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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D239/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods of treating diseases regulatable by angiogenesis, and to novel compounds and their prodrugs, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds useful in treating such diseases.
• VEGF Vascular endothelial cell growth factor
• VEGF is an endothelial cell mitogen and permeability factor that serves as a primary mediator of angiogenesis, or the sprouting of new blood vessels from existing vasculature in the adult organism (Ferrara N, Davis-Smyth T. Endocr. Rev. 18:4-25, 1997).
• VEGF plays a critical role in vasculogenesis, or the development of the vascular system in utero. Both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis are profoundly inhibited in experimental conditions in which VEGF levels are reduced or VEGF activity is neutralized.
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• Flt-1 and KDR are members of the type III receptor tyrosine kinase family of proteins with seven extracellular IgG-like repeats, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain (Mustonen T, Alitalo K. J. Cell Biol. 129:895-898, 1995).
• the binding affinity of VEGF to Flt-1 is approximately ten-fold higher than its binding to KDR.
• mice homozygous for a targeted Flt-1 mutation exhibit abnormal embryonic vascular channels, with death of embryos at E8.5 resulting from a failure of vasculogenesis (Fong GH, Rossant J, Gertsenstein
• Ribozymes targeting Flt-1 significantly inhibit the growth of Lewis Lung tumors at the primary site as well as the formation of lung metastases (Pavco PA, Bouhana KS, Gallegos AM, Agrawal A, Blanchard KS, Grimm SL, Jensen KL, Andrews LE, Wincott FE, Pitot PA, Tressler RJ, Cushman C, Reynolds MA, Parry TJ. Clinical Cancer Res. 6:2094-2103, 2000).
• anti-Flt-1 ribozyme inhibits liver metastasis formation after intrasplenic inoculation (loc. cit.).
• Diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration are ocular diseases in which impaired vision is associated with intraocular vascular proliferation.
• the synovium In rheumatoid arthritis, the synovium is characterized by the formation of a highly vascularized pannus that degrades articular cartilage; levels of VEGF are elevated in the synovial fluid of patients with this disease.
• psoriasis characterized by hyperplasia and abnormal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes, there is a markedly increased vascularity in the dermis and VEGF expression is elevated.
• inhibition of this process with the use of inhibitors of VEGF binding to its receptor Flt-1 may have therapeutic benefit.
• the compounds described in this patent may act functionally as antagonists or agonists of the Flt-1 receptor. If they serve as Flt-1 agonists, compounds described in this invention may stimulate angiogenesis and therefore have utility in the treatment of diseases and conditions in which stimulation of angiogenesis may be beneficial, such as wound healing and ulcers.
• the present invention comprises a method of treatment and prophylaxis of diseases related to angiogenesis. Accordingly, the invention also comprises novel pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, useful in the methods for the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases, described above. Novel compounds and compositions of the invention and intermediates and processes useful for the preparation of the compounds of the invention are also disclosed and claimed as part of this invention.
• novel compounds of the invention are represented by the following general structure:
• W is an aromatic core selected from phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, triazyl, and oxadiazolyl
• Ar is an aromatic substituent, which may be substituted or unsubstituted. Where Ar is substituted, it preferably has up to three substituents, and preferably such substituents are in the meta or para position relative to the attachment of Ar to the core molecule.
• Preferred substituents are amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, lower alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, hydroxy, alkoxy alkyl, alkoxy alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkyl, more preferably fluoroalkyl, halo, preferably, bromo, chloro, and fluoro, lower alkyl, phenyl, pyridyl, an ester, or an amide. More preferred are polar or hydrophilic substituents, including methoxy, nitro, carboxy, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, and the like.
• A is a bond or a spacer selected from phenyl, substituted phenyl wherein substitution is selected from methoxy, or other small substituents, preferably unsubstituted phenyl. amino, amido, ester, oxy, and the like.
• phenyl is the spacer, the phenyl spacer is attached to the molecule in the meta or para position.
• B is a linker selected from oxy, alkoxy, aryl carbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, a bond, amido, carbonyloxy, oxycarbonyl.
• V is an aryl group, preferred V include phenyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, and pyrrolyl. Preferably V is phenyl. Preferred substitution on V is in the 2- or 4- position relative to the point of attachment to the B moiety.
• X and Y are hydrogen, or together form oxo, preferably X and Y are oxo.
• Z is selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
• R 2 is selected from Ar, hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, carboxy or Ri
• R 3 is selected from one or two of hydroxy, alkoxy, nitro, sulfoxy, carboxy ester, or an amide or such radicals connected to the substituent via a lower alkyl. In the absence of R 3 the ring is substituted only by hydrogen. Preferably only one R 3 appears, and more preferably such R 3 is carboxy.
• R 4 is one or two of amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, loweralkoxy, nitro, carboxy, hydroxy, alkoxy alkyl, alkoxy alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkyl, more preferably fluoroalkyl, halo, preferably, bromo, chloro, and fluoro, lower alkyl, phenyl, pyridyl, an ester, or an amide. More preferred are polar or hydrophilic substituents, including methoxy, nitro, carboxy, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, and the like. R can also be represented as -OCH 2 O-. Where one R appears, the position where another R 4 may have appeared is substituted by hydrogen. Wherein at least one of R 3 and R 4 must be carboxy, or a carboxy substituted radical.
• R 2 , Ar and Ri are attached to W via carbons which are not on adjacent atoms in the ring.
• compositions of the invention comprise:
• the compounds of the invention are useful in therapy with regard to conditions involving this antiangiogenic activity.
• the invention's compounds can therefore be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for use in treatment or prophylaxis of these conditions.
• Standard pharmaceutical formulation techniques are used, such as those disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., latest edition.
• a "safe and effective amount" of a compound of the invention is an amount that is effective, to alter the process of angiogenisis at the site(s) of activity, in a subject, a tissue, or a cell, and preferably in an animal, more preferably in a mammal, without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, or allergic response), commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when used in the manner of this invention.
• the specific "safe and effective amount” will, obviously, vary with such factors as the particular condition being treated, the physical condition of the patient, the duration of treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), the specific dosage form to be used, the carrier employed, the solubility of the compound therein, and the dosage regimen desired for the composition.
• compositions of the subject invention contain a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier means one or more compatible solid or liquid filler diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration to a mammal.
• compatible means that the components of the composition are capable of being commingled with the subject compound, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially reduce the pharmaceutical efficacy of the composition under ordinary use situations.
• Pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers must, of course, be of sufficiently high purity and sufficiently low toxicity to render them suitable for administration preferably to an animal, preferably mammal being treated.
• substances which can serve as pharmaceutically- acceptable carriers or components thereof, are sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and methyl cellulose; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; solid lubricants, such as stearic acid and magnesium stearate; calcium sulfate; vegetable oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil of theobroma; polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; alginic acid; emulsifiers, such as the TWEENS; wetting agents, such sodium lauryl sulfate; coloring agents; flavoring agents; tableting agents, stabilizers; antioxidants; preservatives; pyrogen-free water
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier to be used in conjunction with the subject compound is basically determined by the way the compound is to be administered.
• the preferred pharmaceutically- acceptable carrier is sterile, physiological saline, with blood-compatible suspending agent, the pH of which has been adjusted to about 7.4.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers for systemic administration include sugars, starches, cellulose and its derivatives, malt, gelatin, talc, calcium sulfate, vegetable oils, synthetic oils, polyols, alginic acid, phosphate buffer solutions, emulsifiers, isotonic saline, and pyrogen-free water.
• Preferred carriers for parenteral administration include propylene glycol, ethyl oleate, pyrrolidone, ethanol, and sesame oil.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, in compositions for parenteral administration comprises at least about 90% by weight of the total composition.
• compositions of this invention are preferably provided in unit dosage form.
• a "unit dosage form” is a composition of this invention containing an amount of a compound that is suitable for administration to an animal, preferably mammal subject, in a single dose, according to good medical practice. (The preparation of a single or unit dosage form however, does not imply that the dosage form is administered once per day or once per course of therapy. Such dosage forms are contemplated to be administered once, twice, thrice or more per day, and are expected to be given more than once during a course of therapy, though a single administration is not specifically excluded.
• compositions preferably contain from about 5 mg (milligrams), more from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, more preferably to about 500 mg, most preferably from to about 300 mg, of the selected compound.
• the compositions of this invention may be in any of a variety of forms, suitable (for example) for oral, nasal, rectal, topical (including transdermal), ocular, intracereberally, intravenous, intramuscular, or parenteral administration.
• oral and nasal compositions comprise compositions that are administered by inhalation, and made using available methodologies.
• a variety of pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers well-known in the art may be used. These include solid or liquid fillers, diluents, hydrotropes, surface-active agents, and encapsulating substances.
• Optional pharmaceutically-active materials may be included, which do not substantially interfere with the activity of the compound.
• the amount of carrier employed in conjunction with the compound is sufficient to provide a practical quantity of material for administration per unit dose of the compound.
• Tablets can be compressed, tablet triturates, enteric- coated, sugar-coated, film-coated, or multiple-compressed, containing suitable binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, flow-inducing agents, and melting agents.
• Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules, and effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules, containing suitable solvents, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, melting agents, coloring agents and flavoring agents.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier suitable for the preparation of unit dosage forms for peroral administration are well-known in the art.
• Tablets typically comprise conventional pharmaceutically-compatible adjuvants as inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, mannitol, lactose and cellulose; binders such as starch, gelatin and sucrose; disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid and croscarmelose; lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid and talc.
• Glidants such as silicon dioxide can be used to improve flow characteristics of the powder mixture.
• Coloring agents such as the FD&C dyes, can be added for appearance.
• Sweeteners and flavoring agents such as aspartame, saccharin, menthol, peppermint, and fruit flavors, are useful adjuvants for chewable tablets.
• Capsules typically comprise one or more solid diluents disclosed above. The selection of carrier components depends on secondary considerations like taste, cost, and shelf stability, which are not critical for the purposes of the subject invention, and can be readily made by a person skilled in the art.
• Peroral compositions also include liquid solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and the like.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers suitable for preparation of such compositions are well known in the art.
• Typical components of carriers for syrups, elixirs, emulsions and suspensions include ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, liquid sucrose, sorbitol and water.
• typical suspending agents include methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, AVICEL RC-591 , tragacanth and sodium alginate;
• typical wetting agents include lecithin and polysorbate 80; and typical preservatives include methyl paraben and sodium benzoate.
• Peroral liquid compositions may also contain one or more components such as sweeteners, flavoring agents and colorants disclosed above. Such compositions may also be coated by conventional methods, typically with pH or time-dependent coatings, such that the subject compound is released in the gastrointestinal tract in the vicinity of the desired topical application, or at various times to extend the desired action.
• dosage forms typically include, but are not limited to, one or more of cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, ethyl cellulose, Eudragit coatings, waxes and shellac.
• compositions of the subject invention may optionally include other drug actives.
• compositions useful for attaining systemic delivery of the subject compounds include sublingual, buccal and nasal dosage forms.
• Such compositions typically comprise one or more of soluble filler substances such as sucrose, sorbitol and mannitol; and binders such as acacia, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. Glidants, lubricants, sweeteners, colorants, antioxidants and flavoring agents disclosed above may also be included.
• the compositions of this invention can also be administered topically to a subject, e.g., by the direct laying on or spreading of the composition on the epidermal or epithelial tissue of the subject, or transdermally via a "patch".
• compositions include, for example, lotions, creams, solutions, gels and solids.
• These topical compositions preferably comprise a safe and effective amount, usually at least about 0.1 %, and preferably from about 1 % to about 5%, of the compound.
• Suitable carriers for topical administration preferably remain in place on the skin as a continuous film, and resist being removed by perspiration or immersion in water.
• the carrier is organic in nature and capable of having dispersed or dissolved therein the compound.
• the carrier may include pharmaceutically-acceptable emolients, emulsifiers, thickening agents, solvents and the like.
• the compounds and compositions of this invention can be administered topically or systemically.
• Systemic application includes any method of introducing compound into the tissues of the body, e.g., intra-articular, intrathecal, epidural, intramuscular, transdermal, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, sublingual administration, or by inhalation, rectal, or oral administration.
• the compounds of the present invention are preferably administered orally.
• the specific dosage of the compound to be administered, as well as the duration of treatment, and whether the treatment is topical or systemic are interdependent.
• the dosage and treatment regimen will also depend upon such factors as the specific compound used, the treatment indication, the ability of the compound to reach minimum concentrations at the site of Flt-1 , the personal attributes of the subject (such as weight), compliance with the treatment regimen, and the presence and severity of any side effects of the treatment.
• a human adult weighing approximately 70 kilograms
• from about 5 mg, preferably from about 10 mg to about 3000 mg, more preferably to about 1000 mg, more preferably to about 100 mg, of compound are administered per day for systemic administration.
• these dosage ranges are by way of example only, and that daily administration can be adjusted depending on the factors listed above.
• a preferred method of administration for treatment is orally, by inhalation, or parenterally. As is known and practiced in the art, all formulations for parenteral administration must be sterile. For mammals, especially humans, (assuming an approximate body weight of 70 kilograms) individual doses of from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg are preferred.
• a preferred method of systemic administration is oral.
• Topical administration can be used to deliver the compound systemically, or to treat a subject locally.
• the amounts of compound to be topically administered depends upon such factors as skin sensitivity, type and location of the tissue to be treated, the composition and carrier (if any) to be administered, the particular compound to be administered, as well as the particular disorder to be treated and the extent to which systemic (as distinguished from local) effects are desired.
• the compounds of the invention can be formulated with or without other actives as gels, drops or ointments, or can be incorporated into collagen or a hydrophilic polymer shield.
• the materials can also be inserted as a contact lens or reservoir or as a subconjunctival formulation.
• the compound is applied locally and topically, in a gel, paste, salve or ointment.
• the mode of treatment thus reflects the nature of the condition and suitable formulations for any selected route are available in the art.
• the compounds of the invention can be administered alone or as mixtures, and the compositions may further include additional drugs or excipients as appropriate for the indication.
• novel compounds or compositions of this invention are useful when dosed together with another active and can be combined in a single dosage form or composition.
• alkyl means a cyclic, branched, or straight chain alkanyl or alkenyl substituent containing only carbon and hydrogen, such as pentyl, octyl, cyclohexylethyl, heptyl, as well as butyl, propyl, isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, pentyl, and adamantyl.
• alkyl groups will comprise 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 10, and more preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
• lower alkyl means subset of alkyl, and thus is a hydrocarbon substituent, which is linear or branched. Preferred lower alkyls are of 1 to about 6 carbons, and may be branched or linear, and may include cyclic substituents, either as part or all of their structure. Examples of lower alkyl include butyl, propyl, isopropyl, ethyl, and methyl. Likewise this term may be combined with other art accepted terms. For example "lower alkoxy” means alkoxy as understood in the art, wherein the alkyl portion of the substituent is lower alkyl.
• aryl means a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic radical having a single-ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl), which can be optionally unsubstituted or substituted with amino, cyano, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, halo, mercapto, and other substituents, and which may or may not include one or more heteroatoms.
• heteroaryl is clearly contemplated in the term "aryl”.
• Preferred carbocyclic aryl is phenyl.
• Preferred monocyclic heterocycles are 5 or 6 membered rings.
• aryl represents a heterocycle
• heteroaryl it is referred to as "heteroaryl”
• Preferred numbers of such heteroatoms are from one to three N atoms, and preferably wherein when “heteroaryl” is a heterocycle of five members, it has one or two heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S.
• preferred heterocycles have up to three, more preferably two or less, heteroatoms present in the aromatic ring. The skilled artisan will recognize that among heteroaryl, there are both five and six membered rings.
• heteroaryl examples include; thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazyl, furyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazilyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and others, which the skilled artisan will recognize.
• substitution on the aryl ring is within the scope of this invention. Where substitution occurs, the radical is called a substituted aryl.
• substituents include those commonly found in aryl compounds, such as alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, mercapto and the like. Such substituents are prepared using known methodologies.
• a substituent described as a radical in this specification may form a ring with another radical as described herein.
• radicals When such radicals are combined, the skilled artisan will understand that there are no unsatisfied valences in such a case, but that specific substitutions, for example a bond for a hydrogen, is made.
• certain radicals can be described as forming rings together. The skilled artisan will recognize that such rings can and are readily formed by routine chemical reactions, and it is within the purview of the skilled artisan to both envision such rings and the methods of their formations.
• Preferred are rings having from 3-7 members, more preferably 5 or 6 members.
• Compounds described herein may have cyclic structures therein, such as a ring formed by the combination of two radicals.
• ring when formed by the combination of two radicals refers to heterocyclic or carbocyclic radicals, and such radicals may be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.
• preferred heterocyclic ring systems include heterocyclic rings, such as morpholinyl, piperdinyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, and pyridyl.
• prodrugs where a group is removed by a biological process in situ clearly contemplates that compounds of the invention, as well as tautomers trapped as prodrugs can be provided.
• Prodrug as used herein is any compound wherein when it is exposed to the biological processes in an organism, is hydrolyzed, metabolized, derivatized or the like, to yield an active substance having the desired activity.
• prodrugs may or may not have any activity as prodrugs. It is the intent that the prodrugs described herein have no deleterious effect on the subject to be treated when dosed in safe and effective amounts. These include for example, biohydrolyzable amides and esters.
• a “biohydrolyzable amide” is an amide compound which does not essentially interfere with the activity of the compound, or that is readily converted in vivo by a cell, tissue, or human, mammal, or animal subject to yield an active compound of the invention.
• a “biohydrolyzable ester” refers to an ester compound of the invention that does not interfere with the activity of these compounds or that is readily converted by an animal to yield an active formula (I) compound.
• biohydrolyzable prodrugs are understood by the skilled artisan and are embodied in regulatory guidelines.
• a "pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” is an anionic salt formed at any acidic (e.g., carboxyl) group, or a cationic salt formed at any basic (e.g., amino) group. Many such salts are known in the art, as described in World Patent Publication 87/05297, Johnston et al., published September 11 , 1987 (incorporated by reference herein).
• Preferred counter-ions of salts formable at acidic groups can include cations of salts, such as the alkali metal salts (such as sodium and potassium), and alkaline earth metal salts (such as magnesium and calcium) and organic salts.
• Preferred salts formable at basic sites include anions such as the halides (such as chloride salts).
• halides such as chloride salts
• the skilled artisan is aware that a great number and variation of salts may be used, and examples exist in the literature of either organic or inorganic salts useful in this manner.
• the compounds of the invention may contain optical centers,
• MgSO magnesium sulfate
• Methyl-4-( ⁇ [6-(4-aminophenyl)-2-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl]oxy ⁇ methyl)benzoate (75 mg, 0.18 mmol), 1 , 2, 4-benzentricarboxylic anhydride (35 mg, 0.18 mmol) and toluene (5 ml) were placed in a 15-ml round-bottomed flask. The suspension was heated to 150 ° C for 30 minutes and cooled to room temperature.

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