EP1344098A1 - Optique de reproduction - Google Patents
Optique de reproductionInfo
- Publication number
- EP1344098A1 EP1344098A1 EP01984869A EP01984869A EP1344098A1 EP 1344098 A1 EP1344098 A1 EP 1344098A1 EP 01984869 A EP01984869 A EP 01984869A EP 01984869 A EP01984869 A EP 01984869A EP 1344098 A1 EP1344098 A1 EP 1344098A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- imaging optics
- optics according
- region
- light guide
- connection
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/32—Optical coupling means having lens focusing means positioned between opposed fibre ends
- G02B6/322—Optical coupling means having lens focusing means positioned between opposed fibre ends and having centering means being part of the lens for the self-positioning of the lightguide at the focal point, e.g. holes, wells, indents, nibs
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/255—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding
- G02B6/2551—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding using thermal methods, e.g. fusion welding by arc discharge, laser beam, plasma torch
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/32—Optical coupling means having lens focusing means positioned between opposed fibre ends
Definitions
- the invention relates to imaging optics comprising an optical element for shaping radiation fields emerging from light guides.
- the optical element is formed in a monolithic body which has a radiation-field-forming region and a connection region for the light guide which are part of the optical element, and in that the connection region is a one Diameter of the light guide approximately matched and arranged opposite to an environment of the connection area arranged connection surface for an end face of the light guide.
- connection area forms a protrusion that protrudes from the surroundings of the connection area, to which the light guide can be fixed in a simple manner, particularly when the projection according to the invention has a diameter that approximately corresponds to the diameter of the light guide.
- connection area is formed as a depression in relation to the surroundings of the connection area, so that centering and thus exact positioning of the light guide relative to the optical element is possible by inserting the end of the respective light guide carrying the end face into such a depression ,
- optical element is part of a monolithic body extending beyond this, the monolithic body itself having further regions, such as a carrier region.
- the vicinity of the connection region is formed by one side of the monolithic body, for example the carrier region, in particular a rear side thereof.
- the monolithic body it is also conceivable for the monolithic body to be held in a carrier which is not part of the monolithic body, since this simplifies the manufacture of the monolithic body.
- the vicinity of the connection area is preferably formed by one side of the carrier, preferably a rear side of the carrier.
- optical element is formed by an approximately cylindrical monolithic body which is approximately cylindrical and comprises both the radiation-shaping region and the connection region, which in turn is held in a carrier.
- the cylindrical body itself forms the connection surface, which in turn is then offset from the surroundings, that is to say from the rear of the carrier.
- connection surface can either be achieved in that the monolithic body protrudes beyond the rear like a protrusion or is set back relative to the rear and thus a recess is formed starting from the rear, which extends to the connection surface.
- the radiation field-forming area has a lens-like curved surface for the radiation field formation.
- the radiation field-forming region has a refractive index gradient for the radiation field formation.
- the radiation field-forming region is preferably formed by a cylindrical monolithic body with GRIN optics.
- optical elements are individual optical elements.
- These individual optical elements are preferably held by a common carrier.
- optical elements are formed by segment areas of a coherent monolithic body.
- the radiation field-shaping region has boundary surfaces shaped in such a way that rays reflected thereon are essentially not directly reflected back into the light guide and, consequently, the imaging optics work back-free with respect to the light guide.
- connection between the light guide and the connection area of the connection area can take place in the most varied of ways.
- connection can advantageously be realized by gluing or welding by melting.
- One way to achieve melting is to provide a heatable material in the area of the areas to be connected, by means of which the material can be heated in the area of the areas to be connected.
- the heatable material can be applied in the form of a layer.
- a particularly advantageous solution provides that a sleeve made of a heatable material is provided in the area of the surfaces to be connected, by means of which the material can be heated in the area of the surfaces to be connected.
- a cuff has the great advantage that it can run around the area of the surfaces to be connected and thus ensures optimal heating.
- the light guide is provided with a sleeve made of heatable material in the region of its end face. Providing the light guide with such a sleeve can be realized in a particularly advantageous manner.
- the heatable material can be heated, for example, by an electrical current or by an electrical discharge.
- the heatable material can be heated by absorption of rays.
- Such absorption of rays can also be, for example, a particle beam or an electron beam.
- An advantageous variant provides that the absorption of rays takes place by absorption of electromagnetic radiation. It is particularly advantageous if the electromagnetic radiation is in the wavelength range of light.
- a particularly favorable solution provides that the material can be heated by laser radiation.
- the laser radiation can either strike the material from the outside.
- a particularly favorable solution provides that the laser radiation passes through the monolithic body in order to heat up the heatable material.
- One possibility of arranging the radiation-absorbing layer is to provide this layer on the end faces to be connected.
- FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through a first embodiment of an imaging optics according to the invention.
- Figure 2 is a plan view of the first embodiment in the direction of arrow A in Fig. 1.
- FIG. 3 shows a section similar to FIG. 1 showing reflections at an interface between an optical element of the imaging optics according to the invention
- FIG. 4 shows a representation similar to FIG. 1 of a second exemplary embodiment of an imaging optics according to the invention
- FIG. 5 shows a representation similar to FIG. 2 of the second exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 6 shows a representation similar to FIG. 3 of the second exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 7 shows an illustration similar to FIG. 1 of a third exemplary embodiment of an imaging optics according to the invention.
- FIG. 8 shows a representation similar to FIG. 2 of the third exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 9 shows a representation similar to FIG. 3 of the third exemplary embodiment
- Fig. 10 is a section along line 10-10 in Fig. 11 by a fourth
- Fig. 11 is a plan view in the direction of arrow B in Fig. 10;
- FIG. 12 shows a representation similar to FIG. 1 through the fourth embodiment
- FIG. 13 shows an illustration similar to FIG. 12 with illustration of laser welds for connecting the light guide and the optical element
- Fig. 14 is a section along line 14-14 in Fig. 15 by a fifth
- FIG. 15 is a plan view in the direction of arrow C in FIG. 14;
- Fig. 16 is an illustration similar to Fig. 1 of the fifth embodiment and
- FIG. 17 shows a variant of the fifth exemplary embodiment in the form of a plan view in the direction of arrow D in FIG. 14.
- a first exemplary embodiment of an imaging optics according to the invention comprises an optical element, designated as a whole by 10, which, as shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, is formed in a monolithic body 12, which has a radiation field-forming region 14 and a connection region 16 for one as a whole 18 designated light guide and a carrier area 19 lying outside these areas.
- connection area 16 is provided with a connection surface 20 which is adapted in terms of its cross-sectional area to a cross-sectional area of an end face 22 of the light guide 18, the light guide 18 preferably having a core 24 and a jacket 26 and the end face 22 a front end 28 of the core 24 and has an end face 30 of the jacket 26 enclosing this.
- the light guide 18 is preferably glued or welded to the connection surface 20 with its end face 22 in order to obtain an essentially reflection-free optical contact between the end face 28 of the core 24 and the connection surface 20.
- the radiation field shaping region 14 of the monolithic body 12 is designed as a collimating element, which forms a substantially collimated radiation field 42 from a divergent radiation field 40 that spreads from the end face 28 in the optical element 10 a front side 32 opposite the connection surface 20 emerges from the radiation field-forming region 14.
- the front side 32 is preferably provided with an area 34 that is curved with respect to a plane 46 that is perpendicular to a beam axis 44, the collimating effect of the radiation field-forming area 14 being determinable, for example, by the curvature.
- the curved area 34 forms an interface between the material of the monolithic body 12 and the surrounding medium, so that undesired reflections from rays 48 propagating in the monolithic body 12 can occur there.
- the arched region 34 is preferably designed such that the rays 48 that propagate within the monolithic body 12 in the direction of the arched region 34 are reflected such that the reflected rays 50 propagate in such a way that they no longer penetrate into the core 24 through the End face 28 can enter, so that in the monolithic body 12 in the region of the front side 32 a back reflection of the radiation field 40 in the core 24 is substantially avoided.
- connection region 16 is preferably designed such that the connection surface 20 is arranged at a distance from a rear side 36 of the carrier region 19 of the monolithic body 12 in such a way that an approximate starting point from the rear side 36 forms a cylindrical, free-standing extension 38, which in turn carries the connection surface 20.
- connection surface 20 which is raised in relation to the rear side 36 and whose cross-sectional area corresponds essentially to the diameter of the light guide 18 has the advantage that when fixing, in particular when the end face 22 of the light guide 18 is melted onto the raised and free-standing connection surface 20, then a self-centering effect results if the diameter of the connection surface 20 essentially corresponds to the diameter of the end face 22, and thus a sufficiently precise positioning of the light guide 18 relative to the optical element 10 can be achieved in a simple manner.
- connection region 16 ' is designed such that the connection surface 20 is arranged offset with respect to the rear side 36 in the direction of the front side 32 and is thus based on the rear 36 forms a recess 38 'into which the light guide 18 can be inserted with its front region 21 which supports the end face 22 in order to place the end face 22 on the connection surface 20 and to connect it to the latter, for example by gluing or welding or a similar method ,
- the second exemplary embodiment is designed in the same way as the first exemplary embodiment, so that reference can be made in full to the statements in this regard.
- the optical element 10 is held by a carrier 11, in which the monolithic body 12 is inserted, which has the radiation field shaping region 14 "and the connection region 16", which both have approximately the same diameter and are realized by the monolithic body 12 of the same diameter.
- the monolithic body 12 is arranged in the carrier 11 such that the connection region 16 ′′ protrudes from a rear side 36 of the carrier 11 and thus, similar to the first exemplary embodiment, forms a free-standing cylindrical projection 38 on which the light guide 18 is welded to its end face 22 is fixable.
- the radiation field-forming region 14 "of the monolithic body 12 is designed such that it has a substantially collimating effect, the radiation field-forming region 14" being formed by GRIN optics which vary due to a radial and / or axial direction Refractive index has a collimating effect.
- GRIN optics or also called graded index rod optics can be obtained commercially as GRIN lenses or GRIN fibers.
- FIGS. 10 to 12 those elements which are identical to the preceding exemplary embodiments are provided with the same reference numerals, so that reference can be made in full to the statements relating to these exemplary embodiments.
- the fourth exemplary embodiment is based on the concept of the first exemplary embodiment, wherein not only a single optical element 10 is provided in the monolithic body 12, but a multiplicity of optical elements 10 ′ is formed in a coherent monolithic body 12 ′, the monolithic body 12 'for each of the optical elements 10'a to 10'c has its own radiation field-forming region 14a-c and its own connection region 16, and the connection region 16a-c and the radiation field-formation region 14a-c are designed in the same way as in the first embodiment.
- the light guides 18 are also fixed in the same way as in the first exemplary embodiment on their own connection surfaces 20 of the connection regions 16.
- connection between the light guides 18 and the individual connection surfaces 20 is preferably carried out by welding, preferably melting the material of the end face and / or the light guide 18 close to that in the region 21 of the light guide 18 near the end face 22 is required.
- Such a melting of the light guide 18 takes place either as shown in FIG. 13 with the aid of the optical element 10b, in that a divergent laser beam 60 is coupled in via the front side 32b of the optical element 10b and focused on the end face 22 of the light guide 18 and thus the end face 22b heated by the fact that the laser radiation is absorbed by a layer 62 applied to the end face 22b, for example made of SiO 2 , in order to melt the material in this area.
- FIGS. 14 to 16 those elements which are identical to those of the preceding exemplary embodiments are provided with the same reference numerals, so that with regard to the description of these elements, reference can be made in full to the explanations regarding the preceding exemplary embodiments ,
- the fifth exemplary embodiment of an imaging optical system is based in principle on the second exemplary embodiment, the individual optical elements 10 "being combined to form a single monolithic body 12 'and the connecting regions 16' forming depressions 38 'in accordance with the second exemplary embodiment, into which the light guides 18 with their front ends , 21 adjacent regions 21 can be inserted, positioned and placed on the connecting surface 20.
- preferably 70 markings 72 are provided, preferably in an area lying between four depressions 38', which serve, for example, an insertion device as a positioning aid, to when inserting the light guide 18 with their Front side 22a into the recesses 38 ', the light guides 18 can be aligned exactly with the recesses 38' and thus be inserted precisely into them.
- the markings 72 are preferably formed by two marking segments 74 and 76 running in mutually perpendicular directions, so that with each marking 72 a point in the respective surface area 70 can be clearly defined.
- the markings 72 are preferably arranged such that at least two such markings 72 are assigned to each of the depressions 38 '.
- the markings 72 described in connection with the fifth exemplary embodiment can, however, also be provided in the same way for positioning the light guides 18 in the fourth exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 10 to 13 in intermediate regions between the connecting regions 16 or in the case of monolithic micro-optics without additional structuring of the connecting region.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
- Mounting And Adjusting Of Optical Elements (AREA)
Abstract
L'objectif de l'invention est d'améliorer une optique de reproduction, comprenant un élément optique (10) pour former des champs de rayonnement émis par des guides d'ondes optiques (18), de telle sorte que le guide d'ondes optiques (18) puisse être couplé de façon optimale à l'élément optique (10). A cet effet, l'élément optique (10) est intégré dans un corps monolithique (12) comprenant une région de formation de champs de rayonnement (14) et une région de raccordement (16) pour le guide d'ondes optiques (18) qui font partie de l'élément optique (10) et la zone de raccordement (16) comprend une surface de raccordement (20) pour une face frontale (22) du guide d'ondes optiques qui correspond approximativement à un diamètre du guide d'ondes optiques (18) et qui est décalée par rapport à un voisinage (19, 11) de la zone de raccordement (16).
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10065197A DE10065197A1 (de) | 2000-12-20 | 2000-12-20 | Abbildungsoptik |
DE10065197 | 2000-12-20 | ||
PCT/EP2001/015043 WO2002050589A1 (fr) | 2000-12-20 | 2001-12-19 | Optique de reproduction |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1344098A1 true EP1344098A1 (fr) | 2003-09-17 |
Family
ID=7669121
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01984869A Ceased EP1344098A1 (fr) | 2000-12-20 | 2001-12-19 | Optique de reproduction |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6980364B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1344098A1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2002233279A1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2431930A1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE10065197A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2002050589A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10255925A1 (de) * | 2002-11-29 | 2004-06-09 | BLZ Bayerisches Laserzentrum Gemeinnützige Forschungsgesellschaft mbH | Verfahren zum Verschweißen optischer Komponenten unterschiedlicher Querschnitte und damit hergestelltes optisches System |
WO2007061543A2 (fr) * | 2005-11-18 | 2007-05-31 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Forme de lentille de collimation compacte pour des applications laser a fibres a zone en mode large et de faible ouverture numerique |
WO2008001594A1 (fr) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-01-03 | Konica Minolta Opto, Inc. | Tête optique, tête magnéto-optique et appareil d'enregistrement optique |
DE102008001653A1 (de) * | 2008-05-08 | 2009-12-03 | Schleifring Und Apparatebau Gmbh | Linsenanordnung für optische Drehübertrager |
Citations (6)
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---|---|---|---|---|
US4483311A (en) * | 1981-09-21 | 1984-11-20 | Whitaker Ranald O | Solar power system utilizing optical fibers, each fiber fed by a respective lens |
US4962988A (en) * | 1989-07-10 | 1990-10-16 | Optomec Design Company | Termination interface structure and method for joining an optical fiber to a graded index rod lens |
FR2675910A1 (fr) * | 1991-04-29 | 1992-10-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Matrice de concentrateurs optiques, ensemble optique comportant une telle matrice et procede de fabrication de la matrice. |
EP0642042A1 (fr) * | 1993-09-02 | 1995-03-08 | AT&T Corp. | Techniques d'alignement de fibre optique |
US5642449A (en) * | 1993-10-08 | 1997-06-24 | Nashua Corporation | Fibre optic plate display |
US5862278A (en) * | 1996-01-29 | 1999-01-19 | Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Fuer Luftund Raumfahrt E.V. | Laser system |
Family Cites Families (24)
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US3649098A (en) * | 1970-07-30 | 1972-03-14 | Gen Motors Corp | Self-retaining fiber optic lens |
US4290667A (en) * | 1976-02-03 | 1981-09-22 | International Standard Electric Corporation | Optical fibre terminations and connectors |
GB1570001A (en) * | 1976-04-23 | 1980-06-25 | Standard Telephones Cables Ltd | Manufacturing optical fibre connectors |
DE7637803U1 (de) * | 1976-12-02 | 1977-08-25 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen | Einrichtung zum ausrichten und loesbaren befestigen von lichtleitern an einer tragplatte |
DE3141904A1 (de) * | 1981-10-22 | 1983-06-30 | Felten & Guilleaume Fernmeldeanlagen GmbH, 8500 Nürnberg | Steckverbinder fuer lichtwellenleiter |
US4510005A (en) * | 1982-09-28 | 1985-04-09 | Allied Corporation | Method and apparatus for reshaping and polishing an end face of an optical fiber |
JPS5962812A (ja) * | 1982-10-04 | 1984-04-10 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光フアイバコネクタ中子 |
US4729621A (en) * | 1985-03-11 | 1988-03-08 | Shiley Inc. | Integral optical fiber coupler |
DE3733987A1 (de) * | 1987-10-08 | 1989-04-20 | Kodak Ag | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von verbindungsstellen fuer lichtleitfasern an verbindungssteckern |
DE3831322A1 (de) * | 1988-09-15 | 1990-03-29 | Kabelmetal Electro Gmbh | Loesbare verbindung fuer optische fasern |
JPH02265605A (ja) * | 1989-04-06 | 1990-10-30 | Tetsuo Nishida | 固液分離装置 |
US5011254A (en) * | 1989-11-30 | 1991-04-30 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Coupling of optical devices to optical fibers by means of microlenses |
US5505725A (en) * | 1990-10-30 | 1996-04-09 | Cardiogenesis Corporation | Shapeable optical fiber apparatus |
US5293438A (en) * | 1991-09-21 | 1994-03-08 | Namiki Precision Jewel Co., Ltd. | Microlensed optical terminals and optical system equipped therewith, and methods for their manufacture, especially an optical coupling method and optical coupler for use therewith |
DE4238188A1 (de) * | 1992-11-12 | 1994-05-19 | Ant Nachrichtentech | Linsenstecker mit mehreren Lichtwellenleitern |
JP3282889B2 (ja) * | 1993-08-04 | 2002-05-20 | 古河電気工業株式会社 | レンズ付き光ファイバ |
GB2286899A (en) * | 1994-02-28 | 1995-08-30 | Eev Ltd | Plano-convex lens for an optical fibre |
US5815624A (en) * | 1996-08-30 | 1998-09-29 | Rosenberg; Gary J. | Optical fiber viewing apparatus |
US6072148A (en) * | 1996-12-10 | 2000-06-06 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. | Device for producing connections between two respective contact elements by means of laser energy |
JP2000509853A (ja) * | 1997-03-04 | 2000-08-02 | アンドロミス エス.アー. | 複数の光学的コンポーネントまたは一個の光学的コンポーネントと基板のアセンブリー法および装置 |
EP0905534B1 (fr) * | 1997-09-12 | 2003-11-05 | The Whitaker Corporation | Procédé de fixation de l'extrémité d'une fibre optique en verre dans un embout de connexion en verre |
US6115521A (en) * | 1998-05-07 | 2000-09-05 | Trw Inc. | Fiber/waveguide-mirror-lens alignment device |
US6033515A (en) * | 1998-07-17 | 2000-03-07 | Lightpath Technologies, Inc. | Use of a laser to fusion-splice optical components of substantially different cross-sectional areas |
DE19919428C2 (de) * | 1999-04-28 | 2001-12-06 | Tyco Electronics Logistics Ag | Kunststoff-Ferrule für einen Lichtwellenleiter und Verfahren zum Befestigen einer Ferrule an einem Lichtwellenleiter |
-
2000
- 2000-12-20 DE DE10065197A patent/DE10065197A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-12-19 CA CA002431930A patent/CA2431930A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2001-12-19 WO PCT/EP2001/015043 patent/WO2002050589A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-12-19 EP EP01984869A patent/EP1344098A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2001-12-19 AU AU2002233279A patent/AU2002233279A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2003
- 2003-06-19 US US10/600,153 patent/US6980364B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4483311A (en) * | 1981-09-21 | 1984-11-20 | Whitaker Ranald O | Solar power system utilizing optical fibers, each fiber fed by a respective lens |
US4962988A (en) * | 1989-07-10 | 1990-10-16 | Optomec Design Company | Termination interface structure and method for joining an optical fiber to a graded index rod lens |
FR2675910A1 (fr) * | 1991-04-29 | 1992-10-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Matrice de concentrateurs optiques, ensemble optique comportant une telle matrice et procede de fabrication de la matrice. |
EP0642042A1 (fr) * | 1993-09-02 | 1995-03-08 | AT&T Corp. | Techniques d'alignement de fibre optique |
US5642449A (en) * | 1993-10-08 | 1997-06-24 | Nashua Corporation | Fibre optic plate display |
US5862278A (en) * | 1996-01-29 | 1999-01-19 | Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Fuer Luftund Raumfahrt E.V. | Laser system |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
See also references of WO0250589A1 * |
YASUHIRO KOIKE ET AL: "New interfacial-gel coplymerization technique for steric GRIN polymer optical waveguides and lens arrays", APPLIED OPTICS, vol. 27, no. 3, 1 February 1988 (1988-02-01), pages 486 - 491, XP000039288, DOI: doi:10.1364/AO.27.000486 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2002050589A1 (fr) | 2002-06-27 |
US6980364B2 (en) | 2005-12-27 |
CA2431930A1 (fr) | 2002-06-27 |
AU2002233279A1 (en) | 2002-07-01 |
DE10065197A1 (de) | 2002-07-11 |
US20040057028A1 (en) | 2004-03-25 |
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