EP1367688A1 - Verfahren zum Vergleichmässigen des Ladezustands der Zellen einer Batterieanordnung während des Ladens - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Vergleichmässigen des Ladezustands der Zellen einer Batterieanordnung während des Ladens Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1367688A1
EP1367688A1 EP03101572A EP03101572A EP1367688A1 EP 1367688 A1 EP1367688 A1 EP 1367688A1 EP 03101572 A EP03101572 A EP 03101572A EP 03101572 A EP03101572 A EP 03101572A EP 1367688 A1 EP1367688 A1 EP 1367688A1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cell
charging
cells
extant
balancing
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Granted
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EP03101572A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1367688B1 (de
Inventor
Jose Formenti
Garry R. Elder
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Texas Instruments Inc
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Texas Instruments Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0016—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to battery charging methods and apparatuses, and especially to charging battery arrays having a plurality of battery cells.
  • the present invention is useful in connection with balancing individual cells while charging multiple cell battery arrays, including Lithium-ion or Lithium polymer battery packs.
  • Many systems use batteries that are configured as battery packs or arrays including a plurality of individual battery cells coupled in series. Such a configuration is commonly encountered, for example in systems that need to maximize run time and use Li-ion (Lithium ion) or Li-polymer chemistry.
  • the battery arrays may include two cells (e.g., for consumer products such as camcorders or cameras) up to four or more cells (e.g., for high-end notebook computers).
  • Those factors contributing to cell imbalance include, by way of example, variations in individual cell chemistry, cell impedance, self discharge rates, capacity fade, operating temperature and other variations among respective individual cells.
  • Cell temperature mismatches are a significant cause of cell mismatching that is a relatively common trait for densely packed products having multiple individual heat sources located close to the battery pack. For example, a 20°C temperature mismatch can cause a voltage differential among cells as high as 100 mv in a charge cycle.
  • One example of such a product is a notebook computer. Because of the various problems resulting from cell mismatches, cell balancing while charging a battery pack is an important factor in maximizing battery pack energy capacity. Two methods are currently used to balance cells during charging battery packs having multiple cells. One method presently in use involves differential cell measurement.
  • differential cell measurement individual cell voltages are sampled and differential cell voltages are calculated during charging. When a high differential voltage is detected, charging is interrupted and individual cells are selectively discharged appropriately to obtain balance among cells.
  • This differential cell measurement approach facilitates accurate cell balancing, but complex circuitry and methodology are required to practice the method. For example, it is necessary to use cell voltage translation, A/D (analog-to-digital) conversion and multiple arithmetic operations to practice differential cell measurement.
  • differential cell measurement is usually found to be employed for cell balancing in high-end, high-cost products that include an analog front-end IC (integrated circuit) for measuring voltages in cooperation with a microcontroller or CPU (central processing unit) -based evaluating system.
  • analog front-end IC integrated circuit
  • CPU central processing unit
  • a second method presently used to balance cells during charging battery packs having multiple cells is a ground referenced, fixed threshold method.
  • a fixed threshold method when one cell reaches a first predetermined threshold it is discharged to a lower second threshold.
  • the second threshold is usually a fixed threshold set to a voltage equal to or greater than the target voltage, or regulated voltage for the battery pack.
  • the fixed threshold method is less expensive to equip and practice than the differential cell measurement method described above, but it can suffer from low accuracy and can require significantly longer charge times than may be experienced using a differential cell measurement method described above. The likelihood for longer charge times is particularly high if initial voltage mismatch among cells is large.
  • a charger on the system side must be controlled by the host product it is charging in the battery pack in order to prevent false termination of charging during sampling or cell balancing intervals.
  • a low cost accurate cell balancing method that does not significantly lengthen charge times.
  • a low cost cell balancing method that does not require control by or communication with the host device being charged.
  • a charge control apparatus that can operate without requiring control by or communication with the host device in the battery pack being charged and can permit cell balancing without causing false termination of charging operations.
  • a method for controlling voltage levels among cells while charging a battery array to a target voltage uses cell balancing modes employing respective charging currents.
  • the method includes the steps of: (a) In no particular order: (1) establishing a parametric criterion for identifying each cell balancing mode; (2) identifying a performance parameter associated with selected cells for each cell balancing mode; and (3) establishing an exit criterion for each cell balancing mode; (b) ascertaining the onset of charging; (c) identifying the extant cell balancing mode; (d) employing the charging current for the extant cell balancing mode for cell balancing; (e) for selected cells: (1) obtaining an extant parameter associated with the cell; (2) comparing each extant parameter with the exit criterion; and (3) repeating steps (e)(1) through (e)(2) until the extant parameter satisfies the exit criterion; (f) terminating the extant cell balancing mode; (g) repeating steps (c) through (f) until the target voltage is achieved
  • FIG. 1 is a graphic diagram of a representative charging evolution illustrating charging current and cell voltage as they relate to time, and providing an overview of the method of the present invention.
  • a graphic plot 10 is presented with a first axis 12 representing charging current / cell voltage, and a second axis 14 representing time.
  • a curve 16 represents cell voltage (for a representative cell in a multi cell battery array) as a function of time.
  • a curve 18 represents charging current as a function of time.
  • Curve 18 has a taper section 19 representing the portion of the charge cycle during which charging current markedly decreases while cell voltage markedly increases. Two taper sections 19, 19a represent such a tapering effect for two representative cells in a battery array.
  • Graphic plot 10 is segmented into three regions: Region 1, Region 2, and Region 3.
  • Region 1 spans a time interval from time t 0 to time t 1 .
  • Region 2 spans a time interval from time t 1 to time t 2 .
  • Region 3 spans times from time t 2 to later times.
  • Region 1 represents a portion of a charging cycle during which the battery array is substantially depleted and has very little or no charge.
  • cell dV/dQ change of voltage per change of charge
  • cell voltage curve 16
  • charging current curve 18
  • Region 2 represents a portion of a charging cycle during which the battery array has a medium charge level.
  • Region 2 cell dV/dQ is minimal, cell voltage (curve 16) rises slightly to moderately and charging current (curve 18) is at a maximum level.
  • Region 2 is the main charge time duration of the representative charge cycle of a battery array represented by graphic plot 10.
  • Region 3 represents a portion of a charging cycle during which the battery array has a high charge level.
  • cell dV/dQ is at a maximum, and charging current (curve 18) begins to decrease as soon as a cell reaches its respective target voltage (or regulation voltage; or regulated voltage).
  • target voltage or regulation voltage; or regulated voltage
  • Region 1 (interval t 0 - t 1 ), Region 2 (interval t 1 - t 2 ) and Region 3 (interval t 2 to later times) depend upon the charge level of the battery (or battery pack) being charged. Thus, one can lengthen the duration of a charge operation, or the interval of Region 1, Region 2 or Region 3, by varying the charge state of the battery pack being charged. Adjustment of respective charge states of various battery cells in a battery pack is employed to achieve balancing among respective battery cells, but may also lengthen the overall time-to-charge experienced in bringing the battery pack to a fully charged state.
  • a common approach to balanced charging involves performing cell sampling during charging to ascertain which cells are mismatched, and discharging selected cells to reduce the cell mismatches that are identified during sampling. Carrying out such cell sampling and discharge operations while applying full charge current to the battery array (e.g., in Region 2; FIG. 1) does not provide effective cell balancing. This is so because, the voltage measured across a cell includes a voltage portion contributed by the impedance of the cell being evaluated, plus the intrinsic cell voltage. Impedance mismatches among individual cells are common and those mismatches will contribute to errors in measured voltages for cells.
  • a better practice that yields more accurate cell voltage measurements is to perform cell sampling and discharge operations after suspending or interrupting the charge current.
  • the charge operation is interrupted for a period to permit sampling of cells and selective discharge among cells to reduce mismatches discovered during sampling.
  • Such a suspension of charging eliminates cell impedance contribution to cell voltage measurements and yields more accurate indications of cell mismatches.
  • a problem arises in charging systems in which a charger is not aware that a charge is intentionally interrupted, for example in systems in which the host device being charged does not communicate with the charger. In such a situation the charger may detect a taper current (e.g., taper sections 19, 19a; FIG. 1) or a battery open condition which will cause the charger to prematurely and erroneously terminate the charge.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the relationships among charging current, charge voltage and time in charging a battery.
  • Region 1, Region 2 and Region 3 in terms of time intervals presumes that, for example, one uninterruptedly applies a charging current to a battery to charge the battery.
  • the advantage provided by the method of the present invention is illustrated in overview in FIG. 1.
  • An important feature of the method of the present invention is to effect cell balancing among cells in a battery array before proceeding from one of Region 1, Region 2, Region 3 to another of Region 1, Region 2, Region 3. That is, the driving impetus in practicing the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention is not time nor is it charging current.
  • the driving impetus in practicing the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention is to achieve a predetermined degree of balance among cells in the battery array in one of Region 1, Region 2, Region 3 before proceeding to the next region of Region 1, Region 2, Region 3.
  • thresholds established for use in determining whether sufficient balance is achieved among cells before proceeding to a next region of Region 1, Region 2, Region 3.
  • the thresholds are preferably voltage thresholds that are treated using a cell balancing algorithm for determining whether desired balance is achieved among cells.
  • the present invention contemplates that different cell balancing algorithms may be employed in different regions for effecting the desired cell balancing.
  • a lower Region 1 voltage threshold R1THL and a higher Region 1 voltage threshold R1THH are established.
  • a lower Region 2 voltage threshold R2THL and a higher Region 2 voltage threshold R2THH are established.
  • voltage thresholds may be dynamically shifted in order to come closer to achieving regulated voltage for all cells in the battery array.
  • a first lower Region 3 voltage threshold R3THL1 and a first higher Region 3 voltage threshold R3THH1 are established.
  • Region 3 voltage thresholds R3THL1, R3THH1 can be iteratively dynamically shifted during charging a plurality of times, as indicated by there also being established an nth lower Region 3 voltage threshold R3THLn and an nth higher Region 3 voltage threshold R3THHn.
  • n is intended to indicate that there is no particular limit to the number of iterative establishings for Region 3 voltage thresholds R3THLn, R3THHn in practicing the method of the present invention. Of course, one may consider that time of charge is a parameter of importance.
  • the method of the present invention provides that one satisfy predetermined criteria for selected cells of the battery array (preferably, for all cells in the battery array) vis-à-vis Region 1 voltage thresholds R1THL, R1THH before selecting a cell balancing method (curve 18; FIG. 1) to operate in Region 2.
  • the cell balancing algorithm that is employed to seek cell balancing effectively controls the load seen by the charger.
  • This effectively controlling of load seen by the charger is carried out by effecting slower charging of selected cells while permitting other cells to continue to be charged at a higher charge rate. That is, the cell balancing algorithm configures the load seen by the charger in a manner that causes the charger to continue to see a state of charge in the battery cell array that is to be treated using charging current as it is applied in Region 1 or to see a state of charge in the battery cell array that is to be treated using charging current as it is applied in Region 2.
  • one employs a cell balancing algorithm (not necessarily the same cell balancing algorithm as is used in connection with Region 1) to achieve predetermined criteria for selected cells of the battery array (preferably, for all cells in the battery array) vis-à-vis Region 2 voltage thresholds R2THL, R2THH before selecting a cell balancing method to operate in Region 3.
  • a cell balancing algorithm (not necessarily the same cell balancing algorithm as is used in connection with Region 1or Region 2) to achieve predetermined criteria for selected cells of the battery array (preferably, for all cells in the battery array) vis-à-vis Region 3 voltage thresholds R2THLn, R3THHn before terminating the cell balancing FIG.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating representative charging steps employed in carrying out the method of the present invention.
  • a time line 30 illustrates occurrence in time of steps or modes 32 in a charging process, and variation in time of a voltage sampling signal 34.
  • the charging process illustrated in FIG. 2 is engaged in a charge step from before the earliest time illustrated in FIG. 2 until a time t 1 .
  • the charge process enters a relax step.
  • the charger is not applying fast charge current (curve 18; FIG. 1) to the battery array in order that any charging current may dampen to substantially zero. In such manner, one avoids introducing error into measuring cell mismatches from the charging current traversing respective cell impedance, as discussed earlier in connection with FIG. 1.
  • Voltage sampling signal 34 is pulsed during the interval t 2 - t 3 for a sampling interval having a duration t s , effecting sampling of cell voltage at time t 3 .
  • the charge process enters a cell balancing step.
  • the cell balancing step occupies a time interval t 3 - t 10 .
  • Voltage sampling signal 34 is pulsed during intervals t 4 - t 5 , t 6 - t 7 , t 8 - t 9 (each interval having a duration t s ) to effect voltage sampling in support of the cell balancing step then extant at times t 5 , t 7 , t 9 .
  • FIG. 3 is a graphic diagram illustrating cell voltage as a function of time in a representative practicing of the method of present invention for charging a battery array in a first charging mode as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a representation of a preferred application of the method of the present invention in Region 1 (FIG. 1).
  • voltages in three cells in a battery array are illustrated as they vary with respect to time.
  • a first cell (Cell 1) exhibits a cell voltage V 1
  • a second cell (Cell 2) exhibits a cell voltage V 2
  • a third cell (Cell 3) exhibits a cell voltage V 3 over a time interval t1 1 - t1 10 . None of cells Cell 1, Cell 2, Cell 3 are shown in FIG. 3.
  • the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention begins with, in no particular order, establishing a parametric criterion for identifying the respective cell balancing mode, identifying at least one performance parameter associated with the cells and establishing an exit criterion related to the performance parameter.
  • the performance parameter is established as a lower cell voltage threshold V1th LOW and an upper cell voltage threshold V1th HIGH .
  • the charge process is identified as being in Region 1 (FIG. 1) by cell voltages V 1 , V 2 , V 3 being less than upper cell voltage threshold V1th HIGH .
  • a voltage sampling signal (e.g., voltage sampling signal 34; FIG.
  • Cell voltage V 1 is not detected as exceeding lower cell voltage threshold V1th LOW until sampling time t1 8 , after which time cell Cell 1 is charged more slowly, as is indicated by the lesser slope of the curve representing cell voltage V 1 from sampling time t1 8 onward to time t1 10 .
  • a representative exit criterion for the charge mode illustrated in FIG. 3 provides that Region 1 may be exited when any cell voltage V 1 , V 2 , V 3 exceeds upper cell voltage threshold V1th HIGH .
  • V1th HIGH At sample time t1 10 cell voltage V 3 exceeds upper cell voltage threshold V1th HIGH , so the cell balancing operation illustrated in FIG. 3 ceases and charging continues.
  • this representative exit criteria it is possible that the cell balancing operation may cease before complete balancing is achieved among battery cells. This may be permitted in order to avoid too much delay in charging operations.
  • Alternate exit criteria, or an alternate charge balancing algorithm or a combination of alternate exit criteria and an alternate charge balancing algorithm may be substituted for the representative criteria and balancing algorithm discussed here in order to assure that complete cell balancing is achieved before permitting the cell balancing operation to cease.
  • a time limit may be imposed to establish a time out period as an additional exit criterion. In such a case, if the time out period expires, the cell balancing operation ceases regardless of whether any cell voltage V 1 , V 2 , V 3 has exceeded upper cell voltage threshold V1th HIGH .
  • FIG. 4 is a graphic diagram illustrating cell voltage as a function of time in a representative practicing of the method of present invention for charging a battery array in a second charging mode as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 4 is a representation of a preferred application of the method of the present invention in Region 2 (FIG. 1).
  • voltages in three cells in a battery array are illustrated as they vary with respect to time.
  • a first cell (Cell 1) exhibits a cell voltage V 1
  • a second cell exhibits a cell voltage V 2
  • a third cell (Cell 3) exhibits a cell voltage V 3 over a time interval t2 1 - t2 10 . None of cells Cell 1, Cell 2, Cell 3 are shown in FIG. 4.
  • the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention begins with, in no particular order, establishing a parametric criterion for identifying the respective cell balancing mode, identifying at least one performance parameter associated with the cells and establishing an exit criterion related to the performance parameter.
  • the performance parameter is established as a lower cell voltage threshold V2th LOW and an upper cell voltage threshold V2th HIGH .
  • the charge process is identified as being in Region 2 (FIG. 1) by cell voltages V 1 , V 2 , V 3 being greater than upper cell voltage threshold V1th HIGH (FIG. 3).
  • a voltage sampling signal (e.g., voltage sampling signal 34; FIG.
  • N 3. None of the cells (Cell 1, Cell 2, Cell 3) are candidates for slower charging at sampling time t2 2 .
  • cell voltages V 2 , V 3 are both above average cell voltage threshold V AVG and therefore cells Cell 2, Cell 3 are charged more slowly, as is indicated by the lesser slope of curves representing cell voltages V 2 , V 3 from sampling time t2 4 onward to time t2 6 .
  • cell voltage V 2 is equal with average voltage V AVG and therefore cell Cell 2 commences charging at a faster rate, as indicated by the increased slope of the curve representing cell voltage V 2 .
  • Cell voltage V 3 remains higher than average voltage V AVG at sampling time t2 6 , and therefore cell Cell 3 continues to be charged more slowly.
  • cell voltages V 2 , V 3 are both higher than average voltage V AVG .
  • Cell voltage V 1 is not detected as exceeding average cell voltage V AVG and cell Cell 1 is therefore not affected.
  • a representative exit criterion for the charge operation illustrated in FIG. 4 provides that Region 2 may be exited when all cell voltages V 1 , V 2 , V 3 exceed upper cell voltage threshold V2th HIGH .
  • FIG. 5 is a graphic diagram illustrating cell voltage as a function of time in a representative practicing of the method of present invention for charging a battery array in a third charging mode as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 5 is a representation of a preferred application of the method of the present invention in Region 3 (FIG. 1).
  • voltages in three cells in a battery array are illustrated as they vary with respect to time.
  • a first cell (Cell 1) exhibits a cell voltage V 1
  • a second cell exhibits a cell voltage V 2
  • a third cell (Cell 3) exhibits a cell voltage V 3 over a time interval t3 1 - t3 14 . None of cells Cell 1, Cell 2, Cell 3 are shown in FIG. 5.
  • the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention begins with, in no particular order, establishing a parametric criterion for identifying the respective cell balancing mode, identifying at least one performance parameter associated with the cells and establishing an exit criterion related to the performance parameter.
  • the performance parameter is initially established as a first lower cell voltage threshold V3th LOW1 and a first upper cell voltage threshold V3th HIGH1 .
  • the charge process is identified as being in Region 3 (FIG. 1) because all cell voltages V 1 , V 2 , V 3 are greater than upper cell voltage threshold V2th HIGH (FIG. 4).
  • a voltage sampling signal (e.g., voltage sampling signal 34; FIG.
  • method 100 proceeds via YES response line 116 to initiate cell balancing operations, as indicated by a block 118.
  • Method 100 continues by terminating fast charging and enabling sampling of cell voltages, as indicated by a block 120.
  • Method 100 proceeds by applying the at least one parametric criterion for identifying the respective cell balancing mode then extant; the respective cell balancing mode then extant being an extant cell balancing mode, as indicated by a Block 121.
  • Block 121 includes a plurality of query blocks 122, 140, 158.
  • Method 100 poses a query whether primary balancing is required (e.g., Region 3, FIG. 1), as indicated by a query block 122.
  • method 100 proceeds via NO response line 138 to pose a query whether conditioning balancing is required (e.g., Region 1; FIG. 1), as indicated by a query block 140. If conditioning balancing is not required, method 100 proceeds via NO response line 156 to pose a query whether secondary balancing is required (e.g., Region 2; FIG. 1), as indicated by a query block 158. If secondary balancing is not required, method 100 proceeds via NO response line 172 to return via a return line 133 to carry out a fast charge operation for an interval, as indicated by a block 135.
  • conditioning balancing e.g., Region 1; FIG. 1
  • method 100 proceeds via NO response line 156 to pose a query whether secondary balancing is required (e.g., Region 2; FIG. 1), as indicated by a query block 158. If secondary balancing is not required, method 100 proceeds via NO response line 172 to return via a return line 133 to carry out a fast charge operation for an interval, as indicated by a block 135.
  • the interval during which a fast charge operation is carried out pursuant to block 135 may be a fixed interval or the interval may be a variable interval controlled by an operator or by a computer program based upon predetermined decision criteria. Details of control of the interval for fast charge operations carried out pursuant to block 135 are not illustrated in FIG. 6. Method 100 proceeds from block 135 after the interval associated with block 135 via a line 137 to return to block 120 to terminate fast charging and enable further voltage sampling.
  • method 100 employs the at least one charging variable (preferably charging current) for the extant cell balancing mode to effect a balancing operation appropriate to the conclusion drawn by block 121, as indicated by a block 123.
  • at least one charging variable preferably charging current
  • method 100 proceeds via YES response line 124 from query block 122 to pose a query whether the primary balance algorithm is enabled, as indicated by a query block 126. If the primary balance algorithm is enabled, method 100 proceeds via YES response line 128 to effect appropriate balancing (e.g., as described in connection with FIG. 5), as indicated by a block 130. If the primary balance algorithm is not enabled, method 100 proceeds via NO response line 136 to return via a return line 133 to carry out a fast charge operation for an interval, as indicated by block 135.
  • the interval during which a fast charge operation is carried out pursuant to block 135 may be a fixed interval or the interval may be a variable interval controlled by an operator or by a computer program based upon predetermined decision criteria. Details of control of the interval for fast charge operations carried out pursuant to block 135 are not illustrated in FIG. 6. Method 100 proceeds from block 135 after the interval associated with block 135 via line 137 to return to block 120 to terminate fast charging and enable further voltage sampling.
  • method 100 proceeds via YES response line 142 from query block 140 to pose a query whether the conditioning balance algorithm is enabled, as indicated by a query block 144. If the conditioning balance algorithm is enabled, method 100 proceeds via YES response line 146 to effect appropriate balancing (e.g., as described in connection with FIG. 3), as indicated by a block 148. If the conditioning balance algorithm is not enabled, method 100 proceeds via NO response line 154 to return via return line 133 to carry out a fast charge operation for an interval, as indicated by block 135.
  • the interval during which a fast charge operation is carried out pursuant to block 135 may be a fixed interval or the interval may be a variable interval controlled by an operator or by a computer program based upon predetermined decision criteria. Details of control of the interval for fast charge operations carried out pursuant to block 135 are not illustrated in FIG. 6.
  • Method 100 proceeds from block 135 after the interval associated with block 135 via line 137 to return to block 120 to terminate fast charging and enable further voltage sampling. If it is determined that secondary balancing is required, method 100 proceeds via YES response line 160 from query block 158 to pose a query whether the secondary balance algorithm is enabled, as indicated by a query block 162.
  • method 100 proceeds via YES response line 164 to effect appropriate balancing (e.g., as described in connection with FIG. 4), as indicated by a block 166. If the secondary balance algorithm is not enabled, method 100 proceeds via NO response line 170 to return via return line 133 to carry out a fast charge operation for an interval, as indicated by block 135.
  • the interval during which a fast charge operation is carried out pursuant to block 135 may be a fixed interval or the interval may be a variable interval controlled by an operator or by a computer program based upon predetermined decision criteria. Details of control of the interval for fast charge operations carried out pursuant to block 135 are not illustrated in FIG. 6.
  • Method 100 proceeds from block 135 after the interval associated with block 135 via line 137 to return to block 120 to terminate fast charging and enable further voltage sampling.
  • method 100 obtaining an extant parameter set; the extant parameter set being a measurement of at least one extant performance parameter of the at least one performance parameter associated with each the selected cell.
  • the cell voltage is measured as the extant parameter set.
  • Method 100 continues, comparing each extant parameter set with the at least one exit criterion.
  • Method 100 continues measuring the extant parameter set and comparing the extant parameter set with an appropriate exit criterion until the exit criterion is satisfied, as described in connection with FIG, 3 (conditioning balance; Region 1; FIG. 1), in connection with FIG. 4 (secondary balance; Region 2; FIG. 1) and in connection with FIG. 5 (primary balance; Region 3; FIG. 1).
  • method 100 departs block 123 to return to query block 110 via a return line 114.
  • a delay 113 may be if desired imposed in returning to query block 110. The optional nature of imposing a delay is indicated by delay block 113 being illustrated in dotted line format.
  • method 100 returns via exit condition line 132 to return line 114. If method 100 is effecting conditioning balance (block 148) and the appropriate exit criterion is satisfied, method 100 returns via exit condition line 150 to return line 114. If method 100 is effecting secondary balance (block 166) and the appropriate exit criterion is satisfied, method 100 returns via exit condition line 168 to return line 114.
  • a time limit may be imposed for each cell balancing mode to establish a respective time out period as an additional exit criterion.
  • method 100 if the time out period expires, the cell balancing operation ceases for the then extant cell balancing mode regardless of whether the exit criterion has been met.
  • method 100 is effecting primary balance (block 130) and the appropriate time out period elapses, method 100 returns via time out line 134 to return line 114.
  • method 100 is effecting conditioning balance (block 148) and the appropriate time out period elapses, method 100 returns via time out line 152 to return line 114.
  • no time out parameter is provided for secondary balance (block 166) because it is in this secondary balancing operation (Region 2; FIG. 1) that balancing among cells is preferably to be carried out without interruption.
  • FIG. 7 is an electrical schematic diagram illustrating a first embodiment of the cell balancing apparatus of the present invention.
  • an apparatus 200 for controlling charging of a battery array 203 is situated on a substrate 201 and is configured for connection with a charging unit (preferably located off substrate 201; not shown in FIG. 7) at charger connectors 202, 204.
  • Apparatus 200 includes a sensing unit 206 and a cell balancing control unit 208.
  • Sensing unit 206 includes a cell voltage sampling device 210 coupled with battery array 203 for selectively sampling individual cells of battery array 203.
  • Cell voltage sampling device 210 selectively converts respective cell voltages to ground-referenced values.
  • Sensing unit 206 also includes a multiplexing control unit 212, a comparator 214 and a status register 216.
  • Charge control unit 208 includes a state machine 220 and a threshold generation unit 222. Threshold generation unit 222 is provided with predetermined threshold values TH1, TH2, THn.
  • Multiplexing control unit 212 is coupled with cell voltage sampling device 210 for controlling which respective cell of battery array 203 is sampled by cell voltage sampling device 210.
  • An output 211 from cell voltage sampling device 210 is provided to comparator 214 representing each sampling of a respective cell of battery array 203.
  • Comparator 214 also receives an appropriate threshold value TH1, TH2, THn for the then extant cell balancing mode from threshold generation unit 222.
  • the appropriate threshold value TH1, TH2, THn is selected by threshold generation unit 222 based upon a determination of which cell balancing mode is extant, which is in turn based upon cell voltage sampling results selectively provided from battery array 203, as chosen by cell voltage sampling device 210, to threshold generation unit 222 via a line 219.
  • Comparator 214 provides a comparing indication 215 to status register 216 indicating the result of comparing output 211 from cell voltage sampling unit 210 with the threshold value TH1, TH2, THn received from threshold generation unit 222.
  • Apparatus 200 is an analog/digital device preferably configured in a single-chip product.
  • Cell voltage sampling 210 responds to signals from multiplexing control unit 212 in selecting respective cells in battery array 203 for sampling vis-à-vis a respective individual threshold value selected for each respective cell.
  • the first digital manifestation of the test and comparison with the threshold is the comparing indication 215 provided to status register 216.
  • Status register 216 provides an indication 217 to state machine 220 relating selected comparing indications 215 received from comparator 214.
  • Multiplexing control unit 212 is coupled with cell voltage sampling unit 210, status register 216, state machine 220 and threshold generation unit 222 to ensure that the same respective cell of battery array 203 is dealt with at a given time by each of cell voltage sampling unit 210, status register 216, state machine 220 and threshold generation unit 222.
  • Multiplexing control unit 212 may be a digital unit, an analog unit or a hybrid digital-analog unit that interfaces with digital state machine 220 and digital status registers 216.
  • cell voltage sampling unit 210, comparator 214 and threshold generation unit 222 are analog devices.
  • State machine 220 is coupled with a shunting unit 224 for selectively effecting slow charging of selected cells in battery array 203.
  • shunting unit 224 establishes a current path for rerouting a portion of current around selected cells in battery array 203 to effect balancing among cells while charging.
  • State machine 220 is also coupled with switching devices S1, S2, S3, and controls switching action of switching devices S1, S2, S3.
  • apparatus 200 uses thresholds TH1, TH2, THn to detect state of charge of respective cells of battery array 203.
  • State machine 220 controls cooperation among sensing unit 206, control unit 208 and shunting unit 224 to effect cell sampling and balancing. Cell sampling and balancing are carried out either at zero charge current or at a conditioning current.
  • cell balancing takes place using a pre-conditioning current.
  • the pre-conditioning current is a low current that permits balancing cells in the battery array without further depleting the battery array. In such conditions, cell impedance mismatch errors are present, but they are minimized by using a low pre-conditioning current.
  • the minimal cell impedance mismatch errors are not regarded as critical in this charging mode because the main cell balancing operation is effected when the cells are at a higher capacity level.
  • cell balancing is carried out at full charge current (sometimes referred to as fast charge current).
  • Switch S2 controls current between switch S1 and battery array 203.
  • Switch S1 controls current between charger locus 202 and switch S2.
  • Switch S3 controls whether an impedance R is included in the circuitry. Impedance R is appropriately valued so that including impedance R into the circuitry of apparatus 200 provides a low current from charger locus 202 to battery array 203 when switch S1 is open, switch S2 is closed and Switch S3 is closed.
  • apparatus 200 responds to state machine 220 and respective cell voltages in battery array 203 to effect charging operations (in cooperation with a charging device coupled to charger loci 202, 204; not shown in FIG. 7) as indicated in Table 1 below:
  • FIG. 8 is an electrical schematic diagram illustrating a second embodiment of the charging apparatus of the present invention.
  • an apparatus 300 is configured substantially the same as apparatus 200 (FIG. 7) for controlling charging of a battery array 203.
  • apparatus 300 is configured substantially the same as apparatus 200 (FIG. 7) for controlling charging of a battery array 203.
  • FIG. 8 This description of FIG. 8 will focus upon the differences between apparatus 300 and apparatus 200 (FIG. 7).
  • the principal difference between apparatus 300 and apparatus 200 (FIG. 7) is in the provision of a current sink 350.
  • Current sink 350 is configured to ensure that a predetermined current continues to flow from a charger unit even when a low charge current condition (low capacity) or a no charge current condition (high capacity) exists in the battery array being charged.
  • Current sink 350 may be embodied in any circuitry that selectively shunts a predetermined current to ground when apparatus 300 is effecting current balancing operations requiring certain levels of charging current.
  • the low current level required for effecting charging of a low capacity battery array 203 is provided by the charging unit itself, and the no current operation is accommodated by current sink 350.
  • current sink 350 provides a predetermined current draw from the charging unit sufficient that the charging unit does not detect a no current situation and prematurely erroneously terminate charging operations.
  • a switch S8 responsive to state machine 220 selectively includes an impedance R8 within the circuitry of apparatus 300 to shunt current to ground from the charging unit (not shown in FIG 8) coupled with charging loci 202, 204.
  • Impedance R8 is selected appropriately to ensure that sufficient current is drawn from the charging unit to preclude inappropriate premature termination of charging operations by the charging unit. No communication is required between the host unit being charged (not shown in FIG. 8) or between apparatus 300 and the charging unit.
  • apparatus 300 uses fixed thresholds TH1, TH2, THn to detect state of charge of battery array 203.
  • State machine 220 controls cooperation among sensing unit 206, control unit 208 and shunting unit 224 to effect cell sampling and balancing.
  • Cell sampling and balancing are carried out either at zero charge current or at a conditioning current.
  • cell balancing takes place using a pre-conditioning current.
  • the pre-conditioning current is a low current set by the charging unit (not shown in FIG. 8) that permits balancing cells in the battery array without further depleting the battery array. In such conditions, cell impedance mismatch errors are present, but they are minimized by using a low pre-conditioning current.
  • the minimal cell impedance mismatch errors are not regarded as critical in this cell balancing mode because the main cell balancing operation is effected when the cells are at a higher capacity level. In medium capacity battery arrays cell balancing is carried out at full charge current. The principal goal of such a cell balancing mode of operation is to minimize any cell imbalance increase that may be caused by charge-induced offsets among the respective cells of the battery array.
  • cell balancing is preferably carried out with a small charging current established by current sink 350 in order to achieve maximum performance and accuracy in charging operations.
  • Current sink 350 preferably ensures that a sufficient load is “seen” by a charger unit (not shown in FIG. 8). This avoids interruption of charging operations which might otherwise occur if the charger unit erroneously "saw” a too-low load and interpreted that too-low load as indicating a completion of charging.
  • Switch S2 controls current between switch S1 and battery array 203.
  • Switch S1 controls current between charger locus 202 and switch S2.
  • Switch S8 controls whether an impedance R8 is included in the circuitry to draw a predetermined current from the charging unit and shunt to ground.
  • Impedance R8 is appropriately valued so that including impedance R8 into the circuitry of apparatus 300 provides a low current from charger locus 202 to ground when switch S1 is open, switch S2 is closed and switch S8 is closed. The low current thus drawn from charging locus 202 is appropriate to preclude premature erroneous termination of charging operations by the charging unit.
  • apparatus 300 responds to state machine 220 and respective cell voltages in battery array 203 to effect charging operations (in cooperation with a charging device coupled to charger loci 202, 204; not shown in FIG. 8) as indicated in Table 2 below:
  • Apparatus 300 does not require communication between apparatus 300 (or a host product for which apparatus 300 is controlling cell balancing operations) and the charger unit (not shown in FIG. 8) coupled with charger loci 202, 204.
  • the charger unit does not require information regarding when low current charging operations or no current charging operations are being carried out.
  • the inclusion of current sink 350 within the circuitry of apparatus 300 is effected in response to the cell balancing mode selected for charging battery array 203 based upon comparison of cell voltages with thresholds TH1, TH2, THn, as described earlier herein in connection with FIGs. 1 - 7.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
EP03101572A 2002-05-30 2003-05-29 Verfahren zum Vergleichmässigen des Ladezustands der Zellen einer Batterieanordnung während des Ladens Expired - Lifetime EP1367688B1 (de)

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US10/159,138 US6700350B2 (en) 2002-05-30 2002-05-30 Method and apparatus for controlling charge balance among cells while charging a battery array

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US6700350B2 (en) 2004-03-02
JP2004007983A (ja) 2004-01-08
US20030222620A1 (en) 2003-12-04
US6812671B2 (en) 2004-11-02
EP1367688B1 (de) 2006-12-13
DE60310306T2 (de) 2007-05-31
DE60310306D1 (de) 2007-01-25

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