EP1224214A1 - Redox reversible hcv proteins with native-like conformation - Google Patents

Redox reversible hcv proteins with native-like conformation

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Publication number
EP1224214A1
EP1224214A1 EP00972863A EP00972863A EP1224214A1 EP 1224214 A1 EP1224214 A1 EP 1224214A1 EP 00972863 A EP00972863 A EP 00972863A EP 00972863 A EP00972863 A EP 00972863A EP 1224214 A1 EP1224214 A1 EP 1224214A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
hcv
protein
amino acid
proteins
functionally equivalent
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00972863A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Alfons Bosman
Erik Depla
Geert Maertens
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Fujirebio Europe NV SA
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Innogenetics NV SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Innogenetics NV SA filed Critical Innogenetics NV SA
Priority to EP00972863A priority Critical patent/EP1224214A1/en
Publication of EP1224214A1 publication Critical patent/EP1224214A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/08—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses
    • C07K16/10—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses from RNA viruses
    • C07K16/1081—Togaviridae, e.g. flavivirus, rubella virus, hog cholera virus
    • C07K16/109—Hepatitis C virus; Hepatitis G virus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/34—Identification of a linear epitope shorter than 20 amino acid residues or of a conformational epitope defined by amino acid residues
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2770/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses positive-sense
    • C12N2770/00011—Details
    • C12N2770/24011—Flaviviridae
    • C12N2770/24211—Hepacivirus, e.g. hepatitis C virus, hepatitis G virus
    • C12N2770/24222—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to HCV proteins in which cysteine residues are reversibly protected during purification. Eventually, this purification procedure results in HCV proteins with biological activity and a native-like protein conformation, which present corresponding epitopes.
  • the present invention pertains also to drug screening methods using these HCV proteins, and diagnostic and therapeutic applications, such as vaccines and drugs.
  • HCV infection is a major health problem in both developed and developing countries. It is estimated that about 1 to 5 % of the world population is affected by the virus. HCV infection appears to be the most important cause of transfusion-associated hepatitis and frequently progresses to chronic liver damage. Moreover, there is evidence implicating HCV in induction of hepatocellular carcinoma. Consequently, the demand for reliable diagnostic methods and effective therapeutic agents is high. Also sensitive and specific screening methods of HCV-contaminated blood-products and improved methods to culture HCV are needed.
  • HCV is a positive stranded RNA virus of approximately 9,600 bases which encode at least three structural and six non-structural proteins. Based on sequence homology, the structural proteins have been functionally assigned as one single core protein and two envelope proteins: E1 and E2.
  • the E1 protein consists of 192 amino acids and contains 5 to 6 N- glycosylation sites, depending on the HCV genotype.
  • the E2 protein consists of 363 to 370 amino acids and contains 9-11 N-glycosylation sites, depending on the HCV genotype (for reviews see: Major and Feinstone, 1997; Maertens and Stuyver, 1997).
  • the E1 protein contains various variable domains (Maertens and Stuyver, 1997), while the E2 protein contains three hypervariable domains, of which the major domain is located at the N-terminus of the protein (Maertens and Stuyver, 1997).
  • These envelope proteins have been produced by recombinant techniques in Escherichia coli, insect cells, yeast cells and mammalian cells.
  • NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B are non-structural (NS) proteins.
  • NS3 is about 70 kDa, and has protease and helicase activity. The sequences in NS3 that are essential for the helicase activity also have RNA binding, Mg binding, and ATP binding properties.
  • Anti-NS3 antibodies often appear first in sero-conversion series. The immuno-reactivity of the NS3 protein seems to be different in the various commercial assays available today. To date, vaccination against disease has been proven to be the most cost effective and efficient method for controlling diseases. Efforts to develop an efficacious HCV vaccine, however, have been plagued with difficulties.
  • HCV antigenic determinants should be identified, and administered to patients in a proper setting.
  • Antigenic determinants can be divided in at least two forms, i.e. lineair and conformational epitopes.
  • Conformational epitopes result from the folding of a molecule in a three-dimensional space.
  • it is believed that conformational epitopes will realize the most efficacious vaccines, since they represent epitopes which resemble native-like HCV epitopes.
  • there are seemingly insurmountable problems with culturing HCV that result in only minute amounts of virions.
  • there are vast problems with the expression and purification of recombinant proteins that result in not properly folded proteins. Therefore, the in vivo structure of most HCV proteins is obscure, and hence no solid study on conformational epitopes has been conducted.
  • E1 envelope protein needs the E2 envelope protein to reach a proper folding status (Deleersnyder et al., 1997).
  • E1 and E2 form heterodimers which may form the basic unit of the viral envelope (Yi et al., 1997).
  • Houghton (1997) reported that repeated immunizations with recombinant gpE1 E2 (4 x 25 ⁇ g) of 3 chronically HCV-infected chimpanzees did not induce a significant immune response.
  • NS3 epitopes in NS3 for detection of HCV positive sera are related to conformational epitopes.
  • NS3 epitopes are scattered all over the NS3 protein (see also Leroux-Roels et al. 1996; Rehermann et al., 1996, 1997; Diepolder et al., 1995, 1997).
  • the NS3 protein has been employed instead of peptides.
  • Advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering have made it possible to produce large amounts of protein products using heterologous expression systems. The use of heterologous hosts, however, can lead to differences in the biological and/or structural properties of the recombinant product.
  • TRX Thioredoxin
  • Glutharedoxine is a common representative of a second class of the thioredoxine superfamily.
  • the redox-active centre has the consensus sequence Cys-Pro-X- Cys, in which X is preferentially an aromatic amino acid, ie Tyr or Phe.
  • GRX as well TRX act both as reductants with disulfides, but GRX would be a specific glutathion (GSH)-mixed disulfide reductase, e.g. in the reduction of thiolated proteins.
  • the CXXC motif may also be involved in various intra- and extracellular biochemical and biological functions, eg thiol/disulfide exchange reactions, binding of transition metals, lipid incorporation site, and regulatory activities, such as, for example, control of gene transcription, regulation of signal transduction, including functioning as a cytokine, and the like, and control of the (de)thiolation status of proteins.
  • the CXXC motif can function in tertiary as well as quaternary protein structures (see also Thomas et al., 1995; Pinter et al., 1997; Aslund and Beckwith, 1999; Nakamura et al., 1997).
  • HCV proteins contain CXXC motifs.
  • the present invention overcomes these problems, since it describes and makes for the first time HCV proteins with a native-like conformation, due to a reversible redox status of cysteinyi residues.
  • new structures of HCV proteins are disclosed.
  • the present invention allows for the purification of HCV proteins that are biologically active and/or have a native-like conformation.
  • the native-like HCV proteins result in new conformational and oligomerisation-dependent epitopes.
  • the direct or indirect (mediated) in vitro and in vivo activities of the native-like HCV proteins create the possibility to study biochemical and biological pathways and cascades, eg. metabolic, enzymatic, signal-transduction, immuno-reactivity.
  • the identification of active centres, binding sites and interaction domains allow for the development of drugs, that interfere with the cellular and viral processes involved in hepatitis.
  • the present invention aims at an HCV protein, or any functionally equivalent part thereof, comprising a Cys-amino acid, which has a reversible redox status.
  • the present invention pertains to an HCV protein, which comprises at least two Cys-amino acids with a reversible redox status.
  • the latter Cys-amino acids can be spaced by other amino acids.
  • Preferentially said Cys amino acids are comprised in the amino acid sequence Cys-X ⁇ -X 2 - Cys, in which amino acid Xi denotes any amino acid, and amino acid X 2 denotes any amino acid. More preferentially, amino acid X ⁇ denotes either amino acid Val, Leu or He, and amino acid X 2 denotes amino acid Pro.
  • the present invention aims at providing an HCV protein, or any functionally equivalent part thereof, comprising at least two Cys-amino acids, with a reversible redox status, according to above, obtainable by the following process:
  • the present invention aims at providing the HCV protein, or any fuctionally equivalent part thereof, as defined above, for use as a medicament.
  • the present invention aims at the use of the HCV protein, or any functionally equivalent part thereof, as defined above, for the manufacture of an HCV vaccine composition, in particular a therapeutic vaccine or a prophylactic vaccine.
  • the present invention aims at providing the HCV protein, or any functionally equivalent part thereof, as defined above, for raising specific antibodies.
  • the present invention aims at providing an immunoassay for detecting HCV antibody by determining formation of an HCV antibody-HCV protein complex.
  • the present invention aims at providing a bioassay for identifying compounds that modulate the activity of HCV proteins as defined above, by monitoring changes in oxido- reductase activity.
  • Figure 1 Size exclusion of reversibly protected and irreversibly blocked Vero samples after lysis in the presence of L-ascorbate.
  • Vero Cells were lysed with Triton X-100 in the presence of 1mM L-ascorbate.
  • the lysate was loaded on Lentil Lectin and reduced with 7.5 mM DTT at pH 7.2 as described in PCT EP95/03031 to Maertens et al.
  • the reduced E1s was either (1) sulfonated with sodium tetrathionate, (2) irreversibly blocked with N-ethylmaleimide or (3) left untreated but the pH of the solution was decreased to 6.
  • the bars indicate the pools for analysis by silver staining and Western blotting
  • the histogram gives the sandwich ELISA results: Mab 14H11B2 (IGH 207) was used for coating and the detection was performed with HRP labeled 25C3 (IGH 200).
  • Fig. 2 Size exclusion chromatography of reversibly protected and irreversibly blocked Vero E1s after lysis in the presence of sulfonation agents
  • Vero cells were lysed as described in PCT EP95/03031 to Maertens et al., but sodium tetrathionate was added instead of NEM/ NEM.bio.
  • the purification on lentil and reduction were performed as described in PCT EP95/03031 to Maertens et al.
  • A Sulfonation of the Vero cell lysate and sulfonation after reduction with DTT
  • B Sulfonation of the Vero cell lysate and irreversible blocking with lodo-acetamide
  • C Vero E1s obtained after irreversible blocking with NEM/NEM.bio as described in PCT EP95/03031 to Maertens et al.
  • D overlay of the SEC profiles '
  • the E1s-fractions were pooled as indicated with the bars and analysed by silver staining and
  • Fig. 3 Fraction analysis of the SEC in 3% Empigen by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.
  • Fig 3A.2 shows the fraction screening by Western blot with 11 B7D8 for the conditions described as in Fig 1.C (lysis in ascorbate and SEC at pH 6 after DTT reduction).
  • Lane 2 and 7 reference material as prepared by PCT EP95/03031 to Maertens et al.
  • Lane 3 and 8 reference material prepared with irreversibly blocked cysteines (Treatment with lodo-acetamide)
  • Lane 4 and 9 material obtained after sulfonation of lysate and sulfonation after reduction
  • Lane 5 and 10 material obtained after lysis in the presence of ascorbate and sulfonation after reduction.
  • Fig 5A 90% pure mTNF(His) 6 NS3B9 fusion protein was desalted to 25 mM citrate, 1mM EDTA, pH 4 after reduction with 200 mM DTT.
  • the fusion protein was diluted till 500 ⁇ g/ mL in desalting buffer and stored at -70°C in the presence or absence of thiol protective agents (antioxidant group 1 , group 2).
  • the samples were diluted to 0.5 ⁇ g/mL in ELISA coating buffer (50 mM bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.6) with or without thiol protecting agents (anti-oxidant). The wells were blocked with PBS in presence or absence of protecting agent.
  • Serum sample incubation was performed in presence or absence of 10 mM DTT and the ELISA was developed with HRP conjugated rabbit anti human antibodies (Dako, Denmark) after washing. The reaction was stopped by addition of 2N H 2 S0 4 .
  • CS CS
  • Sera (17790, 17826, 17832, 17838) were tested. Sera 17790 and 17832 are considered as difficult sera, because they are only detected as HCV positive sera after treatment with 200 mM DTT (positive control). The 10 mM DTT treatment is included as negative control for these sera. Sera 17826 and 17838 are sera, that react with the NS3B9 protein after 10 mM DTT treatment (and are considered as easily detectable HCV sera).
  • Antioxidant group 1 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM L-ascorbic acid, 1 mM reduced glutathion.
  • Antioxidant group 2 1mM thiodiethyleneglycol (TEG), 1mM thiophenecarboxylic acid (TPCB), 1mM pyrrolidone dithiocarbamate (PDTC), 1mM diethyl dithiocarbamate (DETC).
  • TAG 1mM thiodiethyleneglycol
  • TPCB 1mM thiophenecarboxylic acid
  • PDTC 1mM pyrrolidone dithiocarbamate
  • DETC diethyl dithiocarbamate
  • the ELISA was performed as described in Fig. 5A, except that the effect (type and concentration) of mono- and dithio compounds as reversible protection group was investigated in more detail.
  • sample diluent was incubated in this ELISA always in the presence of 3 mM DTT.
  • Antioxidant 1 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM L-ascorbate
  • Antioxidant 2 1mM thiophenecarboxylic (TPBC) acid, 1 mM thioethyleneglycol (TEG), 1 mM
  • GSH and Cys are reduced glutathion and cysteine respectively.
  • the proteins were visualised by (a) silver staining; (b) Western blotting anti E1s or (c) GNA blotting.
  • the present invention relates to HCV proteins with specific conformations.
  • HCV proteins with a native-like conformation are generated, in particular HCV E1 protein.
  • Specific cysteine bonds involved in the conformation of these HCV proteins were found to be important.
  • a new and inventive purification protocol is disclosed that enables to purify HCV proteins with a native-like conformation.
  • These new HCV proteins are able to not only present conformational epitopes but also display biological activity.
  • HCV proteins can be used for various studies, such as, for example, studies on drug screening, biological activities, signal-transduction pathways, intra- and extracellular processing, interactions and binding between HCV and/or non-HCV molecules, oligomerisation, conformational epitopes, antibody screening, metabolism and enzymatic activity, immuno-reactivity. Hence, these studies can be placed in a context for an eventually diagnostic and/or therapeutic application.
  • the present invention is based on the finding that HCV proteins have specific, native-like conformations and biological activity, due to reversible redox status of cysteinyi residues.
  • the present invention pertains therefore to an HCV protein, or any functionally equivalent part thereof, comprising a Cys-amino acid, which has a reversible redox status.
  • the present invention pertains to an HCV protein, which comprises at least two Cys-amino acids with a reversible redox status.
  • the latter Cys-amino acids can be spaced by other amino acids.
  • Preferentially said Cys amino acids are comprised in the amino acid sequence Cys-Xr X 2 -Cys, in which amino acid X ⁇ denotes any amino acid, and amino acid X 2 denotes any amino acid. More preferentially, amino acid X, denotes either amino acid Val, Leu or lie, and amino acid X 2 denotes amino acid Pro.
  • the present invention relates to HCV, and other members of the genus Flaviviridae, such as, for example, Hepatitis G virus, Dengue virus, Yellow Fever Virus.
  • HCV contemplates all members of the genus Flaviviridae.
  • protein refers to an HCV protein, or any functionally equivalent part thereof, containing in its amino acid sequence at least one cysteine, the redox status of which is variable (see below). Also, protein "domains" containing at least one cysteine in its amino acid sequence are contemplated in the term “protein”.
  • functionally equivalent part thereof refers to a part or fragment of said HCV protein that contains in its amino acid sequence at least one cysteine, the redox status of which is variable.
  • protein and “functionally equivalent part thereof” refers to HCV proteins and fragments thereof comprising a redox active center, such as, for example, HCV E1 protein. More particularly, the present invention relates to HCV E1s, and HCV E1p.
  • the term “redox active center” as used herein connotates a protein motif with the consensus sequence CXXC.
  • a peptide refers to a polymer of amino acids (aa's) derived from the well-known HCV proteins (Linnen et al., 1996; Maertens and Stuyver, 1997).
  • HCV E1 is a well-known protein by a person skilled in the art (Wengler, 1991).
  • HCV E1 together with HCV E2 , which was previously called non-structural protein 1 (NS1) or E2 NS1 , constitute the envelope region of HCV.
  • peptide refers to a polymer of amino acids and does not refer to a specific length of the product.
  • peptide refers to a polymer of amino acids and does not refer to a specific length of the product.
  • polypeptide refers to a polymer of amino acids and does not refer to a specific length of the product.
  • polypeptide refers to a polymer of amino acids and does not refer to a specific length of the product.
  • protein proteins
  • peptide does not refer to or exclude post-expression modifications of the peptide, for example, glycosylations, acetylations, phosphorylations, and the like. Included within the definition of peptide are, for example, polypeptides containing one or more analogues of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids, PNA (Nielsen et al., 1991 , 1993), etc.), peptides with substituted linkages, as well as other modifications known within the art, both naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring.
  • peptides may be linear, circular or constrained (cyclised or stabilised by 'S-S' bridges, other than according to the present invention), consisting of D- or L-amino acids; peptides may be multimeric, branched, presented on phages or immobilised covalently or non-covalently on polymers from different nature, such as, for example, organic, lipid, carbohydrate, protein, nucleic acid polymers; or peptides may be present in a scaffold. It is thus to be understood that peptidomimitics or mimotopes are inherent in the terms "polypeptide", “peptide” and "protein".
  • Immobilisation on polymers can be realised by residues of the HCV peptide self or by HCV peptide fused or coupled to other molecules such as, for example via a his-tag (Dietrich et al., 1996) or lipid chelators (Dietrich et al., 1995)
  • micromotopes refers to polypeptides which mimic the polypeptides as defined herein immunologically. Since sequence variability has been observed for HCV, it may be desirable to vary one or more amino acids as to better mimic the epitopes of different strains. It should be understood that such mimiotopes need not be identical to any particular HCV sequence as long as the subject compounds are capable of providing for immunological competition with at least one strain of HCV.
  • peptidomimitics refers to molecules that do not need to be composed solely of amino acids, but mimic the polypeptides as defined herein immunologically.
  • the present invention specifically refers to peptides prepared by classical chemical synthesis. The synthesis can be carried out in homogeneous solution or on solid phase. For instance, the synthesis technique in homogeneous solution which can be used is the one described by Houbenweyl (1974). The peptides of the present invention can also be prepared by solid phase according to the methodes described by Atherton and Shepard (1989).
  • HCV peptides, peptidometics and mimotopes synthesized by dendrimer Zhang & Tarn, 1997), polyketide (Carreras & Santi, 1998) or intein technology (Southworth et al, 1999) are also included in the present invention.
  • the peptides according to the present invention can also be prepared by means of recombinant DNA techniques, such as described in Sambrook et al. (1989), in prokaryotes or lower or higher eukaryotes.
  • the term 'lower eukaryote' refers to host cells such as yeast, fungi and the like. Lower eukaryotes are generally (but not necessarily) unicellular.
  • the term 'prokaryotes' refers to hosts such as E.coli. Lactobacillus. Lactococcus. Salmonella. Streptococcus. Bacillus subtilis or Streptomvces. Also these hosts are contemplated within the present invention.
  • Preferred lower eukaryotes are yeasts, particularly species within Schizosaccharomvces. Saccharomvces. Kluiveromvces. Pichia (e.g. Pichia pastoris). Hansenula (e.g. Hansenula polvmorpha). Schwaniomvces. Schizosaccharomvces. Yarowia. Zvqosaccharomvces and the like. Saccharomvces cerevisiae. S. carlsber ⁇ ensis and K. lactis are the most commonly used yeast hosts, and are convenient fungal hosts.
  • the term 'higher eukaryote' refers to host cells derived from higher animals, such as mammals, reptiles, insects, and the like.
  • Presently preferred higher eukaryote host cells are derived from Chinese hamster (e.g. CHO), monkey (e.g. COS and Vero cells), baby hamster kidney (BHK), pig kidney (PK15), rabbit kidney 13 cells (RK13), the human osteosarcoma cell line 143 B, the human cell line HeLa and human hepatoma cell lines like Hep G2, and insect cell lines (e.g. Spodoptera fruqiperda).
  • the host cells may be provided in suspension or flask cultures, tissue cultures, organ cultures and the like. Alternatively the host cells may also be transgenic animals.
  • the proteins according to the present invention can also be isolated from mammalian hosts, in particular mice or primates, e.g. humans as well as non-humans.
  • amino acids can be denoted by their full name, three-letter abbreviation, and one-letter symbol (see eg Stryer, 1981).
  • the present invention pertains to an HCV protein or part thereof as defined above, which specifically binds intra- or intercellular host molecules (host-derived molecules), such as, for example,
  • receptor proteins eg. annexin V, apolipoprotein B, tubulin, 24 kDa plasma membrane protein (Abrigani WO 97/09349), mannose receptor, asialoglycoprotein receptor;
  • HCV protein or part thereof as defined above, which specifically binds another HCV protein or HCV nucleic acid (HCV-derived molecules), or parts thereof, resulting in homo- and/or hetero-oligomeric complexes.
  • HCV-derived molecules HCV nucleic acid
  • the complexes resulting from HCV proteins, or parts thereof, as defined above bound to other HCV-derived molecules or host-derived molecules are colloquially denoted "HCV- derived complex".
  • an "HCV-derived complex” consists of at least an HCV protein as defined above connected to another molecule, ie (HCV-protein)-X, in which X is a host- derived molecule or an HCV-derived molecule.
  • the term "purified” as applied herein refers to a composition wherein the desired components, such as, for example, HCV envelope proteins, comprise at least 35% of the total components in the composition.
  • the desired components preferably comprises at least about 40%, more preferably at least about 50%, still more preferably at least about 60%, still more preferably at least about 70%, even more preferably at least about 80%, even more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95%, and most preferably at least about 98% of the total component fraction of the composition.
  • the composition may contain other compounds, such as, for example, carbohydrates, salts, lipids, solvents, and the like, without affecting the determination of the percentage purity as used herein.
  • an “isolated” HCV protein intends an HCV protein composition that is at least 35% pure.
  • a purified HCV protein refers to isolated HCV proteins in essentially pure form.
  • essentially purified HCV proteins refers to HCV proteins such that they can be used for in vitro diagnostic methods and therapeutics. These HCV proteins are substantially free from cellular proteins, vector-derived proteins or other HCV viral components.
  • these proteins are purified to homogeneity, at least 80% pure, preferably 85%, more preferably 90%, more preferably 95%, more preferably 97%, more preferably 98%, more preferably 99%, even more preferably 99.5%, and most preferably the contaminating proteins should be undetectable by conventional methods such as SDS-PAGE and silver staining.
  • the present invention relates also to an HCV-antibody that can recognise an HCV-peptide as described above.
  • the present invention relates to an HCV protein or a functionally equivalent part thereof as defined supra, for raising anti-HCV antibodies, that specifically recognise said HCV protein or a functionally equivalent part thereof.
  • HCV-antibody refers to any polyclonal or monoclonal antibody binding to an HCV-protein of the present invention or an HCV-derived complex.
  • HCV-antibodies also connotates specific HCV-antibodies that are raised against epitopes which result from the conformation in HCV proteins due to the presence of S-S-bridges in these HCV proteins.
  • said S-S-bridges can be an intrinsic be part of the epitope.
  • the oxido-reduction status of the cysteines may change or stabilise the protein conformation (in the vicinity or not of these cysteine residues) which result in new epitopes, that may or may not contain these cysteine residues.
  • HCV antibody refers also to any polyclonal or monoclonal antibody binding to mimitopes, as defined above.
  • HCV-antibody thus also pertains to antibodies that bind antigenic determinants resulting from the specific conformation of HCV-derived complexes, ie antibodies that bind antigenic determinants which are not present on either the HCV-peptide of the present invention or the molecule said HCV-peptide is bound to, such as, for example, epitopes that find their origin from the interaction between the HCV peptide of the present invention and non-protein compounds like glycosaminogiycans (GAGs), heparine, nucleic acids, lipids, cofactors like metal-ions, and the like.
  • GAGs glycosaminogiycans
  • antigenic determinants may be formed by conformational changes, such as for example introduced by protein processing, cleaving or pH changes.
  • epitope refers to that portion of the antigen-antibody complex that is specifically bound by an antibody-combining site. Epitopes may be determined by any of the techniques known in the art, or may be predicted by a variety of computer prediction models known in the art.
  • binding i.e. interaction between the antigen and the antibody occurs under all conditions that respect the immunological properties of the antibody and the antigen.
  • HCV peptides there are various other procedures known to produce HCV peptides, that differ from the procedure of the present invention. These other procedures might result in HCV peptides capable of presenting epitopes. It is conceivable that the HCV peptides, obtained by these various and different procedures, are capable of presenting epitopes similar to the epitopes of the present invention. Thus, similar epitopes are epitopes resulting from different production or purifying procedures than from the present invention, but recognizable by one and the same antibody. However, the proteins of the instant invention present epitopes extremely efficient. Consequently, the epitopes on the proteins are more immunogenic.
  • the present invention also pertains to epitopes on proteins, said epitopes are at least 10 times, preferentially at least 20 times, preferentially at least 50, preferentially at least 100 times, preferentially at least 500 times, and most preferentially at least 1000 times more immunogenic than epitopes on HCV-peptides, which are not produced according to the present invention, and which do not have cysteinyi residues with a reversible redox status.
  • said immunogenecity can, for example, be detected and therefore compared by immunising mammals by means of administering comparable quantities of peptides, produced by either method.
  • HCV-antibody refers to an antibody binding to the natural, recombinant or synthetic HCV proteins, in particular binding to the natural, recombinant or synthetic E1 , E1s, E1p and/or NS3 proteins derived from HCV, or any functionally equivalent variant or part thereof (anti-HCV-E1 -, anti-HCV-E1s-, anti-HCV-E1 p- or HCV-NS3- antibody, respectively).
  • HCV-antibody may be present in a sample of body fluid, and may be an HCV- E1 -antibody, HCV-E1 s-antibody, HCV-E1 p-antibody or HCV-NS3-antibody.
  • the term "monoclonal antibody” used herein refers to an antibody composition having a homogeneous antibody population. The term is not limiting regarding the species or source of the antibody, nor is it intended to be limited by the manner in which it is made. Hence, the term “antibody” contemplates also antibodies derived from camels (Arabian and Bactrian), or the genus lama.
  • antibody also refers to antibodies derived from phage display technology or drug screening programs.
  • antibody also refers to humanized antibodies in which at least a portion of the framework regions of an immunoglobulin are derived from human immunoglobulin sequences and single chain antibodies as described in U.S. patent No 4,946,778 and to fragments of antibodies such as F ab , F. (ab)2 , F v , and other fragments which retain the antigen binding function and specificity of the parent antibody.
  • antibody also refers to diabodies, triabodies or multimeric (mono-, bi -, tetra- or polyvalent/ mono-, bi- or polyspecific) antibodies, as well as enzybodies, ie artificial antibodies with enzyme activity.
  • Antibodies also include modified forms (e.g. mPEGylated or polysialylated form (Fernandes & Gregoriadis, 1997) as well as covalently or non-covalently polymer bound forms.
  • the term “antibody” also pertains to antibody-mimicking compounds of any nature, such as, for example, derived from lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or analogues e.g. PNA, aptamers (see Jayasena, 1999).
  • HCV antibodies may be induced by vaccination or may be passively transferred by injection after the antibodies have been purified from pools of HCV-infected blood or from blood obtained from HCV vaccinees.
  • the present invention relates also to a kit comprising HCV-antibodies for detecting the HCV peptides as defined herein.
  • the invention further pertains to a purification procedure as described herein, resulting in HCV proteins of which at least one cysteinyi residue has a reversible redox status, as well as the HCV proteins obtainable by said purification procedure.
  • a purification procedure as described herein, resulting in HCV proteins of which at least one cysteinyi residue has a reversible redox status, as well as the HCV proteins obtainable by said purification procedure.
  • the cysteine residues are reversibly protected by chemical and/or enzymatic means (see also Examples section).
  • reversible redox status refers to sulfur of cysteines which have the ability to change from the reduced status to the oxidized status and vice versa. This change in redox status involves electron transfer.
  • oxido-reductase activity refers to the redox potential of the redox active center, and thus to its ability to transfer electrons from and to substrate molecules. This ability is dependent of the redox potential of the substrate molecules and the chemical environment.
  • Native HCV proteins have a specific conformation and may display biological activity.
  • the purification procedure of the present invention results in purified HCV proteins with a biological activity and/or conformation which is identical to or almost identical (native-like) to the native biological activity and/or conformation of HCV proteins.
  • the purification procedure of the present invention is characterised by the following:
  • the first phase in the purification procedure of the present invention is intended to reversibly protect the reactivity of the cysteine residues.
  • the first phase consists of the procedure as described extensively in PCT EP95/03031 to Maertens et al., but for one fundamental difference, in particular the cysteine residues are reversibly protected.
  • Reversible protection of the cysteine residues can be achieved by one of the following conditions (i) a modification group, or by (ii) stabilisation of the thiols and/or disulfide bridges, in effect, this protection stabilises the HCV protein, i.e. thiols and/or disulfide bridges have no tendency to react. Hence, the first phase results eventually in a pure product with reversibly protected cysteines;
  • the second phase in the purification procedure of the present invention is intended to restore the reactivity of the cysteine residues.
  • the reversible redox status allows for reactive HCV proteins with biological activity and/or with a native-like conformation.
  • the present invention pertains to an HCV protein, or any functionally equivalent part thereof, comprising at least two Cys-amino acids, which have a reversible redox status, as defined above, obtainable by the following process:
  • cofactors and antioxidantia are added to aid in protein stabilisation.
  • the purpose of reversibly protection is to stabilise the HCV protein.
  • the sulfur-containing functional group eg thiols and disulfides
  • the sulfur-containing functional group is retained in a non-reactive condition.
  • the sulfur-containing functional group is thus unable to react with other compounds, e.g. no tendency of forming or exchanging disulfide bonds, such as, for example
  • reversibly protecting contemplates covalently binding of modification agents to the cysteine residue, as well as manipulating the environment of the HCV protein such, that the redox state of the thiol-groups remains unaffected throughout subsequent steps of the purification procedure (shielding).
  • Reversible protection of the cysteine residues can be carried out chemically or enzymatically.
  • the term "reversible protection by enzymatical means" as used herein contemplates reversible protection mediated by enzymes, such as for example acyl-transferases, e.g. acyl- transferases that are involved in catalysing thio-esterification, such as palmitoyl acyltransferase (see below and Das et al., 1997).
  • Sulphonation is a reaction where thiol or cysteines involved in disulfide bridges are modified to S-sulfonate: RSH -> RS-S0 3 " (Andre Darbre ) or RS-SR- 2 RS-S0 3 " (sulfitolysis; Kumar et al, 1986).
  • Reagents for sulfonation are e.g. Na 2 S0 3 , or sodium tetrathionate.
  • the latter reagents for sulfonation are used in a concentration of 10 - 200 mM, and more preferentially in a concentration of 50 - 200 mM.
  • sulfonation can be performed in the presence of a catalysator such as, for example Cu 2+ (100 ⁇ M - 1mM) or cysteine (1 - 10 mM).
  • the reaction can be performed under protein denaturing as well as native conditions (Kumar et al., 1985; Kumar et al., 1986).
  • Thioester bond formation or thio-esterification is characterised by:
  • modification agents that reversibly modify the cysteinyls of the present invention such as, for example, by heavy metals, in particular Zn 2+ ', Cd 2+ (Matts et al, 1991), mono-, dithio- and disulfide- compounds (e.g. aryl- and alkylmethanethiosulfonate, dithiopyridine, dithiomorpholine, dihydrolipoamide, Ellmann reagent, aldrothiolTM (Aldrich) (Rein et al, 1996), dithiocarbamates), or thiolation agents (e.g. gluthathion, N-Acetyl cysteine, cysteineamine).
  • heavy metals in particular Zn 2+ ', Cd 2+
  • mono-, dithio- and disulfide- compounds e.g. aryl- and alkylmethanethiosulfonate, dithiopyridine, dithiomorpholine, dihydr
  • Dithiocarbamate comprise a broad class of molecules possessing an R 1 R 2 NC(S)SR 3 functional group, which gives them the ability to react with sulphydryl groups.
  • Thiol containing compounds are preferentially used in a concentration of 0.1 - 50 mM, more preferentially in a concentration of 1 - 50 mM, and even more preferentially in a concentration of 10-50 mM;
  • modification agents that preserve the thiol status in particular antioxidantia, such as for example DTT, dihydroascorbate, vitamin s and derivates, mannitol, amino acids, peptides and derivates (e.g. histidine, ergothioneine, carnosine, methionine), gallates, hydroxyanisole, hydoxytoluene, hydroquinon, hydroxymethylphenol and their derivates in concentration range of 10 ⁇ M-10 mM, more preferentially in a concentration of 1-10 mM;
  • antioxidantia such as for example DTT, dihydroascorbate, vitamin s and derivates, mannitol, amino acids, peptides and derivates (e.g. histidine, ergothioneine, carnosine, methionine), gallates, hydroxyanisole, hydoxytoluene, hydroquinon, hydroxymethylphenol and their derivates in concentration range of 10 ⁇ M-10
  • thiol stabilising conditions such as, for example, (i) cofactors as metal ions (Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ ), ATP, (ii) pH control(e.g. for proteins in most cases pH -5 or pH is preferentially thiol pK a -2; e.g. for peptides purified by Reverse Phase Chromatography at pH ⁇ 2).
  • Combinations of reversible protection as described in (1), (2), (3) and (4) may result in similarly pure and refolded HCV proteins.
  • combination compounds can be used, such as, for example Z103 (Zn carnosine), preferentially in a concentration of 1 - 10 mM.
  • reversible protection also refers to, besides the modification groups or shielding described above, any cysteinyi protection method which may be reversed enzymatically or chemically, without disrupting the peptide backbone.
  • the present invention specifically refers to peptides prepared by classical chemical synthesis (see above), in which, for example, thioester bounds are cleaved by thioesterase, basic buffer conditions (Beekman et al., 1997) or by hydroxylamine treatment (Vingerhoeds et al, 1996).
  • Thiol containing HCV proteins can be purified, for example, on affinity chromatography resins which contain (1) a cleavable connector arm containing a disulfide bond (e.g. immobilised 5,5' dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Jayabaskaran et al., 1987) and covalent chromatography on activated thiol-Sepharose 4B (Pharmacia)) or (2) a aminohexanoyl-4-aminophenylarsine as immobilised ligand.
  • affinity matrix has been used for the purifcation of proteins, which are subject to redox regulation and dithiol proteins that are targets for oxidative stress (Kalef ef a/., 1993).
  • Reversible protection may also be used to increase the solubilisation and extraction of peptides (Pomroy & Deber, 1998)
  • the reversible protection and thiol stabilizing compounds may be presented under a monomeric, polymeric or liposomic form.
  • the removal of the reversibly protection state of the cysteine residues can chemically or enzymatically accomplished by e.g.: -a reductant, in particular DTT, DTE, 2-mercaptoethanol, dithionite, SnCI 2 , sodium borohydride, hydroxylamine, TCEP, in particular in a concentration of 1 - 200 mM, more preferentially in a concentration of 50 - 200 mM;
  • -a reductant in particular DTT, DTE, 2-mercaptoethanol, dithionite, SnCI 2 , sodium borohydride, hydroxylamine, TCEP, in particular in a concentration of 1 - 200 mM, more preferentially in a concentration of 50 - 200 mM;
  • -enzymes in particular thioesterases, glutaredoxine, thioredoxine, in particular in a concentration of 0.01 - 5 ⁇ M, even more particular in a concentration of 0.1 - 5 ⁇ M.; -combinations of the above described chemical and/or enzymatical conditions.
  • the removal of the reversibly protection state of the cysteine residues can be carried out in vitro or in vivo, e.g. in a cell or in an individual.
  • cysteine residues may or may not be irreversibly blocked, or replaced by any reversible modification agent, as listed above.
  • a reductant according to the present invention is any agent which achieves reduction of the sulfur incysteine residues, e.g. "S-S" disulfide bridges, desulphonation of the cysteine residue (RS-S0 3 " -> RSH).
  • An antioxidant is any reagent which preserves the thiol status or minimises "S-S” formation and/or exchanges.
  • Reduction of the "S-S” disulfide bridges is a chemical reaction whereby the disulfides are reduced to thiol (-SH).
  • the disulfide bridge breaking agents and methods disclosed in WO 96/04385 are hereby incorporated by reference in the present description.
  • "S-S” Reduction can be obtained by (1) enzymatic cascade pathways or by (2) reducing compounds.
  • Enzymes like thioredoxin, glutaredoxin are known to be involved in the in vivo reduction of disulfides and have also been shown to be effective in reducing "S-S" bridges in vitro. Disulfide bonds are rapidly cleaved by reduced thioredoxin at pH 7.0, with an apparent second order rate that is around 10 4 times larger than the corresponding rate constant for the reaction with DTT. The reduction kinetic can be dramatically increased by preincubation the protein solution with 1 mM DTT or dihydroiipoamide (Holmgren, 1979).
  • Thiol compounds able to reduce protein disulfide bridges are for instance Dithiothreitol (DTT), Dithioerythritol (DTE), 3-mercaptoethanol, thiocarbamates, bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfone and N,N'-bis(mercaptoacetyl)hydrazine, and sodium-dithionite.
  • DTT Dithiothreitol
  • DTE Dithioerythritol
  • 3-mercaptoethanol thiocarbamates
  • bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfone and N,N'-bis(mercaptoacetyl)hydrazine sodium-dithionite.
  • changes in pH values may influence the redox status of HCV proteins.
  • Sodium borohydride treatment has been shown to be effective for the reduction of disulfide bridges in peptides (Gailit, 1993).
  • Tris (2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) is able to reduce disulfides at low pH (Burns et al., 1991).
  • BIO-ACTIVE SITE o The present invention further pertains to HCV proteins containing a biologically active CXXC- motif.
  • Structural or conformational changes effected by the cysteinyi redox status may be followed with biophysical methods, such as for example by spectrophotometry (absorbance, Circular Dichroism, Infrared, fluorescence, NMR) or with immunochemical methods (e.g. ELISA, EIA, and the like), which are based on the appearance or disappearance of epitopes.
  • biophysical methods such as for example by spectrophotometry (absorbance, Circular Dichroism, Infrared, fluorescence, NMR) or with immunochemical methods (e.g. ELISA, EIA, and the like), which are based on the appearance or disappearance of epitopes.
  • Sequences involved in the epitopes can be identified by Mass spectrometry (MS) and sequencing after cross-linking and affinity purification of the complex.
  • the conformational or new detectable linear epitopes may result from folding processes on tertiary or quaternary structure level.
  • Metal ion incorporation in the active site can be measured by radioactive decay measures or Atomic absorbance spectrometry.
  • HCV proteins of the present invention can be studied by e.g. FACS, Biacore, immunological assays (Western blotting, EIA, ELISA, and the like), crosslinking and chromatographical methods (e.g. affinity- chromatography, gel filtration).
  • Thioredoxin enzymatic activity of HCV proteins can be identified by studying the potential to reduce disulphide bridges according to the method as described by Holmgren et al. (1979). The effect of cofactors, such as DTT or dihydrolipoamide, can be verified in this method as well.
  • Non-proteinaceous compounds e.g. Ellmann reagent, aldrothiol
  • proteins e.g. aggregated insulin
  • mixed disulphides is an activity which is related to protein folding, and restoration of the active site.
  • the formation of mixed disulphides can be demonstrated by reversible protection or irreversible blocking of the thiol groups before and after reductant treatment with different agents (e.g. DTT), such as described in "purification procedure", followed by mass spectrometry analysis.
  • the pKa of the thiol groups in the -CXXC-containing protein is defined by treament with alkylation agents in function of the pH (titration). Differential protection and/or blocking of the residues and MS give information of the reaction initiating cysteinyi residue in the CXXC-site.
  • Amino terminal amino acid sequencing can give information about the processing, cleavage products and domain structure of the HCV protein.
  • the present invention also relates to a composition comprising a protein as defined above. More particularly the present invention relates to a vaccine composition.
  • the term "vaccine composition” relates to an immunogenic composition capable of eliciting protection against HCV, whether partial or complete. It therefore includes HCV peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, HCV-derived molecules or HCV-derived particles, as defined above. Protection against HCV refers in particular to humans, but refers also to non-human primates, trimera mouse (Zauberman et al., 1999), or other mammals.
  • a vaccine composition comprises, in addition to an active substance, a suitable excipient, diluent, carrier and/or adjuvant which, by themselves, do not induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition nor do they elicit protection.
  • Suitable carriers are typically large slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers and inactive virus particles. Such carriers are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Preferred adjuvants to enhance effectiveness of the composition include, but are not limited to: colloidal iron hydroxide (Leibl et al., 1999), aluminium hydroxide, aluminium in combination with 3-0-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A as described in WO 93/19780, aluminium phosphate as described in WO 93/24148, N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine as described in U.S.
  • RIBI ImmunoChem Research Inc., Hamilton, MT, USA
  • any of the three components MPL, TDM or CWS may also be used alone or combined 2 by 2.
  • adjuvants such as Stimulon (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, MA, USA) or SAF-1 (Syntex) may be used, as well as adjuvants such as combinations between QS21 and 3-de-O-acetylated monophosphoryl lipid A (WO94/00153), or MF-59 (Chiron), or poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy) phosphazene] based adjuvants (Virus Research Institute), or blockcopolymer based adjuvants such as Optivax (Vaxcel, Cythx) or inulin-based adjuvants, such as Algammulin and Gammalnulin (Anutech), Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) or Gerbu preparations (Gerbu Biotechnik).
  • a vaccine composition will further contain excipients and diluents, which are inherently non-toxic and non-therapeutic, such as water, saline, glycerol, ethanol, wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, preservatives, and the like.
  • HCV peptides of the present invention allows that these HCV peptides can be coupled covalently to a chemically activated carrier molecule, such as, for example, polymers or liposomes, or that the HCV peptide itself functions as carrier for binding other HCV-related or HCV non-related immunogenic proteins (mixed vaccines).
  • HCV peptides linked to liposomes by a thioester have the advantage that the bonds are broken in vivo by host thioesterases, resulting in a slow antigen release and presentation. Incorporation or binding of the HCV peptide to the polymer or liposome can also be based on non-covalent interactions, exploiting affinity between the ligands.
  • a vaccine composition is prepared as an injectable, either as a liquid solution or suspension.
  • Solid forms, suitable for solution on, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection may also be prepared.
  • the preparation may also be emulsified or encapsulated in liposomes for enhancing adjuvant effect.
  • the polypeptides may also be incorporated into Immune Stimulating Complexes together with saponins, for example Quil A (ISCOMS).
  • Vaccine compositions comprise an immunologically effective amount of the polypeptides of the present invention, as well as any other of the above-mentioned components.
  • Immunologically effective amount means that the administration of that amount to an individual, either in a single dose or as part of a series, is effective for prevention or treatment.
  • the amount varies depending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, the taxonomic group of the individual to be treated (e.g. human, non-human primate, primate, etc.), the capacity of the individual's immune system to mount an effective immune response, the degree of protection desired, the formulation of the vaccine, the treating doctor's assessment, the strain of the infecting HCV and other relevant factors. It is expected that the amount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials. Usually, the amount will vary from 0.01 to 1000 ⁇ g/dose, more particularly from 0.1 to 100 ⁇ g/dose.
  • the vaccine compositions are conventionally administered parenterally, typically by injection- for example, subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Additional formulations suitable for other methods of administration include oral formulations and suppositories. Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. The vaccine may be administered in conjunction with other immunoregulatory agents.
  • an HCV DNA vaccine composition comprises a plasmid vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an HCV protein as described above, operably linked to transcription regulatory elements.
  • a "plasmid vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked.
  • Preferred vectors are those capable of autonomous replication and/or expression of nucleic acids to which they have been linked.
  • plasmid vectors are circular double stranded DNA loops which, in their vector form, are not bound to the chromosome.
  • a "polynucleotide sequence" refers to polynucleotides such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and, where appropriate, ribonucleic acid (RNA).
  • DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
  • RNA ribonucleic acid
  • the term should also be understood to include, as equivalents, analogs of either RNA or DNA made from nucleotide analogs, and single (sense or antisense) and double-stranded polynucleotides.
  • transcription regulatory elements refers to a nucleotide sequence which contains essential regulatory elements, such that upon introduction into a living vertebrate cell it is able to direct the cellular machinery to produce translation products encoded by the polynucleotide.
  • operably linked refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components are configured so as to perform their usual function.
  • transcription regulatory elements operably linked to a nucleotide sequence are capable of effecting the expression of said nucleotide sequence.
  • the instant invention pertains thus also to the use of an HCV protein as defined herein for prophylactically inducing immunity against HCV (prophylactic vaccine). It should be noted that a vaccine may also be useful for treatment of an individual as pointed-out above, in which case it is called a "therapeutic vaccine”.
  • the present invention also relates to the usage of a protein as defined above or a composition as defined above for the manufacture of an HCV vaccine composition.
  • the present invention relates to the usage of a protein as defined herein for inducing immunity against HCV in chronic HCV carriers.
  • the present invention relates to the usage of a protein as defined herein for inducing immunity against HCV in chronic HCV carriers prior to, simultaneously to or after any other therapy, such as, for example, the well-known interferon therapy either or not in combination with the administration of small drugs treating HCV, such as, for example, ribavirin.
  • Such composition may also be employed before or after liver transplantation, or after presumed infection, such as, for example, needle-stick injury.
  • the present invention relates to a kit containing the HCV proteins of the present invention to detect HCV antibodies present in a biological sample.
  • biological sample refers to a sample of tissue or fluid isolated from an individual, including but not limited to, for example, serum, plasma, lymph fluid, the external sections of the skin, respiratory intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, oocytes, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, tumors, organs, gastric secretions, mucus, spinal cord fluid, external secretions such as, for example, excrement, urine, sperm, and the like.
  • HCV proteins of the present invention are highly immunogenic, and stimulate both the humoral and cellular immune response
  • the present invention relates also to a kit for detecting HCV related T cell response, comprising the HCV protein of the instant invention.
  • HCV T cell response can for example be measured as described in PCT/EP 94/03555 to Leroux-Roels et al. It should be stressed that the whole content, including all the definitions, of this document is incorporated by reference in the present application.
  • the present invention also relates to a composition as defined above which also comprises HCV core, E1 , E2, P7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and/or NS5B protein, or parts thereof.
  • E1 , E2, and/or E1 E2 particles may, for example, be combined with T cell stimulating antigens, such as, for example, core, P7, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and/or NS5B.
  • the present invention also features the use of a protein as described above, or a composition as described above to detect antibodies against HCV proteins.
  • the term "to detect” refers to any assay known in the art suitable for detection. In particular, the term refers to any immunoassay as described in WO 96/13590.
  • the invention provides methods for identifying compounds or agents which can be used to treat disorders characterized by (or associated with) HCV infection. These methods are also referred to herein as "drug screening assays" or “bioassays” and typically include the step of screening a candidate/test compound or agent for the ability to interact with (e.g., bind to) an HCV protein to modulate the interaction of an HCV protein and a target molecule, and/or to modulate HCV nucleic acid expression and/or HCV protein activity.
  • Candidate/test compounds or agents which have one or more of these abilities can be used as drugs to treat disorders characterized by HCV infection, HCV nucleic acid expression and/or HCV protein activity.
  • Candidate/test compounds such as small molecules, e.g., small organic molecules, and other drug candidates can be obtained, for example, from combinatorial and natural product libraries.
  • the invention provides assays for screening candidate/test compounds which interact with (e.g., bind to) HCV protein, or any functionally equivalent part thereof.
  • the assays are cell-free assays which include the steps of combining the HCV proteins of the present invention, its catalytic, i.e.
  • oxido-reductase activity, or immunogenic fragments thereof, and a candidate/test compound e.g., under conditions which allow for interaction of (e.g., binding of) the candidate/test compound to the HCV protein or portion thereof to form a complex, and detecting the formation of a complex, in which the ability of the candidate compound to interact with (e.g., bind to) the HCV protein or portion thereof is indicated by the presence of the candidate compound in the complex.
  • Formation of complexes between the HCV protein and the candidate compound can be quantitated, for example, using standard immunoassays.
  • the HCV proteins, its catalytic or immunogenic fragments or oligopeptides thereof employed in such a test may be free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, or located intracellularly
  • the invention provides screening assays to identify candidate/test compounds which modulate (e.g., stimulate or inhibit) the interaction (and most likely HCV protein activity as well) between an HCV protein and a molecule (target molecule) with which the HCV protein normally interacts, or antibodies which specifically recognize the HCV protein.
  • target molecules include proteins in the same signaling path as the HCV protein, e.g., proteins which may function upstream (including both stimulators and inhibitors of activity) or downstream of the HCV protein signaling pathway [Zn-fingers, protease activity, regulators of cysteine redox status].
  • the assays are cell-free assays which include the steps of combining an HCV protein of the present invention, its catalytic or immunogenic fragments thereof, an HCV protein target molecule (e.g., an HCV protein ligand) or a specific antibody and a candidate/test compound, e.g., under conditions wherein but for the presence of the candidate compound, the HCV protein or biologically active portion thereof interacts with (e.g., binds to) the target molecule or the antibody, and detecting the formation of a complex which includes the HCV protein and the target molecule or the antibody, or detecting the interaction/reaction of the HCV protein and the target molecule or antibody.
  • an HCV protein target molecule e.g., an HCV protein ligand
  • a candidate/test compound e.g., under conditions wherein but for the presence of the candidate compound, the HCV protein or biologically active portion thereof interacts with (e.g., binds to) the target molecule or the antibody, and detecting the formation
  • Detection of complex formation can include direct quantitation of the complex by, for example, measuring inductive effects of the HCV protein.
  • a statistically significant change, such as a decrease, in the interaction of the HCV protein and target molecule (e.g., in the formation of a complex between the HCV protein and the target molecule) in the presence of a candidate compound (relative to what is detected in the absence of the candidate compound) is indicative of a modulation (e.g., stimulation or inhibition) of the interaction between the HCV protein and the target molecule.
  • Modulation of the formation of complexes between the HCV protein and the target molecule can be quantitated using, for example, an immunoassay.
  • the present invention contemplates a method for identifying compounds that modulate the interaction between binding partners in a complex, in which at least one of said binding partners is the HCV protein as defined above, and said method comprising: (a) contacting a test compound with the complex, for a time sufficient to modulate the interaction in the complex; and thereafter (b) monitoring said complex for changes in interactions, so that if a change in the interaction is detected, a compound that modulates the interaction is identified .
  • the present invention contemplates the latter method in which at least one of the binding partners is selected from the group of: (i) HCV-derived molecules, eg nucleic acids (promoters or enhancers) (HCV RNA packed in HCV particles) or proteins (structural or non-structural proteins) (ii) Intracellular, host-derived molecules (modifiers of redox status of HCV peptides,
  • HCV-derived molecules eg nucleic acids (promoters or enhancers) (HCV RNA packed in HCV particles) or proteins (structural or non-structural proteins)
  • Intracellular, host-derived molecules modifyifiers of redox status of HCV peptides
  • HCV protein or its target molecule to facilitate separation of complexes from uncomplexed forms of one or both of the proteins, as well as to accommodate automation of the assay.
  • Interaction e.g., binding of
  • HCV protein to a target molecule in the presence and absence of a candidate compound, can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtitre plates, test tubes, and microcentrifuge tubes.
  • a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows the protein to be bound to a matrix.
  • HCV protein-His tagged can be adsorbed onto Ni-NTA microtitre plates (Paborsky et al., 1996), or HCV protein-ProtA fusions adsorbed to IgG, which are then combined with the cell lysates (e.g. (35) s -labeled) and the candidate compound, and the mixture incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the plates are washed to remove any unbound label, and the matrix immobilized and radiolabel determined directly, or in the supernatant after the complexes are dissociated.
  • cell lysates e.g. (35) s -labeled
  • the candidate compound e.g. (35) s -labeled
  • the mixture incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the plates are washed to remove any unbound label, and the matrix immobilized
  • the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, separated by SDS-PAGE, and the level of HCV protein-binding protein found in the bead fraction quantitated from the gel using standard electrophoretic techniques.
  • Other techniques for immobilizing protein on matrices can also be used in the drug screening assays of the invention.
  • HCV protein or its target molecule can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin.
  • Biotinylated HCV protein molecules can be prepared from biotin-NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, III.), and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated 96 well plates (Pierce Chemical).
  • biotinylation kit Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, III.
  • antibodies reactive with HCV protein but which do not interfere with binding of the protein to its target molecule can be derivatized to the wells of the plate, and HCV protein trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
  • preparations of a HCV protein-binding protein and a candidate compound are incubated in the HCV protein-presenting wells of the plate, and the amount of complex trapped in the well can be quantitated.
  • Methods for detecting such complexes include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies reactive with the HCV protein target molecule, or which are reactive with HCV protein and compete with the target molecule; as well as enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with the target molecule. ⁇
  • This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drug screening assays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding HCV protein specifically compete with a test compound for binding HCV protein. In this manner, the antibodies can be used to detect the presence of any protein which shares one or more antigenic determinants with HCV protein.
  • the invention provides a method for identifying a compound (e.g., a screening assay) capable of use in the treatment of a disorder characterized by (or associated with) HCV infection, HCV nucleic acid expression or HCV protein activity.
  • This method typically includes the step of assaying the ability of the compound or agent to modulate the expression of the HCV nucleic acid or the activity of the HCV protein thereby identifying a compound for treating a disorder characterized by HCV infection, HCV nucleic acid expression or HCV protein activity.
  • Modulators of HCV infection, HCV protein activity and/or HCV nucleic acid expression identified according to these drug screening assays can be used to treat, for example, HCV infection or disorders related to HCV infection.
  • These methods of treatment include the steps of administering the modulators of HCV protein activity and/or HCV nucleic acid expression, e.g., in a pharmaceutical composition as described above, to a subject in need of such treatment, e.g., a subject with an HCV infection.
  • the tissue or cell specificity of the drug may be enhanced by using the drug targeting methods (see Davis, 1997) or intracellular immunisation.
  • Liver targeting tools are for example biluribin coupled drugs (Kramer et al. 1992), asialoglycoprotein receptor or lipoprotein mediated transfer of drugs (Vingerhoeds et al. 1996).
  • Drugs may even intracellularly targeted with cell organel targeting of DNA expressed molecule via cell organel specific targeting tags (Persic et al 1997).
  • Methods for assaying the ability of the compound or agent to modulate the infection of HCV, the expression of the HCV nucleic acid or activity of the HCV protein are typically cell-based assays.
  • HCV infected animals are also contemplated herein.
  • HCV infected or transfected cells which are sensitive to reductants or oxidants, or which transduce signals via a pathway involving HCV protein can be induced to overexpress an HCV protein in the presence and absence of a candidate compound.
  • Candidate compounds which produce a statistically significant change in HCV protein - dependent responses can be identified.
  • infection of target cells by HCV expression of the HCV nucleic acid or the oxido-reductase activity of an HCV protein is modulated in cells and the effects of candidate compounds on the readout of interest (such as rate of infection, cell proliferation or differentiation, or oxido-reductase activity) are measured.
  • the transition rate from the thiolated form to the S-conjugated, i.e. S-S bridge, form can be assayed.
  • the expression of genes which are up- or down-regulated in response to an HCV protein -dependent signal cascade can be assayed.
  • the regulatory regions of such genes are operably linked to a detectable marker (such as luciferase) which encodes a gene product that can be readily detected.
  • a detectable marker such as luciferase
  • Phosphorylation of HCV protein or HCV protein target molecules can also be measured, for example, by immunoblotting.
  • the present invention pertains to a bioassay for identifying compounds that modulate the oxido-reductase activity of HCV proteins as defined above, said bioassay comprising:
  • the reversibly protected HCV peptide may be used for diagnostic coupling purposes in, for example, an oligomerised state as (1) chemical polyantigen preparations (the E1s coupled antigens are not necessary HCV related and may thus be used for multi-disease screening); (2) targets for immobilisation and immunodetection (e.g. biotinylation, fluorescence) or (3) for antibody conjugation, which in turn may result in supramolecular antibodies (e.g. Antibodies on virus-like particles).
  • the labelling and antibody conjugation result in an increase of sensitivity due to the amplification step by oligomerisation of the protein.
  • the present invention relates to an immunoassay for detecting HCV antibody, which immunoassay comprises: (1) providing the purified HCV protein as defined herein, or a functional equivalent thereof, (2) incubating a biological sample with said HCV protein under conditions that allow the formation of antibody-antigen complex, (3) determining whether said antibody-antigen complex comprising said HCV protein is formed.
  • Example 1 Determination of the thiol-disulphide status in vaccinia expressed E1s
  • HCV E1s protein (amino acids 192-326) was expressed and purified from Vero cells using recombinant vaccinia virus pv-HCV11A according to the protocol as described in Maertens et al. (PCT/EP 95/03031), except that the blocking of the thiol groups was done with lodo- acetamide and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) during the lysis and after the reduction with DTT, respectively.
  • NEM N-ethylmaleimide
  • the purified E1s was concentrated by ultrafiltration (Centricon 10, Millipore), deglycosylated with N-glycosidase F (PGNase F; Boehringer Mannheim) as described by the manufacturer, after which the E1s was loaded on a 15% PolyAcrylAmide minigel. SDS-PAGE was performed as described by Laemmli. The protein bands were cut in the ca. 18 kDalton region after size separation and staining.
  • Proteins were cleaved by in situ trypsinoiysis, and the resulting peptide digest was analysed by mass spectroscopy (MS; MALDI-TOFF) to determine the derivatisation state of the different cysteine-residues.
  • HCV peptide ie derived from an infectious pathogen
  • these three forms correlate well with the different oxidation status which has been described for the -CXXC-motif in the TRX superfamily, and correspond with the activity pattern described for the thiol oxidoreductases , ie molecules involved in regulating oxido- reduction environment in the cell (Rietsch & Beckwith, 1998; Loferer & Hennecke, 1994; Aslund & Beckwith, 1999 ; Huppa & Ploegh, 1999).
  • Saccharomyces cerevesiae (yeast) cells producing his-tagged HCV E1s were harvested by microfiltration and centrifugation.
  • Cu 2+ 100 mM stock solution in NH 3
  • the lysate is stored at -70°C and cleared by centrifugation (JA 20 rotor, 27 kgr at 4°C) after the freeze-thaw cycle.
  • Imidazole and EmpigenTM are added to the supernatant, respectively, till a final concentration of 20 mM and 1% (w/v) and the sample is applied on a Ni-IDA Sepharose FF column (Pharmacia) after dilution with the equilibration buffer (Buffer A, 20 mM Imidazole, 1% Empigen).
  • the resin was washed with the equilibration buffer till the absorbance at 280 nm reaches baseline level and the bound proteins are eiuted by applying an imidazole step gradient.
  • Example 3 Purification and immunolo ⁇ ical reactivity of E. coli NS3 fusion protein
  • E. coli cells producing the mTNF(His)6NS3 B9 fusion protein were harvested and the cells were resuspended in buffer A (see Example 2).
  • Sulfonation, sample preparation and metal chromatography run on Ni-IDA Sepharose FF (Pharmacia) were done as described for yeast (Example 2).
  • the mTNF(His)6 NS3 b9 fusion protein was retrieved in the 200 mM Imidazole elution pool.
  • Coomassie staining of SDS-PAGE gels and Western blot showed that the HCV fusion protein is >90% pure after sulfitolysis and IMAC (see Fig. 6A).
  • the immune reactivity of the fusion protein was checked by ELISA with HCV positive human sera.
  • the purified fusion protein was reduced with 200 mM DTT and the protein was desalted to 35 mM acetate, 6 M ureum, pH 4 on a Sephadex G25 column (Pharmacia).
  • the effect of anti-oxidants and reversible protecting agents (dithiocarbamate, GSH, cysteine) on the NS3 fusion protein reactivity was verified by adding these agents either before freezing at -70° or by adding these compounds during the dilution in the ELISA coating buffer.
  • NS3 fusion protein coated in the presence of 10 mM or 200 mM DTT were included as positive and negative control, respectively.
  • HCV sera which are difficult to detect are (1) sera which react not or minimal with other HCV antigens (NS3 onlies) or (2) sera which react with NS3- epitopes which are only presented and recognized by antibodies after treatment of sulfonated NS3 b9 with 200 mM DTT.
  • a treatment with 10 mM DTT of sulfonated NS3b9 is sufficient for restoring the immunological reactivity.
  • the ELISA results are given in Figures 5A and 5B.
  • Gluthathion was in turn superior to Cystein or other tested mono-SH (TEG, TPCB) products.
  • TAG mono-SH
  • the best ELISA signals were obtained for NS3B9 fusion protein, which was incubated at -70°C and diluted in the presence of thiol stabilising and reversible protective agents.
  • the minimal epitope is aa 209-227, especially the lack of reactivity with a peptide not containing the aminoacids 225-227 proves that these monoclonals cover an epitope overlapping with the thioredoxine-like site, more specifically with the first cysteine of this site.
  • the minimal epitope of the monoclonals of group 2 does not reach into the thioredoxine-like site.
  • E1 monoclonal antibodies group 1 IGH 198. 199 and 200
  • E1 monoclonal antibodies Malawi 2 IGH 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206 and 208 Sequence aa region IGP* result
  • IGH 199 15B5
  • IGH 204 8A8
  • IGH 209 5E1
  • Example 5 HCV E1 s purification after reversible modification of Cvs-residues
  • Vaccinia RK13 cells were lysed as described in Maertens et al. (PCT EP95/03031), but solid sodium tetrathionate was added to the lysate up to 65 mM instead of the irreversible thiol blocking agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). The lysate was incubated overnight at 4 C C and the purification steps (Lentil lectin (LCA) chromatography, the concentration of the LCA eluate and reduction with DTT) were performed as described in Maertens et al. (PCT EP95/03031).
  • LCA Lithil lectin
  • DTT concentration of the LCA eluate and reduction with DTT
  • the concentrate was split in 2 and was either sulfonated overnight at 4°C by Na 2 S 0 6 or irreversible blocked with N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) as reference material.
  • NEM N-ethyl-maleimide
  • the sulfonated as well as the NEM-treated E1s were applied on Superdex G200 (Pharmacia) in the presence of Empigen (see Figurel) and the E1s peak was analysed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot.
  • the chromatogram overlays as well as the ELISA profiles show that the irreversible protected and sulfonated E1s product behave analogously on SEC in the presence of Empigen.
  • SDS- PAGE and silverstaining show a similar purity degree of the 2 products.
  • Example 6 HCV E1s purification under non -denaturing conditions after lysis in the presence of thiol stabilising agents
  • Vaccinia infected RK13 cells were lysed as described in Maertens et al. (PCT EP95/03031), but ascorbate (1mM) was added to the lysate as thiol stabiliser instead of NEM.
  • the sample was applied on the LCA resin and the LCA eluate was acidified till pH 5.5 with 1 M acetic acid.
  • the acidified eluate was concentrated, after which the pH was adjusted to 7.2 and treated with DTT as described in Maertens et al. (PCT. EP95/03031).
  • the reduced protein solution was split and treated as follows: either (1) acidified to pH 6 (thiol stabilising conditions) or (2) sulfonated with sodium tetrathionate (reversibly protected) or (3) treated with NEM.bio (irreversible blocking).
  • the SEC of the acidified (pH 6) sample was also performed at pH 6.0.
  • the other 2 samples were separated on Superdex G200 in the presence of Empigen as decribed in Maertens et al. (PCT EP95/03031).
  • the elution fractions were analysed by ELISA, by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.
  • PCT EP95/03031 The material, prepared as described in Maertens et al. (PCT EP95/03031) is included as reference material for the SEC.
  • Figure 3B shows a Western blot of E1s pools, obtained by different procedures as described in Examples 5 and 6.
  • Examples 5 and 6 illustrate that pure E1s is obtained under non-denaturing conditions by (1) using reversible modification agents or (2) running the chromatography under thiol stabilising conditions (antioxidant, low pH).
  • Example 7 Processing of Vero E1s and cleavage analogy with growth factors, such as thioredoxine
  • Vaccinia infected Vero cells were lysed as described in Maertens et al. (PCT EP95/03031), but lodoacetamide (IAA) was added as irreversible blocking agent and aprotinin was added after an overnight incubation at 4°C.
  • IAA lodoacetamide
  • the E1s pool was analyzed by silver staining and Western blotting.
  • Western blot analysis of the semi purified product showed besides the quartet band in the region 27-32 kDa also an E1s band with an Mr of about 18 kDa.
  • the bands were characterized by NH 2 -terminal amino acid sequencing.
  • E1s domain structure which has been described for the processing of growth factors, such as thioredoxine, which cieavage has resulted in the formation of ECEF (Balcewicz- Sablinska, et al., 1991 ; Newman et al., 1994).
  • Example 8 Titration of the pKa of the cysteines in the E1 s CVPC-site
  • the pKa of the cysteines in the C ⁇ VPC 2 -site of E1s is determined by modification of the cysteines in E1s or synthetic peptides in function of the pH. The modification is performed by treatment with IAA at the preset pH, whereafter the sample is loaded on RPC after lowering the pH to 2 with Trifluotroacetic acid (TFA). In order to determine the most reactive cysteine, the excess of IAA reagent is removed by RPC. The non-reacted thiol-groups are modified by raising the pH after addition of ethyleneimine (El) or Bromo-ethanolamine (BEA).
  • El ethyleneimine
  • BEA Bromo-ethanolamine
  • the treatment with El or BEA results in the introduction of a lysine mimicking cysteine adduct, which creates a supplementary trypsinolysis site.
  • This supplementary site allows the identification of most reactive cysteine in the -C ⁇ VPC 2 -site via peptide fingerprinting and MS (see also Example 1).
  • trimera mouse system a mouse model for hepatitis C infection and evaluation of therapeutic agents. June 6-9, 1999; Oral 4.3. In: 6th International Symposium on Hepatitis C & Related Viruses. Bethesda USA

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US4734362A (en) * 1986-02-03 1988-03-29 Cambridge Bioscience Corporation Process for purifying recombinant proteins, and products thereof
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US4734362A (en) * 1986-02-03 1988-03-29 Cambridge Bioscience Corporation Process for purifying recombinant proteins, and products thereof
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