EP1411047A1 - Interkalatoren mit Affinität für DNA und ihre Anwendung - Google Patents

Interkalatoren mit Affinität für DNA und ihre Anwendung Download PDF

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EP1411047A1
EP1411047A1 EP20040001486 EP04001486A EP1411047A1 EP 1411047 A1 EP1411047 A1 EP 1411047A1 EP 20040001486 EP20040001486 EP 20040001486 EP 04001486 A EP04001486 A EP 04001486A EP 1411047 A1 EP1411047 A1 EP 1411047A1
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Prior art keywords
compound
yield
dna
added
intercalator
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French (fr)
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Christopher Bieniarz
Jeffrey Bruce Huff
Denis R. Henrard
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Abbott Laboratories
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Abbott Laboratories
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Priority to EP07101154A priority Critical patent/EP1792897B1/de
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D219/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing acridine or hydrogenated acridine ring systems
    • C07D219/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing acridine or hydrogenated acridine ring systems with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by nitrogen atoms, attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D221/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not provided for by groups C07D211/00 - C07D219/00
    • C07D221/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not provided for by groups C07D211/00 - C07D219/00 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D221/04—Ortho- or peri-condensed ring systems
    • C07D221/06—Ring systems of three rings
    • C07D221/10—Aza-phenanthrenes
    • C07D221/12—Phenanthridines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to intercalator compounds, and the use of such compounds, each of which is comprised of an intercalator moiety, or a substituted intercalator moiety, derivatized with one or more functionalized chains, or moieties, and which compounds have high affinity for binding to a DNA molecule.
  • intercalator compounds exhibit improved binding to a DNA molecule within known methodologies requiring intercalator insertion into the DNA molecule.
  • the invention relates to enhanced binding of DNA molecules by an intercalator-functioning segment utilized in labeling, capture, therapeutic insertion, assay and the like, with improved performance of the intercalator due to the increased utilization efficiency of the compounds.
  • dsDNA double stranded DNA
  • Many DNA intercalating compounds elicit biologically interesting properties. It is generally agreed that these properties are related to their reactivity with DNA. In the search for more active compounds, it is logical to design molecules with the highest possible affinity for DNA. In 1990, it was reported that complexes of ethidium homodimer with dsDNA performed at ratios of one dimer per four to five base pairs, and were stable to electrophoresis on agarose gels. This allowed fluorescence, detection and quantitation of DNA fragments with picogram sensitivity after separation and complete absence of background stain.
  • Suitable labels may provide signals detectable by fluorescence, radioactivity, colorimetry, X-ray diffraction or absorption, magnetism or enzymatic activity, and include, for example, fluorophores, chromophores, radioactive isotopes, enzymes, and ligands having specific binding partners.
  • Fluorescent dyes are suitable for detecting nucleic acids.
  • ethidium bromide is an intercalating agent that displays increased fluorescence when bound to double stranded DNA rather than when in free solution.
  • Ethidium bromide can be used to detect both single and double stranded nucleic acids, although the affinity of ethidium bromide for single stranded nucleic acid is relatively low.
  • Ethidium bromide is routinely used to detect nucleic acids following gel electrophoresis. Following size fractionation on an approximate gel matrix, for example, agarose or acrylamide, the gel is soaked in a dilute solution of ethidium bromide.
  • probes are prepared by attaching a particular absorber-emitter moieties to the three prime and five prime ends of the nucleic acid fragments.
  • the fragments are capable of hybridizing to adjacent positions of a target DNA so that if both fragments are hybridized, the proximity of the absorber and emitter moieties results in the detectable emitter fluorescence.
  • the fluorescent dye is introduced into the target DNA after all in vitro nucleic acid polymerizations have been completed.
  • the inhibitory effects of intercalating agents on nucleic acid polymerases have been described in numerous locations.
  • DNA binding dyes are useful as antibiotics because of the inhibitory effects of nucleic acid replication processes that result from the agent binding to the template.
  • intercalating agents for blocking infectivity of influenza or herpes viruses have been reported. It has also been reported and described that a number of DNA binding agents, both intercalators and nonintercalators, inhibit nucleic acid replication. For example, ethidium bromide inhibits DNA replication.
  • Methods have been provided for detecting a target nucleic acid in a sample. These methods comprise the steps of (a) providing an amplified reaction mixture that comprises a sample, a DNA binding agent, where said agent is characterized by providing a detectable signal when bound to double stranded nucleic acid, which signal is distinguishable from the signal provided by said agent when it is unbound, and reagents for amplification; (b) determining the amount of signal produced by the mixture of step (a); (c) treating said mixture under conditions for amplifying the target nucleic acid; (d) determining the amount of said signal produced by the mixture of step (c); and (e) determining if amplification has occurred.
  • DNA binding intercalating agents such as ethidium bromide or ethidium homodimer allow fluorometric study of the interaction of various molecules with DNA.
  • the intercalating agent useful for DNA binding or detecting amplified nucleic acids is an agent or moiety capable of insertion between stacked base pairs in the nucleic acid double helix.
  • Intercalating agents such as ethidium homodimer and ethidium bromide fluoresce more intensely when intercalated into double stranded DNA than when bound to single stranded DNA, RNA, or in solution.
  • Other uses of intercalators have been in the field of separation and isolation or purification of nucleic acids from complex biological or clinical specimens.
  • DNA deoxyribonucleic acids
  • Another method of separating DNA from samples is ultracentrifugation with sucrose or cesium chloride density gradients.
  • the DNA is separated from other macromolecules such as proteins by this method according to the buoyant density or sedimentation coefficient.
  • the biological sample is layered onto the density gradient in a centrifuge tube and is spun at very high speeds for long periods of time for DNA to travel through the density gradient.
  • the centrifugation time may be 20 hours or more per sample.
  • the DNA will not only separate from the sample but also will pass entirely through the gradient to the very bottom of the centrifuge tube along with other constituents in the sample. Therefore, this method is also not suitable as a fast and easy method for separating DNA from complex samples.
  • Agarose polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is also used to separate DNA from biological samples.
  • the sample is applied to one end of a glass or plastic receptacle containing the gel and an electric current is applied across the length of the receptacle.
  • the negatively charged nucleic acid molecules move toward the anode, the larger molecules moving more slowly.
  • the rates of migration of the molecules depend on their molecular weights and on the concentration and degree of cross linking in the gel material.
  • the DNA is then removed from the gel by cutting out that portion of the gel in which the DNA is located and finally extracting the DNA. Again, this method is time consuming and labor intensive, and the DNA must still be separated from the gel.
  • Ethidium bromide adheres to the DNA by intercalation between the base pairs of the double helix structure of the DNA.
  • EthD ethidium homodimer
  • dsDNA double stranded DNA
  • Complexes of EthD with dsDNA have performed at a ratio of one dimer per 4 to 5 base pairs and were found to be stable to electrophoresis on agarose base.
  • fluorescence quantum yield of the dimer increases 40 fold independent of nucleotide sequence.
  • Stable dsDNA-fluoropore complexes can be formed to obtain anywhere from several to several thousand fluoropores each, as desired. Under suitable controlled conditions these complexes do not transfer dye to other nucleic acids or proteins. An important property of these complexes is that their fluorescence emission intensity is a linear function of the number of intercalated dye molecules. As high sensitivity fluorescence detection apparatus becomes more generally available, the ability to use dyes to replace, for example, radioactivity for sensitivity detection of DNA, is becoming more and more valuable.
  • Dye dsDNA complexes represent a novel family of fluorescence labels with a wide range of spectroscopic properties whose composition, structure and size can be tailored to particular applications.
  • DNA molecules can be readily derivatized to attach biotin, digoxigenin or any number of other substituents that can be recognized by avidin or antibodies.
  • derivatized DNA molecules loaded with dye may allow detection at much higher sensitivity in numerous applications, for example, immunoassay, fluorescence, and in situ hybridization of chromosomes and the like that currently use other fluorescence labels.
  • Probes with a double stranded region which provide intercalation sites and a single stranded region to allow recognition by hybridization of specific target sequences, offer another approach to the generation of versatile fluorescent labels. Development of conditions that allow clear discrimination between the binding of intercalators to single and double stranded nucleic acids is an essential prerequisite to the use of such probes.
  • Fluorescent probes are valuable reagents for the analysis and separation of molecules and cells. Some specific examples of their application are identification and separation from a subpopulation of cells in a mixture of cells by the techniques of fluorescence, flow cytometry, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and fluorescence microscopy. Other applications include determination of a concentration of a substance or member of a specific binding pair that binds to a second species, or member of the specific binding pair, e.g., antigen-antibody reactions in an immunofluorescent assay. Still another application is the localization of substance in gels and other insoluble supports by the techniques of fluorescence staining.
  • fluorescers for these purposes is hampered by various constraints; one being the absorption and emission characteristics of the fluorescer since many ligands, receptors and other binding pair members, as well as other extraneous materials associated with the sample, for example, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid, will auto-fluoresce and interfere with an accurate determination or quantification of the fluorescent signal generated by the fluorescent label when the sample is exposed to the appropriate stimulus. Another consideration is the quantum efficiency of the fluorescer. Yet another concern is self-quenching; this can occur when the fluorescent molecules interact with each other when in close proximity. An additional concern is the non-specific binding of the fluorescer to other compounds or even with the test container.
  • dsDNA forms highly fluorescent complexes with the bis-intercalator EthD.
  • the bis-intercalator EthD suggest that the intercalator can be exploited to generate a family of highly fluorescent stable dsDNA-dye complexes with distinctive properties.
  • Such complexes could be exploited by multiplex detection of dsDNA fragments, as well as many analytical applications in which appropriately diversified dsDNA fragments labeled noncovalently with different dyes could be used as a unique family of fluorescent probes: However, this compound may have a tendency to self-quench when bound to DNA.
  • a flow cytometry apparatus In flow cytometry apparatuses, cells or other particles are caused to flow in a liquid flow stream so as to facilitate the investigation of certain characteristics thereof.
  • a flow cytometry apparatus is useful for identifying the presence of certain cells or particles of interest, enumerating those cells or particles and, in some instances, providing a sorting capability so as to be able to collect those cells or particles of interest.
  • a fluid sample containing cells is directed through the apparatus in a rapidly moving liquid stream so that each cell passes serially, and substantially one at a time, through a sensing region. Cell volume may be determined by changes in electrical impedance as each cell passes through the sensing region.
  • the passing cells scatter such light as they pass therethrough.
  • This scattered light has served as a function of cell shape and size, index of refraction, opacity, granularity, roughness and the like.
  • fluorescence emitted by labeled cells, or autofluorescent cells which have been excited as a result of passing through the excitation energy of the incident light beam is detectable for identification of cells having fluorescent properties. After cell analysis is performed by the flow cytometry apparatus, those cells that have been identified as having the desired properties may be sorted if the apparatus has been designed with such capability.
  • Instruments such as flow cytometry apparatuses are particularly useful for researchers and investigators studying various responses, reactions and functions of the immune system.
  • Immunofluorescence studies, as well as fluorescence immunoassays assist the investigator in identifying and targeting select cells of interest so that disease states, conditions and the like may be properly characterized.
  • fluorescence analysis is also quite beneficial in cell biology and morphology investigations, including the study of the substrate of cellular material.
  • the mechanics of performing tests for the fluorescence response is a major consideration in the design of the instrument as well as the results obtained.
  • the fluorescent markers whether such markers be fluorescent stains or dyes, are typically excited by light energy. Usually there is an optimal wavelength which provides the greatest level of excitation for the fluorochromatic marker being used. Once excited, fluorescence emission occurs typically at wavelengths different from the wavelength of excitation. Fluorescence analysis instruments, whether fluorescence microscopes, image analyzers or flow cytometers, are generally designed to detect the fluorescence emission at the wavelength of emission maxima where the fluorescence signal is strongest.
  • ethidium bromide intercalators include fluorometric methodologies, quantitative fluorescences of DNA intercalated ethidium bromide on agarose gels, ethidium bromide-agarose plate assay or detection of false DNA analysis and the like. Ethidium bromide and propidium bromide were further used in flow cytometry, as well as applications for direct electronic imaging, direct and rapid quantitation of fluorescence and electrophoretic gels in application as ethidium bromide-stain DNA.
  • Ethidium bromide has also been used to increase the visibility of the precipitant lines and to confirm the specificity in two stage counter immunoelectrophoresis methodologies for detection of participating anti-DNA antibodies or circulating DNA. Utilization of ethidium bromide as an intercalator in numerous environments, as well as the more recent utilization of the ethidium homodimer intercalator are well documented in the literature and present the leading edge of intercalator methodology and efficiency.
  • ethidium bromide has been linked to a solid support.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,119,521 issued to Chirikjian on Oct. 10, 1978, discloses a fluorescent DNA intercalating agent derivative of activated polysaccharides.
  • the derivatives in the patent function as fluorescent stains to provide direct visualization of the DNA and their fractions, under the excitation of shortwave, ultraviolet radiation.
  • the intercalating agents used in the patent are ethidium halides, with the preferred agent being ethidium bromide. This agent is coupled covalently to an activated polysaccharide such as agarose.
  • the invention provides a compound having an "I” moiety bonded to one or more "T” moiety.
  • the general formula of the compounds are represented by: I - (T) m wherein the I moiety denotes an aromatic or heteroaromatic segment; the T moiety denotes a "tail” or “chain” moiety; and m is an integer from 1 to 5.
  • T can be similar or different from one another.
  • the present invention provides a compound having an I moiety bonded to one or more T moiety, the T moieties, when more than one T moiety are present, are the same or different from one another, the T moiety having the formula of: and the compound having a formula: wherein:
  • the invention provides compounds comprised of intercalator moieties or substituted intercalator moieties having a functionalized chain, which compounds provide a high affinity for binding to the DNA molecule and show reduced self-quenching while providing superior transport kinetics.
  • the inventive intercalators have been found to provide enhanced fluorescence when bound to a DNA molecule within a fluorescent flow cytometry environment which is about eight to ten times brighter in fluorescence than ethidium homodimer utilized in the same flow cytometry environment. Because of the enhancement of fluorescence, the detection of DNA hybridization can be accomplished using much lower concentrations of intercalator compounds of the present invention than using conventional intercalating agents, such as ethidium homodimer or ethidium bromide. Using the same concentrations, intercalator compounds of the present invention can detect far less amounts of DNA hybridization than can conventional intercalating agents. Thus, the intercalator compounds of the present invention are far more sensitive than the known intercalating agents in detecting DNA hybridization.
  • intercalator compounds in accordance with the present invention provide, for example, a dye which exhibits an eight to ten-fold increase in brightness over that of EthD in the same environment, or about a thousandfold improvement over more conventional staining methodologies.
  • the compound compositions provided by this invention extends the limits of detection by up to tenfold over EthD, thereby providing a potential for new uses in applications of intercalators for the study of DNA analysis, as well as therapeutics and the like.
  • the present invention provides an intercalator having an I moiety bonded to one or more T moiety.
  • the general formula of the compounds are represented by: I - (T) m wherein the I moiety denotes an aromatic or heteroaromatic segment; the T moiety denotes a "tail” or “chain” moiety; and m is an integer from 1 to 5, preferably from 1 to 3.
  • the I moiety When the I moiety contains a mono-quaternary ammonium functionality, it is accompanied by a monovalent counter anion ("A-").
  • monovalent counter anion include chloride, bromide, iodide, hydroxide, and hydrogen phosphate.
  • intercalator segments with functionalized chains forming compounds having the formula: wherein I is an aromatic or heteroaromatic segment; X is a nitrogen or a sulfur; R, R 1 and R 2 are alkyl, alicyclic, heteroalicyclic, aromatic or heteroaromatic groups; R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens when X is nitrogen or methyl, ethyl or phenyl groups when X is phosphorus or sulfur; k is zero or an integer from 1 to 10; q is zero or an integer from 1 to 10; m is an integer from 1 to 5; n is an integer from 2 to 20; o is zero or one; and p is zero or one.
  • a compound comprised of an intercalator functionalized with chains containing heteroatoms and aliphatic, alicyclic, cyclohexyl, aromatic segments or combinations thereof having the formula: wherein I is an aromatic or heteroaromatic segment; X is a main group sulfur yielding polysulfonium moieties; R, R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and are alkyl of one to four carbons, alicyclic of five to six carbons, heteroalicyclic of three to five carbons and one or two heteroatom of nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, aromatic group of benzene, phenyl or naphthyl or heteroaromatic group of one to five carbons and one to four heteroatom of nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; R 3 and R 4 are hydrogens when X is nitrogen or methyl, ethyl or phenyl groups when X is sulfur; k is zero or an integer from 1 to 10; q is zero or an integer from 1 to 10; m is an integer from 1
  • a compound comprised of intercalators functionalized with chains containing metal atoms and alkyl, alicyclic, or aromatic segments or combinations having the formula: wherein W is aluminum, boron or a Lewis acid metal; I is an intercalator segment; R, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are alkyl, alicyclic, or aromatic groups; k is zero or an integer from 1 to 10; q is zero or an integer from 1 to 10; m is an integer from I to 5; and n is an integer from 2 to 20.
  • An intercalator composition functionalized with positively charged chains where the positive charges are located on an aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic or the combination thereof with a polyaminic ester group of main chain polyphosphate, polyphosphonate or polysulfate, having the formula: or wherein I is an aromatic or heteroaromatic segment; P is a phosphorus atom; S is a sulfur atom; Z is an aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic chain or the combination thereof; n is from 2 to 20, preferably 2 or 3; and m is from 1 to 5, preferably, 3-10.
  • the present invention relates to a compound comprised of an intercalator moiety, or a substituted intercalator moiety, derivatized with functionalized chains, and the compound has high affinity for binding to a DNA molecule.
  • the invention relates to use of these intercalator compounds which exhibit improved binding to a DNA molecule within known methodologies requiring intercalator insertion into the DNA molecule.
  • the invention relates to enhanced binding of DNA molecules by an intercalator functioning segment utilized in labeling, capture, therapeutic insertion, assay and the like, with improved performance of the intercalator due to the increased utilization efficiency of the compounds.
  • Improved binding to the DNA molecule of intercalators and substituted intercalators is achieved which exhibit high affinity for binding, reduced self-quenching, and superior transport kinetics, especially when compared to ethidium homodimer or other bis-intercalators.
  • FIGURES 1-9, 10A-10F, 11-30 The various embodiments of the present invention inclusive of synthesis of the compounds and utilization of said compounds are shown in FIGURES 1-9, 10A-10F, 11-30.
  • the information shown in these figures clearly demonstrates high affinity for binding, reduced self-quenching, and superior transport kinetics, especially when compared to ethidium homodimer or other bis-intercalators.
  • FIGURE 1 is a FACScanTM display for side scatter versus forward scatter (SSC on abscissa axis and FSC on the ordinate axis) for a typical distribution of white cells lysed with WBC DIL diluent with NRBC dye phenathridinium triamine (PTA) 24 and CEN.
  • the quadrant thresholds were set to preclude the lymphocytes gated on the SSC versus FSC dot plot.
  • FIGURE 2 is a histogram of fluorescence intensity (abscissa) versus frequency of events (ordinate) for the populations of stained and unstained cells in the presence of phenathridinium triamine (PTA) 24 .
  • FIGURE 3 is a scattergram representation for side scatter (SSC on abscissa) versus fluorescence intensity (ordinate) showing the separation of cells stained with PTA 24 (upper left hand corner, NW quadrant) from unstained cells (remainder) by fluorescence intensity.
  • FIGURE 4 is a FACScanTM display for side scatter versus forward scatter (SSC on abscissa axis and FSC on the ordinate axis) for a typical distribution of white cells lysed with WBC DIL diluent with NRBC dye ethidium homodimer and CEN.
  • the quadrant thresholds were set to preclude the lymphocytes gated on the SSC versus FSC dot plot.
  • FIGURE 5 is a histogram of fluorescence intensity (abscissa) versus frequency of events (ordinate) for the populations of stained and unstained cells in the presence of ethidium homodimer.
  • FIGURE 6 is a scattergram representation for side scatter (SSC on abscissa) versus fluorescence intensity (ordinate) showing the separation of cells stained with ethidium homodimer (upper left hand corner, NW quadrant) from unstained cells (remainder) by fluorescence intensity.
  • FIGURE 7 is a photographic representation of a UV light irradiated agarose electrophoresis gel performed on BAMH nicked PBR322 plasmid DNA. Loadings of 5 ⁇ l of stock solutions were made for lanes 3-14. The following stock solutions of DNA and intercalator were used to load lanes 1-14.
  • Lane 1 marker; Lane 2: blank; Lane 3: 20 ng/ml plasmid stained with ethidium bromide; Lane 5: 160 pg/ml plasmid stained with ethidium bromide; Lane 6: 40 pg/ml plasmid stained with ethidium bromide; Lane 7: 20 ng/ml plasmid stained with ethidium homodimer; Lane 8: 800 pg/ml plasmid stained with ethidium homodimer; Lane 9: 160 pg/ml plasmid stained with ethidium homodimer; Lane 10: 40 pg/ml plasmid stained with ethidium homodimer; Lane 11: 20 ng/ml plasmid stained with PTA 24 ; Lane 12: 800 pg/ml plasmid stained with PTA 24 ; Lane 13: 160 pg/ml plasmid stained with PTA 24 ; Lane 14: 40 pg/ml plasmi
  • FIGURE 8 is a hybridization saturation plot for equivalents of d(pT)9 added to d(pA)9 at 6.6 micromolar DNA and 3.08 micromolar dye for ethidium homodimer and PTA 24 at a dye base pair ratio of 1:4.
  • the concentration of fluorophore in both cases was 3.08 micromolar using a two-fold statistical correction for the 2.0 molar equivalents of phenanthridinium moiety per each mole of ethidium homodimer. Both curves are normalized to background for relative fluorescence. Excitation was at 488 nm (534 nm is the excitation maximum) for this experiment and emission was at 625 nm.
  • FIGURE 9 shows hybridization titration curves for fluorescence intensity versus equivalents of d(pT)9 added to d(pA)9 at 6.6 micromolar DNA and 3.08 micromolar ethidium bromide and PTA 24 .
  • Graphical representation of equivalents of complementary oligonucleotide d(pT)9 abscissa versus relative fluorescence intensity (ordinate) generated by using the protocol described in Example 2 to compare ethidium bromide and PTA 24 .
  • the concentration of fluorophore in both cases was 3.08 micromolar. Both curves are normalized to background. Excitation was at 488 nm (534 nm is maximum excitation) and emission was at 625 nm and intensities were measured using a Hitachi F-3010 fluorimeter.
  • FIGURE 10A is a FACScanTM display (SSC vs FSC) of a typical distribution of white cells lysed with CD4000 WBC DIL without NRBC dye or CEN.
  • the quadrant thresholds were set to preclude the lymphocytes gated on the SSC versus FSC dot plot.
  • FIGURE 10B is a FACScanTM display of the same blood sample as in FIGURE 10A with unstained CEN added. As can be seen, the unstained CEN demonstrate some FRL3 auto-fluorescence.
  • the region 1 was set to include all FL3+ events in this unstained sample, so that stained cells in the test samples can be counted in the region 2.
  • the region 3 is set to include the CEN population only to measure the mean FL3 of the population.
  • FIGURE 10C is a FACScanTM display of the same sample lysed with WBC DIL containing 1.0 ug/ml of NRBC dye. 1.3% of FL2+ events were detected in ⁇ L from the gated lymphocytes and 1.08% of FL3+ events are detected from the ungated total white cell population.
  • FIGURE 10D is a FACScanTM display of the same sample as presented in FIGURE 10C, but with CEN.
  • the region 2 of the FL3 histogram of the ungated population shows the stained CEN population which has the mean FL3 of 3319.8.
  • FIGURE 10E is a FACScanTM display of the same sample lysed in the same diluent as FIGURE 10D, but with 0.5 ug/ml of NRBC dye.
  • FIGURE 10F is a FACScanTM display of the same sample lysed in the same diluent as FIGURE 10D, but with 0.25 ug/ml of NRBC dye. As can be seen, the stained CEN is still well separated from the white cells.
  • FIGURE 11 is a graphical representation of the efficiency of 32P radiolabelled plasmid DNA capture onto phenathridinium activated polystyrene microparticles synthesized as described in Example 6.
  • A initial radioactive counts in solution accounting for the total DNA concentration
  • B radioactive counts remaining in solution after removal of DNA via centrifugation as described in Example 6
  • C initial radioactive counts on the DNA bound to the microparticle by the phenthridine moiety before release is initiated by NaOH
  • D radioactive counts remaining on the solid after removal of DNA with NaOH.
  • FIGURE 12 is a graphical representation of the efficiency of 32P radiolabelled plasmid DNA capture onto phenathridinium activated carboxymethyl sepharose beads synthesized as described in Example 6.
  • A initial radioactive counts in solution accounting for the total DNA concentration
  • B radioactive counts remaining in solution after removal of DNA via centrifugation as described in Example 6
  • C initial radioactive counts on the DNA bound to the microparticle by the phenthridine moiety before release is initiated by NaOH
  • D radioactive counts remaining on the solid after removal of DNA with NaOH.
  • the present intercalator compounds are substantially monointercalators, versus the polyfunctional (bis) intercalators.
  • the monointercalators according to the present invention are most suitable for application using a multitude of intercalators and substituted intercalators which when combined with and functionalized by the various "chains or tails" ("T"), where T is the chain comprised of R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , W, X, Y and Z and bounded by the brackets in the previously discussed formulas, which provide high binding to DNA and RNA and lack of self-quenching and superior transport kinetics.
  • Representative "I" moieties are given in FIGURE 13.
  • the invention is further defined by the following Examples, which provide basis for the FIGURES and are intended to be illustrative, but not limiting.
  • PTA 24 a compound according to the invention, was synthesized through the sequence shown in the schematic as shown in FIGURE 14. The experimental procedures used to obtain product 24 are as illustrated therein.
  • Intermediate 21 Starting Intermediate 20 , 3,8 Diamino 6-phenyl phenathridine (25.0 g, 0.0876 moles), was obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI) and added to a single neck 3.0 liter round bottom flask under Argon and equipped with a magnetic stir bar and a reflux condenser. To this vessel, 1.0 liter of dry pyridine was added while stirring. Stirring of the resulting suspension was continued for 15 minutes until all the solid had dissolved.
  • Triamine 23 (2.35 g, 0.0036 moles) was dissolved in 75.0 ml methanol and 75 ml of 4N HCl was added. The mixture was refluxed for 2 hours and allowed to cool. Ethanol was added to this solution and resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with a minimal amount of cold ethanol. The filtrate was reconcentrated and fresh ethanol and concentrated aqueous HCl was added. This resulting precipitate was also filtered. Next, this filtrate was concentrated to near dryness and Et 2 O was added and the solid filtered off.
  • PTA 24 was used to quantitate hybridization when a target oligonucleotide was titrated with its complementary partner.
  • Complementary strands of DNA oligodeoxythymidylic acid, d(pT) 9 and oligodeoxyadenylic acid (d(pA) 9 ) were obtained from the Sigma Chemical Co. in St. Louis, MO.
  • a stock solution of d(pA)9 was made at 5 units/ml of 0.05M TRIS, 0.2N NaCl, 1MM EDTA, pH 8.4.
  • ⁇ 8.4 AU/mM cm or 8,400 M -1 cm -1 ; therefore, with 9 base pairs for d(pA)9, the ⁇ is 75,600 M -1 cm -1 .
  • This stock was then diluted 10x to obtain stock at 6.61x10 -6 M, or 6.6 ⁇ M.
  • the d(pT) 9 stock was made at 25 units/5.0 ml and used for titration without further dilution in the same buffer.
  • ⁇ for polyT is 8.15 AU/mM cm or 8,150 M-1cm-1 per base pair, or 73,350 M-1cm-1 per oligo
  • concentration of the oligo stock was 68 ⁇ M in DNA molecules.
  • a titration was performed using a Hitachi F-4010 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer equipped with 0.5 ml microcells to obtain fully corrected spectra and an excitation wavelength of 488-550 nm (optimal around 534) and an emission wavelength of 600-650 nm (optimal around 625).
  • Equivalents of d(pT) 9 were added at the following increments: 0.02, 0.05, 0.080, 0.150, 0.300, 0.500, 0.700, 1.00, 2.00, 5.00 equivalents.
  • Each sample in the titration curve was prepared individually by dividing the initial d(pA)9 stock into 10 x 1.0 ml aliquots. The addition of complement was then accomplished by micropipetting an appropriate amount (2, 5, 8, 15, 30, 50, 70, 100, 200, and 500 ⁇ l, respectively) of d(pT)9 stock to each of a series of the 10 aliquots. Each aliquot, obtaining progressively larger molar ratios of the two complementary strands, was incubated at ambient temperature for 15 minutes, the dye was added as 20.0 ⁇ l aliquots of a 154 ⁇ M solution of the dye in 0.05M TRIS, 0.2N NaCl, 1mM EDTA, pH 8.4 buffer.
  • ethidium bromide Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI
  • ethidium homodimer -1 Molecular Probes, Cat. # E 1169, Eugene, Oregon
  • PTA 24 stain Plasmid, pBR322, at 2.1 mg in 7 ml stock was incubated at 37°C for 1 hour with 1 ml of BAMH restriction enzyme with 2 ml 10X React2 Buffer and diluted to 20 ml total with 10 ml H 2 O. This mixture was then used to prepare 3 stocks of nicked pBR322 plasmid at 0.63 mg per 6 ml for each vial.
  • Each of these stocks were diluted further with H 2 O and 20% glycerol to final DNA stocks of 20 ng/ml, 800 pg/ml, 160 pg/ml, and 40 pg/ml with a 1:4 ratio of dye to DNA base pairs in each for a total of 12 stocks.
  • a 5 ml aliquot of each stock was loaded into 12 separate lanes in agarose gel and electrophoresis was run for 30 minutes in 4 mM TRIS, pH8.2, with 0.01mM EDTA buffer. The gel was then removed and photographed under exposure to U.V. light in a conventional gel box.
  • a stock solution of sulfo N-hydryoxysuccinimide (Pierce, Rockford, IL) was made at 11 mg/ml (20 mM) in H 2 O and a stock solution of EDAC (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) at 10 mg/ml (5 mM) was made in H 2 O. Five equivalents of EDAC (290 ⁇ l stock) was added to the carboxymicroparticle reaction mixture, followed by 5.0 equivalents of sulfo N-hydryoxysuccinimide (330 ⁇ l stock).
  • N-hydryoxysuccinimide (Pierce) can be substituted for sulfo N-hydryoxysuccinimide if it is first dissolved in a stock of DMF (Dimethyl formamide) and aliquoted as described above. After allowing 24 hours for complete reaction, the free dye was then removed by centrifugation, removal of mother liquor, and resuspension for several attempts until the solution went clear and no more dye was extracted from the samples. The purified capture reagent was then diluted to a stock of 2-4 % solids in H 2 O.
  • FIGURE 15 A general schematic representation of this Example is given in FIGURE 15.
  • CM (carboxy modified) Sepharose was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO) in an ethanol/H 2 O mixture. The solution was estimated at 50% solids based on total volume occupied by the solid and liquid portions on extended standing. This suspension was then mixed uniformly and diluted to 10% solids. 200 ⁇ l of this stock was removed and calculated at 0.12 meq/gram to be 0.012 meq of acid total. Stock of EDAC and N-hydryoxysuccinimide were prepared and 5.0 equivalents of each activating reagent were added to this suspension. For this preparation, 13.2 mg (in 1.32 ml) HOSuc and 11.25 mg EDAC (in 1.02 ml) were used and 8.0 mg total of the PTA 24 intercalator.
  • the experiment was designed to show the correlation between the dye concentration and the percent of FL2+ events in the UL quadrant on the FL1 versus FL2 dot plots.
  • the WBC DIL used contained 0.5 % weight/volume of ammonium chloride, 0.075 % of volume of formaldehyde, 0.01 % weight/volume of saponin, 0.01 % weight/volume of potassium bicarbonate, and 20 mM acetate buffer with a pH of about 6.0 and an osmolality of about 270 mOsm per liter.
  • PTA 24 Stock solution 10 ug/ml made by dissolving PTA 24 in PBS with 0.1 % NaAzide.
  • Propidium iodide (P.I.) Stock solution 0.5 mg/ml made by dissolving P.I. in PBS with 0.1 % NaAzide.
  • Flow cytometer protocol Cells analyzed on the EliteTM flow cytometer (Coulter Electronics, Inc.).
  • the solid was then filtered and washed with ice cold water. This material was then redissolved in EtOH and precipitated with 10 N HCl. After filtration of the suspension, the resultant solid was recrystallized from hot ethanol upon cooling to 0°C for 15 minutes. A second crop was also collected from the second filtrate upon standing and by precipitation with EtOH from the first filtrate. These solids were then combined and the diamine amine product was obtained after high vacuum overnight. Material was then carried through to the next step of hydrolysis.
  • compound 22 (0.0081 moles) is added to a 250 ml round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and reflux condenser. Methanol (150 ml) is then added to this flask while stirring under nitrogen and an appropriate amine (0.283 moles) is added while stirring is continued. The resultant solution is heated to reflux overnight under nitrogen. This solution is then allowed to cool to room temperature and is poured onto distilled H 2 O. Then, this mixture is concentrated in vacuo until only the H 2 O remains. An additional 50-75 ml H 2 O is added and the reaction mixture is cooled to 0°C. The solid is filtered and washed with ice cold water. This material is then redissolved in EtOH and precipitated with 10 N HCl.
  • 2-Methylbenzathiazole 43 from the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI), is alkylated to produce compound 44 using methyl iodide by adapting procedures such as found in P.L. Southwick and A.S. Waggoner et al., US Patent No. 4,981,977, Jan. 1, 1991, or in Ernst et al., Cytometry , 10, 1989, pp. 3-10.
  • Compound 45 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company and is reacted with 3-bromo-1-propanol (also available from the Aldrich Chemical Company) adapting procedures of Gaugain, et. al, Biochemistry , Vol. 17, No. 24, 1978, pp. 5071-5078.
  • compound 44 and 46 The condensation of compound 44 and 46 is effected by adapting procedures found in Hamer, Francis, "Heterocyclic Compounds, Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds", Wiley, 1964, pg. 37 to yield compound 47 .
  • Compound 48 can then be obtained by converting the alcohol to the tosylate by using procedures such as found in Wiberg, K. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 92 (3), 1970, pp. 553-564.
  • the tosylate 48 is then converted to the bromide via a nucleophilic displacement reaction with sodium bromide as per Wilt, J., J. Org. Chem. , 35 (8), 1970, pp.2803-2806 to yield compound 49 .
  • Amine derivatives of compound 49 can be synthesized as follows. Compound 49 (0.0081 moles) is added to a 250 ml round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and reflux condensor. Methanol (150 ml) is then added to this flask while stirring under nitrogen and the appropriate amine selected from the following list (0.283 moles), which are available from the Aldrich Chemical Company, is added while stirring is continued. The resultant solution is heated to reflux overnight under nitrogen. This solution is then allowed to cool to room temperature and is poured onto distilled H 2 O. Then, this mixture is concentrated in vacuo until only the H 2 O remains. An additional 50-75 ml H 2 O is added and the reaction mixture is cooled to 0°C.
  • the solid is filtered and washed with ice cold water. This material is then redissolved in EtOH and precipitated with 10 N HCl. After filtration of this suspension, the resultant solid is recrystallized from hot ethanol upon cooling to 0°C for 15 minutes. A second crop is also collected from the second filtrate upon standing and by precipitation with EtOH from the first filtrate. These solids are then combined and the final product 49a - 49o can be obtained and is subjected to high vacuum overnight.
  • Characterization can be effected by calculating the molecular mass of the free base amine from the exact isotopic mass formulas well known to those skilled in the art and comparing the resultant mass with that obtained by a high resolution mass spectrometry molecular weight determination such as are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • 2-Methylbenzathiazole, 43 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI). It is alkylated to produce compound 51 using 3-bromol-propanol adapting procedures such as found in Gaugain et al., Biochemistry , 17 (24), 1978, 5071-5078.
  • Compound 45 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company and is reacted with 3-bromo-1-propanol (also available from the Aldrich Chemical Company) by also adapting procedures such as found in Gaugain et al., Biochemistry 17 (24) 1978, 5071-5078.
  • compound 51 and 52 The condensation of compound 51 and 52 is effected by adapting procedures found in Hamer, Francis, "Heterocyclic Compounds, Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds", Wiley, 1964, pg. 37 to yield compound 52 .
  • Compound 53 is then obtained by converting the alcohol to the tosylate by using procedures such as found in Wiberg, K. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 92 (3), 1970, pp. 553-564.
  • the tosylate 53 is then converted to the bromide via a nucleophilic displacement reaction with sodium bromide as per Wilt, J., J. Org. Chem. , 35 (8), 1970, pp. 2803-2806 to yield compound 54 .
  • Compound 54 can then be reacted with diethylene triamine or other appropriate amine from the following list (available from the Aldrich Chemical company) to yield compounds 54a - 54p in accordance with the following procedure.
  • 2-Methylbenzathiazole 43 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI). It is alkylated to produce compound 51 using 3-bromo-1-propanol by adapting procedures Gaugain, et. al, Biochemistry , Vol. 17, No. 24, 1978, pp. 5071-5078.
  • Compound 45 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company and is reacted with methyl iodide (also available from the Aldrich Chemical Company) to yield compound 55 using procedures such as found in Southwick et al. US Patent No. 4,981,977, Jan. 1, 1991, or in Ernst et al., Cytometry , 10, 1989, pp. 3-10.
  • Compound 58 can then be reacted with diethylene triamine or other appropriate amine (available from the Aldrich Chemical company) as follows.
  • 2-Methylbenzoxazole, 59 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI). It is alkylated to produce compound 60 using methyl iodide by adapting procedures such as found in Southwick et al. US Patent No. 4,981,977, Jan. 1, 1991 or in Ernst et al., Cytometry , 10, 1989, pp. 3-10.
  • Compound 45 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company and is reacted with 3-bromo-1-propanol (also available from the Aldrich Chemical Company) by adapting procedures Gaugain, et. al, Biochemistry , Vol. 17, No. 24, 1978, pp. 5071-5078.
  • the condensation of compound 60 and 46 is effected by adapting procedures found in Hamer, Francis, "Heterocyclic Compounds, Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds", Wiley, 1964, pg. 37 to yield compound 61 .
  • Compound 62 can then be obtained by converting the alcohol to the tosylate by using procedures such as found in Wiberg, K. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 92 (3), 1970, pp. 553-564.
  • the tosylate 62 is then converted to the bromide via a nucleophilic displacement reaction with sodium bromide as described by Wilt, J., J, Org. Chem. , 35 (8), 1970, pp. 2803-2806 to yield compound 63 .
  • Compound 63 can then be reacted with diethylene triamine (available from the Aldrich Chemical company) by the following procedure.
  • Amine derivatives of compound 63 can be synthesized as follows. Compound 63 (0.0081 moles) is added to a 250 ml round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and reflux condenser. Methanol (150 ml) is then added to this flask while stirring under nitrogen and the appropriate amine selected from the following list (0.283 moles), which are available from the Aldrich Chemical Company, is added while stirring is continued. The resultant solution is heated to reflux overnight under nitrogen. This solution is then allowed to cool to room temperature and is poured onto distilled H 2 O. Then, this mixture is concentrated in vacuo until only the H 2 O remains. An additional 50-75 ml H 2 O is added and the reaction mixture is cooled to 0°C.
  • the solid is filtered and washed with ice cold water. This material is then redissolved in EtOH and precipitated with 10 N HCl. After filtration of this suspension, the resultant solid is recrystallized from hot ethanol upon cooling to 0°C for 15 minutes. A second crop is also collected from the second filtrate upon standing and by precipitation with EtOH from the first filtrate. These solids are then combined and the final product 30a-30o is obtained and is subjected to high vacuum overnight.
  • Characterization can be effected by calculating the molecular mass of the free base amine from the exact isotopic mass formulas well known to those skilled in the art and comparing the resultant mass with that obtained by a high resolution mass spectrometry molecular weight determination such as are well known to those skilled in the art. Note that no hydrolysis is necessary.
  • 2-Methylbenzoxazole 59 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI). It is alkylated to produce compound 65 using 3-brom-1-propanol by adapting procedures of Gaugain et al., Biochemistry , 17 (24), 1978, pp. 5071-5078.
  • Compound 45 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company and is reacted with 3-bromo-1-propanol (also available from the Aldrich Chemical Company) using procedures such as found in Gaugain et al., Biochemistry , 17 (24) 1978, 5071-5078.
  • the condensation of compound 65 and 46 is effected by adapting procedures found in Hamer, Francis, "Heterocyclic Compounds, Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds", Wiley, 1964, p. 37 to yield compound 60 .
  • Compound 67 is then obtained by converting the alcohol to the tosylate by using procedures such as found in Wiberg, K. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 92 (3), 1970, pp. 553-564.
  • the tosylate 67 is then converted to the bromide via a nucleophilic displacement reaction with sodium bromide as per Wilt, J., J. Org. Chem. , 35 (8), 1970, pp. 2803-2806 to yield compound 68 .
  • Compound 68 can then be reacted with diethylene triamine or other appropriate amine (available from the Aldrich Chemical Company) by the following procedure.
  • 2-Methylbenzoxazole 59 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI). It is alkylated to produce compound 65 using 3-bromo-1-propanol by adapting procedures such as found in Gaugain, et. al, Biochemistry , Vol. 17, No. 24, 1978, pp. 5071-5078 to obtain compound 13.
  • Compound 45 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company and is reacted with methyl iodide (also available from the Aldrich Chemical Company) using procedures such as found in Southwick et al. US Patent No. 4,981,977, Jan. 1, 1991 or in Ernst et al., Cytometry , 10, 1989, pp. 3-10 to yield compound 55 .
  • the condensation of compound 65 and 55 is effected by adapting procedures found in Hamer, Francis, "Heterocyclic Compounds, Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds", Wiley, 1964, p. 37 to yield compound 69 .
  • Compound 70 is then obtained by converting the alcohol to the tosylate by using procedures such as found in Wiberg, K. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 92 (3), 1970, pp. 553-564.
  • the tosylate 70 can then be converted to the bromide via a nucleophilic displacement reaction with sodium bromide as disclosed by Wilt, J., J. Org. Chem. , 35 (8), 1970, pp. 2803-2806 to yield compound 20.
  • Compound 72 is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company.
  • Compound 73 can be synthesized from compound 72
  • compound 74 can be synthesized from compound 73
  • compound 75 can be synthesized from compound 74 , each following the procedure of Dervan et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 100, No. 6, 1978, pp. 1968-1970 or secondary references contained within.
  • Compound 76 is synthesized from compound 75 by the procedure of Gaugain, et. al, Biochemistry , Vol. 17, No. 24, 1978, pp. 5071-5078.
  • Compound 77 can be synthesized from compound 76 by the procedure of Dervan, P.B. , Becker, M.M., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1978, Vol. 100, No. 6, 1968-1970 or secondary references contained within.
  • Compound 78 can be synthesized from compound 77 by the procedures such as Lee et al., J . Am. Chem. Soc. , 88 (14), 1966, pp. 3440-3441 or references contained within.
  • Compound 79 can be synthesized by the following procedure.
  • the final compound 80 can be obtained by using the reduction procedure of Dervan, P.B. , Becker, M.M., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1978, 100 (6), 1968-1970. Characterization and purification of all intermediates can be accomplished using methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Amine derivatives of compound 78 can be synthesized as follows. Compound 78 (0.0081 moles) is added to a 250 ml round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and reflux condensor. Methanol (150 ml) is then added to this flask while stirring under nitrogen and the appropriate amine selected from the following list (0.283 moles), which are available from the Aldrich Chemical Company, is added while stirring is continued. The resultant solution is heated to reflux overnight under nitrogen. This solution is then allowed to cool to room temperature and is poured onto distilled H 2 O. Then, this mixture is concentrated in vacuo until only the H 2 O remains. An additional 50-75 ml H 2 O is added and the reaction mixture is cooled to 0°C.
  • the solid is filtered and washed with ice cold water. This material is then redissolved in EtOH and precipitated with 10 N HCl. After filtration of this suspension, the resultant solid is recrystallized from hot ethanol upon cooling to 0°C for 15 minutes. A second crop is also collected from the second filtrate upon standing and by precipitation with EtOH from the first filtrate. These solids are then combined and the product 78a - 78o is obtained and is subjected to high vacuum overnight.
  • Characterization can be effected by calculating the molecular mass of the free base amine from the exact isotopic mass formulas well known to those skilled in the art and comparing the resultant mass with that obtained by a high resolution mass spectrometry molecular weight determination such as are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Synthesis and purification of the final product 78aa - 78oo can be accomplished by the following protocol to yield the corresponding final products as shown below.
  • the nitro compound 78a-78o can be converted to the appropriate amine using the procedure of Dervan et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 100 (6), 1978, pp. 1968-1970.
  • Characterization can be effected by calculating the molecular mass of the free base amine from the exact isotopic mass formulas well known to those skilled in the art and comparing the resultant mass with that obtained by a high resolution mass spectrometry molecular weight determination such as are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Starting material 81 (0.0876 moles) is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI) and is added to a single neck 3.0 liter round bottom flask under Argon and. equipped with a magnetic stir bar and a reflux condenser. To this vessel, 1.0 liter of dry pyridine is added while stirring. Stirring of the resulting suspension is continued for 15 minutes until all the solid is dissolved. A catalytic amount of N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (1.07 g, 0.00876 moles) is added to this solution while stirring. Acetic anhydride (462 g, 4.9 moles) is then added and the resulting reaction mixture is refluxed for 8-12 hours.
  • reaction mixture is then allowed to cool and the solvent is removed in vacuo.
  • a gradient silica gel column is performed using an appropriate solvent system determined using methods well known to those skilled in the art such as Thin Layer Chromatography. Fractions of 10.0 ml are collected and appropriate fractions are recombined and the solvent is removed in vacuo. The residue is then dissolved in hot EtOH (220 ml) and precipitated by cooling to 0°C. The mother liquor is decanted off and 200 ml of fresh EtOH is added. The solid is redissolved by heating and is allowed to crystallize and -4°C for 48 hours.
  • Crystals are collected from both the mother liquor and the second recrystalization and are washed with a small amount of cold EtOH and dried under high vacuum for several hours.
  • the resultant compound 82 can be characterized by high resolution mass spectrometry as well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Compound 83 can be synthesized from the imide 42 via a modification of a literature procedure of Gaugain, et al., Biochemistry, Vol. 17, No. 24, 1978, pp. 5071-5078 for quarternization of the diamide of 3,8 diamino-6-phenyl phenanthridine.
  • Imide 82 (0.023 moles) is placed in a 2.0 liter round bottom flask under Argon and is equipped with a magnetic stir bar and reflux condenser.
  • 1,3-Dibromopropane (1.0 liter, 9.86 moles) is added to this flask and the resultant mixture is brought to reflux for about 7 hours.
  • the solution is cooled overnight and the precipitant is filtered and washed with Et 2 O. This material is recrystallized from CH 3 OH to yield diacetyl bromide 83 which can be characterized by mass spectrometry and other methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • Synthesis and purification of the final product 85 can be accomplished by the following protocol.
  • the imide (0.0036 moles) 84 is dissolved in 75.0 ml methanol and 75 ml of 4N HCl is added. The mixture is refluxed for about 2 hours and allowed to cool. Ethanol is added to this solution and resulting precipitate is filtered and washed with a minimal amount of cold ethanol. The filtrate is reconcentrated and fresh ethanol and concentrated aqueous HCl is added. This resulting precipitate is also filtered. Next, this filtrate is concentrated to near dryness and Et 2 O is added and the solid filtered off. The last remaining unfilterable residue is then dissolved in concentrated HCl and precipitated with EtOH.
  • This material is filtered and washed with Ethanol. All solid materials are combined from the above sequence and is subjected to high vacuum overnight to obtain 85 . Characterization can be effected by calculating the molecular mass of the free base amine from the exact isotopic mass formulas well known to those skilled in the art and comparing the resultant mass with that obtained by a high resolution mass spectrometry molecular weight determination such as are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Amine derivatives of compound 83 can be synthesized as follows: Compound 83 (0.0081 moles) is added to a 250 ml round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and reflux condenser. Methanol (150 ml) is then added to this flask while stirring under nitrogen and the appropriate amine selected from the following list (0.283 moles), which are available from the Aldrich Chemical Company, is added while stirring is continued. The resultant solution is heated to reflux overnight under nitrogen. This solution is then allowed to cool to room temperature and is poured onto distilled H 2 O. Then, this mixture is concentrated in vacuo until only the H 2 O remains. An additional 50-75 ml H 2 O is added and the reaction mixture is cooled to 0°C.
  • the solid is filtered and washed with ice cold water. This material is then redissolved in EtOH and precipitated with 10 N HCl. After filtration of this suspension, the resultant solid is recrystallized from hot ethanol upon cooling to 0°C for 15 minutes. A second crop is also collected from the second filtrate upon standing and by precipitation with EtOH from the first filtrate. These solids are then combined and the product 83a-83o can be obtained and is subjected to high vacuum overnight.
  • Characterization can be effected by calculating the molecular mass of the free base amine from the exact isotopic mass formulas well known to those skilled in the art and comparing the resultant mass with that obtained by a high resolution mass spectrometry molecular weight determination such as are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Synthesis and purification of the final product 83aa - 83oo can be accomplished by the following protocol to yield the corresponding final products as shown below.
  • the imide (0.0036 moles) 83a-83o is dissolved in 75.0 ml methanol and 75 ml of 4N HCl is added. The mixture is refluxed for about 2 hours and allowed to cool. Ethanol is added to this solution and resulting precipitate is filtered and washed with a minimal amount of cold ethanol. The filtrate is reconcentrated and fresh ethanol and concentrated aqueous HCl is added. This resulting precipitate is also filtered. Next, this filtrate is concentrated to near dryness and Et 2 O is added and the solid filtered off.
  • Characterization can be effected by calculating the molecular mass of the free base amine from the exact isotopic mass formulas well known to those skilled in the art and comparing the resultant mass with that obtained by a high resolution mass spectrometry molecular weight determination such as are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Starting material 86 (0.0876 moles) is obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI) and is added to a single neck 3.0 liter round bottom flask under Argon and equipped with a magnetic stir bar and a reflux condenser. Acetic anhydride (462 g, 4.9 moles) is then added and the resulting reaction mixture is refluxed for 8-12 hours. The reaction mixture is then allowed to cool and the solvent is removed in vacuo.
  • a gradient silica gel column is performed using an appropriate solvent system determined using methods well known to those skilled in the art. Fractions of 10.0 ml are collected and appropriate fractions are recombined and the solvent is removed in vacuo.
  • the residue is then dissolved in hot EtOH (220 ml) and precipitated by cooling to 0°C.
  • the mother liquor is decanted off and 200 ml of fresh EtOH is added.
  • the solid is redissolved by heating and is allowed to crystallize and -4°C for 48 hours. Crystals are collected from both the mother liquor and the second recrystalization and are washed with a small amount of cold EtOH and dried under high vacuum for several hours.
  • the resultant compound 87 can be characterized by high resolution mass spectrometry as well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Compound 88 can be synthesized from the diamide 87 via a modification of a literature procedure of Gaugain, et al., Biochemistry , Vol. 17, No. 24, 1978, pp. 5071-5078 for quarternization of the diamide of 3,8-diamino-6-phenyl phenanthridine.
  • Diamide 87 (0.023 moles) is placed in a 2.0 liter round bottom flask under Argon and is equipped with a magnetic stir bar and reflux condenser.
  • 1,3-Dibromopropane (1.0 liter, 9.86 moles) is added to this flask and the resultant mixture is brought to reflux for about 7 hours.
  • the solution is cooled overnight and the precipitant is filtered and washed with Et 2 O.
  • This material can be recrystallized from CH 3 OH to yield diacetyl bromide 88 which can be characterized by mass spectrometry and other methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • Synthesis and purification of the final product 90 can be accomplished by the following protocol.
  • the diamide (0.0036 moles) 89 is dissolved in 75.0 ml methanol and 75 ml of 4N HCl is added. The mixture is refluxed for 2 hours and allowed to cool. Ethanol is added to this solution and resulting precipitate is filtered and washed with a minimal amount of cold ethanol. The filtrate is reconcentrated and fresh ethanol and concentrated aqueous HCl is added. This resulting precipitate is also filtered. Next, this filtrate is concentrated to near dryness and Et 2 O is added and the solid filtered off. The last remaining unfilterable residue is then dissolved in concentrated HCl and precipitated with EtOH.
  • This material is filtered and washed with Ethanol. All solid materials are combined from the above sequence and subjected to high vacuum overnight to obtain compound 90 . Characterization can be effected by calculating the molecular mass of the free base amine from the exact isotopic mass formulas well known to those skilled in the art and comparing the resultant mass with that obtained by a high resolution mass spectrometry molecular weight determination such as are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Amine derivatives of compound 88 can be synthesized as follows: Compound 88 (0.0081 moles) is added to a 250 ml round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and reflux condenser. Methanol (150 ml) is then added to this flask while stirring under nitrogen and the appropriate amine selected from the following list (0.283 moles), which are available from the Chemical Company, is added while stirring is continued. The resultant solution is heated to reflux overnight under nitrogen. This solution is then allowed to cool to room temperature and is poured onto distilled H 2 O. Then, this mixture is concentrated in vacuo until only the H 2 O remains. An additional 50-75 ml H 2 O is added and the reaction mixture is cooled to 0°C.
  • the solid is filtered and washed with ice cold water. This material is then redissolved in EtOH and precipitated with 10 N HCl. After filtration of this suspension, the resultant solid is recrystallized from hot ethanol upon cooling to 0°C for 15 minutes. A second crop is also collected from the 2 nd filtrate upon standing and by precipitation with EtOH from the first filtrate. These solids are then combined and the product 48a-48o is obtained and is subjected to high vacuum overnight.
  • Characterization can be effected by calculating the molecular mass of the free base amine from the exact isotopic mass formulas well known to those skilled in the art and comparing the resultant mass with that obtained by a high resolution mass spectrometry molecular weight determination such as are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • any combination of amine tail - intercalator molecular segments using the generic procedure for alkylation of bromides with amines as already described above can be synthesized, except that for derivatives of compounds 49 and 63 , no hydrolysis step is need so the hydrolysis step is eliminated.
  • no hydrolysis step will be needed but a reduction step is needed according to the procedure of Dervan et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 100 (6), 1978, pp. 1968-1970.
  • Synthesis and purification of the final product 88aa-88oo can be accomplished by the following protocol to yield the corresponding final products as shown below.
  • the imide (0.0036 moles) 88a - 88o is dissolved in 75.0 ml methanol and 75 ml of 4N HCl is added. The mixture is refluxed for 2 hours and allowed to cool. Ethanol is added to this solution and resulting precipitate is filtered and washed with a minimal amount of cold ethanol. The filtrate is reconcentrated and fresh ethanol and concentrated aqueous HCl is added. This resulting precipitate is also filtered. Next, this filtrate is concentrated to near dryness and Et 2 O is added and the solid filtered off.
  • d(pT) 9 oligodeoxythymidylic acid
  • d( P A) 9 oligodeoxyadenylic acid
  • a stock solution of d(pA) 9 was made at 5.0 units/0.5 ml of 0.004 M TRIS, 0.001 M EDTA, pH 8.2 buffer.
  • ⁇ 8.4 AU/mM cm or 8400 M -1 cm -1 ; Therefore, with 9 base pairs for d(pA) 9 , the ⁇ is 75,600 M -1 cm -1 .
  • This stock was then diluted 100X to obtain stock at 6.61x10 -7 M, or 0.66 ⁇ M.
  • the d(pT)9 stock was made at 25 units/5.0 ml and used for titration after dilution 10X with the same buffer. Since the ⁇ for polyT is 8.15 AU/mM cm or 8,150 M -1 cm -1 per base pair, or 73,350 M -1 cm -1 per oliogo, the concentration of the oligo stock was 6.8 ⁇ M in DNA molecules.
  • a titration was performed using a Hitachi F-4010 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer using polystyrene disposable 4.0 ml cuvettes to obtain a fully corrected spectra and an excitation wavelength of 488-550 nm (using 488 nm for this experiment) and an emission wavelength of 600-650 nm (using 625 nm for this experiment).
  • Equivalents of d(pT) 9 were added at the following increments: 0.020, 0.080, 0.150, 0.300, 0.500, 0.700, 1.000, 2.000, 5.000 equivalents.
  • Each sample in the titration curve was prepared individually by dividing the initial d(TA) 9 stock in 10 x 1.0 ml increments.
  • complement was then accomplished by micropipetting an appropriate amount (2, 5, 8, 15, 30, 50, 70, 100, 200, and 500 ⁇ l, respectively) of d(pT)9 stock to each of a series of the 10 aliquots.
  • intercalator compounds 24 , 25 , 26 , or 27 of the present invention is especially useful relative to conventional intercalators such as ethidium bromide (FIGURE 32).
  • FIGURE 32 EXAMPLE 24
  • concentrations of oligonucleotide are less than 10 -6 M, the advantages of such high affinity intercalators is especially apparent.
  • the present invention offers clear advantages in allowing the detection of ds-DNA hybridization at much lower concentrations than conventional staining methods currently available or known in the art.
  • DNA Intercalator 1 , 2 , 3 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28b , 29b , 30b , 31b , 32b , 33b , 34b , 35b , 36b , 37b , 38 , 39b , 40b , 41b , 42b , or 80 can be used to quantitate hybridization when a target oligonucleotide is titrated with its complementary partner.
  • Complementary strands of DNA oligodeoxythymidylic acid, d(pT) 9 , and oligodeoxyadenylic acid, (d(pA) 9 ) can be obtained from the Sigma Chemical Co. in St. Louis, MO.
  • a stock solution of d(pA)9 is made at 5 units/ml of 0.05M TRIS, 0.2N NaCl, 1mM EDTA, pH 8.4 or other suitable buffer.
  • ⁇ 8.4 AU/mM cm or 8,400 M -1 cm -1 ; therefore, with 9 base pairs for d(pA)9, the e is 75,600 M -1 cm -1 .
  • This stock is then diluted to obtain stock from 0.066 - 66 ⁇ M.
  • the d(pT) 9 stock is made at 25 units/5.0 ml and used for titration without further dilution in the same buffer.
  • the concentration of the oligo stock is 0.0068 - 660 ⁇ M in DNA molecules.
  • a titration can be performed using a Fluorescence Spectrophotometer using an excitation wavelength of 488-550 nm (optimal around 534) and an emission wavelength of 600-650 nm (optimal around 625). Equivalents of d(pT) 9 is added at the following increments: 0.02, 0.05, 0.080, 0.150, 0.300, 0.500, 0.700, 1.00, 2.00, 5.00 equivalents.
  • Each sample in the titration curve is prepared individually by dividing the initial d(pA)9 stock into 10 x 1.0 ml aliquots. The addition of complement is then accomplished by micropipetting an appropriate amount (2, 5, 8, 15, 30, 50, 70, 100, 200, and 500 ⁇ l, respectively) of d(pT)9 stock to each of a series of the 10 aliquots when the d(pT)9 stock is 10X the concentration of the d(pA)9 stock.
  • each aliquot, obtaining progressively larger molar ratios of the two complementary strands, is incubated at ambient temperature for 0.25 - 2.5 hours, the dye is added as 1-500 ⁇ l aliquots of a 1- 1000 ⁇ M solution of the dye in 0.05M TRIS, 0.2N NaCl, 1mM EDTA, pH 8.4 buffer or other suitable buffer. This corresponds to a dye/DNA b.p. ratio of 1/1 - 1/1000 at saturation with complementary oligo. Overall concentrations of dye and oligo vary in the saturation plot because of the use of varied increments additions from the same stock solution. After an additional 15 minute incubation time, the relative fluorescence intensity is then read at between 580 - 680 nm and recorded to generate a standard curve which is directly proportional to the quantity of dsDNA hybridization, or target sequence, under these conditions.
  • intercalator compound 1 , 2 , 3 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28b , 29b , 30b , 31b , 32b , 33b , 34b , 35b , 36b , 37b , 38 , 39b , 40b , 41b , 42b , or 80 can be used to determine the quantity of hybridization of any other complementary DNA strands by substituting d(pT)9 with the appropriate complementary DNA and substituting d(pA)9 with the appropriate target DNA at appropriate concentrations that are determined by one skilled in the art and depending on the degree of complementary regions that are expected as is determined by one skilled in the art.
  • the excitation wavelength of 450-550 nm (optimal at 534 nm) can be used and the relative fluorescence intensity is then read at between 580 - 680 nm and recorded to generate a standard curve which is directly proportional to the quantity of dsDNA hybridization, or target sequence, under these conditions.
  • the hybridization of any two complementary strands can be determined using intercalator compound 7 , 8 , 50 , 54a , 54b , 54c , 54d , 54e , 54f , 54g , 54h , 54i , 54j , 54k , 54l , 54m , 54n , 54o , 54p , 58a , 58b , 58c , 58d , 58e , 58f , 58g , 58h , 58i , 58j , 58k , 58l , 58m , 58n , 58o , 58p , 64 , 68a , 68b , 68c , 68d , 68e , 68f , 68g , 68h , 68i , 68j , 68k , 68 l, 68m , 68n , 68n , 64 , 68
  • complementary oligonucleotide d(pA)9 and d(pT)9 hybridization can be determined except that the wavelengths are subtituted to optimal wavelengths for each compound as is determined by one skilled in the art. The described procedure is then followed using the optimal wavelengths as are determined.
  • An agarose gel can be run to detect DNA using compound 1 , 2 , 3 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28b , 29b , 30b , 31b , 32b , 33b , 34b , 35b , 36b , 37b , 38b , 39b , 40b , 41b , 42b , or 80 .
  • Plasmid, pBR322, at 2.1 mg in 7 ml stock is incubated at 37°C for 1 hour with 1 ml of BAMH restriction enzyme with 2 ml 10X React2 Buffer and diluted to 20 ml total with 10 ml H 2 O.
  • any other appropriate DNA sample is substituted for the above described "nicked" plasmid.
  • This mixture is then used to prepare 3 stocks of nicked pBR322 plasmid at 0.63 mg per 6 ml for each vial.
  • Each of these stocks is diluted further with H 2 O and 20% glycerol to final DNA stocks of 20 ng/ml, 800 pg/ml, 160 pg/ml, and 40 pg/ml with a 1:4 ratio of dye to DNA base pairs in each for a total of 12 stocks.
  • a 5 ⁇ l aliquot of each stock is loaded into 12 separate lanes in agarose gel and electrophoresis is run for 30 minutes in 4 mM TRIS, pH8.2, with 0.01mM EDTA buffer.
  • the gel is then removed and photographed under exposure to U.V. light in a conventional gel box.
  • the gel is scanned using fluorescence confocal microscopy or charge coupled device imaging as a fluorescence detection or visualization method.
  • intercalator derivatized solid phase microparticle (MP) capture reagent can be accomplished by the following procedure:
  • a 45 aliquot of 0.275 ⁇ ⁇ m microparticles (Seradyne, Indianapolis, IN) is placed in a 4 ml vial and the surfactant is exchanged out using Bio-Rex 501-D ion exchange mixed bed resin (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA). After gentle shaking for 2 hours, the resin is filtered out from the mixture by using a coarse fritted glass funnel equipped with a reduced pressure collection chamber. The sample is diluted to a concentration of mp at 10% solids by weight. The total amount of equivalents of reactive carboxylic acid is calculated from the titration specifications of the vendor.
  • a stock solution of sulfo N-hydryoxysuccinimide (Pierce, Rockford, IL) is made at 11 mg/ml (20 mM) in H 2 O and a stock solution of EDAC (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) at 10 mg/ml (5 mM) is made in H 2 O.
  • EDAC Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO
  • Five equivalents of EDAC (290 ⁇ l stock) is added to the carboxymicroparticle reaction mixture, followed by 5.0 equivalents of sulfo N-hydryoxysuccinimide (330 ⁇ l stock).
  • This mixture is allowed to incubate at room temperature for 2 hours and then a 2.0 molar equivalent of intercalator compound 25 , 26 , 27 , 29b , 35b , 38b , 50 , 54a , 54c , 58a , 58c , 64 , 68a , 68c , 71a , 71c , 80 , 85 , or 90 (4 mg) is added at a concentration of 8 mg/400 ⁇ l, or 2.0 mg/100 ⁇ l in pH 8.0 0.1 N NaCl 0.1N Pi phosphate buffer.
  • N-hydryoxysuccinimide (Pierce) can be substituted for sulfo N-hydryoxysuccinimide if it is first dissolved in a stock of DMF (Dimethyl formamide) and aliquoted as described above. After allowing 24 hours for complete reaction, the free dye is then removed by centrifugation, removal of mother liquor, and resuspension for several attempts until the solution went clear and no more dye is extracted from the samples. The purified capture reagent is then diluted to a stock of 2-4 % solids in H 2 O.
  • DMF Dimethyl formamide
  • the capture of DNA onto solid phase can be performed using derivatization methods as described in EXAMPLE 5 except substituting the appropriate solid phase synthesized from the respective intercalator 25 , 26 , 27 , 29b , 35b , 38b , 50 , 54a , 54c , 58a , 58c , 64 , 68a , 68c , 71a , 71c , 80 , 85 , or 90 as described in EXAMPLE 30.
  • Protocol for DNA Capture by Intercalator Modified Solid Phase Modified By Compound 25, 26, 27, 29b, 35b, 38b, 50, 54a, 54c, 58a, 58c, 64, 68a, 68c, 71a, 71c, 80, 85, or 90
  • DNA can be released from solid phase as described in EXAMPLE 6 except that corresponding solid phase derived from intercalator compound 25 , 26 , 27 , 29b , 35b , 38b , 50 , 54a , 54c , 58a , 58c , 64 , 68a , 68c , 71a , 71c , 80 , 85 , or 90 is used rather than the PTA 24 derivatized intercalator.
  • Protocol 50 ⁇ l of whole blood sample from two in-house donors and 3 ⁇ l of CEN suspension is added to 1.0 ml of pre-warmed at 40°C WBC DIL without and with the compound 1 , 2 , 3 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28b , 29b , 30b , 31b , 32b , 33b , 34b , 35b , 36b , 37b , 38 , 39b , 40b , 41b , 42b , or 80 at 1 ⁇ g/ml concentration, mixed, introduced to the FACScanTM and 20" readings is acquired.
  • Chicken erythrocyte nuclei (CEN) is used to measure the brightness of the FL3 staining (mean FL3 of CEN).
  • the whole blood samples used is about 4-5 hours old.
  • Each tube of ficol isolated cells can be treated as follows: PBS with 0.1 % NaAzide and 1.0% albumin (Sigma catalogue #1000-3) Ficol specific gravity 1.119 (Sigma Histopague catalogue #1119-1).
  • 10 ml of whole blood (EDTA anticoagulant) is diluted with 10 ml of PBSW.
  • PBSW whole blood
  • 5 ml of the diluted blood is layered over 5 ml of ficol.
  • the tubes is spun for 30 minutes at 400 x G.
  • the interface layer which contains the lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and platelets is aspirated and washed once in 5 ml PBS, by centrifuging tubes at 300 x G for 6 minutes.
  • the cell pellet is resuspended in PBS, cells counted, and adjusted to 8.5 x 106 cells per ml.
  • Flow cytometer protocol Cells analyzed on the Elite flow cytometer (Coulter Electronics, Inc.).
  • Samples can be excited with an argon laser at 488 nm and 15 mW of power. Data is gated on the basis of size and granularity to exclude red blood cells, platelets and debris. The linear dye fluorescence of the gated distribution is analyzed using unstained cells as a control. The percent positive events (dead cells) and the mean fluorescence of the dead cell distribution is recorded.
  • Complementary strands of oligonucleotides, sense and antisense 14 to 20-mers can be synthesized on a fully automated DNA synthesizer and purified as described in Bioconjugate Chemistry , 4, pp. 94-102, (1993).
  • the synthesis of the conjugate between the enzyme calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase and IgG can be accomplished as follows.
  • the conjugate is also examined by gel filtration HPLC columns.
  • Preparation of the liposomes is carried as described in Fiechtner et al., US Patent No. 4,912,208. These liposomes display on their surface primary amines because they are prepared from diphosphatidiylethanolamine lipids. The preparation of the liposomes is carried in presence of membrane impermeable fluorescent dyes disclosed in US Patent No. 4,912,208. Thus, the molecules of the fluorescent dyes are substantially at very high, self quenching concentrations inside the liposomes and consequently they are nonfluorescent.
  • the surface amines of the liposomes are derivatized with thiolates by essentially the same method used to introduce thiolates into alkaline phosphatase described in the EXAMPLE 35.
  • PTA 24 and other intercalators disclosed in the preceding examples are derivatized with maleimides, utilizing SMTCC reagent, as described in EXAMPLE 35.
  • Thiolate derivatized liposomes and maleimide derivatized PTA 24 or other intercalators are incubated together in a vessel under conditions substantially identical to the ones described in EXAMPLE 35.
  • the fluorescent dye containing liposomes derivatized with multiple intercalators are incubated at pH ranging from 5 to 9, preferably 7.0 with the sample containing small concentrations of the double stranded DNA coated or immobilized on a solid phase. The incubation is followed by wash and addition of detergent.
  • the concomitant lysis of the liposome membrane results in spilling of the fluorogenic dye, dequenching of the fluorescence and appearance of signal.
  • the probe multimeric single stranded DNA may be immobilized on a solid phase; the patient sample suspected to contain a complementary single stranded DNA is incubated in presence of the probe; the liposome-intercalator is brought in contact with the hybridized sample and the contents of the vessel are incubated and washed several times to remove excess of the PTA 24 derivatized liposomes. If the probe finds a complementary sequence in the patient sample, the addition of the detergent results in lysis of the liposomes and signal. If however the probe and patient sample DNA strands are not complementary, no double stranded DNA is present and substantially all the PTA 24 derivatized liposome is washed away from the solid phase, resulting in no signal.
  • intercalator maleimide functionalized intercalator can be effected by the procedure as already described in EXAMPLE 35 except that the intercalator compound 25 , 26 , 27 , 29b , 35b , 38b , 50 , 54a , 54c , 58a , 58c , 64 , 68a , 68c , 71a , 71c , 80 , 85 , or 90 is used in place of PTA 24 .
  • An appropriate signal generating entity such as phycoerythrin or allophycocyanine is covalently attached to this maleimide derivatized intercalator through a thiolate on the thiolated protein prepared as described in EXAMPLE 35.
  • double stranded DNA is detected on the solid phase or other immobilized entity using the fluorescence of the phycoerythrin that is localized by the binding of the intercalator portion to the double stranded DNA molecule.
  • the fluorescence emission is read at approximately 580 nm using methods known to those skilled in the art while exciting the fluorescent protein at a wavelength that is appropriate for efficient excitation as is determined by one skilled in the art.
  • intercalator maleimide functionalized intercalator can be effected by the procedure as already described in EXAMPLE 35 except that the intercalator compound 25 , 26 , 27 , 29b , 35b , 38b , 50 , 54a , 54c , 58a , 58c , 64 , 68a , 68c , 71a , 71c , 80 , 85 , or 90 is used in place of PTA 24 .
  • An appropriate signal generating entity such as alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -galactosidase, esterase, or ⁇ -lactamase is covalently attached to this maleimide derivatized intercalator through the thiolate of the thiolated protein that is prepared as described in EXAMPLE 35.
  • double stranded DNA is detected on the solid phase or other immobilized entity such as a colloid or microparticle by fluorescence or chemiluminscence afforded by the turn-over of a non-fluorescent or non-chemiluminescent substrate of the appropriate enzyme to a fluorescent or chemiluminescent entity respectively as is determined by one skilled in the art.
  • the fluorescence emission or chemiluminescence is then read at at the appropriate wavelengths by using standard methods of fluorescence excitation or detection of chemiluminescence respectively that are known to those skilled in the art.
  • intercalator maleimide functionalized intercalator can be effected by the procedure as already described in EXAMPLE 35 except that the intercalator compound 25 , 26 , 27 , 29b , 35b , 38b , 50 , 54a , 54c , 58a , 58c , 64 , 68a , 68c , 71a , 71c , 80 , 85 , or 90 is used in place of PTA 24 .
  • An appropriate activatable chemiluminescent signal generating entity such as acridinium sulfonamide is covalently attached to this intercalator by thiolate of the chemiluminescent entity that is prepared so as to be reactive towards the maleimide such as can be devised by one skilled in the art.
  • Intercalator derivatized dendrimer can be synthesized from Dendritic Polymers obtained from PolySciences.
  • the intercalator bromide intermediates 22 , 49 , 58 , 63 , 71 , 83 , or 88 is used to alkylate the amines on the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, or 10th generation dendrimer by heating in dimethyl formamide or other appropriate organic solvent to between 30-90°C for 0.25 - 72 hours.
  • the product is then purified in the case of when intercalator compound 58 , 63 , or 71 is used by using size exclusion chromatography on a G-25 SephadexTM column in water or an appropriate aqueous buffer and the intercalator derivatized dendrimer is obtained.
  • intercalator compound 22 , 83 , or 88 the column in G-25 is run in water and the protected intercalator derivatized dendrimer is then isolated.
  • This material is then subjected to heating to 90°C for 2-4 hours in 4N HCl to hydrolyze the aromatic amine protecting groups and then the solution is neutralized to pH 4-10 and a G-25 column is run in an appropriate buffer on the final product to obtain pure intercalator derivatized dendrimer.
  • I is an aromatic or heteroaromatic segment
  • X is a heteratom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and sulfur
  • R, R 1 and R 2 are the same or different from one another and are alkyl, alicyclic, heteroalicyclic, aromatic or heteroaromatic groups
  • R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen when X is nitrogen
  • R 3 and R 4 are methyl, ethyl, or phenyl groups when X is sulfur
  • k is zero or an integer from 1 to 10
  • q is zero or an integer from 1 to 10
  • n is an integer from 2 to 20
  • m is an integer from 1 to 5
  • o is zero or one
  • p is zero or one;
  • n is an integer from 2 to 3 and m is an integer from 1 to 3.
  • R, R 1 and R 2 are the same or different from one another and are:
  • a compound comprising an I moiety bonded to one or more T moiety, said T moieties, when more than one T moiety are present, are the same or different from one another, said T moiety having the formula of and said compound having a formula: wherein: I is an aromatic or heteroaromatic segment; X is a heteratom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and sulfur: R, R 1 and R 2 are the same or different from one another and are alkyl group of one to four carbons; alicyclic group of five to six carbons; heteroalicyclic group of three to five carbons and one or two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur; aromatic group selected from the group consisting of benzene, phenyl or naphthye; or heteroaromatic group of one to five carbons and one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen when X is nitrogen; R 3 and R 4 are methyl, e
  • n is an integer from 2 to 3 and m is an integer from 1 to 3.
  • a compound comprising an I moiety bonded to one or more T moiety, said T moieties, when more than one said T moiety are present, are the same or different from one another, said compound having a formula I-(T) m wherein m is an integer from 1 to 5; wherein said I moiety is selected from the group consisting of said T moiety is selected from the group consisting of: -(CH 2 ) 3 NH(CH 2 ) 3 NH(CH 2 ) 2 NH 2 , -(CH 2 ) 3 NH(CH 2 ) 3 NH(CH 2 ) 4 NH(CH 2 ) 3 NH 2 and combination thereof.
  • A- is an acceptable monvalent counter anion which is preferably selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide and iodide.
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