Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
  • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
  • G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
  • G01N23/046—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using tomography, e.g. computed tomography [CT]
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
  • G01N2223/40—Imaging
  • G01N2223/419—Imaging computed tomograph

Definitions

• Device and method for handling a product and for processing x-ray images of the product to obtain tomographic sections and uses are provided.
• the invention relates to a device and a method for handling a product and in particular a mechanical part and for processing product images obtained in a radioscopy installation, in order to obtain tomographic sections of the product.
• new parts and new foundry processes are developed which require the use of non-destructive testing means to evaluate the parts according to new designs or obtained by the new processes.
• the defects present in the parts can be detected by X-ray radioscopy, by gamma-ray or even by ultrasonic control. These means of control give indications on the presence or absence of defects in the part, but the assessment of the conformity of the part and the state of health of its material is above all qualitative.
• Geometric and dimensional checks must be carried out destructively, when it comes to checking the shapes and dimensions of internal parts of the parts.
• a cut is made of parts taken from the production, so as to make the elements to be visible visible, and conventional dimensional measurement tools such as calipers or micrometers are used.
• industrial tomography devices comprising a radioscopy installation, for example an X-ray installation, means for relative displacement of the rotating mechanical part with respect to the radioscopy installation and means for exploiting the images to obtain the tomographic sections are very expensive. and are difficult to integrate into an environment for the production of foundry parts.
• the radioscopy installation essentially comprises a source of radiation, for example of X-rays, of sufficient power to pass through the mechanical part and a luminance screen such as an image intensifier.
• the part is interposed between the radiation source and the screen, so that it can be crossed by radiation, the intensity of which is attenuated and modulated when crossing the part, depending on the opacity or density of the materials. crossed.
• the radiation having passed through the part produces an image on the screen which is representative of the material through which the radiation passes.
• an analog or digital camera makes it possible to carry out an acquisition of the radioscopic images formed on the screen.
• the acquisition of radioscopic images of the part is carried out according to a very large number of successive orientations, obtained by rotating the part around an axis perpendicular to the planes of the tomographic sections.
• the radioscopic images are processed in a computer using algorithms which are all based on the same principle consisting in carrying out a Radon transform with filtered overhead projection of the images of the part, from which a reconstruction of the images to obtain the tomographic section. At least one image is produced for each of the relative elementary rotations between the part and the radioscopy installation and then image processing to obtain a synogram, this intermediate image then being reconstructed to obtain the virtual image constituting the tomographic section.
• the synogram is obtained by juxtaposing the lines of the images corresponding to the section plane in which the tomographic view is produced.
• the scanned radioscopy process for obtaining sections through a body or object is used in both the industrial and medical fields.
• the entire radioscopy device In the case of a scanner for medical use, the entire radioscopy device is rotated around the patient to produce the successive images which are used to reconstruct the tomographic sections.
• the part In the case of control of industrial parts, the part is generally fixed on a manipulator for its position adjustment and its displacement in rotation.
• the object of the invention is therefore to propose a device for handling a product and for processing images of the product, in order to obtain virtual tomographic sections in a radioscopy installation
• a radiation source of sufficient power to pass through. the product a luminance screen sensitive to radiation, a manipulator for moving the product interposed between the radiation source and the luminance screen and a camera for acquiring radioscopic views formed on the screen
• this device of versatile type and relatively inexpensive which can be associated with any industrial radioscopy installation by simple and rapid operations, so as to obtain tomographic sections of products and dismantled, after a test campaign, to be used on another radioscopy installation, possibly on another industrial site.
• the handling and processing device according to the invention is produced in the form of an assembly which can be integrated into any radioscopy installation, comprising:
• the manipulator comprising means for precise adjustment of the centering of the axis of rotation of the product, by compared to a detector constituted by the screen and the camera, a product movement control unit making it possible to rotate the product around the axis of rotation with high angular positioning precision
• an image acquisition and processing unit comprising automatic means for acquiring and storing radioscopic images of the product, during the movement of the rotating product, connected to the camera and to the control means of the movement of the rotating part and automatic calculation means for the processing of radioscopic images in digital form and the construction of tomographic sections, using a calculation algorithm and tracking of the position of the axis of rotation of the product.
• FIG. 1A is an explanatory diagram of the operation of an installation for producing tomographic sections of a part, in the form of a scanned radioscopy installation.
• Figure 1B is a schematic representation of a handling and processing device according to the invention.
• FIG. 2A is a diagrammatic representation of a radioscopy installation with which is associated a handling and processing device according to the invention.
• FIG. 2B is a schematic elevation view of the device according to the invention during a prior phase of locating the axis of rotation of the part.
• Figure 2C is a top view along C of Figure 2B.
• FIG. 3 represents a part of the components of the installation shown in FIG. 2 and their function, during the acquisition of radioscopic images of the mechanical part.
• FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an operation for acquiring, processing and reconstructing tomographic images using the device according to the invention.
• Figure 5 is an elevational view of a cylinder head of a motor vehicle mounted on the rotary displacement means according to the invention.
• FIG. 6 is a radioscopic image of the breech produced in an acquisition phase of the method implementing the device shown in FIG. 2.
• FIG. 7 is a synogram of the cylinder head corresponding to the lines of the radioscopic images at the level of a tomographic section to be produced.
• FIG. 8A is a view of a virtual tomographic section reconstructed on the screen of the processing unit of the device according to the invention.
• Figure 8B is a partial view of the tomographic section showing breech defects.
• Figure 9 is a photographic view of a cutting plane of the cylinder head, near the tomographic section made previously.
• FIG. 10 is a view in partial axial section and in elevation of the means for moving parts in rotation, of the device according to the invention.
• an installation for radioscopy of mechanical parts of the conventional type is seen which comprises an X-ray source 1, a manipulator assembly 2, a luminescence screen 3 and a camera 4.
• the mechanical part 5 is fixed on the manipulator which makes it possible to adjust the position of the part 5 and to rotate the part 5 around an axis 5a.
• the X-ray source 1 produces a beam of photons 1a directed so as to pass through the mechanical part 5 which more or less attenuates the radiation, according to the density of the zones crossed by the radiation.
• the beam 1a after passing through the part 5, forms on the luminance screen 3, constituted for example by an image intensifier, a radioscopic image of which the camera 4 can carry out a total or partial acquisition.
• the manipulator 2 includes a device for continuously or stepwise rotation of the part which makes it possible to obtain successful images. parts of the room in different orientations.
• Each of the successive images 6a, ..., 6n-1, 6n can be obtained under an angle of orientation of the part which varies during a rotation of the part, for example on a turn or a half-turn, in angular steps of small amplitude (for example 1 °).
• n 360
• 360 successive images are produced as shown schematically under the references 6a to 6n in the lower part of FIG. 1.
• Each of the images 6a 6n is digitized and introduced into a computer, so that the processing of the images symbolized by the arrow 7 in FIG. 1 can be carried out.
• the radioscopic images of the part correspond to a section of the part in the vertical axial direction 5a.
• the plan of the topographic section of the part to be produced which is a transverse plane perpendicular to the axis 5a of the part, is at a certain height inside the section represented in different orientations in the images 6a to 6n.
• the images 6a to 6n comprise, depending on their height, a certain number of lines, the number of which defines the fineness of the radioscopic image.
• One of the lines of the image corresponds to the radioscopic representation of the section plane of the part 5.
• views of the section plane are produced which are always represented by the same line of the images 6a to 6n.
• the processing 7 of the images consists in taking and juxtaposing the lines corresponding to the cutting planes on each of the images 6a to 6n to obtain a synogram 8 comprising n lines, for example three hundred and sixty lines each consisting of a particular line, for example the line 288, from one of the images.
• the image of the part is reconstructed to obtain image 10 which is a transverse virtual tomographic section of the part.
• the scanned radioscopy installation as shown in FIG. 1 is a complex installation which comprises, in addition to the components represented in FIG. 1, means for processing the images of the camera to carry out the processing represented by the arrow 7 and from the synogram 8, the reconstruction of a tomographic section 10 of the part.
• the reconstruction of the images from the synogram is carried out with an algorithm using a Radon transform with filtered rear projection, that is to say a transformation of a projection of the image followed by filtering of the image and d '' a reverse transformation to spread the image elements and reconstruct the virtual section.
• FIG. 1B a device for handling parts and image processing according to the invention is shown, generally designated by the reference numeral 12 and produced in the form of a module which can be integrated into a few minutes to a conventional industrial radioscopy installation to perform tomographic sections of parts.
• the device 12 comprises a means 14 for rotating the movement of a part fixed to a rotating plate 14a of the displacement means 14, a control unit 15 for the rotation of the plate and the part and a microcomputer 16.
• the turntable 14a is rotated by a motor arranged in a tubular casing 14b of the displacement means 14.
• the control unit 15 can be produced in the form of an electrical cabinet.
• the electrical cabinet 15 is connected to an electronic module for controlling the motor of the displacement means, for example by a first cable 15a and to the microcomputer 16, for example by a second cable 15b.
• the microcomputer 16 also comprises a connecting element 16a, for example a cable provided with a connection socket, making it possible to connect the microcomputer to the detector of a radioscopy installation.
• the microcomputer 16 ensures the processing of the images and the control of the rotational movements of the plate 14a of the displacement means 14, by means of the electrical cabinet 15.
• the device 12 as shown in FIG. 1B produced in modular form can be installed and connected to an industrial radioscopy installation, in a few minutes.
• FIG. 2A shows a device making it possible to carry out a scanned radioscopy of a mechanical part, from a conventional radioscopy installation and a handling and processing device according to the invention, as shown in FIG. 1 B.
• This device is produced in the form of a multipurpose assembly which can be associated with any type of mechanical part radioscopy installation for making virtual tomographic sections of the mechanical parts.
• the radioscopy installation of the mechanical part of the conventional type with which the device according to the invention is associated comprises components which are used in any radioscopy installation, these elements being designated by the same references as the elements of the installation of scanned x-ray shown in Figure 1A.
• These components include in particular an X-ray source 1 producing a photon beam 1a, a manipulator 2 for the movements of the part 5, a luminance screen 3 such as an image intensifier and a camera, for example a digital camera 4.
• the manipulator 2 can be controlled from a terminal 11, so as to be able to move the part 5, in two directions X and Y of a horizontal plane and possibly in a vertical direction Z, and to adjust the position of the part by relation to beam 1a of the X-ray source 1.
• This positioning of the part makes it possible in particular to obtain images of a section of the part 5, along its vertical direction 5a in which the tomographic section plane is located perpendicular to the axis 5a of the part.
• the movements of the part by the manipulator 2, controlled by the terminal 11 also make it possible to center the axis 5a of the part around which the part must be rotated by one turn or by a fraction of turn to obtain the different radioscopic images, relative to the detector constituted by the screen 3 and the camera 4, so as to achieve the integration of the device according to the invention in the radioscopy installation.
• a radioscopy installation 13 comprising the source 1, the manipulator 2, the screen 3 and the camera 4 makes it possible to obtain, in analog or digital form, depending on the type of camera 4, the radioscopic image of at least one section of part 5.
• Such a conventional radioscopy installation 13 makes it possible, for example, to carry out non-destructive testing of manufacturing faults in a mechanical part.
• the only requirement concerning the radioscopy installation is that the power of the X-ray source is sufficient to obtain a beam of photons 1a which can pass through room 5.
• the radioscopy installation 13 is used for making tomographic sections on a mechanical part such as a cylinder head of a motor vehicle
• a source having a power of 260 to 450 kV is used for example.
• This power commonly used in conventional radioscopy installations makes it possible to obtain images which can be easily used for the processing and reconstruction of virtual tomographic sections.
• a radioscopy installation such as 13, used for non-destructive checks of defects on parts of a manufacture, does not include means making it possible to carry out the acquisition of successive radioscopic images, the processing of these successive images and the reconstruction tomographic sections, such as the installation shown in FIG. 1A, the means of which were necessary for carrying out scanned x-rays have not been shown; these means integrated into the installation in the form of fixed components are complex and expensive.
• FIG. 2A an image manipulation and processing device according to the invention is shown, generally designated by the reference numeral 12, which constitutes a versatile assembly which can be associated with any conventional radioscopy installation whose source of X-rays 1 has sufficient power.
• the device 12 according to the invention which is analogous to the device shown in FIG. 1B comprises a means for moving in rotation 14 the part 5, around its axis 5a, a control unit 15 for the rotation of the part 5 by the intermediary of the means engine 14 and a computer 16 consisting of a microcomputer of a type suitable for processing and reconstituting tomographic images.
• the device 12 may also include a screen 17 for viewing the radioscopic images of the part 5 connected to the microcomputer 16.
• the motor for moving the part 5 in rotation comprises in particular a turntable 14a on which the part 5 can be fixed in an adjustable position and a torque motor 30 disposed inside a tubular casing 14b, so as to be engaged with the turntable 14a for its rotation about a vertical axis of rotation 5a along which the axis of rotation of the part 5 is placed.
• the manipulator 2 of the radioscopy installation which may be constituted by an elevating table with crossed movements, comprises a horizontal upper table on which the support 14b of the rotational displacement motor means 14 is fixed.
• a rod 40 made of very dense material (as regards the absorption of X-rays), for example brass, is fixed, comprising a point 40a along the axis 5a of the plate
• the X-ray beam 1a is directed onto the rod 40 and a radioscopic image of the rod is thus produced on the detector (screen 3 and camera 4).
• the value I (expressed in pixels and with an accuracy of plus or minus 1 pixel) of the distance from the projection of the point 40a on the radioscopic image, at an origin point O, in the horizontal direction X.
• the origin O can be the origin or center of the coordinate system in which the computation of reconstruction of the tomographic sections is carried out.
• the value I is used as input data for the computation code for reconstruction of the tomographic sections.
• the means for moving in rotation 14 of the part 5 which must make it possible in particular to carry out stepless movements of small amplitude, with extremely precise angular positioning marking, can be constituted by a torque motor 30, the rotor 30a of which includes permanent magnets and the stator 30b of the windings, the supply of which is electronically controlled to obtain the desired rotations of the plate 14a, the precise position of the plate 14a in orientation being measured by a high-precision encoder - sion 31 associated with the motor 30, inside the tubular support 14b of the displacement means 14.
• the rotor 30a of the torque motor 30 comprises a rotor support 33 of tubular shape on which the permanent magnets 34 are fixed.
• the stator windings 30b are fixed on a stator support integral with the tubular support 14b of the rotary drive means 14, opposite the permanent magnets 34, providing a gap of small width.
• the plate 14a of the rotational drive means 14 is rigidly secured to the rotor support 33 on which it is fixed by means of a first ring 35.
• a direct torque transmission is thus obtained between the rotor and the turntable 14a and it avoids the use of mechanical transmission means which may exhibit play after a certain period of operation. This improves the conditions of movement in rotation of the plate 14a and the precision of its successive positions.
• the plate 14a is rotatably mounted on the tubular support 14b, by means of a single rolling bearing 36, the internal ring of which is fixed between the rotor support 33 and the first ring 35 and the external ring, between a second ring 37 and the tubular support 14b, so that the bearing 36 and the motor 30 are coaxial.
• the rotary part of the encoder 31 is connected to the rotor support 33 by a coupling 32.
• the stator windings 30b are supplied by electronic means from a variator 15, so as to rotate the rotor 30a and the plate 14a step by step or continuously.
• the encoder 31 is also electrically connected to the variator 15 and, through it, to the microcomputer 16.
• the encoder 31 which has a very large number of measurement positions per revolution (for example 36,000 positions / revolution) allows on the one hand to determine the angular position of the plate 14a and of the mechanical part 5 with very high precision and, on the other hand, to refine the stop positions of the plate 14a by means of the variator 15 supplying the stator windings, which has a regulation loop.
• the plate 14a has threaded holes 38 distributed along its surface to allow the attachment of parts 5 of various shapes.
• the tubular support 14b is made in two parts to allow the mounting of the rotary drive means 14.
• the electronic means for controlling the torque motor and for measuring the position of the plate 14a are connected by a ring 18 constituted by optical fibers, to the microcomputer 16, so that the conditions of rotation in movement of the part can be adjusted. 5 from the microcomputer 16 and synchronize the radioscopic shooting by means of the camera 4 which is also connected to the microcomputer 16, with the positions of the part 5 rotating around its axis 5a, defined and identified by precisely.
• the camera 4 is a digital camera
• the digital image data is transmitted directly to the microcomputer 16 and, in the case where the camera 4 is an analog camera, an associated digital analog conversion unit is used at the inputs of the microcomputer 16.
• FIG. 3 also shows, in the form of circles 20, 21, 22 and 23, the functions performed by the camera 4, the display screen 17 and the means for moving in rotation 14 of the manipulator 2, during of the acquisition of the radioscopic images of the room 5 under the control of the microcomputer 16.
• FIG. 4 the various stages of the scanned radioscopy process implemented by the device according to the invention are shown in the form of rectangles 6, 7 and 9 which correspond, respectively, to the acquisition stages 6 and image processing 7 and reconstruction of a tomographic section 9 represented by arrows in the diagram of FIG. 1 relating to the use of any scanned radioscopy installation.
• the acquisition step 6 has been described with reference to FIG. 3 as to the functions implemented by the various components of the installation, within the framework of the use of an installation according to the invention.
• the processing step 7 consists in producing a synogram 8 from the lines of the images 6a, ..., 6n corresponding to the tomographic section plane to be produced and the step 9 is the reconstruction step by Radon transform which has was described above.
• the user interface of the microcomputer 16 which is accessible to the operator 25 of the process for fixing the parameters of the process and controlling these different steps.
• the processing of the images 6a 6n to constitute the synogram 8 can be carried out immediately after the acquisition of an image and before the acquisition of a following image, the synogram 8 being obtained progressively during the rotation of the part, for example on a full turn.
• the part can be rotated step by step or continuously.
• acquisitions and reconstructions of tomographic sections can be performed in real time or deferred or with only deferred reconstruction.
• a plurality of synograms and a plurality of tomographic sections can be produced for each of the sections of the part, at different levels.
• the operator 25 also has the display screen 17 to check the progress of the rotation of the part and of the shots during the acquisition of the images.
• FIG 5 there is shown the means for moving in rotation 14 of the part 5 which comprises a support cylinder 14b and the turntable 14a rotated by the torque-controlled motor 30 arranged inside the tubular support 14b.
• the part 5 fixed on the turntable 14a, on which it is desired to make tomographic sections is a cylinder head which is placed in a vertical arrangement on the turntable 14a, that is to say with its longitudinal direction parallel to the line of engine cylinders placed vertically. Adjustment is made to the position of the cylinder head 5 on the turntable, so that the rotation of the cylinder head about an axis 5a coincides with the axis of the turntable ensures obtaining complete radioscopic images of the area of the breech to be observed. Indeed, it is possible, depending on the dimensions of the detector constituted by the screen and the camera of the radioscopy installation, to take shots on the entire cross section of the cylinder head or, on the contrary , on only part of this section.
• the size of the observable section of the cylinder head is substantially equal to the size of the detector acquisition area.
• FIG. 6 shows one of the radioscopic images 6i of the cylinder head obtained during the rotation of the cylinder head, this image corresponding to a section of the cylinder head along its vertical axis 5a and comprising approximately one hundred lines d 'images, between lines 230 and 330.
• the manipulation and processing device makes it possible to produce a large number of images such as 6i each corresponding to an image acquisition position of the breech about its axis 5a, for example, it is possible to take three hundred and sixty images during a rotation around the bolt, each of the images being taken with an offset of 1 degree compared to the previous one. More generally, we can carry out image acquisitions in a plurality of successive positions of the part or of the product examined, the angle between two successive positions having any fixed value.
• Each of the positions can be defined with great precision thanks to the encoder of the means for rotating the turntable. It is also possible to take a number of steps greater than 360 during a revolution, for example 3600 steps with an amplitude of one tenth of a degree.
• a single view of the cylinder head in a defined angular position or, again, at least two images which are averaged to eliminate disturbances.
• the digital data relating to a line is taken (for example line 288) and a synogram 8 is produced as represented in FIG. 7 which corresponds to each of the three hundred and sixty lines 288 of the radioscopic images 6i taken during the rotation of a turn of the cylinder head.
• a tomographic section 10 can be obtained by reconstruction from the synogram 8, with possible filtering of the synogram to increase the precision of certain aspects of the tomographic section.
• Filtering can also be carried out in the reconstruction step, after a first transformation of the projection corresponding to the image.
• FIG. 8A we can see a tomographic section 10 displayed on the screen 16a of the microcomputer 16, at the request of the operator using the scanned radioscopy device.
• FIG. 8B a part of the tomographic section of the cylinder head has been shown showing defects 26a, 26b, 26c, 26d, 26e, 26f, 26g which are formed by cavities of different dimensions inside the metal. of the breech.
• defects 26a, 26b, 26c, 26d, 26e, 26f, 26g which are formed by cavities of different dimensions inside the metal. of the breech.
• the dimensional resolution on the reconstructed images is mainly conditioned by the nature of the emission and of the radiation detection assembly. It is thus possible to envisage detecting faults of the order of a few micrometers.
• FIG. 8B shows a tomographic section as shown in FIG. 8B, it is possible to measure the dimensions of parts of the part that are completely inaccessible, for example the dimensions of channels or internal cavities of the part, with very good accuracy.
• the scale ratio between the dimensions measured on the tomographic section and the actual dimensions can be given by using the length measured on the tomographic section of an element which can be measured directly on the part.
• a cut had to be carried out by machining the part in order to detect internal faults distributed along a cross section or to measure dimensions of internal parts of the part.
• FIG. 9 showing a photographic view of a section produced by machining the yoke 5 in the environment of the plane of the virtual tomographic section 10, after the radiographic examination, the defects appear in a similar manner on the virtual section and on the actual section.
• the device according to the invention is completely independent of the nature of the parts or products to be checked, provided that it is associated with a radioscopy installation comprising a radiation source sufficiently powerful for the part or the product to be traversed by the photon flux.
• the device is also independent of the size of the product, which is useful in particular when the size of the radioscopic projection of the product is greater than the size of the detector used.
• the virtual tomographic section is reconstructed inside a projection circle inscribed in the detector.
• the device for handling the product and for radioscopic image processing can be integrated into any radioscopy installation, by simple adaptation operations.
• the device can be used in combination with a radioscopy installation located in an industrial production environment, such as a foundry.
• the invention is not strictly limited to the embodiment which has been described.
• the means for moving the product in rotation may be different from the turntable driven by a torque motor which has been described.
• the manipulator ensuring the displacement of the product may comprise only the means for moving the part in rotation.
• the means for processing and reconstructing tomographic images can use any type of automatic calculation machine and any type of software.
• the invention applies not only to the radioscopic inspection of parts used in automobile construction such as cylinder heads, steering column housings, engine housings or crankshafts produced by casting aluminum alloy or cast iron , but also to any product on which one wishes to carry out a geometric or dimensional control or even a material quality control of the material.
• the device and the method according to the invention apply especially in the context of the design of parts or products of a new type or manufactured by a new method.
• the device according to the invention makes it possible to equip not only X-ray radioscopy installations but also other radioscopy installations using any type of radiation or any control installation, for example using neutron fluxes.
• the device according to the invention can be integrated into a synchrotron cell. If the manipulator of the radioscopy installation already includes a means of mechanical displacement in rotation, it is possible to use it for the displacement of the product, during the implementation of the invention and to avoid replacing it with a means specific to the device according to the invention. This displacement means is then integrated into the device according to the invention.
• the radiation source of the radioscopy installation is a source emitting X-rays, neutrons or any other radiation which can be attenuated when passing through the product observed.

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