EP1305811B1 - Breitbandige hochfrequenzleistungsröhre - Google Patents

Breitbandige hochfrequenzleistungsröhre Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1305811B1
EP1305811B1 EP01949529A EP01949529A EP1305811B1 EP 1305811 B1 EP1305811 B1 EP 1305811B1 EP 01949529 A EP01949529 A EP 01949529A EP 01949529 A EP01949529 A EP 01949529A EP 1305811 B1 EP1305811 B1 EP 1305811B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
waveguide
input
electrons
microwave tube
tube according
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Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP01949529A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1305811A1 (de
Inventor
Michel Thales Intellectual Property BRES
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Thales Electron Devices SA
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Thales Electron Devices SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2225/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. Klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J2225/34—Travelling-wave tubes; Tubes in which a travelling wave is simulated at spaced gaps
    • H01J2225/36—Tubes in which an electron stream interacts with a wave travelling along a delay line or equivalent sequence of impedance elements, and without magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field
    • H01J2225/38—Tubes in which an electron stream interacts with a wave travelling along a delay line or equivalent sequence of impedance elements, and without magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field the forward travelling wave being utilised

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to microwave tubes high bandwidth power.
  • microwave power tubes are often tubes of the family of klystrons. They use, between a cannon which produces electrons and a collector that collects them, a structure interaction formed by a succession of resonant cavities separated by sliding spaces. But these tubes have a bandwidth relatively reduced because of the presence of resonant cavities.
  • progressive waves with coupled cavities can also be considered like power tubes and they have a wider bandwidth than that of the klystrons.
  • Delayed traveling-wave tubes in helix can reach a bandwidth of two octaves. They are limited in power by the heating of the propeller, by the difficulty to extract the amplified wave through a window, by the need to use a focusing device providing a magnetic induction of more higher and by the appearance of parasitic modes.
  • klystrons comprise a body that instead of having at least two resonant cavities has at least two successive waveguides 6, 7 parallel, brought to the same potential. These waveguides are traversed transversally by the minus a beam 1 of electrons emitted from a gun 2.
  • This gun 2 comprises conventionally a thermoelectronic cathode 21, its device associated heating means 23, and at least one electrode 22 for accelerating the electrons emitted by the cathode when properly heated.
  • the electron beam is flat curtain.
  • the electron beams they produce are parallel (not shown)
  • a microwave signal to be amplified Pe injected at a input end 3 (zero abscissa) of the first waveguide 6 crossed by the beam, called the entrance guide, propagates in the form of a wave electromagnetic input Pe, inside the waveguide 6 and module the electrons 1 in speed.
  • the last wave guide 7 crossed by the electrons, or exit guide is coupled outward at one end of output 4 opposite to the input end 3.
  • modulation in speed is transformed into density modulation, ie current, between the input waveguide 6 and the output guide 7.
  • the current thus modulated produces a microwave electric field in the waveguide 7 out.
  • the electrons give up some of their kinetic energy that turns into electromagnetic energy. he establishes a direct electromagnetic wave Pd and a wave electromagnetic retrograde Pr.
  • the direct electromagnetic wave Pd is propagates in the same direction as the electromagnetic input wave injected Pe. As it spreads, it increases in amplitude.
  • the wave retrograde electromagnetic Pr tends to cancel itself.
  • the wave Direct electromagnetic Pd amplified in power with respect to the wave electromagnetic input Pe is collected at the end 4 output and form the amplified microwave signal.
  • the electron beam 1, as to him, after crossing transversely the output waveguide 7, is collected in a collector 5.
  • thermoelectronic cathode of great length can to be delicate.
  • the present invention aims to achieve a tube microwave broadband power that does not have the disadvantages mentioned above and in particular those relating to input power and focus.
  • the present invention proposes a tube microwave which includes at least one electron gun for emit electrons to an input waveguide they are browsing transversely and within which an input signal to be amplified, injected at an entrance end, is intended to propagate.
  • This guide input waveform is followed by an output waveguide also traversed transversely by the electrons and from which is extracted the amplified signal at an output end. Electrons are directly modulated in density in the input waveguide by the input signal and accelerated, as soon as they exit the input waveguide, through the output waveguide increased to a potential greater than that of the input waveguide.
  • the electrons are directly density modulated in the input waveguide by the input signal, ie packaged, then packets thus formed are accelerated by the output waveguide.
  • the barrel has a plurality of field effect cathodes placed along the input waveguide and in particular formed of a plurality of points
  • At least one of the input or output waveguides can be molded, this allows to adjust the time that the electrons put in the to cross.
  • the waveguides operate in their mode fundamental.
  • Both waveguides have the same cutoff frequency of so that the waves they propagate are in synchronism.
  • the entry and exit waveguides are each provided with least one longitudinal slot for the entry of electrons and at least a longitudinal slot for their exit, this slot not bringing or little of disturbance.
  • these slots can be arranged end to end and two slots successive ones separated by a stiffening bridge.
  • the distance they are going through in the output waveguide is bigger than the one they roam in the input wave.
  • At least one waveguides is provided with an absorbent charge which is placed for the input waveguide at the opposite end to the input end and for the output waveguide at the opposite end of the end of exit.
  • a collector depressed to collect electrons as they exit the guide output waveform.
  • the collector can comprise several depressed portions brought to different potentials, these portions being less and less depressed they are close to the output end of the output waveguide.
  • the input waveguide and the output waveguide are separated from each other by at least one dielectric spacer, if this spacer is not not vacuum tight, the tube is placed in a vacuum tight enclosure
  • a multiplier structure of electrons can be inserted between the input waveguide and the output waveguide to obtain a gain current between the input waveguide and the output waveguide.
  • FIG. 2 with reference to FIG. figure 2 we find from bottom to top successively: at least a gun 10, an input waveguide 11, an output waveguide 12 parallel to the input waveguide, and then a collector 13 of electrons.
  • the barrel 10 comprises in this example, one or more rows of field effect cathodes 101 and a grid 102.
  • cathodes 101 In the figure it is pointed cathodes arranged in two rows but any other type of cathode with effect of field could be used, for example cathodes with nanotubes.
  • the cathodes 101 comprise a substrate 103 covered with a dielectric layer 104 provided with cavities 105 which Emitter Points 106. Electronic Emission Occurs when a suitable potential is applied between the tips 106 and the grid 102.
  • This type of cold cathode has the advantages of not require heating and allow instant start.
  • thermoelectronic cathodes are preferred the invention is not limited to this type of cathodes. We could have considered to use one or more thermoelectronic cathodes as described in Figure 1.
  • the gate 102 When the gate 102 is brought to an appropriate potential, it is established a continuous electric field in the vicinity of the tips 106 and they emit electrons with a certain speed.
  • the electrons are heading to the input waveguide 11.
  • the electron beam 107 (materialized in the figures by one or more dashed lines) is a flat beam in the form of a curtain.
  • the input waveguide 11 disposed near the cathodes 101 is equipped with at least one longitudinal entry slot 110, facing of each row of points 106 so that the electrons of the beam 107 can penetrate inside.
  • One or more dielectric spacers 124 electrically isolate the barrel 10 of the input waveguide 11.
  • the input slot 110 can be continuous and have substantially the same length than the row of tips 106 but it is preferable for reasons for mechanical rigidity to provide a succession of slots 110 end-to-end, two successive slots being separated by a bridge 111 stiffening. This bridge 111 is actually a portion of input waveguide 11 without slot.
  • the electrons cross the inlet guide 11 transversely and out of it by one or more exit slots 112 placed in look at the entrance slots 110 and quite comparable to them.
  • the input waveguide 11 receives at an input end 113 an input microwave signal to be amplified Pe. His other end 114 is closed. It is best to place in the input waveguide, at level of the closed end 114 an absorbent resistive load 115 which prevents the signal injected at the input from being reflected.
  • These tubes are vacuum tubes and are provided at the end input 113 a microwave window 116 which passes the signal input to amplify Pe while ensuring vacuum tightness.
  • the input signal Pe (whose power is also noted Pe) propagates in the form of an electromagnetic wave in the guide input waveform 11. It is characterized by an electric field and a magnetic field.
  • Electrons interact with the electric field that is established transversely to the direction of propagation of the wave electromagnetic and this electric field modulates them in density, they get pack.
  • the electrons At their entry into the input waveguide 11, the electrons have a substantially constant velocity dependent on a voltage of emission function of the potentials of the cathode, the grid and the guide input waveform.
  • the circulation of the electric field seen by the electrons is of the order of magnitude of the emission voltage which imposes a maximum of voltage transmission for a given input power. That is to say that the integrated electric field over the distance d1 traveled by the electrons during their crossing of the input waveguide 11 is of the same order of magnitude than the emission voltage.
  • the waveguide input 11 so as to focus the electric field in space 125 interaction with the electrons of the beam. This concentration by moving the walls of the input waveguide through which the electrons of the beam at the interaction space 125.
  • the input waveguide is a waveguide rectangular molding known as the Anglo-Saxon 'Ridge'. It has two moldings 117 opposite but one could have suffice.
  • the electrons can be density modulated with an electromagnetic wave carrying a power of the order of the watt.
  • the sides of the waveguide input are worth about 1 centimeter and 3 centimeters.
  • the input waveguide 11 operates in its mode fundamental it means that a single maximum of electric field transversal exists between the two short sides of the input waveguide.
  • the entry 110 and exit 112 slots do not result in or little electrical disturbance because they do not cut power electrical circulating in the wall that supports them.
  • the modulated electrons in density, at their output from the input waveguide 11 are accelerated to the output waveguide 12 which is brought to a higher potential than the input waveguide 11.
  • the beam of electrons in the form of induced packets in the output waveguide 12 a microwave current that creates a microwave electric field braking, the electrons give up some of their kinetic energy which turns into electromagnetic energy. He establishes himself a wave direct progressive electromagnetic Pd and an electromagnetic wave progressive retrograde Pr.
  • the direct electromagnetic wave Pd is propagated in the same meaning that the electromagnetic wave Pe to amplify injected into the guide input waveform 11. As it propagates, it increases in amplitude. The transfer of energy between the electron beam 107 and the field of the direct wave is cumulative as the direct wave propagates.
  • the retrograde electromagnetic wave Pr is all the more negligible compared to the direct electromagnetic wave Pd that the guide output waveform 12 is long.
  • a load is preferably provided resistive absorbent 115 at the end 118 of the output waveguide 12 towards which propagates the retrograde electromagnetic wave Pr.
  • the direct electromagnetic wave Pd is collected at the end 119 of the output waveguide 12 to which it is propagated; she corresponds to the amplified microwave signal.
  • 119 end is equipped of a microwave window 120 of the same nature as that 116 employed at the input end 113 of the input waveguide 11. It let out the amplified microwave signal (called Pd for a purpose simplification) while confining the vacuum inside the waveguide of exit 12.
  • the output waveguide 12 is also molded at the level of the interaction space 126 with the electrons of the beam 107. On the figures it is represented with a molding 121 but two could have been used.
  • the distance d2 traveled by the electrons in the waveguide output 12 may be larger than d1 in the waveguide input 11 because the electrons have been accelerated between the two guides wave, travel a greater distance for the same time from transit.
  • the distance d2 makes it possible to optimize energy recovery and to avoid breakdowns. For example, the distance d2 is a few millimeters and the distance d1 is a few tenths of a millimeter.
  • the two waveguides 11, 12 have the same frequency of cutoff so that the input electromagnetic wave Pe and the wave electromagnetic Pd direct flow in synchronism regardless of the working frequency.
  • the dimensions of the section right of the output waveguide 12 will be different from those of the guide 11 input waveform. More specifically, for waveguides Rectangular moldings, the width as of the large waveguide side of exit 12 will be larger than the one on the long side of the waveguide 11.
  • dielectric spacers are provided 122 to separate them and maintain them mechanically one with respect to the other. It will be preferred to use a plurality of blocks 122 of material dielectric placed all along the guides so as to wedge them instead of stems that would have substantially the length of the guides but which risk being more fragile. Any dielectric material classically used in the technique of microwave tubes can be used to know: glass, ceramics such as alumina, quartz, ...
  • spacers 122 which are vacuum-tight and which confine the void around beam. Dielectric materials that are vacuum tight and which standby, a necessary step in obtaining vacuum, are often glass or ceramics. Such spacers 122 may be brazed to waveguides.
  • the spacing between the two waveguides 11, 12 is small the order of a few millimeters for example. We get a tube particularly compact that does not need a focuser. It's a appreciable advantage.
  • the beam of electrons 107 after having crossed transversely the output waveguide 12 and have yielded a portion of its energy only, is collected in the collector 13.
  • a depressed collector is brought to a potential lower than that of the output waveguide 12.
  • the depressed collector is advantageously configured as in FIG. 4, with, parallel to the output waveguide 12, a succession of portions 13.1, 13.2, 13.3 brought to different potentials.
  • the most electrons slow are the ones closest to the exit end 119 and the the faster are those who are furthest away. More the wave electromagnetic direct Pd increases in amplitude, plus their speed decreases. Portions 13.1, 13.2, 13.3 will therefore be less and less depressed in the direction of propagation of the wave. This means that the first portion 13.1, farthest from the exit end 119 of the waveguide output 12 will be brought to a potential lower than that of the last portion 13.3 closest to the output end 119 of the waveguide of exit 12.
  • the collector 13 is provided with a cooling device 120 which can be conductive if the energy to be dissipated is not too much important as in Figure 4 or by fluid circulation as on the figure 3.
  • Dielectric spacers 123 are provided to isolate the collector 13 of the output waveguide 12. These spacers 123 as well as those 124 separating the barrel 10 from the input waveguide 11 can also help to ensure vacuum tightness.
  • This configuration may make the tube fragile and in applications where great robustness is preferred over weight, it is better to place the barrel assembly 10, waveguides 11, 12, collector 13 in a sealed enclosure 130. It is represented at the Figure 4.
  • the cooling of the collector 13 is through a portion of the enclosure 130 made of a material with good conductivity thermal like copper.
  • the enclosure 130 is brought to ground and at least one dielectric spacer 131 ensures its electrical insulation with respect to the collector 13. This spacer is chosen for its good thermal conductivity.
  • the enclosure 130 is provided with expansion joints or bellows 132 at its connection with the input end 113 of the input waveguide 11 and the end of output 119 of the output waveguide 12.
  • At least one of the two waveguides 11, 12 is not the same potential that the enclosure 130, the window 116, 120 which closes one of its ends then plays a role of electrical insulator in addition to its role vacuum sealing.
  • enclosure 130 At least one passage electrically insulating and waterproof insulation 133 allowing to pass power supply leads 137 of the barrel 10, waveguides 11, 12, of the collector 13.
  • the farm After mounting the various elements of the tube in the enclosure, the farm by fixing a last wall, for example the end wall 134 by a sealed weld, for example an argon arc weld, suitable to support the pumping and parboiling stages that make it possible to obtain the desired vacuum inside.
  • a sealed weld for example an argon arc weld
  • Such an amplifying structure 140 is a corridor whose inner wall 141 is made of a material with a secondary emission coefficient greater than one. This material may be silver or an oxide layer (Al 2 O 3 ) for example. Some electrons of beam 107 will strike this wall and secondary electrons will be emitted. This structure 140 will eventually be brought to an intermediate potential between that of the input waveguide 11 and that of the output waveguide 12. Dielectric spacers 142 provide electrical isolation and mechanical maintenance of the amplifying structure 140 with respect to the input waveguide 11 and the output waveguide 12.
  • a tube according to the invention can provide an output power several kilowatts with a bandwidth of approximately 3 and 20 GHz and have the following features. His cathode can be grounded, its input waveguide 11 at about ten volts, its electron amplifying structure at about 1 kilovolt, its waveguide output at approximately 50 kilovolts and portions of its collector can spread between about 1 kilovolt and 5 kilovolts. An input signal whose power is less than or equal to the watt can be injected to modulate the electrons in density if we keep the geometric dimensions previously.

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  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Höchstfrequenzröhre, die mindestens eine Elektronenkanone (10) aufweist, die dazu bestimmt ist, Elektronen zu einem Eingangswellenleiter (11) zu emittieren, den sie durchqueren und in dessen Innerem sich ein zu verstärkendes Eingangssignal (Pe) ausbreiten soll, das an einem Endeingang (113) eingespeist wird, wobei auf diesen Eingangswellenleiter (11) ein Ausgangswellenleiter (12) folgt, der ebenfalls von den Elektronen durchquert und aus dem an einem Ausgangsende (119) das verstärkte Signal (Pd) entnommen wird,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektronen im Wellenleiter (11) direkt durch das Eingangssignal (Pe) dichtemoduliert und bei ihrem Austritt aus dem Eingangswellenleiter (11) von dem Ausgangswellenleiter (12) beschleunigt werden, der auf einem höheren Potential liegt als der Eingangswellenleiter (11).
  2. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Kanone (10) mehrere Feldeffektkathoden (101) aufweist, die entlang des Eingangswellenleiters (11) angeordnet sind.
  3. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Feldeffektkathoden (101) Spitzenkathoden sind.
  4. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens einer der Wellenleiter (11, 12) ein Stegwellenleiter ist.
  5. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Wellenleiter (11, 12) in ihrem Grundmodus arbeiten.
  6. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die beiden Wellenleiter (11, 12) die gleiche Grenzfrequenz haben.
  7. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Eingangs- und Ausgangswellenleiter je mit mindestens einem Längsschlitz (110) für den Eintritt der Elektronen und mit mindestens einen Längsschlitz (112) für ihren Austritt versehen sind.
  8. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass bei Vorhandensein mehrerer Schlitze für den Eintritt oder den Austritt der Elektronen, diese Schlitze End-zu-End angeordnet sind und zwei aufeinanderfolgende Schlitze durch eine Brücke (111) getrennt werden.
  9. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, bei der die Elektronen einen Wechselwirkungsspalt (125) im Eingangswellenleiter (11) und einen Wechselwirkungsspalt (126) im Ausgangswellenleiter (12) durchqueren, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Wechselwirkungsspalt (125) im Eingangswellenleiter kürzer ist als derjenige (126) des Ausgangswellenleiters.
  10. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens einer der Wellenleiter (11, 12) mit einer absorbierenden Last (115) versehen ist, die für den Eingangswellenleiter am dem Eingangsende (113) entgegengesetzten Ende (114) und für den Ausgangswellenleiter am dem Ausgangsende (119) entgegengesetzten Ende (118) angeordnet ist.
  11. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, bei der die Elektronen bei ihrem Austritt aus dem Wellenleiter (12) in einem Kollektor (13) aufgefangen werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Kollektor (13) ein abgesenkter Kollektor ist.
  12. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Kollektor mehrere abgesenkte Abschnitte (13.1, 13.2, 13.3) aufweist, die auf verschiedenen Potentialen liegen, wobei diese Abschnitte immer weniger abgesenkt sind, je näher sie dem Ausgangsende (119) des Ausgangswellenleiters sind.
  13. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Eingangswellenleiter und der Ausgangswellenleiter durch mindestens einen dielektrischen Abstandshalter (122) voneinander getrennt sind.
  14. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dieser Abstandshalter (122) vakuumdicht ist.
  15. Höchstfrequenzröhre nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine elektronenvervielfältigende Struktur (140) zwischen den Eingangswellenleiter (11) und den Ausgangswellenleiter (12) eingefügt ist, um eine Stromverstärkung zwischen dem Eingangswellenleiter und dem Ausgangswellenleiter zu erhalten.
EP01949529A 2000-06-27 2001-06-26 Breitbandige hochfrequenzleistungsröhre Expired - Lifetime EP1305811B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0008254 2000-06-27
FR0008254A FR2810788B1 (fr) 2000-06-27 2000-06-27 Tube hyperfrequence de puissance a large bande
PCT/FR2001/002017 WO2002001593A1 (fr) 2000-06-27 2001-06-26 Tube hyperfrequence de puissance a large bande

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1305811A1 EP1305811A1 (de) 2003-05-02
EP1305811B1 true EP1305811B1 (de) 2005-10-05

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EP01949529A Expired - Lifetime EP1305811B1 (de) 2000-06-27 2001-06-26 Breitbandige hochfrequenzleistungsröhre

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1305811B1 (de)
DE (1) DE60113855T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2810788B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2002001593A1 (de)

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2002001593A1 (fr) 2002-01-03
EP1305811A1 (de) 2003-05-02
FR2810788B1 (fr) 2002-10-11
DE60113855D1 (de) 2006-02-16
FR2810788A1 (fr) 2001-12-28
DE60113855T2 (de) 2006-06-22

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