) angewendet wird, die in einer Auspuffleitung eines Antriebssystems (20) angeordnet ist, um ein Erdgas in einen reformierten Treibstoff aus H2 und CO umzuwandeln, unter Verwendung von Wärmeenergie von Auspuffgasen des Antriebssystems, in dem der reformierte Treibstoff entzündet wird und verbrennt.
  23. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß Anspruch 22, wobei die Treibstoffaufbereitungsanordnung (15) Absorptionsmittel aufweist, um C02 aus den Auspuffgasen zu absorbieren, und Katalysatormittel aufweist, um die Umwandlung des Erdgases in den reformierten Treibstoff zu unterstützen, wodurch Wärmeenergie aus den Auspuffgasen zurückgewonnen wird.
  24. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß Anspruch 22, wobei die Treibstoffaufbereitungsanordnung (15) ein zylindrisches Gehäuse (61) aufweist, das Ansaugkanäle (72) und Auslasskanäle (73) und ein umlaufend rotierendes Gefäß (62) aufweist, das zur Rotation in dem zylindrischen Gehäuse (61) gelagert ist und darin mit radialen Trennblechen (69) versehen ist, um in umlaufender Richtung nebeneinander angeordnete Kammern auszuformen,
    wobei poröse Metalle (63) in den Kammern angeordnet sind, wobei die porösen Metalle (63) auf diesen ein absorbierendes Material und einen Katalysator aufweisen, und die Abgasleitung (64), die Dampfleitung (65) und die Erdgasleitung (66) entsprechend mit den Ansaug- und Auslasskanälen (72, 73) in dem zylindrischen Gehäuse (61) verbunden sind.
  25. Wärmetauscher, ausgebildet gemäß Anspruch 22, wobei die Treibstoffaufbereitungsanordnung (15) Ventilmittel zur Steuerung sequentieller Durchflüsse von Auspuffgasen aus der Abgasleitung (64), von Dampf aus der Dampfleitung (65), und von Erdgastreibstoff aus der Erdgasleitung (66) in das drehbare Gefäß (62) aufweist.
EP03257048A 2002-11-08 2003-11-07 Wärmetauscher für Brennstoffreformierungs- und Turbogeneratorsysteme Expired - Lifetime EP1418397B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

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JP2002325045 2002-11-08
JP2002325052A JP4202093B2 (ja) 2002-11-08 2002-11-08 金属多孔質部材を有する熱交換器を組み込んだタービン発電システム
JP2002325045A JP2004156881A (ja) 2002-11-08 2002-11-08 多孔質金属を用いた熱交換器の構造
JP2002325052 2002-11-08

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108870798B (zh) * 2017-05-12 2020-07-14 浙江大学 辐射制冷颗粒和蒸气凝结回收装置
KR102345324B1 (ko) * 2020-08-28 2021-12-31 엘지전자 주식회사 리니어 압축기

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1962488A1 (de) * 1968-12-13 1970-11-26 Dunlop Co Ltd Waermetauscher-Element
US4222434A (en) * 1978-04-27 1980-09-16 Clyde Robert A Ceramic sponge heat-exchanger member
DE3435319A1 (de) * 1984-09-26 1986-04-03 Michael 4150 Krefeld Laumen Katalytischer dampferzeuger
JPH10148120A (ja) * 1996-11-18 1998-06-02 Isuzu Ceramics Kenkyusho:Kk 給電用エンジンの熱回収装置
JPH116602A (ja) * 1997-06-13 1999-01-12 Isuzu Ceramics Kenkyusho:Kk 熱交換器の構造
JP3580091B2 (ja) * 1997-07-28 2004-10-20 いすゞ自動車株式会社 ランキンサイクルにおけるコンデンサ

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EP1418397A3 (de) 2005-09-14
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ATE442566T1 (de) 2009-09-15

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