Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
  • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
  • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
  • B01L3/508—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes rigid containers not provided for above
  • B01L3/5085—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes rigid containers not provided for above for multiple samples, e.g. microtitration plates
  • B01L3/50853—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes rigid containers not provided for above for multiple samples, e.g. microtitration plates with covers or lids
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
  • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
  • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
  • B01L2300/0809—Geometry, shape and general structure rectangular shaped
  • B01L2300/0819—Microarrays; Biochips
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
  • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
  • B01L2300/12—Specific details about materials
  • B01L2300/123—Flexible; Elastomeric

Definitions

• the invention relates to a reaction substrate for receiving and / or manipulating a large number of separate prodes, which in particular forms a structured reaction substrate for microscopic sample quantities, a method and a tool for its production and also uses of the reaction substrate.
• HTS high throughput screenmg
• reaction substrates with microscopic structures for use in fluorescence, luminescence or scintillation measurements, e.g. B. to solve chemical or molecular-biological issues are known per se.
• DE-OS 197 12 484, EP 131 934, US 54 17 923 and US 54 87 872 describe reaction substrates in the form of structured microplates which " each form a large number of flatly arranged sample compartments open on one side.
• a microplate with a filter membrane is described in EP 408 940. Because of its complicated structure, this microplate is disadvantageous for both production and cleaning, and the number of available compartments is limited.
• reaction substrate is described in WO 95/01559.
• recesses are formed by etching, the bottom of which is at least partially porous towards the bottom.
• these reaction substrates permit examinations from both sides, they have "disadvantages in terms of the reproducibility of the manufacture of the individual recesses and the manageability of the reaction substrate. If the recesses are to be covered, they have to be mechanically clamped, glued or bonded separately ,
• DE-OS 197 52 085 describes a reaction substrate which can be produced in a simplified manner for microscopic examination of a large number of Samples known that has a substrate with sample compartments formed by injection molding and / or hot stamping.
• a disadvantage of this reaction substrate is that the microscopic examinations can only be carried out from one side of the substrate on which the sample compartments are open.
• this reaction substrate is not generally usable for HTS processes.
• the structure of a microsystem is known from WO 99/19717, in which at least one flexible, microstructured film is arranged as a laminate between fixed supports.
• the film has application-specific microstructures in which electrodes may be integrated and which, in cooperation with the carriers, form compartments for fluid samples.
• This stacking technique is again disadvantageous because separate measures have to be taken to connect the supports to the film, which affect the handling of the samples or the samples themselves.
• a method for producing microstructures on a metal surface is described in WO 97/29223.
• the metal surface is processed through a photolithographically structured polymer layer.
• this technology does not solve the problem of covering micro structures.
• Further structuring techniques for materials made of tall or semiconductors are described in EP 869 556, WO 97/13633 and WO 98/09745.
• a general disadvantage of the conventional reaction substrates for use in microscopy relates to their relatively thick, irregular and / or sagging base.
• the bottom of the conventional reaction substrates can be made of different materials, e.g. B. glass. Typical glass thicknesses are around 500 ⁇ m. However, pronounced, unreproducible variations of the soil (e.g. over 400 ⁇ m) can also occur. However, the focal length of immersion lenses is typically limited to 250 to 300 ⁇ m. When subtracting the glass thickness, e.g. B.
• a cover glass of about 150 microns, there is still a permissible floor variance of about 100 to 150 microns to reproducible, continuous measurements on the reaction substrate without constant readjustments of the position of the lens in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the reaction substrate (hereinafter z Direction)).
• reaction substrates or containers or sample carriers available so far cannot withstand the development of the screening technology.
• the new reaction substrate should in particular also be reusable or recyclable several times.
• the object of the invention is in particular to provide an improved reaction substrate, in the use of which sample handling and examination, e.g. B. with egg nem microscope, especially with a confocal microscope, can be simplified.
• the object of the invention is also to provide a method for producing the reaction substrate and a tool for carrying it out.
• a structured reaction substrate which is formed by a composition of a sample holder (compartment layer) characterized below with a solid base part, on which the sample holder adheres independently.
• the bottom part is preferably made of glass, plastic, metal or a semiconductor material. It forms an essentially flat, smooth surface on which the sample carrier is adhered.
• a particular advantage of the reaction substrate according to the invention is that the compartment layer can be separated from the base part essentially without damage.
• the compartment layer can be removed from the base plate (e.g. a cover glass) in such a way that it can subsequently be used again without any significant loss of shape, adhesion and / or flexibility.
• the compartment layer is covered with a new or cleaned base plate by light, e.g. B. manual, pressure connected to a new reaction substrate, the tightness of which corresponds completely to the tightness of the reaction substrate previously formed with the compartment layer.
• An essentially damage-free detachment of the compartment layer means that the functionality of the compartment layer is retained unchanged by the detachment for later applications.
• the compartment layer can preferably be lifted off the bottom part by lifting the compartment layer at one corner from the bottom part, while holding it at its four corners. At the raised corner, the compartment layer is bent up and rolled off over the base part, the compartment layer being separated from the base plate essentially without residues.
• a particular advantage of the invention is that this lifting and thus reuse are possible as often as desired. A 50-fold reuse was confirmed experimentally without loss of function.
• the reaction substrate is designed for microscopic examinations.
• the base part consists of a transparent material (e.g. glass) with a thickness that is selected depending on the application. It is preferred to apply the sample carrier to a cover glass known per se for microscopy.
• the thickness of the cover slip is preferably a few hundred micrometers ( ⁇ m), particularly preferably around 150 ⁇ m.
• the microscope used is preferably a confocal microscope.
• the confocal microscope is preferably combined with detection technologies based on the detection of fluorescence.
• the reaction substrates according to the invention are particularly well suited for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence coincidence analyzes, fluorescence distribution analyzes, fluorescence lifetime measurements, fluorescence energy transfer analyzes or fluorescence polarization measurements using confocal microscopes.
• the reaction substrates according to the invention are therefore very suitable for single molecule detection.
• a sample holder in the form of a flexible compartment layer with recesses for forming a predetermined compartment structure provided, in which the compartment layer consists of a visco-elastic polymer composition, which is self-adhesive on glass, plastic, metal or semiconductor substrates.
• the compartment layer is a dimensionally stable mat which can be produced with the aid of a simple impression process, the material of which is an adhesive bond, for example even with a slight manual contact pressure of a few grams per cm 2 . B. by electrostatic forces and / or van der Waals forces, with one of the substrates mentioned.
• the compartment layer preferably comprises essentially solvent-free natural or synthetic rubbers or compositions composed of these.
• the polymer composition of the compartment layer is particularly preferably formed from adhesive and solvent-free natural and synthetic rubbers.
• the compartment layer is preferably free of additives such as resins, plasticizers and / or antioxidants.
• the compartment layer of the reaction substrate according to the invention comprises silicone rubber.
• the recesses for the formation of the compartment structures are holes through the compartment layer or recesses machined into the compartment layer on one side. Closed compartment structures in the form of sample reservoirs or storage plugs and / or open compartment structures in the form of channels running in the layer plane of the sample carrier are formed.
• the sample reservoirs, storage pots and channels are also referred to below as sample compartments.
• the compartment structures form a multiplicity of recesses (sample reservoirs) arranged in straight rows and columns, the grid dimension of the matrix arrangement preferably corresponding to the arrangement of sample reservoirs (so-called wells) of microplates and nanotiter plates.
• the compartment layer is equipped with manipulation and examination devices. These include, in particular, fluid lines for loading the sample compartments formed by the compartment structures or for deriving substances therefrom, sensor devices for detecting predetermined sample properties in the sample compartments, piezo pumps for requesting fluid streams and / or electrode devices which act on the samples in the sample compartments electrical fields are designed.
• a fluid line is formed, for example, by a capillary running in the layer plane of the compartment layer, which extends from the edge of the reaction substrate into a specific sample compartment.
• Sensor devices include, for example, temperature, pH or conductivity sensors.
• the electrode devices are preferably formed by electrode strips which extend on the walls of the sample compartments.
• the compartment structures of a reaction substrate or sample carrier according to the invention form microstructures with characteristic dimensions in the range from 500 nm to 1.5 mm.
• the stack structure comprising the bottom part and the sample holder can be modified in such a way that a cover is attached to the sample holder on the side opposite the bottom part, which in turn is fixed relative to the sample holder by independent adhesion.
• the cover can be made of a rigid material such as the base part or by a flexible film.
• the cover can also have predetermined openings for access to the compartment structures.
• the stack structure in sandwich form gives the reaction substrate additional stability.
• the cover serves to prevent the evaporation of liquids introduced.
• the compartment layer is formed from a plurality of separate parts which are arranged on a common base part to form a reaction substrate according to the invention.
• Several compartment layers can also be bonded to one another as a stack in order to build up a three-dimensional fluidic microsystem.
• a method for producing the sample carrier described above is provided.
• an impression tool is filled with the desired polymer material of the compartment layer in the dissolved state and then the solvent is removed from the filling by annealing and / or drying, preferably at room temperature, or the polymer composition is crosslinked.
• the impression tool consists in particular of a structured base plate and a counter plate, which are held together in a liquid-tight manner.
• the base plate carries projecting structures according to the desired compartment structures in the sample holder. These protruding structures protrude from the base plate, depending on the application, to or into the counterplate (formation of through holes) or up to a height at a distance from the counterplate (formation of depressions).
• the counterplate is preferably provided with a coating facing the base plate, e.g. B. made of PTFE.
• the individual components of the impression device are assembled using detachable plug or screw connections. After removal of the solvent or crosslinking of the polymer composition, these compounds are dissolved and the dried, solid, dimensionally stable compartment layer is removed from the impression tool as a sample carrier.
• the invention also relates to the construction of the impression tool itself.
• the sample carrier or the reaction substrate according to the invention are for manipulating and / or examining any liquid samples with characteristic sample volumes such. B. designed in the range of 1 nl to 10 ul.
• the liquid samples can in particular comprise solutions of predetermined reaction partners and / or suspensions which contain synthetic or biological objects in a suspension liquid.
• the objects manipulated in a reaction substrate include, in particular, solid particles (so-called beads) as synthetic objects and biological cells or cell components, microorganisms, viruses and biologically relevant macromolecules as biological objects.
• the invention has the following advantages.
• the reaction substrates or sample carriers according to the invention can be mass-produced with simple means using a tool that works essentially without pressure. Any format design of the sample compartments from macro to nano sizes is easily possible via the design of the mask or mold of the tool.
• masks for microscopic compartment structures there are known processing techniques for glass or semiconductors, such as e.g. B. the LIGA process or conventional etching available.
• the compartment structures can be manufactured with high precision over the entire thickness of the compartment layer.
• the structures can have characteristic dimensions in the sub-micrometer range and perpendicular to them in the mm range in the layer plane.
• the compartment structures can be of any format, e.g. B. round, square, rectangular or with more complicated geometric shapes.
• the manufacture of the compartment layer from a viscoelastic polymer has several advantages. On the one hand, the attachment of the sample holder to a base part is made easy by simply pressing it on compared to conventional sandwich constructions with mechanical clamping Medium or laminate connections simplified. On the other hand, the material of the compartment layer, particularly when using silicone rubber, is characterized by excellent properties in the form that non-specific adsorption does not occur. This is particularly important for miniaturized samples.
• the sample carrier is inert under the reaction conditions of interest in applications in medicine, biochemistry and molecular biotechnology.
• the biologically inert material enables the cultivation, cultivation and measurement of biological samples or substrates in the reaction substrates or sample carriers.
• the material of the sample holder allows cleaning in a bath or a dishwasher with conventional cleaning agents or solvents even after the actual use, without the shape or stability of the sample holder being adversely affected.
• the sample holder can be autoclaved and sterilized essentially without loss of shape and without influencing its adhesive properties.
• the sample racks can be reused by simply pulling them off the bottom part.
• the reaction substrate according to the invention consisting of a base part with a sample holder attached has particular advantages with regard to the structure of the reaction substrate, the sealing of the sample compartments and the mutual alignment of the sample compartments.
• the sample holder is pressed evenly with a defined, e.g. B. manually applied pressure connected to the bottom part.
• the sample holder can be used without a frame and still allows exact spatial orientation and positioning, for example in relation to a microscope or a sample loading device, when applying alignment marks.
• the sample compartments which are formed by continuous recesses in the compartment layer, are sealed off from the base part without additional sealants or adhesives. Influencing the biochemical reactions in the compartments by such means is excluded.
• the adhesion connection between the sample holder and the base part and the cover also enables the planatation of larger reaction substrates or sample holders with characteristic dimensions up to 118 mm • 82 mm.
• Variations of the sample chamber positions in the m z direction can preferably be kept over the entire surface of the base part to values less than 250 ⁇ m, particularly preferably less than 150 ⁇ m, in particular less than 100 ⁇ m. This is of particular advantage for microscopic examinations. It is not necessary to continuously readjust the z position of the microscope objective while measuring a reaction substrate.
• reaction substrates according to the invention are therefore very suitable for use in m test methods with high sample throughput (so-called high throughput screenmg, HTS) of biotechnical and / or chemical research and development, since the time-consuming readjustment, e.g. B. from microscope lenses in the z direction, omitted.
• HTS high throughput screenmg
• the stability of the reaction substrate is as high as that of conventional sample chamber structures, although additional adhesives or gills can be dispensed with according to the invention.
• the stability is significantly increased when the cover is applied.
• the reaction substrate has a wide range of applications because, depending on the requirements, a suitable base part can be used as a base for the sample holder.
• the bottom part can be freely varied in terms of material and thickness. Glass of any thickness, e.g. B. with cover slip, for use in microscopy.
• the bottom part can consist of UV-permeable quartz glass. It has excellent optical properties and is neither chemically modified nor physically stressed by the sample holder.
• the impression tool according to the invention has the advantage of a simple, modular construction. The tool can be easily adapted to the required requirements by changing the mask or impression form. It is equally suitable for applications in the laboratory area or for mass production. With the method according to the invention, any structures can be produced without any special effort. This is a particular advantage over the conventional techniques for structuring glass or semiconductors.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a reaction substrate with a sample carrier according to the invention
• FIG. 2 shows a plan view of a first embodiment of a compartment layer according to the invention
• FIG. 6 shows a plan view of a reaction substrate according to the invention in the form of a micro sample carrier and onto a conventional semiconductor structure
• FIG. 7 is an enlarged detail view of a micro sample carrier according to FIG. 6, 8 an illustration of details of the compartment structures in a reaction substrate according to FIGS. 6 and 7,
• FIG. 9 is a plan view of further embodiments of a reaction substrate according to the invention with microchannels,
• the invention is described below with reference to a reaction substrate with a microstructured sample holder for handling biological samples.
• the invention is j edoch not limited to applications in which microscopic amounts of sample microstructures are manipulated.
• the invention is not limited to the illustrated forms of sample compartments. Depending on the application, any other shape can be realized with straight or curved walls of the sample compartments.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic perspective view of a reaction substrate with a sample holder according to the invention.
• the reaction substrate 100 comprises the bottom part 10 and the sample carrier 20.
• the base part 10 is, for example, a flat glass plate with a thickness corresponding to the thickness of cover glasses for use in microscopy (approximately 150 ⁇ m) and an area of approximately 120 mm • 70 mm.
• the base part 10 can also be formed by any other body with a substantially smooth, flat or curved surface.
• the base part preferably has an essentially smooth, flat surface.
• the sample carrier 20 comprises a compartment layer 21 (mat) with compartment structures 30.
• the compartment layer 21 is preferably made of silicone rubber and has a thickness of around 0.5 mm to 4 mm.
• a tab 22 for pulling the sample carrier 20 away from the base part 10 and / or alignment marks 23 for positioning the sample carrier 20 relative to a measuring or sample loading device can be provided.
• the alignment markings 23 are, for example, punctiform or cross-shaped recesses in the surface of the sample carrier 20, which are optionally provided with an additional marking substance (eg fluorescent dye).
• the alignment markings have characteristic dimensions that can be considerably smaller than the dimensions of the compartment structures 30.
• the silicone rubber is, for example, polydimethylsiloxsan (PDMS, manufacturer Wacker-Chemie GmbH, designation M 4600).
• elastic plastics elastomers
• the molecular chains (carbon chains) in the elastomers are loosely cross-linked, so that the elastomers are rubber-elastic.
• the preferred silicone used is a plastic from the group of elastomers and mainly consists of silicon and oxygen. When not cross-linked, the silicones are oily, water-clear and heat-resistant. When cross-linked, the silicones form a silicone rubber.
• the compartment structures 30 comprise, in detail, closed sample reservoirs 31 in the form of through holes 31a or depressions 31b recessed in the surface of the sample carrier (diameter, for example, approximately 200 ⁇ m to 1.5 mm) or straight, curved or extending in the layer plane of the sample carrier branching channels 32.
• the reference numeral 33 refers to so-called storage plugs, which, like the sample reservoirs 31, are designed for receiving and dispensing samples, but with larger volumes.
• the manipulation and examination devices 40 comprise, for example, a fluid line in the form of at least one capillary 41, at least one electrode 42 and / or at least one sensor 43, which is arranged in the layer plane of the sample carrier 20, on the walls of the compartment structures 30 or in the compartment structures 30 are.
• the capillary 41 can be connected, for example, to a sample or reagent supply system (not shown). It is embedded during the manufacture of the sample holder 20 (see below) or subsequently inserted into the sample holder 20.
• the electrodes are constructed as is known per se from the microsystem technology of microelectrodes for electroosmotic pumping processes, manipulation of particles using negative dielectrophoresis or particle processing, such as, for. B. electroporation on biological cells is known.
• the electrodes or their supply lines are preferably embedded in the sample carrier 20 during the manufacture thereof or arranged on its inner surfaces (walls of the compartments).
• Figure 1 also shows a cover 50.
• the cover 50 is not a mandatory feature of the reaction substrate according to the invention. It is provided depending on the application and, like the base part 10, consists of a solid plate (e.g. made of glass). or from a flexible cover film. It can be provided that the cover 50 has openings 51 corresponding to the positions of the compartment structures 30. The openings 51 serve to load sample reservoirs 31 or storage plugs 33 or to insert the sample into the channels 32. They can be closed with an additional film (not shown) as evaporation protection.
• the compartment layer 21 is a flexible mat made of silicone rubber (e.g. Elastosil M 4600 A + B, manufacturer Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Germany). It has an area of 118 mm • 82 mm and a thickness of 4 mm.
• the sample reservoirs 31 (partially shown) are arranged in a matrix in straight rows and columns in the format 48 • 32 and each have a center-to-center distance of 2.25 mm. This corresponds to the standard format for microtiter plates with 1536 wells.
• the diameter of each sample reservoir 31 is 1.5 mm.
• the reference numeral 23 refers to an alignment mark, which in this embodiment is also formed by a recess like the sample reservoirs and can receive a reference sample.
• the sample carrier 20 illustrated in FIG. 2 or the compartment layer 21 is connected to a base part (not shown) which preferably has the same area dimensions as the compartment layer 21.
• the bottom part is preferably a cover glass with a thickness of around 150 ⁇ m.
• the manufacture of a reaction substrate or sample carrier according to the invention by casting the compartment layer in an impression tool is explained below with reference to FIGS. 3 to 5.
• the figures show the impression tool in a perspective phantom view or pulled apart Perspective or side view.
• the impression tool 200 basically consists of a closed container with an inner cavity corresponding to the outer shape of the desired compartment layer or with inner surfaces which have projections corresponding to the desired compartment structures.
• the container is constructed modularly from a base plate 60, an intermediate plate 70 and a counter plate 80, which can be connected to one another in a liquid-tight manner.
• the base plates, intermediate plates and counter plates are preferably detachably connected to one another.
• the base plate 60 has projections on its side facing the interior of the impression tool 200 for structure formation in the compartment layer. Apart from the projections, the surface of this inner side is uniform and smooth.
• the projections comprise pins 61 (partially shown) arranged in a matrix-like manner with a diameter corresponding to the desired diameter of the sample reservoirs 31 (see FIG. 2).
• the pins 61 are inserted into corresponding recesses on the inside of the base plate 60.
• the base plate and the pins are preferably made of metal (e.g. stainless steel or aluminum).
• other materials such as. As silicon or glass can be used. These materials can be processed with high precision down to the sub-micrometer range using known special shaping techniques (e.g.
• the base plate 60 can have a separate mask insert for holding the projections (metal pins or other structures).
• FIG. 4 also shows the metal pin 61a, which is provided for forming the alignment mark 23 (see FIG. 2).
• the intermediate plate 70 is a spacer, which determines the thickness of the compartment layer (silicone mat) and its inner dimensions, the outer dimensions of the compartment layer.
• the intermediate plate 70 is equipped with a filler opening 71, which cooperates with the filler neck 90 (see below), and outlet openings 72.
• the outlet openings 72 serve to discharge displaced air or excess layer material from the impression tool 200.
• the intermediate plate 70 is not a mandatory feature of an impression tool according to the invention.
• the function of the spacer can alternatively be fulfilled by corresponding structures (circumferential steps) on the base plate and / or the counter plate.
• the counter plate 80 represents the end of the impression tool 200 opposite the base plate 60. It is also a metal plate. Pointing toward the inside of the impression tool 200, a frame 81 with a plastic insert 82 is arranged on the counterplate 80.
• the plastic insert 82 is a layer of elastically deformable plastic with a thickness of around 10 mm. It is preferably made of PTFE.
• the plastic insert 82 has recesses 83 which are complementary to the projections on the base plate 60. In the example shown, 1536 bores (partially shown) are provided in the plastic insert for receiving the metal pins 61 in the assembled state of the impression tool 200. The insertion of the complementary recesses is not absolutely necessary.
• the reference numeral 20 refers to the finished sample carrier (according to FIG. 2), which is produced with an impression tool 200 according to FIGS. 3 to 5.
• the recesses 83 in the plastic insert 82 are completely drilled through them and also continue in corresponding recesses 84 in the counterplate 80. These openings serve for the escape of displaced air or excess layer material.
• the filler neck 90 is fastened on the outside of the composite impression tool 200 to the filler opening 71. It is used to introduce the dissolved polymer material into the assembled mold.
• the impression tool 200 is held together with mounting pins 62, 63, 64, 65, which pass through corresponding holes in the corners of the base, intermediate and counter plates.
• a screw connection (not shown in detail) is provided for fixing the parts.
• external clamping devices or a separate frame for holding the plates together can also be provided.
• the impression tool 200 can be modified as follows.
• a metal frame can additionally be attached, which has the desired outer dimensions of the compartment layer and remains connected to it even during later use.
• the pins 61 can be rounded at their ends for ease of insertion into the corresponding recesses in the base or counter plate.
• the intermediate plate 70 can be provided with holders for these additional devices. These holders include, for example, passage openings in the frame formed by the intermediate plate 70 from the inside of the impression tool 200 to the outside, each of which is equipped with fixings (for example clamps) for the respective additional devices.
• fixings for example clamps
• the impression tool 200 is first assembled to produce the sample carrier.
• the pins 61 are inserted into the base plate 60.
• the base, intermediate and counter plates are put together so that the pins 61 protrude into the recesses 83 in the plastic insert 82.
• a container is formed which is essentially closed on all sides and between whose side plates (base and counter plates) the pins 61 extend.
• the guide pins 62 to 65 are, for. B. tightened with wing nuts.
• the assembled tool is placed upright with vertically aligned plates.
• the filling opening 71 points upwards.
• the impression tool 200 is then filled through the filling opening 71 with a solution of the desired polymer composition. This is preferably done with a syringe directly into the filling opening 71 or using the filler neck 90. The filling takes place as a slow running-in, avoiding splashes or swirls, so that the interior of the impression tool 200 is filled as uniformly as possible.
• the polymer composition is preferably filled into the impression tool essentially without pressure. The filling continues until the dissolved polymer composition swells out of the outlet openings 72. These are then sealed with an adhesive tape, for example. concluded. After closing, a little more material is refilled.
• the polymer composition is then preferably dried or crosslinked at room temperature. This can take around 8 to 12 hours, for example.
• the removal of solvent or the crosslinking of the polymer composition can be accelerated by tempering.
• the connections of the plates are released via the guide pins 62 to 65, the plates are separated from one another and the elastic compartment layer is pulled from the mask or impression mold.
• a particular advantage of using silicone rubber here is that this removal can be done without problems and without damaging the sample carrier.
• crosslinking is preferably carried out at room temperature, but can also be carried out at higher temperatures in a drying cabinet or an oven.
• the crosslinking is essentially a chemical crosslinking in which a polymerization reaction is carried out, if appropriate, in the presence of a catalyst. For other polymers, the crosslinking takes place at the specified crosslinking temperature.
• FIG. 6 first shows a large comparison between a reaction substrate according to the invention or a sample holder 20 (beekeeper part of the figure) and a conventional sample holder 20 'which is made of silicon.
• the sample carrier 20 carries a matrix arrangement of a total of around 600 funnel-shaped compartments (see below) on a base area of approximately 10 mm • 15 mm. Each compartment has a characteristic cross-sectional dimension of around 0.5 mm.
• the conventional silicon sample carrier 20 ' on the other hand, has a considerably coarser grid, which was also produced using complex processing techniques.
• FIG. 7 shows an enlarged section of the sample carrier 20. This image was taken with an inverted microscope with a CCD camera.
• the sample carrier 20 bears the straight compartments 34 arranged in rows and columns. These have a spacing from the surface of the sample carrier
• compartment layer 20 cross-sectional shape tapering into the compartment layer like an inverted, truncated pyramid. At the bottom, the compartments have a characteristic side length that is approximately 1/3 of the top edge length.
• the floor shown brightly is formed by the common floor part 10 (see FIG. 1).
• the compartment layer
• a sample carrier according to FIGS. 6 to 8 is produced with an appropriately adapted impression tool analogous to the method described with reference to FIGS. 3 to 5.
• the protrusions on the base plate are then not pyramid-shaped but mechanically milled.
• the compartment layer 21 After the compartment layer 21 has been produced, it is adhered to a glass base part. Then the compartments filled and then optionally closed with another glass as a cover or with a film.
• the microscopic measurement of the samples in the compartments is carried out from the side of the bottom part 10 through the lower, smaller openings of the compartment layer 21.
• the edge length of the lower openings is in each case around 150 ⁇ m.
• Figure 8 shows details of the webs formed between the compartments.
• the compartment layer is shaped such that the walls between the compartments 34 form webs 35 which are continuous in the row direction and webs 36 which are interrupted in the column direction.
• An overflow 37 is formed between the ends of the interrupted webs 36 and the respectively adjacent continuous web 35.
• the overflow 37 allows a fluid connection to be established between adjacent compartments without crossing over the upper surface of the sample carrier 20.
• the arrangement of the overflows can be modified depending on the application.
• FIG. 9 shows various designs of channel structures in an enlarged manner in a sample holder according to the invention.
• the channels 32 are generally sample compartments or compartment structures which are open in the layer plane and whose dimensions are considerably larger in one direction than in a direction perpendicular thereto. Channels are formed in the sample carrier by using a mask shape with web-shaped projections on the base plate of the impression tool for its production.
• the channels can be straight or curved, individually or branching or connected to one another. Depending on the design of the sample carrier, closed channels can even be formed if the channel bottom itself is part of the sample carrier, ie the corresponding compartment structures do not completely pass through the compartment layer.
• FIG. 9 shows various designs of channel structures in an enlarged manner in a sample holder according to the invention.
• the channels 32 are generally sample compartments or compartment structures which are open in the layer plane and whose dimensions are considerably larger in one direction than in a direction perpendicular thereto. Channels are formed in the sample carrier by using a mask shape with web-shaped projection
• FIG. 9A shows a channel structure with a plurality of channels 32a to 32c, which are connected at a mixing cross 32d.
• Storage plugs 33a to 33d are located at the channel ends.
• the reference symbol 32e indicates a constriction point.
• the constriction point 32e can be formed by flow mechanics by means of barriers (bulged channel wall) or also electrically by electrical field barriers, for example in order to delay the flow of fluid in front of this area and to carry out measurements on suspended particles in the fluid flow there.
• FIG. 9B A modification is shown in Figure 9B.
• Two subchannels 32a, 32b connect in a common channel 32c. This structure serves to mix two fluid streams into a single fluid stream.
• the angle between the subchannels 32a, 32b is set depending on the application in order to achieve a uniform flow at the mixing point 32d.
• FIG. 9C A further modification of structures for mixing the fluid flows is illustrated in FIG. 9C as a double cross arrangement with a plurality of subchannels which end in two mixing points 32d.
• the meandering shape 32f according to FIG. 9D serves to create a particularly long measuring section. Between the storage plugs 33a to 33c on the one hand and the storage pot 33d, a long, sinuous channel extends in a flat area, which, for example, forms a target for illumination for fluorescence measurements.
• the reaction substrates or sample carriers according to the invention have particular advantages with regard to the formation of the channel structures.
• conventional precision mechanical tools e.g. CNC machines
• CNC machines can be used to make any desired material, preferably aluminum or other metallic materials Canals are prepared. They can be designed in a predetermined manner, depending on the application, in particular with respect to the length, the relative orientation (angle), the bends and turns, mixture structures and subchannels. Channels of this type can be precisely and reproducibly manufactured down to channel widths of around 6 ⁇ m using conventional precision mechanical tools. Projections or edges can be worked into the channels, which enable an improved mixing of several fluid flows when several channels are brought together.
• the channels can be equipped with electrodes for measuring the properties of the fluid flows or for their manipulation on the basis of electro-osmosis, with sensors or temperature control elements and also with blocking or valve elements and piezo pumps.
• FIG. 10 A further embodiment of the invention with a macroscopic compartment structure is illustrated in FIG. 10 in a top and sectional view.
• a reaction substrate or a sample carrier 20 according to the invention can also be equipped with a single chamber compartment 38.
• the compartment layer 21 is merely a ring made of the polymer composition used in each case, e.g. B. silicone rubber. This ring adheres between a bottom part 10, for. B. a glass plate, and a cover 50, so that a closed, layered cuvette z. B. is formed for fluorescence spectroscopy. Because the sample carrier 20 adheres to the glass materials of the base part 10 or the cover 50 in a liquid-tight manner, this cuvette can be permanently loaded with solvents or sample solutions and subjected to fluorescence measurements like a solid layer sample.
• reaction substrates according to the invention illustrate particular advantages of reaction substrates according to the invention with regard to the plan of the sample arrangement, which is important for microscopic examinations, and the well-to-well tightness of the compartment structures.
• planarity the variation of the z position over the entire area of the bottom surface of the reaction substrate was measured with a confocal microscope setup (reflection of the laser beam on the glass surface of the bottom, recorded with a CCD camera) with a conventional, commercially available reaction substrate or sample holder (left Partial image n FIG. 11) and for a reaction substrate according to the invention (right partial image FIG. 11).
• FIG. 12 shows the 1536 wells of a reaction substrate according to the invention with the results of measurements carried out in each case on the wells.
• a reaction substrate in the form of a "checkerboard pattern" was alternately filled with suspensions of so-called active and so-called inactive bacteria (330 nl per well) After an incubation time of 21 h, all wells were evenly mixed with 1 ⁇ l assay, after a further incubation time of 30 min all wells of the reaction substrate were measured using CFCA measurements (1 s measurement time per well).
• the two-color labeled assay molecules are cleaved in wells containing active bacteria, so that the CFCA signal becomes small (black fields in the plot). In samples that contain non-active bacteria, the two-colored labeled assay molecules are not cleaved, so that the CFCA signal remains large (white fields in the plot). Only a total of six out of 1536 wells have an "error" that could have resulted from a leak between individual wells. However, these can also be errors that already occurred when pipetting the bacterial suspensions. The upper limit for errors that occur due to leaks from well to well is a maximum of 0.4%.
• reaction substrate is still stable after at least 48 h (time from preparation of the samples through incubation to the completion of the measurements) in such a way that the wells are sealed off against one another and measurements can be carried out in the plate (without the bottom glass being glued, which can be removed after the end of the measurements).
• the result illustrated in FIG. 12 also shows that the growth of the bacteria is not prevented by the compartment layer (biocompatibility).
• sample carriers or reaction substrates according to the invention can generally be used in all areas of biochemistry, biology or molecular biotechnology in which one or more samples are to be held, manipulated or changed in a defined form. Preferred applications are in the processing of suspensions with certain particle mixtures.
• reaction substrates according to the invention for example, line sorters, molecular sorters or other cell manipulators can be constructed. All applications of fluidic microsystem technology can be implemented.
• the reaction substrates according to the invention can be used with particular advantage in synthesis processes which are based on combinatorial chemistry.
• the reaction substrates according to the invention for the identification and validation of targets i. H. specific biological molecules, such as enzymes, receptors or ion channels can be used.
• they can be used very well to identify biologically active substances and / or active pharmaceutical ingredients.
• HTS high throughput screening
• the reaction substrates according to the invention are furthermore very well suited for carrying out assay processes. These assay methods combine targets and chemical compounds to investigate chemical and / or biological interactions. It is thus possible in a simple way to establish a model system which allows substances to be identified which influence the target in the desired manner.
• the reaction substrates according to the invention can be used both for bio- chemical as well as cellular assay methods are used. This also includes assay methods based on the use of vesicular particles or solid particles (so-called beads).
• the reaction substrates according to the invention are furthermore very suitable for carrying out assay methods which are based on the use of simplified model systems which simulate the physiology in humans or in animals.
• the assay systems can a. used to obtain information about the solubility of biologically active and / or pharmaceutically active substances in the blood plasma, their penetration properties, their liver toxicity, their bioavailability, their stability in the blood or their breakdown profiles after passage through the liver.
• the chemical and biotechnical investigations can, for example, 1) for the identification and characterization of synthetic or biological objects, 11) for the identification and characterization of chemical compounds, 111) for the identification and / or validation of targets, IV) for the search for biologically active substances and / or active pharmaceutical ingredients, v) for identification of lead structures, vi) for genome analysis, vn) for proteome analysis, vm) for cleaning and concentrating substrates, or ix) for the evolutionary optimization of biologically relevant macromolecules.

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• 1999
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