Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
  • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
  • C21C5/42—Constructional features of converters
  • C21C5/46—Details or accessories
  • C21C5/4673—Measuring and sampling devices
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
  • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
  • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
  • B03C1/32—Magnetic separation acting on the medium containing the substance being separated, e.g. magneto-gravimetric-, magnetohydrostatic-, or magnetohydrodynamic separation
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/20—Metals
  • G01N33/205—Metals in liquid state, e.g. molten metals
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
  • G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions

Definitions

• a typical aluminum melt for example, contains a large number of small non- metallic inclusions, less than or equal to 50 ⁇ m in size. These include particles of oxides (Al 2 O 3 ), spinels (MgAl 2 O 4 ), and carbides (SiC, A1 4 C 3 ), with a higher melting point. Inclusions in alloys can impair the mechanical properties of articles made therefrom, are also detrimental to surface finish and macliinability, increase internal porosity in the castings, as well as increase corrosion. Non-metallic inclusions act as stress-raisers, and can cause premature failure of a component. The assessment of the level of inclusions present in the melt is one of the key parameters which needs to be measured in molten metal processing.
• the existing detection techniques include pressure filter test, acoustic emission detection, and electric resistivity Coulter counter.
• the first two methods mainly rely upon a qualitative distinction between heavily contaminated melts and a clean melt.
• the Coulter counter method evaluates both concentration and size distribution of inclusions larger than 15-20 ⁇ m for a small probe. However, this method is quite expensive and can only detect the effective size of an inclusion.
• the present invention relates to a system for detecting and measuring non- metallic inclusions in molten metals.
• the methods for measuring inclusions in molten metals of the present invention include the steps of forcing the migration of the contaminant particles or inclusions onto a measurement region or surface using electromagnetic Lorentz forces, for example, detecting the particles in the measurement region and determining particle size and concentration at the measurement surface.
• Electromagnetic force mechanisms have been investigated and used for purposes of separation and removal of contaminants in liquid metals.
• the cleaning systems relying on electromagnetic forces are not very effective because a very low force density is typically generated in a large liquid metal melt volume which needs to be cleaned, resulting in a slow relative particle motion.
• electromagnetic forces are used to detect and measure non-metallic inclusions in a liquid metal.
• a detector system uses a small inspection volume, thus allowing for the generation of large force densities.
• the present invention may also be used to separate inclusions from metals such as aluminum utilizing the basis of high electromagnetic force density in channels having small volumes.
• a preferred embodiment utilizes permanent magnets and a direct current (DC) source to generate electromagnetic forces.
• the methods for the detection of inclusions utilize electrostatic detection of the particle concentration at the measurement region or surface through a multi-pin measurement configuration.
• conditioning of the surface is required to overcome the surface tension forces that are responsible for preventing the inclusions from penetrating through the melt surface. By conditioning the surface, the particles penetrate the surface in order to be detected.
• the methods of conditioning the surface to enable particle detection can comprise a mechanical system or an acoustical vibration system or a combination of these two systems.
• a mechanical system can use, for example, a roller, to continuously stretch out the surface layer of the melt.
• An acoustical vibration system involves the shaking of the liquid melt surface at a particular resonance frequency, for example 10-40Hz depending on the geometric size of the inspection volume, using an alternating current (AC) superimposed over the DC current flowing through the melt.
• the surface vibrations stimulate particle motion.
• a stream of a gas, or mixtures of gases can be directed over the surface of the melt. Gas pressures in the cavity above the melt can be between 2-3 atmospheres, for example, to condition the surface.
• the gas flow can be used to delay oxidation and/or reduce surface tension on the melt surface. This serves to increase migration rates of inclusions to the surface region of the melt.
• one or more gas inlets and outlets to the cavity above the melt can be used to control conditions on the surface region of interest.
• Inert gases such as helium or argon can be used, or active fluids such as chlorine gas can be used with or replace the inert gas which can also serve to loosen bonds at the surface to further improve particle migrations and detection. These gases can also improve the contrast in the heat signature of surface region components.
• the detection system is an optical system which features a solid state imaging device such as a charge-coupled-device (CCD).
• CCD charge-coupled-device
• the CCD camera may be coupled to an image acquisition system, which in turn may be coupled to a processor such as a microcontroller or personal computer having an electronic memory for data storage.
• the systems can be programmed with software modules to perform image processing on the collected image data and determine quantitative values including particle size and distribution. This processed data can be used to control flow rates and separation rates of the system.
• detectors or detector systems sensitive in the range of wavelengths from 500-1200 nm are used to count inclusions.
• detectors or detector systems sensitive in the range of wavelengths from 500-1200 nm are used to count inclusions.
• subsurface particles can be detected as well.
• detectors, such as amorphous selenium can be used with a quartz window to image surface and subsurface particles at video frame rates.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention uses only an AC power source to induce electromagnetic forces in the melt and thereby cause movement of the melt and consequent positioning of inclusions for measurement.
• the detection system can be used in conjunction with a system for the separation of inclusions from the melt and provide real-time feedback control of the processing operation.
• the systems of the present invention provide for the quantitative measurement of small inclusions, and can determine particle shape. Further, the systems of the present invention can distinguish between a single particle and a cluster of particles, and can distinguish between gas bubbles and solid particles.
• the systems of the present invention may be utilized in semi-solid processing or die casting to homogenize segregated interdendritic liquid as well as breaking up dendritic networks.
• Figure 1A is a schematic illustration of a system to provide liquid metal utilizing the system for detecting and measuring inclusions in accordance with the present invention.
• Figure IB is a schematic illustration of the system of the present invention being utilized as a separation system described in Figure 1 A.
• Figure 1C is a flow chart describing the details of a molten metal processing system incorporating the system for detecting and measuring inclusions in accordance with the present invention.
• Figure 2 A is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the system to measure inclusions in molten metals in accordance with the present invention.
• Figure 2B is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the detection system to detect and measure inclusions in molten metals in accordance with the present invention.
• Figure 2C illustrates the top view of the container apparatus shown in Figure
• Figure 2D illustrates a cross-sectional view of the container apparatus taken along lines 2D-2D of Figure 2C.
• Figure 2E illustrates a cross-sectional view of the container assembly taken along lines 2E-2E of Figure 2C.
• Figure 2F is a schematic diagram of another preferred embodiment of the detection system in accordance with the system of the present invention.
• Figure 3 A is a schematic illustration of another preferred embodiment of the system in accordance with the present invention.
• Figure 3B is a detailed schematic illustration of the sensor element shown in
• Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of another preferred embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS 5A-5E illustrate examples of the magnetic field and Lorentz force distribution in accordance with the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• the present invention is directed to systems and methods to detect and measure inclusions in liquid metals. Further embodiments involve the processing of liquid or semi-solid materials.
• the systems and methods to detect and measure inclusions in liquid metals use electromagnetic forces to force the migration of the contaminant particles to a detection and measurement surface.
• the invention is predicated on the fact that the included particles have a different electric conductivity level than that of the liquid melt and as such are treated as being non-conducting as compared to the liquid melt.
• the Lorentz force is induced in the metal but not in the non-conducting inclusions since no current can propagate through them.
• the inclusions are equally forced in the opposite direction.
• Figure 1A is a schematic illustration of a preferred method to provide liquid metal incorporating the system for detecting and measuring inclusions in accordance with the present invention.
• the particular sequence of steps describes the use of the system of the present invention in a system which provides liquid metal free of non-metallic inclusions.
• the metal is melted either in a reverbatory furnace or in an electrically heated furnace. Alternatively, the metal maybe induction melted.
• the system comprises a sensor element 110 which consists of a container 112 into which flows a liquid metal having inclusions per step 114.
• the liquid metal flows out of the metal per step 116 after the sensing and detection of the included particles has occurred.
• Electrodes 118 are integrated with the container 112 to provide a voltage drop in the container.
• An electromagnetic force is induced in the container which acts on the liquid metal and not on the included particles.
• the electromagnetic force can be generated by applying power supplied by the power supply 120, to the container.
• a DC current in combination with the permanent magnet system 124 can create the required electromagnetic force.
• the electromagnetic force can be generated by applying a high AC current also supplied by the power supply 120, whose self-induced magnetic field eliminates the need for the permanent magnet system 124.
• the inclusions which are non-conducting as compared to the liquid metal rise toward a measurement region which is the free melt surface. Since the melt is not transparent in the visual domain the measurement region needs to be conditioned so as to force the inclusions to break through the melt surface which has a metal oxide layer disposed on it. To overcome the surface tension forces which retain the particles below the free melt surface, the measurement region may be conditioned mechanically per step 128, or by an acoustic conditioning system 132 or alternatively by a combination of the two.
• the included particles are then detected by a detection system 136.
• the detection system may be an electrostatic measurement system or an image detection system.
• the results of the detection system are then recorded and particle size and concentration are computed in the processor 140.
• the results of the processing step 140 maybe displayed on a display 144 and used to monitor the size and concentration of inclusions.
• a particle separation system 148 is coupled to the computer to remove the detected inclusions to provide liquid metal free of inclusions.
• FIG. IB is a schematic illustration of the use of the present invention as a separation or cleaning system.
• a container 152 of liquid metal having inclusions feeds into a separation system 154.
• the separation system consists of small channels 156 for the liquid metal to flow into.
• the particles are separated in a separation zone 158 in each channel 156 by applying a high electromagnetic force density to the liquid metal in each channel.
• the resultant liquid metal that is collected from the separation system 154 in a container 160 is substantially free of inclusions.
• Each zone 158 or channel 156 can have a detector system as shown in Figure 1A to provide monitoring of each channel.
• FIG. 1C schematically illustrates further details of the utility of the present invention in a molten metal processing system 162 that supplies liquid metal, having reduced concentrations of larger inclusions or is substantially free of inclusions, for casting and other applications.
• the particular sequence of steps describes the system to provide inclusion free metal.
• Liquid metal in step 164 is degassed per step 166 to remove gaseous hydrogen, for example.
• the liquid metal then flows through a filtration system per step 168 to remove inclusions as part of a typical molten metal processing system.
• the resultant liquid metal is then used in a casting process per step 170.
• a certain small volume of the filtered liquid metal is fed into the detection and measurement system in accordance with the present invention per step 172.
• Step 172 senses inclusions and determines particle size and distribution.
• the sensor data is then translated into an actual distribution for the molten metal per step 174.
• the actual distribution of inclusions is then compared with a desired distribution per step 176.
• the desired, ideal distribution computed per a model such as predicted in step 178, is stored electronically in a memory and retrieved to perform the comparison per step 176. If the actual distribution of the inclusions is within an acceptable range of the desired distribution, no corrective action is taken. However, if the actual distribution of the inclusions is not within an acceptable range of the desired distribution then corrective action is initiated per the process model and control laws of step 180.
• the control variables listed in step 182, for example, filter life and size, the operations of the degassing unit and the charge of the melt are then recalculated and changes are programmed into the processing system. As a result of changes made to the control variables, the process model is updated per step 184.
• FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of the system to detect and measure inclusions which can be used to perform the methods of the present invention.
• a container 210 which for example is made of ceramic, is filled with the liquid melt 212, for example liquid gallium.
• the liquid melt 212 is subjected to both an electric as well as a magnetic field.
• the resulting electromagnetic Lorentz force density is created by two permanent magnets 214 having a range of 0.3 Tesla to 0.6 Tesla and a DC current having a range of 100 A to 150A supplied by a DC power supply 216.
• Other embodiments can employ current in a range of 50 to 2000A depending upon the particular application. Commercial systems will preferably have currents in the range of 200-2000 A to improve flow rates.
• the magnetic field is nearly homogeneous in between the two electrodes 224.
• the system may be con Figured so that the melt continuously flows through the container 210 and the inclusions are collected on a region 220 of the free melt surface. If the flow cross-section is 0.5 by 1 cm, then the current density j is 2.4xl0 6 A/m 2 based on a total current of 120A. Accordingly, the Lorentz force density is 7.2 x 10 5 N/m 3 if the flux density is 0.3 Tesla. Flow rates of the melt are preferably in the range of 50-200 ml per minute. This is more than thirty (30) times the gravitation force density acting on the molten metal such as aluminum.
• the electrodes may, for example, be made, of copper tungsten, graphite, aluminum or other conductive materials.
• the electrodes provide the DC current flow which in combination with the magnetic field is responsible for the electromagnetic Lorentz force.
• the current flow encounters an electric resistance due to the presence of the liquid metal.
• a voltage drop is created between the electrodes which in turn can be measured through the placement of small copper point electrodes in contact with the free melt surface. Variations in the voltage drop between the adjustment point electrodes permit the detection of particles that migrated to the surface in response to the Lorentz force.
• the electrodes are selected depending upon the materials in the fluid metal that will either be stable under the operating condition or that deteriorate at known rates.
• Non-conducting particles experience uniform longitudinal motion with constant velocity and, simultaneously, transverse motion, rising toward the free melt surface or region 220 with a given velocity. Even for inclusions of lO ⁇ m in diameter, the rise velocity is sufficient to enable inclusion collection on a region of the free melt surface within a reasonable time duration. Since the melt is not transparent in the visual domain of the electromagnetic spectrum, inclusion escape on the free melt surface plays a decisive role. The main mechanism that prevents escape is surface tension. The Archimedes electromagnetic force is much smaller than the surface tension force, for all possible particle sizes. Thus, an additional treatment of the melt surface is necessary.
• the surface is conditioned mechanically, by continuously stretching out the surface layer of the melt, for example by a rotating cylinder such as a ceramic roller 228.
• the roller drags the surface layer away from the detection region. This process makes the melt surface appear as if it is being "stretched” with new particles continuously appearing.
• Another method for conditioning the melt surface is acoustically vibrating the liquid melt surface in the range of 10-40Hz depending on the geometric size of the inspection volume. This can be accomplished through an AC power amplifier supply 232 in the range between 500-800W, and an AC signal generator 234 providing an AC current.
• An additional periodic Lorentz force component appears in the transverse direction, which produces surface vibrations. Such vibrations stimulate particle escape.
• Both methods for conditioning the surface have their advantages and disadvantages.
• Mechanical stretching implies moving sensor components, for example rollers, whereas acoustic vibration reduces the quality of the optical image formation.
• a combination of the two methods may be used to offset the disadvantages of the individual methods.
• a current strength of 150A (DC current) supplied through two electrodes to a measurement container of 20 mm in length and 5 mm in radius creates an average radial force density of 100 kN/m 3 . This is sufficient to force 75% of the inclusions with an average 40 micron effective diameter to the surface, amounting to an inspection speed of 88 ml/min.
• the detection system in accordance with the present invention is an optical detection system which may include optical magnification of the region of interest using a lens system 252, for example a microscope, a CCD camera 256 and a display 260.
• the CCD camera may be coupled to a frame grabber 262 which in turn is coupled to a processor 264.
• the optical detection method predicts non-conducting and low- conducting inclusions of an average diameter in the range of 5 to 50 microns in molten aluminum.
• Figures 2C, 2D and 2E provide further details regarding the container assembly and the mechanical conditioning system described in Figures 1 and 2 A.
• the roller stretches the free melt surface and in doing so disrupts the metal oxide layer that forms on the surface, which then enables the escape of the particles to the surface which allows for detection of the particles.
• the action of the mechanical roller tends to move a layer of the melt on top of the roller, potentially allowing for the separation of the included particles in the top layer into a baffle 270 shown in Figure 2D.
• Figure 2F illustrates another embodiment of the detection system of the present invention.
• this embodiment of the present invention uses an electrostatic measurement device 280 having voltage recording pins 282 in the range of 10 to 100 pins, deployed over the free melt surface to measure a differential voltage distribution which subsequently can be compared to a baseline distribution of pure molten aluminum.
• the pins may be small copper point electrodes in contact with the free melt surface. If the probe spacing is on the order of 0.3 mm using laser drilling, the approximate calculations indicate that the expected differential potential distribution exceeds 4 to 5 ⁇ V, well above the background noise.
• This detection system predicts nonconducting and low- conducting inclusions of an average diameter in the range of 20 to 100 microns in molten aluminum.
• another preferred embodiment of the system to detect and measure inclusions in liquid metal includes a sensing element 310 consisting of three columns or sections which are placed in a container 314 filled with a liquid metal 316.
• the columns maybe made from ceramic or a refractory material.
• An AC power supply 318 supplying a current in the range of 500A to 1000 A is coupled to the electrodes 320 which are integrated with the sensing element 310.
• the optical or infrared detection system 322 includes optical magnification of the region of interest using a lens system 328, a CCD or infrared camera 330, an image acquisition system 334 coupled to a processor 336, and a display 338.
• a long focal length objective lens 328 with a magnification in the range of 1000 to 2000 is coupled to the CCD.
• the CCD based detector system facilitates the electronic recording of the particles distributed over the surface aperture.
• Low-frequency acoustic vibrations can be initiated through alternating Lorentz force using a modulating AC signal generator in conjunction with an AC power amplifier as previously described.
• Low-frequency acoustic vibration in the frequency range of 10-40 Hz break-up the surface layer (an oxide film plus surface tension forces) of the liquid melt, to allow the escape of the inclusions from the melt to facilitate detection.
• the sensing element has a self-cleaning feature due to the angular relationship between the columns.
• a tilt angle 350 in the range of 2-5° allows the liquid melt to flow out of the sensing element 310 once the element is removed from the melt.
• An inert gas supply 340 provides an inert carrier gas to remove any gaseous impurities to maintain a clean interface for the quartz window 324.
• a sufficiently strong self-induced average magnetic-field in the range of 0.05 Tesla to 0.1 Tesla is initiated by the 60Hz AC current of 50-2000 Amperes, and preferably 1000-2000 Amperes, when applied to the container.
• the total power applied is in the range of 2-3 kW.
• the self-induced magnetic field is weaker than the field provided by the embodiment having the permanent magnet system, the significantly higher current density as a result of the higher AC current is responsible for a strong electromagnetic Lorentz force density. It also may be possible to replace the power supply by a transformer.
• FIG. 3 A and 3B The advantage of the embodiment as illustrated by Figures 3 A and 3B, is the creation of a self-induced magnetic field which eliminates the use of permanent magnets. Permanent magnets require an external cooling system which does not need to be provided for by the system described with respect to Figures 3 A and 3B. In addition, a DC power supply which is typically move expensive and cumbersome to handle than an AC power supply, is not required to operate the system as disclosed with respect to Figures 3 A and 3B. Further, the embodiment illustrated by Figures 3A and 3B eliminates the need for an external pump. Instead, the embodiment relies on a self-pumping mechanism to assure continuous melt flow through the measurement region.
• Figure 4 illustrates another preferred embodiment of the invention wherein the gas flow inlet 340 is controlled by a valve that can be connected at 344 to a system controller.
• a gas flow outlet 360 can also be fluidly coupled to the cavity 362 above the metal fluid in the chamber 364 through which the metal fluid flows.
• one or more inlets 370 can be positioned about the quartz window 324 through which a region of interest 352 can be viewed.
• the metal fluid is forced upwards in opposition to a gravitational force through channel 400.
• the metal fluid can be directed through the chamber 364 and a plurality of outlets.
• the flow through the outlets 380, 390 can be directed downstream for a further processing such as a separation system.
• FIGS 5A-5E illustrate examples of the magnetic field and force density characteristics.
• Figure 5A For a container having a current I of 1000 A, for example, as shown in Figure 5A, the magnetic field strength in a one centimeter square cross section is shown in Figure 5B and the field orientation is shown in Figure 5C.
• the resulting Lorentz force density and orientation are illustrated in Figures 5D and 5E respectively.
• the following table illustrates the ratio of the magnitude of the force acting on the fluid to the gravitational force in four cases having different total currents directed through the fluid.
• the metals in these particular examples are aluminum and gallium..
• the system of the present invention can be used to detect and measure inclusions in molten metal. Further application of the present invention is in the separation of inclusions from molten metals such as aluminum, ferrous, brasses and copper alloys.
• the systems of the present invention may be utilized in semi-solid processing or die casting to homogemze segregated interdendritic liquid as well as breaking up dendritic networks.

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