EP1336559B1 - Verfahren zum Absenken eines Schwimmkörpers eines Schwimmfundaments - Google Patents
Verfahren zum Absenken eines Schwimmkörpers eines Schwimmfundaments Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1336559B1 EP1336559B1 EP03001997A EP03001997A EP1336559B1 EP 1336559 B1 EP1336559 B1 EP 1336559B1 EP 03001997 A EP03001997 A EP 03001997A EP 03001997 A EP03001997 A EP 03001997A EP 1336559 B1 EP1336559 B1 EP 1336559B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- floating body
- cables
- rods
- openings
- tubes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
- B63B21/50—Anchoring arrangements or methods for special vessels, e.g. for floating drilling platforms or dredgers
- B63B21/502—Anchoring arrangements or methods for special vessels, e.g. for floating drilling platforms or dredgers by means of tension legs
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for lowering a float Floating foundations, which is a structure towering above the water surface carries, in its end position below the water surface and for fixing in its end position, with anchors being set in the subsurface, and the floating body of cables or rods connected to the anchors is held.
- Floating foundations are known which are used, for example, in drilling rigs become.
- Such floating foundations include buoyancy bodies that support the weight of the structure towering above the water surface.
- the building owns a part below the water surface and one part that rises above the surface of the water Drilling rig covers.
- the buoyancy of the buoyancy bodies of the floating foundation together with the buoyancy originating from the underwater part of the structure in total just the weight of the entire construction, d. H. the entire construction floats in the water, whereby the buoyancy body of the Floating foundations are located below the water surface.
- the floating foundation is to maintain a place above the sea bed via cables or ropes or hawser with respect to horizontal displacements anchored relative to the subsurface. These cables or ropes run from Floating foundation at an angle to the vertical, for example of about 45 ° to the surface and are in it with conventional anchors attached.
- Such anchors are designed differently depending on the surface and for example known in the form of rock anchors for rock floors and tie rods for gravel floors.
- these are the ones that form the cable Strands open at the end of the cable (frayed).
- the cable is in one inserted into the underground hole, with an injection tube to runs to the front end of the cable, and is through this injection tube Mortar pressed in, which causes it to be anchored in the subsurface.
- Other embodiments too such anchors, which are also purely mechanical by means of folding mechanisms or the like are known.
- a floating foundation with arranged below the water surface Floats, which are held by cables or hawser, which in the underground fixed anchors are attached, is known from US 5,964,550 A.
- JP 06-255573 is also one with its base below the water surface lying and towering construction known, which is also held in place by cables or cables the cables or cables are attached to the anchors defined in the underground.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method of the type mentioned at the outset, by means of which one initially floats on the water surface Floating foundation against the buoyancy of the floating body in its below the end position located on the water surface can be lowered, whereby the necessary diving work can be significantly reduced. Efindungshunt this is achieved by a method having the features of claim 1.
- the floating body 1 has several buoyancy chambers 3, according to the embodiment shown are open at the bottom. Closed buoyancy chambers would also be conceivable and possible.
- the floating body 1 has a circular shape Cover plate 4, along the outer edge of which is an annular Side wall 5 extends.
- the individual buoyancy chambers 3 are radially extending Partitions 6 and an inner annular partition 7 delimited from each other. Other contours of the cover plate and / or shapes the buoyancy chambers 3 are quite conceivable and possible.
- the in the Fig. The floating body shown is only shown symbolically and the shown Wall thicknesses are not to scale.
- the structure 2 carried by the floating foundation can be, for example act as a wind tower of a wind turbine, of which in FIGS. only a lower part is shown.
- anchors 12 could also be independent of Float 1 are attached, for example before the float 1 has been brought to its site.
- Tube 14 attached to the float.
- This can, for example, in the in 7 schematically shown way: Above a respective Passage opening 8 (which may be limited by a tube 15) 4 mounting brackets 16 attached to the cover plate.
- the mounting brackets 16 have for attachment to the cover plate 4 one by means of screws 17 on the cover plate 4 screwed on flange plate 18.
- On the flange plate 18 are after upstanding uprights 19 welded to the upper end of a flange 20 is fixed with a central recess.
- On this flange disc 20 are the tubes 14 by means of one at the lower end of the respective tube welded base plate 21 and flange plate 20 and base plate 21 penetrating screw 22 attached. Are located between the stands 19 mounting holes 23.
- Tubes 14 each have a working platform 24 attached to the tubes 14 (FIG. 6).
- the cables (hawser or ropes) 13 or rods connected to the anchors 12 run through the tubes 14 and extend to above their upper ends.
- the cables 13 or rods were used for this purpose before being attached of the tubes 14 threaded onto the floating body 1 in the tubes 14.
- a pulling device 25 is also provided, which u. a. of a hydraulic device 26 can be actuated.
- Such traction devices 25 are, for example under the names "pre-tensioning press” or “lifting hydraulics" known and commercially available.
- the buoyancy of the float can be reduced by the air volume present in the buoyancy chambers 3 is reduced.
- the water level in the buoyancy chambers is in the Fig. Schematically represented by line 28. Because the lowering of the float 1 takes place against its buoyancy, a certain stabilization of the Float reached when lowering.
- the angle of inclination for example is in a range between 25 and 45 °.
- the anchor 30 for this obliquely to put extending rods or cables 31 (or hawser) is in the lower Area of the building 2 formed an anhydrous area in the manner of a caisson.
- the peripheral wall 32 of the structure 2 is at least in this lower one Area enclosed and watertight and also a waterproof or airtight false ceiling 33 is provided.
- one or more drilling devices are used, which by means of appropriate drilling devices these pipes 35 drill holes in the ground 11 to set the anchor 30.
- these pipes 35 drill holes in the ground 11 to set the anchor 30.
- cables 31 or rods are connected through the Tubes 35 run and are fixed to the floating body 1.
- the work on Attachment of the anchor 30 and rods or cables 31 do not have to Divers are carried out and the work to be carried out by divers can be kept to a minimum.
- Fig. 8 From the detail shown in Fig. 8 is an advantageous embodiment of a passage opening 8 shown in the region of its lower end section.
- the conically widening region 36 over a radius of curvature 37 to the overlying part of the passage opening 8 connects and in the mouth area of the conically widening area 36 a further radius of curvature 38 is provided which widens the opening is.
- the passage openings 8 can also be used in another The position and number of the float must be available. In any case, at least three through openings arranged at the corner points of an imaginary triangle 8 to be provided. This imaginary triangle conveniently spans the central area of the float 1. Also four, six or more Through openings for cables 13 or rods can be provided above of which a tube 14 is fixed, the number of openings 8 also depends on the size of the float. Also one different number of cables 31 inclined to the vertical, which are fixed to anchors 30 and can pass through passage openings 35 be provided. At least three such cables are advantageously 31 or Bars provided along the side edges of an imaginary pyramid run. Also six, eight or more such inclined to the vertical Poles can be provided.
- 9 and 10 show parts of pipes that to form passage openings 8 through the floating body 1 in this be poured.
- a mounting flange 42 is attached at the free end of the connecting shaft 40 in which boreholes are provided are, whereby a closure plate 43 can be screwed on.
- connection opening is now made by removing the closure plate 43 opened so that the cable 13 extending through the passage opening 8 now is accessible from the buoyancy chamber 3.
- the cable (the Hawser) 13 or the rod are clamped and above the clamping device be severed.
- This area can now, for example, by means of of a foaming plastic, waterproof sealed.
- the clamping work can thus be carried out in the dry, and also no salt water can enter the cut cable.
- the work are facilitated and the risk of corrosion is reduced.
- the passage openings 8 can also be located below the connection openings 41 be sealed. After completing the work through the connection opening 41 whose hatch can in turn be closed by the closure plate 43.
- buoyancy body 1 also of several interconnected (for example over a linkage) partial bodies are formed.
Description
- die Fig. 1 bis 4
- verschiedene Bauphasen bei der Absenkung und Fixierung des Schwimmfundaments in Form von schematischen Schnittdarstellungen;
- Fig. 5
- eine schematische Ansicht des Schwimmfundaments von unten;
- die Fig. 6, 7 und 8
- vergrößerte Details A, B und C aus der Fig. 2;
- die Fig. 9 und 10
- eine Seitenansicht und eine perspektivische Darstellung eines Rohrs zur Ausbildung einer Durchtrittsöffnung mit einer verschließbaren Verbindungsöffnung zu einer Auftriebskammer und
- Fig. 11
- einen schematischen Querschnitt durch einen Teil des Schwimmkörpers im Bereich der Verbindungsöffnung der Durchtrittsöffnung.
- 1
- Schwimmkörper
- 2
- Bauwerk
- 3
- Auftriebskammer
- 4
- Deckplatte
- 5
- Seitenwand
- 6
- Zwischenwand
- 7
- Zwischenwand
- 8
- Durchtrittsöffnung
- 9
- Bohrgerät
- 10
- Bohrvorrichtung
- 11
- Untergrund
- 12
- Anker
- 13
- Kabel
- 14
- Rohr
- 15
- Rohr
- 16
- Montagekonsole
- 17
- Schraube
- 18
- Flanschplatte
- 19
- Steher
- 20
- Flanschscheibe
- 21
- Fußplatte
- 22
- Schraubbolzen
- 23
- Montageöffnung
- 24
- Arbeitsplattform
- 25
- Zuggerät
- 26
- Hydraulikeinrichtung
- 27
- Wasseroberfläche
- 28
- Wasserspiegel
- 29
- Klemmeinrichtung
- 30
- Anker
- 31
- Kabel
- 32
- Umfangswand
- 33
- Zwischendecke
- 34
- Raum
- 35
- Rohr
- 36
- Bereich
- 37
- Krümmungsradius
- 38
- Krümmungsradius
- 39
- Rohr
- 40
- Verbindungsschacht
- 41
- Verbindungsöffnung
- 42
- Befestigungsflansch
- 43
- Verschlußplatte
Claims (15)
- Verfahren zum Absenken eines Schwimmkörpers (1) eines Schwimmfundaments, welches ein über die Wasseroberfläche aufragendes Bauwerk (2) trägt, in seine unterhalb der Wasseroberfläche (27) sich befindende Endlage und zur Fixierung in seiner Endlage, wobei im Untergrund (11) Anker (12) gesetzt werden, und der Schwimmkörper (1) von mit den Ankern (12) verbundenen Kabeln (13) oder Stangen gehalten wird, und wobei der zunächst an der Wasseroberfläche (27) schwimmende Schwimmkörper (1) mindestens drei, an den Eckpunkten eines gedachten Dreiecks angeordnete Durchtrittsöffnungen (8) aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß oberhalb einer jeweiligen Durchtrittsöffnung (8) ein nach oben aufragendes Rohr (14) am Schwimmkörper befestigt wird und durch eine jeweilige Durchtrittsöffnung (8) und das oberhalb der Durchtrittsöffnung (8) angeordnete Rohr (14) ein Kabel (13) bzw. eine Stange geführt wird, das bzw. die zuvor oder in der Folge mit einem im Untergrund (11) gesetzten Anker (12) verbunden wird und im Bereich des oberen Endes eines jeweiligen Rohres (14) ein am Kabel (13) bzw. an der Stange angreifendes Zuggerät (25) vorgesehen ist, wobei der Schwimmkörper (1) mittels der an den Kabeln (13) bzw. Stangen angreifenden Zuggeräte (25) gegen die Auftriebskraft des Schwimmkörpers (1) unter die Wasseroberfläche (27) in seine Endlage abgesenkt wird und in der Endlage des Schwimmkörpers (1) die Kabel (13) bzw. Stangen gegenüber dem Schwimmkörper (1) fixiert werden und oberhalb der Fixierung am Schwimmkörper (1) befindliche Abschnitte der Kabel (13) bzw. Stangen entfernt werden und die oberhalb der Durchtrittsöffnungen (8) aufragenden Rohre (14) abgenommen werden.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Länge der Rohre (14) größer ist als der Abstand, den der Schwimmkörper (1) in seiner Endlage von der Wasseroberfläche (27) aufweist.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Rohre (14) an am Schwimmkörper befestigten Montagekonsolen (16) festgelegt sind, welche Montageöffnungen (23) aufweisen, durch welche im in seine Endlage abgesenkten Zustand des Schwimmkörpers (1) Klemmeinrichtungen (29) zur Fixierung der Kabel (13) bzw. Stangen am Schwimmkörper (1) betätigbar sind.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß entlang des Umfangs des Schwimmkörpers (1) mindestens vier, vorzugsweise mindestens sechs im Randbereich des Schwimmkörpers (1) angeordnete Durchtrittsöffnungen (8) vorgesehen sind, oberhalb von denen nach oben aufragende Rohre (14) befestigt werden.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zum Setzen der Anker (12) im Untergrund (11)auf der Deckplatte (4) des Schwimmkörpers (1) stehende Bohrgeräte (9) eingesetzt werden, die mittels durch die Durchtrittsöffnungen (8) im Schwimmkörper (1) geführte Bohrvorrichtungen (10) Bohrlöcher für die Anker (12) im Untergrund (11) anbringen.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß neben im wesentlichen vertikal verlaufenden, mit Ankern (12) verbundenen Kabeln (13) oder Stangen auch solche Kabel (31) oder Stangen vorgesehen sind, die gegenüber der Vertikalen geneigt sind, wobei der Neigungswinkel vorzugsweise im Bereich zwischen 25 und 40° liegt.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zum Anbringen der Bohrlöcher im Untergrund (11) für Anker (30) der geneigt zur Vertikalen verlaufenden Kabel (31) oder Stangen im unteren Bereich des Bauwerks (2) ein Caisson gebildet wird, von dem aus die Bohrlöcher mittels Bohrgeräten durchgeführt werden, wobei die Bohrvorrichtungen der Bohrgeräte durch Durchtrittsöffnungen im Schwimmkörper (1) geführt werden.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Fixierung der mit den Ankern (30) verbundenen geneigt zur Vertikalen verlaufenden Kabel (31) oder Stangen ebenfalls in diesem Caisson erfolgt.
- Verfahren nach einen der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß beim Absenken des Auftriebskörpers (1) dessen Auftrieb gegenüber dem in der Endlage vorhandenen Auftrieb verringert wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwischen einer jeweiligen Durchtrittsöffnung (8) durch den Schwimmkörper (1) und einer der Auftriebskammern (3) des Schwimmkörpers (1) eine verschließbare Verbindungsöffnung (41) zur Durchführung der Fixierungsarbeiten der Kabel (13, 31) oder Stangen am Schwimmkörper (1) vorgesehen ist.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Durchtrittsöffnung (8) oberhalb und/oder unterhalb der Verbindungsöffnung (41) abgedichtet wird, wobei der Wasserspiegel in der Durchtrittsöffnung (8) bei der Fixierung des jeweiligen Kabels (13, 31) bzw. der jeweiligen Stange unterhalb der Klemmeinrichtung abgesenkt ist.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 10 oder Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Durchführung der Arbeiten zur Fixierung der Kabel (13, 31) oder Stangen der Wasserspiegel in der jeweiligen Auftriebskammer (3), von der aus die Arbeiten jeweils durchgeführt werden, abgesenkt wird, wobei vorzugsweise der Wasserspiegel in zumindest einer der benachbarten Auftriebskammern (3) zum Ausgleich angehoben wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Durchtrittsöffnungen (8) durch den Schwimmkörper (1) von in den Schwimmkörper (1) eingegossenen Rohren (39) gebildet werden.
- Einrichtung zum Absenken eines Schwimmkörpers eines Schwimmfundaments, welches ein über die Wasseroberfläche aufragendes Bauwerk trägt, in seine unterhalb der Wasseroberfläche sich befindende Endlage, wobei im Untergrund (11) Anker (12) vorgesehen sind, und der Schwimmkörper (1) von mittels mit den Ankern (12) verbundenen Kabeln (13) oder Stangen gehalten wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß oberhalb von durch den Schwimmkörper verlaufenden Durchtrittsöffnungen (8) anzuordnende Rohre (14) vorgesehen sind, an deren oberen Enden Zuggeräte (25) angeordnet sind, mittels denen die an den Ankern (12) befestigten und durch die Durchtrittsöffnungen und durch die Durchtrittsöffnungen (8) und die Rohre (14) verlaufenden Kabel (13) oder Stangen aus den Rohren (14) herausziehbar sind.
- Einrichtung nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß im Bereich der oberen Enden der Rohre (14) jeweils eine von diesen getragene Arbeitsplattform (24) vorgesehen ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT2312002 | 2002-02-14 | ||
AT2312002 | 2002-02-14 | ||
AT8322002 | 2002-05-31 | ||
AT8322002 | 2002-05-31 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1336559A1 EP1336559A1 (de) | 2003-08-20 |
EP1336559B1 true EP1336559B1 (de) | 2004-08-04 |
Family
ID=27623500
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03001997A Expired - Lifetime EP1336559B1 (de) | 2002-02-14 | 2003-01-31 | Verfahren zum Absenken eines Schwimmkörpers eines Schwimmfundaments |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6773207B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1336559B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4043380B2 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE272525T1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE50300043D1 (de) |
DK (1) | DK1336559T3 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103119222A (zh) * | 2010-07-05 | 2013-05-22 | 船舶通用涡轮有限公司 | 用于安装一个或多个浸没柱/桩的可再用的打破表面的可浸没模板 |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITBA20040027U1 (it) * | 2004-10-06 | 2005-01-06 | Enertec Ag | (metodo di) realizzazione di piattaforma sommergibile a spinta bloccata da utilizzarsi quale supporto per l'installazione di aerogeneratore , di elettrolizzatore per l'elettrolisi dell'acqua e di altri impianti e/o macchinari , combinata con attivita |
WO2008077405A1 (en) * | 2006-12-22 | 2008-07-03 | Vestas Wind Systems A/S | A mooring system for stabilizing a vessel, a vessel, method for stabilizing a vessel and use of a mooring system |
NO329946B2 (no) * | 2008-08-14 | 2011-01-31 | Olav Olsen As Dr Techn | Fundament for en vindturbingenerator til havs samt fremgangsmåte for bygging og installasjon av fundamentet |
CN101748748B (zh) * | 2010-01-21 | 2011-09-14 | 道达(上海)风电投资有限公司 | 一种内置浮筒的筒型基础气浮拖航方法 |
CN102704506B (zh) * | 2012-05-30 | 2014-07-16 | 天津大学 | 海上潜式基础结构的施工方法 |
CN102677693B (zh) * | 2012-05-30 | 2014-06-25 | 天津大学 | 一种海上潜式基础结构的施工方法 |
CN102704503A (zh) * | 2012-05-30 | 2012-10-03 | 天津大学 | 海上潜式箱型基础结构及其施工方法 |
CN102704502A (zh) * | 2012-05-30 | 2012-10-03 | 天津大学 | 一种海上潜式箱型基础结构及其施工方法 |
WO2014113909A1 (zh) * | 2013-01-22 | 2014-07-31 | Wu Zhirong | 钢板和混凝土复合结构的单元罐、单元组罐及海上平台 |
CN103195110B (zh) * | 2013-03-29 | 2015-02-11 | 天津大学 | 一种稳定筒型基础下沉负压的试验装置 |
EP3212862B1 (de) * | 2014-10-31 | 2019-04-24 | Soletanche Freyssinet | Verfahren zur herstellung von betonbaublöcken für einen windturbinenturm und zugehöriges system |
CN104652499A (zh) * | 2015-02-06 | 2015-05-27 | 天津大学 | 一种模拟桶形基础负压沉贯过程的实验装置及实验方法 |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3086368A (en) * | 1958-10-08 | 1963-04-23 | Popper Otto | Chains and marine apparatus moored or anchored by chains to the sea bed |
US4473323A (en) * | 1983-04-14 | 1984-09-25 | Exxon Production Research Co. | Buoyant arm for maintaining tension on a drilling riser |
US4604001A (en) * | 1984-03-08 | 1986-08-05 | Global Marine Inc. | Jackdown tension leg platform |
US4657439A (en) * | 1985-12-18 | 1987-04-14 | Shell Offshore Inc. | Buoyant member riser tensioner method and apparatus |
JPH06255573A (ja) | 1993-03-09 | 1994-09-13 | Kajima Corp | 水上構築物の繋留方法 |
NO309233B1 (no) * | 1995-06-07 | 2001-01-02 | Aker Eng As | Fremgangsmåte ved installasjon av strekkstagplattform |
US5964550A (en) | 1996-05-31 | 1999-10-12 | Seahorse Equipment Corporation | Minimal production platform for small deep water reserves |
DE50214423D1 (de) * | 2001-08-30 | 2010-06-24 | Rund Stahl Bau Gmbh & Co | Schwimmfundament für ein über die Wasseroberfläche aufragendes Bauwerk |
JP2009021648A (ja) | 2007-07-10 | 2009-01-29 | Kojima Press Co Ltd | 車両用アンテナ装置およびそのアンテナエレメントとケーブルの接続方法 |
-
2003
- 2003-01-31 DK DK03001997T patent/DK1336559T3/da active
- 2003-01-31 EP EP03001997A patent/EP1336559B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-31 AT AT03001997T patent/ATE272525T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-01-31 DE DE50300043T patent/DE50300043D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-12 US US10/365,792 patent/US6773207B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-14 JP JP2003036486A patent/JP4043380B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103119222A (zh) * | 2010-07-05 | 2013-05-22 | 船舶通用涡轮有限公司 | 用于安装一个或多个浸没柱/桩的可再用的打破表面的可浸没模板 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1336559A1 (de) | 2003-08-20 |
JP2003268791A (ja) | 2003-09-25 |
US6773207B2 (en) | 2004-08-10 |
JP4043380B2 (ja) | 2008-02-06 |
DK1336559T3 (da) | 2004-11-08 |
ATE272525T1 (de) | 2004-08-15 |
DE50300043D1 (de) | 2004-09-09 |
US20030152429A1 (en) | 2003-08-14 |
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