EP1235482A1 - Nouveau modele animal de la maladie d'alzheimer presentant a la fois des plaques amyloides et des dysfonctionnements mitochondriaux - Google Patents
Nouveau modele animal de la maladie d'alzheimer presentant a la fois des plaques amyloides et des dysfonctionnements mitochondriauxInfo
- Publication number
- EP1235482A1 EP1235482A1 EP00962636A EP00962636A EP1235482A1 EP 1235482 A1 EP1235482 A1 EP 1235482A1 EP 00962636 A EP00962636 A EP 00962636A EP 00962636 A EP00962636 A EP 00962636A EP 1235482 A1 EP1235482 A1 EP 1235482A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- app
- psi
- transgenic
- transgenic mice
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
- C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
- C07K14/4711—Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid plaque core protein
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- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
- C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
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- C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
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- A01K2267/0306—Animal model for genetic diseases
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of transgenic animal models and more particularly, animal models of Alzheimer's disease.
- the invention relates to a new animal model of Alzheimer's disease having both amyloid plaques and mitochondrial dysfunctions.
- Azheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects a large proportion of the elderly population. This disease is characterized on the clinical level by a loss of memory and a decline in cognitive functions, on the neuropathological level by the presence in the brain of intracellular neurofibrillary deposits and of extracellular deposits of the ⁇ -amyloid peptide (A- ⁇ ) forming amyloid plaques (Yanker et al., 1996). To these signs are added a significant number of other abnormal changes including a deterioration of the immune and inflammatory systems as well as a deterioration of the mitochondrial function which can lead to an increase in oxidative stress, an activation of the mechanisms of apoptosis and ultimate way to cell death.
- A- ⁇ ⁇ -amyloid peptide
- amyloid plaques are mainly composed of the A- ⁇ peptides with 40 or 42 residues which are generated during the proteolytic process of the protein precursor of the ⁇ -amyloid peptide (APP).
- Extracellular deposits of A- ⁇ are very specific for AD and associated disorders. They represent the early and unchanging characteristic of all forms of AD, including familial forms (FAD).
- FADs appear relatively early (between 40 and 60 years of age) and are due to mutations in the APP gene in 5% of FAD cases (19 families) with six single or double missense mutations; in the presenilin 1 gene (PS 1) in 50 to 70% of ADF cases (> 50 families) with more than 40 different mutations identified so far; and in the presenilin 2 gene (PS 2) in fewer cases of FAD with 2 missense mutations described in 8 families (for review see Price and Sisodia, 1998). Mutations in these three genes have been shown to induce changes in the proteolysis of APP, which lead to an overproduction of A- ⁇ and the early onset of pathology and symptoms that are similar to those of sporadic forms. of the AD.
- Bax is concentrated both in the neuritic elements surrounding the senile plaques (the localization of bax is correlated with that of the deposits of A- ⁇ on adjacent sections of the same brain at the level of the hippocampus of the affected subject. by AD), and in neurons carrying early neurofibrillary degeneration, indicating that Bax plays a role in the formation of neurofibrillary degeneration in patients with AD (MacGibbon et al., 1997; Tortosa et al., 1998 ; Nagy et al., 1997).
- a first object of the invention therefore relates to a transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's disease having both amyloid plaques and mitochondrial dysfunction.
- it co-expresses the precursor of the amyloid ⁇ peptide (APP) and a presenilin, preferably PS
- the term “transgenic animal” is understood to mean any non-human animal exhibiting a modification of its genome.
- the modification of the genome can result from an alteration or modification of one or more genes by "knock-in” or by "knock-out”. This modification may be due to the action of conventional altering or mutagenic agents or else effected by site-directed mutagenesis, as described in Materials and Methods.
- the modification of the genome can also result from an insertion of gene (s) or replacement of gene (s) in its wild or mutated form (s).
- the genome modifications are advantageously carried out on reproductive stem cells and advantageously on the pronuclei.
- the animal model is advantageously a mammal.
- it may be a mouse, a rat or a rabbit obtained according to conventional transgenesis techniques.
- transgenesis processes mention may be made of the method of microinjection of an expression cassette comprising the genes modified in the two fertilized pronuclei, as described in Materials and Methods.
- the animal model of the invention is obtained by injection of an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid.
- this acid nucleic acid is DNA which can be genomic DNA (gDNA) or complementary DNA (cDNA).
- DNA codes for any gene which can intervene in the process of establishment of AD.
- the gene encoded by DNA is involved in the production mechanism of the A- ⁇ peptide in its amyloidogenic form.
- DNA codes for mutated forms of APP and / or presenilins and in particular for PSI so that the cells of the animal model coexpress the two mutated proteins.
- Mutations in the APP gene can be one of the different mutations described so far in the literature.
- the mutations in the APP gene are chosen from the “Swedish” (S), “London” (L) and “Dutch” (D) mutations alone or in combination.
- the APP usable in the context of the invention can be in different isoforms and in particular in forms 695, 751 and 770 or in a truncated form such as for example the isoform APP99.
- Mutations in the PSI gene can be one of the 40 mutations described so far in the literature.
- the mutations in the PSI gene are chosen from mutations M146L, A246E, C410Y, H163R, L286V, L235P, etc., alone or in combination.
- the M146L mutation is preferred.
- DNA is placed under the control of sequences allowing its expression and in particular of sequences promoting transcription.
- promoter sequences there may be mentioned very particularly the HMG promoter (Gautier et al., 1989), as well as the PDGF promoter (Sasahan et al., 1991), the Thy-1 promoter (L ⁇ thi et al.,) And the promoter of the Prion gene (Scott et al., 1992).
- the animal model comprises the APP gene having the S, D and L mutations, placed under the control of the PDGF promoter and the PSI gene having the M 146 L mutation placed under the control of the HMG promoter.
- the animal model according to the invention is very advantageous because it corresponds to a model very representative of AD.
- this model develops amyloid plaques from the age of 6 months, which allows a very short breeding time for animals and co-expresses APP and mutated PSI at levels much higher than endogenous levels; at least 3 to 5 times and 2 to 3 times the endogenous levels of APP and PSI respectively.
- the results described in the examples demonstrate that the transgenic mouse coexpressing the mutated APP and the mutated PSI, develops neuropathology of the Alzheimer's disease type; that is to say, it presents A- ⁇ deposits with a fibrillar conformation, neurodegenerative changes of the type of abnormal neuritic elements and activation of the central cells of the inflammatory type such as the astrocytes.
- this model presents, in addition to the amyloid plaques, a mitochondrial dysfunction also highlighted in subjects affected by AD.
- mitochondrial dysfunction corresponds to an alteration, a modification, an overexpression or an inhibition of the expression of mitochondrial proteins.
- These proteins preferably having an intramitochondrial localization include the pro-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, such as Bax, Bak, Bad and the anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, or any other mitochondrial protein which does not belong to the Bcl-2 family and which plays a role in apoptosis, as for example cytochrome C and AIF, or proteins recently described as being located in the mitochondria and which may play a role in apoptosis such as Aralar or BMCPl.
- the mitochondrial proteins whose expression is modified there may be mentioned in particular the Bax and / or cytochrome C proteins.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the animal model, as described above, for the detection of compounds intended for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, preferably Alzheimer's disease.
- this model allows, in comparison with known models, the identification of compounds particularly suitable for the treatment of AD, in particular, as described in 'man.
- These compounds can be chemical molecules, peptide or protein molecules, antibodies, chimeric molecules as well as antisense DNAs or ribozymes.
- the highlighted compounds can be used as a medicament, as such or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle in order to obtain a pharmaceutical composition.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle in order to obtain a pharmaceutical composition.
- They may in particular be saline solutions (monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, sodium chloride, potassium, calcium or magnesium, etc., or mixtures of such salts), sterile, isotonic, or dry compositions, in particular lyophilized, which, by addition, as appropriate, of sterilized water or physiological saline, allow the constitution of injectable solutes.
- the injections can be performed by stereotaxic, topical, oral, parenteral, intranasal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraocular, transdermal, etc.
- the demonstration of the compounds described above is based on bringing the model into contact, in particular by an administration such as for example an injection.
- animal of the invention with a compound or a mixture of compounds supposed to have an action and then to measure the effect (s) of the compounds in particular in the cerebral level of the model on various biochemical and / or histological changes, for example those described in the Methods and Results sections, including the rate of production of A- ⁇ deposits, changes linked to neurodegeneration, alteration of the expression of mitochondrial molecules, etc.
- Another object of the invention relates to a cell extracted from the animal model as described above as well as its use for the detection of compounds intended for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, preferably Alzheimer's disease.
- the detection of the compounds described above is based on bringing cells extracted from the animal model of the invention into contact with a compound or a mixture of compounds supposed to have an action and then measuring the effect (s) compounds at the level of whole cells, in cell homogens or on a subcellular fraction, on various parameters such as cell death, production of the A- ⁇ peptide, mitochondrial activity (production of free radicals, respiratory chain, potential mitochondrial, etc.).
- APP mutant a single (APP mutant)
- cl a double mutation
- APP / PS1 mutant a double mutation
- PSI mutant el, e2
- APP / PSI mutant APP / PSI mutant
- A- ⁇ immunomarker deposits with the anti-A ⁇ 4G8 antibody in transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant).
- APP / PSI mutant the density of A- ⁇ deposits much higher at 12 months of age (Cl, C2, C3) compared to 9 and 6 months of age (Bl, B2, B3 and Al, A2, A3, respectively).
- the A- ⁇ deposits are essentially localized in a restricted cerebral region, mainly the subiculum in young mice (A1-A2), while they are present throughout the hippocampal formation and regions cortical in 12 month old mouse (Cl -C2).
- Figures A2, B2, C2 and A3, B3, C3 represent a higher magnification of the regions delimited by a black frame in Figures A1, Bl, Cl and Figures A2, B2, C2, respectively.
- A- ⁇ deposits as a function of age (6, 9 and 12 months) immunolabelled with anti-A ⁇ 4G8 antibody and quantified, on hemicerveau sections 6 ⁇ m thick (rostrocaudal Bregma -3 level , 4 of the Stereotaxic Atlas of Franklin and Paxinos), via the use of an image analysis system coupled with a color camera and a microscope (Q600, LEICA) in the double transgenic mouse APP 6 5 SDL X PS1 M146 L.
- Dorsal cortex including in particular the primary visual cortex and the auditory cortex
- Ventral cortex including in particular the ectorhinal cortex and the entorhinal cortex
- FIG. 11A illustrates the presence of APP-immunoreactive neuritic elements (arrow heads at 4) in the hippocampus of transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant) (4) and their absence in the hippocampus non-transgenic control mice (1) and transgenic mice carrying a simple APP (mutant APP) (2) or PSI (PSI mutant) mutation (3).
- the immunoreactive APP-neuritic elements are also present in all cortical regions as shown in FIG. 1 IB, including the entorhinal cortex (a) and the cingulate cortex (d), in the dentate gyrus and in the hippocampal regions CA1 and CA3 (b, c).
- FIGS. B, bl and b3 The regions delimited by a black frame in FIGS. B, bl and b3 are displayed at higher magnification in bl, in b2 and b3, and in b4, respectively. Note also the very high level of expression of the human APP protein in certain neuronal cell bodies (arrows in b2). The arrow in 1, 2, 3 and 4 indicates the orientation of the head of the dentate gyrus.
- FIG. 12A illustrates the presence of PSI -immunoreactive neuritic elements (arrow heads in 4) in the hippocampus of transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant) (4) and their absence in the hippocampus non-transgenic control mice (1) and transgenic mice carrying a simple APP mutation (APP mutant) (2) or PSI mutation (PSI mutant) (3).
- the PSI -immunoreactive neuritic elements are also present in all cortical regions as shown in FIG.
- This figure illustrates the presence of neuritic delta catenin-immunoreactive elements in the hippocampus (Hi) and the cortex (Ctx) of transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant) (bl, b2) and their absence. in the same brain structures in non-transgenic control mice (al, a2).
- the regions delimited by a black frame in the figures bl and b2 are displayed at higher magnification in bla, blb and in b2a, b2b, respectively.
- the neuritic elements delta catenin-immunoreactive appear grouped in plaques of variable size, small, medium or large.
- FIG. 15 SMI-immunoreactive phosphorylated neurofilaments in transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant) and in humans suffering from AD. It should be noted that, in both cases, on doubly immunostained brain sections, the phosphorylated SMI-immunoreactive neurofilaments (brown staining) strongly surround the A- ⁇ deposits (blue staining).
- Tau-1 immunoreactivity (brown immunostaining) concentrated in neuritic elements including dystrophic neurites localized around or inside the A- ⁇ deposits (blue immunostaining) and neuronal cell bodies (arrowheads) in the brains of transgenic carrier mice a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant). Neither dystrophic neurites, nor cell bodies immunoreactive for the tau-1 protein are present in non-transgenic control mice.
- GFAP-immunoreactive activated astrocytes present in transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant) ( Figure 17A) and in humans with AD ( Figure 17B). Note that, in both cases, on doubly immunostained brain sections, activated astrocytes surround certain A- ⁇ deposits (blue immunostaining).
- Figures 18A to 18H illustrate the expression Bax in the neurons of the dentate gyrus (Figure 18 A, Figure 18E), the hippocampal regions CAl (Figure 18C, Figure 18G) and CA3 ( Figure 18B, Figure 18F) and the entorhinal cortex ( Figure 18D, Figure 18H) of a non-transgenic control mouse ( Figure 18A to Figure 18D) and a transgenic mouse carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant) ( Figure 18E at 18H).
- Bax-immunoreactive neuritic elements are present in the double transgenic mouse while they are absent in the non-transgenic control mouse.
- Figures 181 to 18L represent a double immunostaining enabling the expression of Bax (in brown) and the A- ⁇ deposits (in blue) to be visualized on the same section of dentate gyrus ( Figures 18K and 18 L) and of the hippocampal region.
- CA3 Figures 181 and 18 J of transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant).
- Bax immunoreactivity is concentrated in abnormal neuritic elements such as dystrophic neurites intimately associated with A- ⁇ deposits (arrows).
- the Bax immunoreactivity is also concentrated in certain abnormal cell bodies which appear strongly immunomarked in their perinuclear cytoplasm and which resemble the so-called "dark" neurons (black arrow heads). It also appears in certain glial cells pronounced of activated astrocytes (white arrow heads).
- Bax-immunoreactive neuritic elements in the frontal cortex of a control human subject ( Figure 19A) and of a subject with AD ( Figure 19B to 19F).
- Figure 19A the frontal cortex of a control human subject
- Figure 19B to 19F the presence of Bax- immunoreactive neuritic elements (brown immunostaining) such as dystrophic neurites (arrows), some of which appear intimately linked to A- ⁇ deposits (blue immunostaining) and abnormal cell bodies with very intense labeling areas in the cytoplasm and proximal extensions, thus resembling neurofibrillary degeneration (arrowheads).
- Figures 20A and 20B Representative images of the expression of cytochrome C in the hippocampal region CA1 of non-transgenic control mice ( Figure 20A) and transgenic mice ( Figure 20B) carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant). Note the presence of cytochrome C-immunoreactive neuritic elements (arrows) in the double transgenic mouse and their absence in the non-transgenic control mouse.
- FIGS. 20A and 20B Representative images of the expression of cytochrome C in the hippocampal region CA1 of non-transgenic control mice ( Figure 20A) and transgenic mice ( Figure 20B) carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant). Note the presence of cytochrome C-immunoreactive neuritic elements (arrows) in the double transgenic mouse and their absence in the non-transgenic control mouse.
- 20C to 20H images representative of a double immunostaining making it possible to visualize the expression of cytochrome C (in brown) and the A- ⁇ deposits (in blue) on the same section of dentate gyrus, of the hippocampal regions CAl and CA3 and of the cingulate cortex of transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant).
- cytochrome C immunoreactivity is concentrated in abnormal neuritic elements such as dystrophic neurites intimately associated with A- ⁇ deposits (arrows in b, c, d, e, f).
- Cytochrome C immunoreactivity is also concentrated in certain abnormal cell bodies which appear to be strongly immunolabelled in their perinuclear cytoplasm (arrow heads at c, d, f).
- the high magnification images in g and h show the intimate association of the cytochrome C-immunoreactive cellular elements with the A- ⁇ deposits (arrows in g, h).
- Cytochrome C-immunoreactive neuritic elements in the frontal cortex of a control human subject ( Figure 21A) and of a subject with AD ( Figures 21B to 21F).
- Figure 21A Cytochrome C-immunoreactive neuritic elements in the frontal cortex of a control human subject
- Figures 21B to 21F Note the presence, in the AD subject and not in the control, of cytochrome C-immunoreactive neuritic elements (brown immunostaining) such as dystrophic neurites (arrows), some of which appear to be intimately linked to A- ⁇ deposits (blue immunostaining) and abnormal cell bodies with very intense marking areas in the cytoplasm and in the proximal extensions, thus resembling neurofibrillary degeneration (arrowheads).
- Double immunofluorescent labeling allowing to visualize the expression of Bax by rhodamine fluorescence in red ( Figures 22A to C) and the expression of APP, PSI or SMI by fluorescein fluorescence in green ( Figures 22D to F respectively) on the same section brain of transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant).
- APP / PSI mutant Double immunofluorescent labeling allowing to visualize the expression of Bax by rhodamine fluorescence in red ( Figures 22A to C) and the expression of APP, PSI or SMI by fluorescein fluorescence in green ( Figures 22D to F respectively) on the same section brain of transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant).
- APP / PSI mutant Double immunofluorescent labeling allowing to visualize the expression of Bax by rhodamine fluorescence in red ( Figures 22A to C) and the expression of APP, PSI or SMI by fluorescein fluorescence in green
- the double immunofluorescent labeling ( Figures 22G to 22H) shows the co-localization of cytochrome C with the delta catenin in a significant number of neuronal elements (but not in all) in the brains of doubly transgenic mice.
- FIGS. 221 and 22 J show the double immunofluorescent labeling of Bax and APP and their colocalization in the neuritic elements inside or around the plates in the brain tissue in humans suffering from AD.
- Double immunofluorescent labeling allowing to visualize the expression of Bax by fluorescence CY3 in red ( Figures 23 A to 23C) and the expression of APP, PSI or cytochrome C by fluorescence fluorescence in green (respectively Figures 23D, 23E and 23F) on the same brain section of transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant). Confirmation of the co-location of Bax and APP, Bax and PSI and Bax and cytochrome C.
- the cDNA coding for human mutated PSI was subcloned between the SmaI and BamHI restriction sites of the polylinker of the transgenic expression vector HMG (Czech et al., 1997).
- the vector sequences were eliminated by restriction with the enzyme NotI and purification of the fragment containing the expression cassette by electrophoresis gel.
- the purified fragment was diluted to the final concentration of 2.5 ng / ⁇ l in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) 0.1 mM EDTA, and injected into one of the two pronuclei of the fertilized mouse embryos.
- the surviving embryos were immediately transplanted into the oviduct of adoptive mothers (pseudopregnant).
- the presence of the transgene in newborns was determined either by PCR or by Southern analysis.
- the PCR was carried out with oligomers corresponding to human PSI (5'-TAA TTG GTC CAT AAA AGG C- 3 '; 5'-GCA CAG AAA GGG AGT CAC AAG-3') amplifying a fragment of 550 bp.
- the plasmid containing the expression cassette of the PDGF promoter was linearized via the restriction endonuclease Sna B1 according to standard procedures (Ausubel et al.; Current Protocols in Mol. Biol.) To generate a blunt-end cut in order to sub - clones APP cDNA.
- a plasmid preparation kit (Qiagen) was used to prepare supercoiled DNA.
- the complete transgene was purified as described above by digestion via the restriction enzyme NotI and separation of the transgene fragment by electrophoresis.
- the aliquots intended for microinjection were dialyzed against a TE buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.4; 0.1 mM EDTA) on a floating filter (Millipore; type of membrane: VS; 0.025 ⁇ m) and then filtered (Spin-X ; Costar; polyacetate membrane; 0.22 ⁇ m).
- the D ⁇ A was diluted to the final concentration of 1 - 2 ng / ⁇ l for microinjection.
- mutagenesis of APP was previously described (Czech et al. 1997) and the mutated APP sequences were introduced into the cD ⁇ A APP 75 ⁇ by insertion of the APP Sma I / Bgl II fragment containing exon 8 into the Bluescript vector containing the mutations.
- the cD ⁇ A APP from the Sma I site (-95) to the Cla I site (2699) was cloned into a modified pBluescript vector containing SalI sites from both other from the insertion site.
- the vector was digested with Sal I and the insert cloned into the murine Thy-1 vector using the Xho I site (L ⁇ thi et al. J osceuroscience 17, 4688-4699). The correct orientation was verified by restriction analysis and the sequenced construction at the ligation sites. For microinjection, the cassette was linearized by restriction ⁇ ot I— Pvu I then purification of the fragment containing the transgene.
- APP 75 ⁇ Kozak SL The mutagenesis of APP was previously described (Czech et al. 1997) and the mutated APP sequences were introduced into cDNA APP 75 ⁇ by insertion of the APP Sma I / Bgl II fragment with exon 8 into the vector Bluescript containing the mutations.
- an optimized Kozak consensus sequence was introduced by PCR directed mutagenesis.
- the oligonucleotide combination was: sense oligo (initiation region): ccc ggg tcc ace atg ctg ccc ggt ttg g (Kozak sequence underlined), oligo antisense: ttc agg gta gac ttc ttg gc.
- the PCR product was cloned into pCR2 (Invitrogen, France), sequence then subcloned into the Bluescript vector containing the cDNA APP 75 ⁇ SL using Sma I and Ace I, thus deleting the 5 'UTR of the APP and introducing the Kozak consensus sequence.
- the above cDNA APP extended in 3 ′ to Cla I (2699) was subcloned into a modified Bluescript vector containing two Sal I sites on the one hand and d other of the insert.
- the vector was digested with Sal I and the insert cloned into the murine Thy-1 vector using the Xho I site (L ⁇ thi et al. J Neuroscience 17, 4688-4699). The correct orientation was verified by restriction analysis and the sequenced construction at the ligation sites.
- the cassette was linearized by Not I - Pvu I restriction then purification of the fragment containing the transgene.
- Transgenic animals were obtained and identified according to standard procedures already described (e.g. "Manipulating the Mouse Embryo”; Hogan et al CSH Press; Cold Spring Harbor. N.Y.).
- the brain tissue of transgenic mice and non-transgenic control mice was homogenized on ice in a 0.32 M sucrose solution containing protease inhibitors (CompleteTM, Boehringer-Mannheim, Germany). Cellular debris was removed by centrifugation at 4 ° C for 5 min at 1500g. The protein concentration in the supernatant was measured using the BCA protein test (Pierce, USA).
- PSI protease inhibitors
- 25 ⁇ g of protein extract were incubated at 56 ° C. for 20 min in Laemmli deposition buffer containing 8 mM urea and 50 mM dithiothreitol.
- APP and A- ⁇ 25 ⁇ g of protein extract were denatured at 95 ° C.
- the primary antibodies (Ab) that have been used are:
- Anti-APP mouse monoclonal antibody (1: 100; 22C11, Boehringer)
- Biotinylated monoclonal mAb of anti-A ⁇ ⁇ 7-24 mice (1: 200, clone 4G8, Senetek)
- Biotinylated monoclonal mAb of anti-A ⁇ i- ⁇ mice (1: 200, clone 6E10, Senetek)
- Anti-A ⁇ - ⁇ 7 mouse monoclonal Ab (1: 100, clone 6F / 3D, Dako)
- Anti-GFAP rabbit polyclonal antibody (1: 3000, Dako)
- Anti-synaptophysin rabbit polyclonal antibody (1: 100, Dako)
- PNF Phosphorylated Anti-Neurofilament Mice
- Anti-cytochrome C mouse monoclonal Ab (clone 7H8.2C12, 1: 200, Pharmingen)
- the secondary antibodies (1: 400, Vector) which have been used are anti-mouse IgG Ab (H + L) for experiments involving the use of primary mouse Ab, and rabbit anti-IgG Ab or anti-rat IgG (H + L) for experiments involving the use of primary Rabbit or rat Ab, respectively.
- the secondary Ac which was used is a rabbit anti-IgG conjugated to fluorochrome CY3 (1/400, Vector),
- the animals were housed under controlled temperature and humidity conditions and subjected to a 12 hour day / 12 hour night cycle (light 7:00 am EST). The animals had free access to food and water. The experiments on these animals were carried out with the agreement of the Rhône Poulenc Rorer Ethics Committee on the care and use of animals, in accordance with the standards of the "Guide for the care and use of laboratory animais" (National Research Council ILAR) and in compliance with French regulations and the EEC directive. The animals used for neurohistopathological studies are listed in the following table:
- mice were deeply anesthetized (Pentobarbital: 60 mg / ml / kg ip, Ketamine: 40 mg / ml / kg ip) and then perfused in transcardiac with physiological saline then paraformaldehyde (4% in PBS).
- the brains were then removed and then postfixed in the same fixing solution for 24 hours at 4 ° C. After fixation, the brains were separated into right and left hemicerveaux and then subjected to the conventional paraffin coating protocol.
- the sections were then incubated in 1 ⁇ 202 (1% in methanol) in order to block the endogenous peroxidasic activities, rinsed in ethanol and citrate buffer (10 Mm sodium citrate, pH 6) and finally placed in a micro -waves (650W, Whirlpool) for 2x 5 min in the citrate solution.
- citrate buffer 10 Mm sodium citrate, pH 6
- 650W, Whirlpool a micro -waves
- the sections were stained with 1% thioflavin S (Sigma, France) after being incubated for 10 min in a Mayer's hematoxylin solution (Sigma, France) to block nuclear fluorescence. They were then observed under a microscope equipped with a fluorescence system (Axioscop Zeiss, France) via the use of an FITC filter.
- the dewaxed brain sections were incubated in the solution of Primary ac (overnight at 4 ° C). After rinsing, the sections were placed in the presence of biotinylated secondary Ac (for 2 hours at room temperature) then in the presence of the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex according to the manufacturer's instructions (Kit ABC Vectastin, Laboratories Vector, Burlingame, CA). 3-3'-diaminobenzydine was used as a chromogen for the enzyme peroxidase.
- the anti-Bax Ab (PI 9 antibody, Santa Cruz) was incubated with the synthetic peptide Bax (PI 9 peptide control, Santa Cruz) (concentrations of the peptide tested: 0.002, 0.02 and 0 , 2 mg / ml) for at least 12 h before being used according to the immunohistochemistry protocol described above.
- the anti-cytochrome C Ab (7H8.2C12, Pharmingen) was incubated according to the same protocol with exogenous purified cytochrome C from horse or rat heart (Sigma) (concentrations of the purified proteins tested: 0.01 and 0, 1 mg / ml).
- A- ⁇ - immunolabelled hemicerveaux sections anti-A ⁇ biotinylated mouse monoclonal Ab ⁇ 7-24 , 4G8, Senetek
- diaminobenzidine as chromogen and d '' an image analysis system coupled with a color camera and a microscope (Q600 system, LEICA).
- Video images of each anatomical region of interest were captured and a threshold for automatic detection of the average gray level corresponding to the immunolabelling of the A- ⁇ deposits (and capable of discriminating the specific marking of the background noise) was defined. .
- a manual control of each field was carried out by the experimenter in order to manually eliminate any artifact.
- the load of A- ⁇ was measured at the rostrocaudal bregma -3.4 level of the stereotaxic atlas of mice (Franklin and Paxinos).
- the load of A- ⁇ is defined as the percentage of the surface of the A- ⁇ immunostaining relative to the total surface of the cerebral region analyzed, i.e. the hippocampus, the cortex and the rest of the cut (sub-cortical regions).
- the immunohistochemical double labeling experiments were carried out by incubation of the brain sections according to a two-step protocol. Briefly, the sections were immunostained in a first step via the use of an Ac primary (for example: anti-GFAP, anti-synaptophysin, anti-Bax or anti-cytochrome C) visualized by a brown marking via the use of diaminobenzidine (enzyme substrate of horseradish peroxidase) according to the protocol described above.
- an Ac primary for example: anti-GFAP, anti-synaptophysin, anti-Bax or anti-cytochrome C
- diaminobenzidine enzyme substrate of horseradish peroxidase
- immunofluorescent double labeling was carried out in particular in order to demonstrate whether Bax colocalizes with APP, PSI, cytochrome C or SMI in neuritic elements associated with A- ⁇ deposits in transgenic mice carrying a double mutation (APP / PSI mutant).
- the sections were first incubated in anti-Bax Ab and revealed either via the use of a biotinylated secondary anti-rabbit IgG Ab conjugated to CY3 (1: 400, Chemicon), or via use of a secondary anti-rabbit IgG Ab then a signal amplification kit (Streptavidin-peroxidase / tetramethyl-Rhodamide Tyramide complex) according to the manufacturer's instructions (New England Nuclear).
- a signal amplification kit Streptavidin-peroxidase / tetramethyl-Rhodamide Tyramide complex
- the sections were successively incubated with a primary anti-APP, anti-PSI, anti-cytochrome C or anti-SMI Ab then a secondary biotinylated anti-mouse or rat IgG Ab.
- the sections were finally revealed via the use of a second signal amplification system (Streptavidin-peroxidase complex / Fluorescein Tyramide) according to the manufacturer's instructions (New England Nuclear).
- the microscopic observations of the sections were carried out via the use of filters CY3 or rhodamine (excitation at 550 nm, emission at 570 nm) for the immunofluorescent marking Bax and the fluorescein filter (excitation at 495 nm, emission at 517nm) for the second immunofluorescent labeling.
- the brain homogenates of different lines of transgenic mice were analyzed by Western blot for the expression of APP, using a monoclonal antibody WO-2. This antibody is specially indicated because it recognizes human APP and A- ⁇ but does not recognize endogenous mouse APP. No signal was indeed detected in the track corresponding to the non-transgenic mouse (Fig. 1, track 3). Lanes 1 and 2 of FIG. 1 correspond to the extracts of brains of transgenic mice previously shown expressing high levels of the APP transgene (Moechard et al. 1999a). The PDGF APP 695 SDL transgenic mice in lane 7 were used to produce lines of double transgenic mice with mice carrying the PSI M146L transgene.
- the age of the transgenic mice does not influence the expression of the APP transgene or its metabolism at the beta cleavage site. Nevertheless, there is a strong accumulation of A- ⁇ at 9 months and starting at the age of 6 months. This increase in A- ⁇ is well correlated with the onset of the formation of amyloid plaques in the brains of transgenic mice (see below). This suggests that the increase in A- ⁇ detected by western blot may correspond to the A- ⁇ accumulated in the amyloid plaques.
- Another Western blot analysis on brain homogenates was carried out in order to determine whether the human PSI protein is expressed in double transgenic mice and in non-transgenic control (littermate) mice. A monoclonal Ab directed against the amino-terminal part of PSI was used.
- EXAMPLE 2 Localization and regional expression of transgenes in single (PDGF APP 695 SDL or HMG PS1M146L) or double (PDGF APP 695 SDLx HMG PS1M146L) mice.
- cortical regions such as the entorhinal cortex and in the amygdala.
- the subcortical regions show a lower level of expression of the transgene and the human APP protein is not detected either in the glial cells or at the vascular level.
- EXAMPLE 3 Demonstration of an accelerated process of deposition of amyloid in the brains of double transgenic mice carrying both the mutant APP protein and the mutant PSI protein (PDGF APP 69S SDL x HMG PS1M146L)
- PDGF APP 69S SDL x HMG PS1M146L mutant PSI protein
- the number of A- ⁇ deposits is higher in mice at 12 months than in mice aged 6 and 9 months, as shown qualitatively and quantitatively. Figures 7 and 8, respectively.
- the A- ⁇ deposits, at 6 and 9 months, are located in a restricted cerebral region corresponding to the subiculum and to the dorsal portion of the hippocampal region CAl (Fig. 7).
- the most numerous A- ⁇ deposits are localized in the hippocampal and cortical regions all along the rostrocaudal axis of the brain (Fig. 7 and Fig. 9).
- A- ⁇ deposits are present only occasionally in certain subcortical structures (for example, the internal capsule, the dorsolateral thalamus and the basal ganglia).
- synaptophysin- and SMI-immunoreactive neuritic elements are present in the brains of double transgenic mice and they are intimately associated with A- ⁇ deposits.
- our results show that the neuritic elements are very similar to those described in the human AD brain.
- A- ⁇ deposits in AD brain tissue are associated with glial cells (inflammatory cells of the central nervous system), it has been investigated whether a glial reaction in the neuropil occurs in our transgenic mice which develop A- ⁇ deposits.
- No GFAP-immunoreactive reactive astrocyte in the brain, nor non-transgenic control mice, nor transgenic mice which do not develop A- ⁇ deposits for example the single transgenic mice PDGF APP 695 SDL or HMG PS1M146L).
- all double transgenic mice with A- ⁇ deposits in their brains have reactive GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes intimately associated with A- ⁇ deposits (Fig. 17).
- a single immunostaining was carried out to visualize the Bax protein alone and a double immunostaining to visualize, on the same brain section, the Bax protein and the A- ⁇ deposits; this in order to determine a relationship between the expression of Bax and the amyloid plaques.
- these abnormal Bax-immunoreactive cellular elements are located exclusively in brain regions rich in A- ⁇ deposits, such as the dentate gyrus, the hippocampal regions CAl and CA3, the subiculum, and the cingulate and entorhinal cortex.
- cytochrome C The results of simple immunochrome labeling of cytochrome C showed that the protein cytochrome C is expressed in the neuronal cell bodies in the 4 groups of animals examined (non-transgenic controls, single and double transgenic - Table I).
- the immunoreactive cytochrome C-neuron distribution pattern is similar to that described for Bax.
- the expression of cytochrome C is demonstrated in cellular elements such as neurites and abnormal neuronal cell bodies (Fig. 20) only in double transgenic mice. These cytochrome C-immunoreactive cellular elements are never observed in simple transgenic or non-transgenic control mice (Fig. 20).
- the cytochrome C-immunoreactive neuritic elements are located in the brain structures in which the A- ⁇ deposits are present, mainly the dentate gyrus, the hippocampal regions CAl and CA3, the cingulate cortex (Fig. 20).
- the double immunostaining of cytochrome C and of the A- ⁇ deposits shows that the cytochrome C-immunoreactive neuritic elements in these double transgenic animals are intimately associated with amyloid plaques (Fig. 20).
- cytochrome C immunostaining is specific as demonstrated by the preabsorption experiments with purified cytochrome C proteins.
- the double immunostaining Bax / A ⁇ and cytochrome C / A ⁇ were carried out on tissue of postmortem human brain of a control individual and an AD subject.
- the results obtained show that, in the human AD brain, the Bax- or cytochrome C-immunoreactive neuritic elements such as dystrophic neurites and early neurofibrillary neurodegenerations are present inside or around amyloid plaques.
- the abnormal neuronal, Bax- and cytochrome C-immunoreactive elements were not observed in the control human tissue.
- Alzheimer's PS-1 mutation perturbs calcium homeostasis and sensitizes PC 12 cells to death induced by amyloid ⁇ -peptide.
- Alzheimer's presenilin mutation sensitizes neural cells to apoptosis induced by trophic factor withdrawal and amyloid ⁇ -peptide: involvement of calcium and oxyradicals. J. Neurosci. 17: 4212-4222.
- BAX-induced cell death may not require interleukin lb- converting enzyme-lke proteases.
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| FR9911678A FR2798556B1 (fr) | 1999-09-17 | 1999-09-17 | Nouveau modele animal de la maladie d'alzheimer presentant a la fois des plaques amyloides et des dysfonctionnements mitochondriaux |
| FR9911678 | 1999-09-17 | ||
| US16118399P | 1999-10-22 | 1999-10-22 | |
| US161183P | 1999-10-22 | ||
| PCT/FR2000/002540 WO2001020977A1 (fr) | 1999-09-17 | 2000-09-14 | Nouveau modele animal de la maladie d'alzheimer presentant a la fois des plaques amyloides et des dysfonctionnements mitochondriaux |
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| US7700823B2 (en) * | 2003-10-02 | 2010-04-20 | Aventis Pharma S.A. | Transgenic animals exhibiting major disorders related to Alzheimer's disease |
| JP2016537995A (ja) * | 2013-11-05 | 2016-12-08 | アンスティチュ ナショナル ドゥ ラ サンテ エ ドゥ ラ ルシェルシュ メディカル | 新しいアルツハイマー病動物モデル |
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| US5898094A (en) * | 1996-10-21 | 1999-04-27 | University Of South Florida | Transgenic mice expressing APPK670N,M671L and a mutant presenilin transgenes |
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Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| DICKSON D.W.: "BUILDING A MORE PERFECT BEAST: APP TRANSGENIC MICE WITH NEURONAL LOSS", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY, vol. 164, no. 4, April 2004 (2004-04-01), pages 1143 - 1146 * |
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