EP1202942A1 - Polymerkeramische werkstoffe mit metallähnlichem wärmeausdehnungsverhalten - Google Patents
Polymerkeramische werkstoffe mit metallähnlichem wärmeausdehnungsverhaltenInfo
- Publication number
- EP1202942A1 EP1202942A1 EP00962296A EP00962296A EP1202942A1 EP 1202942 A1 EP1202942 A1 EP 1202942A1 EP 00962296 A EP00962296 A EP 00962296A EP 00962296 A EP00962296 A EP 00962296A EP 1202942 A1 EP1202942 A1 EP 1202942A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- thermal expansion
- ceramic
- pyrolysis
- composite construction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
- Y10T428/12556—Organic component
- Y10T428/12569—Synthetic resin
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31—Surface property or characteristic of web, sheet or block
Definitions
- the invention relates to polymer-ceramic composite materials with an approximate shrinkage compared to the original shape after final partial pyrolysis and with a comparable thermal expansion behavior (preferably in an application range of 400 ° C. or below) such as metallic construction materials, in particular gray cast iron or steel. which are obtainable by the processes described below; corresponding molded parts and composite structures comprising these composite materials; Processes for the production and use of these composite materials, molded parts and composite structures.
- the polymer-ceramic composite materials can be used, for example, instead of steel or cast iron in temperature-resistant composite structures or molded parts, primarily in mechanical engineering without post-processing using the master molding process.
- Ceramic materials are used increasingly as a construction material for thermally and mechanically stressed functional elements in machines, apparatus and devices due to their high wear resistance and good temperature resistance as well as corrosion resistance.
- the requirements to be met for the geometric precision of the functional elements can, however, only be met by ceramic materials by complex post-processing or by a complex molding process (iterative process), which complicates cost-effective production, in particular of components of complex shape or that require high precision.
- the mechanical post-processing can cause damage to otherwise closed surfaces, for example, and thus lead to reduced stability.
- the difference in thermal expansion between ceramics silicon and silicon carbide, for example 3 - 4.5 x 10 "6 K _1 , aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide approx. 8 - 9 x 10 " 6 K q ), and gray cast iron
- Plastic products have the advantage of being inexpensive to manufacture, but these parts have low dimensional accuracy and low long-term service temperature resistance of less than 1,50 ° C, rarely less than 200 ° C.
- So-called Polymer ceramics in the production of which a polymer partially or completely decomposes by pyrolysis and thus completely or partly converts it into an inorganic composite material, which, however, still contains organic components after temperature treatment.
- the polymer ceramic fillers e.g. B. ceramic powder.
- DE 412 08 describes the reaction of ceramic fillers with reactive groups such as OH groups on their surface with crosslinkable functional groups in a polymer matrix (isocyanates, siliconates and their salts and esters) between 100 ° C and 180 ° C 35 described. Free-flowing masses were used for the compression molding of polymer ceramics.
- DE 442 84 65 describes the production of polymer ceramics from an organosilicon matrix between 200 and 800 ° C. The formation of primary chemical bonds between ceramic filler and polymer is regarded as a prerequisite for the formation of a dimensionally and temperature-stable network in the heating process, which allows relatively small volume changes to be achieved with less than 1% linear shrinkage.
- thermo expansion, thermal expansion coefficient TAK
- Such materials and parts and components made from them should be able to be produced in the master molding process by press molding or in particular by casting, injection molding or extrusion.
- An important goal is to enable the production of (especially larger) molded parts or composite structures from larger parts with high dimensional accuracy in the original molding process without post-processing and thus the risks for components resulting from their brittleness, possible material damage due to abrasive shaping and other post-treatment methods Adaptation to the required shapes and dimensions with a high degree of dimensional accuracy are required, particularly in the case of polymer ceramic components, to reduce or eliminate them. For this, the pyrolysis following the shaping at a temperature that practically enables zero shrinkage in the primary molding process is a prerequisite.
- the invention has for its object to provide polymer ceramic materials, the thermal expansion of the finished product compared to known polymer ceramic materials is matched to the thermal expansion of steel and gray cast iron and at the same time to achieve a high degree of dimensional stability during production in the primary molding process, so that in particular molded parts or composite structures complicated geometry or larger dimensions, for example with a minimum outer diameter of more than 20 mm, preferably more than 50 mm.
- a preceramic polymer (ceramic binder, hereinafter referred to as polymer or more precisely, which term can also include mixtures of polymers), (n) its pyrolysis-related degradation products and (m )
- fillers (ceramic powder, ceramic filler) comprising polymer ceramic or also synonymously polymer ceramic composite material, in particular a polymer ceramic material, which is characterized by a coefficient of thermal expansion that that of a metal (this term encompasses alloys in the broader sense), in particular of Steel or cast iron, comparable, in particular the same, is and is preferably obtainable by heat treatment under theoretically or preferably empirically determined conditions (in terms of duration and, above all, temperature and temperature profile), which enables the material l or a molded body produced therefrom after the final heat treatment within a tolerance of less than 0.1%, preferably less than 0.05%, has the same linear dimensions as the original shape (zero shrinkage in the primary molding
- the invention relates in particular to a molded part which consists of such a material and / or a composite construction which comprises such a material.
- the molded parts, composite structures or materials as well as processes according to the invention make it possible, in particular, that the required dimensional accuracy (essentially zero shrinkage compared to the shape) of the polymer ceramic component can be achieved directly (by appropriate heat treatment and / or composition of the polymer ceramic material) in the primary molding process.
- This enables enormous cost reductions by a factor of 2 or more, since there is no need for post-processing.
- the associated adaptation of the thermal expansion behavior to that of metals, in particular steel or gray cast iron enables the application, for example, in the areas mentioned at the beginning.
- the urgent practical needs are surprisingly taken into account.
- the polymer-ceramic materials according to the invention also have the advantage of a certain residual elasticity which, for example, can cushion and reduce surface tensions induced from the outside and / or reduce losses due to friction in connection with other parts.
- Fig. 1 shows the dimensional changes in partial pyrolysis of polymer-ceramic masses.
- (1) thermal expansion
- (2) pyrolysis shrinkage
- (3) polymer
- (4) ceramic.
- 3 shows a three-dimensional matrix to illustrate the methods described below, on the basis of which e.g. empirically the optimization problem of simultaneously obtaining zero shrinkage and a metal expansion comparable to that of metals can be solved.
- FIG. 4 shows the expansion and subsequent shrinkage of a polymer ceramic material described in more detail in exemplary embodiment 2 at different pyrolysis temperatures.
- the invention relates to a polymer-ceramic composite material or, in particular, a molded part made of a polymer-ceramic material or a composite construction comprising at least one component made of a polymer-ceramic material (for example a molded part according to the invention), the underlying polymer-ceramic material being a thermal expansion behavior comparable to metallic construction materials and shrinkage compared to the original shape after final partial pyrolysis, obtainable by a process which comprises that one mixes at least one polymer material and one or more ceramic fillers (and, if necessary, further additives) with one another, then subjects them to crosslinking - in the case of the molded part with the production of a corresponding green body, in the case of a composite construction directly in the presence of further components (parts), provided that the composite construction is to be produced in the master molding process (alternatively, it can also be produced by subsequently connecting other components with one or more molded parts according to the invention) - and finally subjecting the resulting material, the resulting preliminary stage
- the invention preferably relates to a polymer-ceramic composite, a molded part or a composite construction according to the preceding paragraph, obtainable by partial pyrolysis of a mixture comprising a ceramic filler in a proportion of 10 to 80 percent by volume and a polymer in a proportion of 20 to 90 percent by volume, the partial pyrolysis in the range between 200 and 800 ° C., preferably in the range from 500 to 750 ° C., so that a shrinkage of 0.1% or less, preferably 0.05% or less, is achieved compared to the original shape.
- a polymer-ceramic composite, a molded part or a composite construction according to one of the two is more preferred.
- a polymer-ceramic composite, a molded part or a composite construction according to one of the last three paragraphs is more preferred, characterized in that its thermal expansion is the same as that of steel or gray cast iron.
- a polymer-ceramic composite, a molded part or a composite construction according to one of the last four paragraphs is more preferred, characterized in that its thermal expansion in the range from -50 ° C to 500 ° C is the same as that of steel or gray cast iron.
- a polymer-ceramic composite, a molded part or a composite construction according to one of the last five paragraphs is more preferred, characterized in that its thermal expansion in the range from room temperature to 400 ° C. is the same as that of steel or gray cast iron.
- a polymer-ceramic composite, a molded part or a composite construction according to one of the last six paragraphs is more preferred, characterized in that ceramic fillers with a grain size of 1 to 50 ⁇ m are used in its manufacture.
- the invention also relates to a composite construction, in particular a single part, consisting of a polymer-ceramic molded part according to one of the last seven paragraphs in combination with metal parts.
- metal parts are steel or cast iron parts.
- the invention also relates to a production method for a polymer-ceramic composite material, a molded part or a composite construction according to one of the last 9 paragraphs, comprising as a process step that at least one polymer material and one or more ceramic fillers (and, if necessary, further additives) are mixed with one another, then subjected to crosslinking - in the case of the molded part to produce one Corresponding green body, in the case of a composite construction directly in the presence of other components (parts, especially made of other materials), provided that the composite construction is to be produced using the original molding process (alternatively, it can also be produced by subsequently connecting other components with one or more molded parts according to the invention ) - and finally subjecting the resulting material, the resulting preliminary stage of the composite construction or the resulting green body of the molded part to a partial pyrolysis, the weight ratios of the com components and the type of heat treatment on the basis of theoretically or (preferably) empirically determined values so that the resulting product has the thermal
- the invention relates in particular to a method according to the immediately preceding paragraph, the weight ratios of the components used being selected such that the resulting product has a thermal expansion behavior comparable to that of steel or cast iron and, after partial pyrolysis, within a tolerance of equal to or less than 0 , 05% has the same linear dimensions as the original form.
- a method according to the penultimate paragraph is preferred, the weight ratios of the components used and the type of partial pyrolysis being selected on the basis of empirically determined values, characterized in that the empirical determination comprises the following steps: (A) first empirical determination for a material or molded part made of a polymer or a polymer-ceramic material or a component of the composite construction made of a polymer or a polymer-ceramic material of the exact pyrolysis temperature for zero shrinkage compared to the original form in the primary molding process and determination of the thermal expansion coefficient of the material thus obtained;
- step (C) subsequent determination of the exact pyrolysis temperature for zero shrinkage in the primary molding process and simultaneous setting of a coefficient of thermal expansion in the range of that of the desired metal, step (B), if the necessary pyrolysis temperature lies between the grid points used, being repeated once more with fine reduction and it it may be necessary to repeat steps (B) and / or (C) again or iteratively several times.
- the weight ratios of the components used and the type of partial pyrolysis are selected on the basis of empirically determined values, characterized in that the empirical determination comprises the following steps: (A *) pyrolysis of a polymer or Polykeramiktechniks a known composition at various pyrolysis temperatures to determine the thermal expansion coefficient of the ceramic material in each case j polymer available or -formteils or Komponetente of the composite structure and determination of the shrinkage or expansion of the material so obtained available;
- step (B *) admixing ceramic fillers to adapt the thermal expansion coefficient to that of steel or cast iron; and (C *) determination of the pyrolysis temperature with zero shrinkage; whereby, since in step (B *) only one grid is built, the necessary for this necessary pyrolysis temperature can lie between the grid steps, so that iteratively the range of the pyrolysis temperature and the suitable composition can be obtained by repeating steps (B *) and / or (C *) one or more times.
- the invention also relates to the use of a polymer-ceramic material, a composite construction comprising the same, or a molded part thereof, as described above under "Detailed Description of the Invention", preferably in machines, devices or systems in which they come into contact with metallic materials or parts a temperature range from -50 ° C to 400 ° C, especially from room temperature to 350 ° C, especially from 25 to 300 ° C.
- “Comprehensive” means that in addition to the components mentioned, other components or additives may also be present, preferably in the range from 10 or less, in particular from 7 or less volume percent (vol%) (synonymous with "at least containing”), or, in the case of processes that further process steps and / or materials are possible. Instead of comprising, it can preferably be “containing”.
- heat treatment or "pyrolysis” are used above and below.
- the heat treatment is preferably carried out in a controlled manner, for example by relatively long heating rates and relatively long cooling rates, for example cooling rates in the range from 0.2 to 10 ° C / mm, so as to prevent the occurrence of stresses in the resulting materials or molded parts.
- the heat treatment is preferably carried out with the exclusion of air and oxygen, in particular under inert gas such as argon.
- inert gas such as argon.
- “Theoretically or empirically determined” in connection with the heat treatment refers to literature approaches or in particular to variants of the mixing rule with empirical measurements, for example dilatometry (expansion dependence of temperature and expansion coefficient and comparable variables) and the shrinkage.
- m percent by weight or volume percent always refer to the starting materials (before the heat treatment, which generally leads to the partial degradation of the polymer used).
- a metallic, in particular gray cast iron or steel, comparable or, in particular, the same thermal expansion behavior (or thermal expansion behavior) is understood in particular to mean a corresponding thermal expansion coefficient, ie the corresponding thermal expansion coefficients (thermal expansion coefficient, TAK) are preferably in the range from 9 to 13 x 10 "6 K behave _1.
- This thermal expansion can be found according to the invention is preferably in the range of -50 to 500 ° C, especially from room temperature to 400 ° C.
- thermo expansion coefficient comparable or in particular the same to a metal (or a metallic construction material) also enables the material differentiation from other polymer-ceramic materials, components of composite constructions and molded parts, because this result an appropriate structure and composition is required.
- component it is meant in particular that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the corresponding product are up to and including 20%, in particular 10%, preferably up to and including 3%, below the lower or above the upper coefficient of thermal expansion of the corresponding metal, such as in particular steel or gray cast iron. With a “same” coefficient of thermal expansion, this differs from that of the corresponding metal by 1 percent or less, in particular by 0.1% or less.
- a preceramic polymer is to be understood in particular as a polymer whose pyrolysis does not result in a virtually complete conversion to carbon or other inorganic substances (as would be the case, for example, with polyesters, polyethers or epoxides). Preferred examples are mentioned below without being intended to limit the range of possible polymers.
- Zero shrinkage means a linear shrinkage of 0.1% or less, especially 0.05% or less.
- the process according to the invention for producing the polymer-ceramic materials and moldings mentioned at the outset is particularly characterized in that, via the degree of conversion of the polymer into the polymer-ceramic binding phase, determined by the heat treatment temperature, and in connection with the incorporation of ceramic fillers with matched thermal expansion of the molded part, components of composite structures or composite constructions are produced which, in terms of their thermal expansion behavior, largely match those of metals, in particular steel or Gray cast iron, which are comparable or the same, ie the corresponding thermal expansion coefficients (thermal expansion coefficients, TAK), are preferably in the range from 9 to 13 x 10 "6 K" 1 .
- a composite construction within the meaning of the invention is to be understood in particular as a combination of one or more parts (components) made of polymer-ceramic material, which is connected to one or more parts (components) made of other materials, in particular metal, especially steel or gray cast iron .
- Composite structures can be invented either directly by introducing their components ("components of the / a composite structure" - in the case of the polymer ceramic component as a preliminary stage, together with the part or parts from other materials, together the "preliminary stage of the composite structure") in the master molding process with heat treatment or alternatively by Connecting one or more molded parts made of a polymer ceramic material according to the invention with the other components (parts made of other materials), in particular metal parts, or by any conceivable combination of these steps.
- the polymer ceramic materials and molded parts according to the invention are particularly suitable for use in combination with metallic components (for example if the polymer ceramic parts are in contact with metal, in particular gray cast iron or steel parts, be it by material bonding (for example by gluing) or in particular positive locking (e.g. by introducing molded parts in the primary molding process or during or after heat treatment) or frictional locking (e.g. by wrapping under press tension or the like), m temperature-stressed assemblies such as m brakes, motors or other machines, devices or systems resulting products also fall under the composite structures according to the invention.
- metallic components for example if the polymer ceramic parts are in contact with metal, in particular gray cast iron or steel parts, be it by material bonding (for example by gluing) or in particular positive locking (e.g. by introducing molded parts in the primary molding process or during or after heat treatment) or frictional locking (e.g. by wrapping under press tension or the like), m temperature-stressed assemblies such as m brakes, motors or
- a polymer in particular a crosslinked organosilicon polymer, and if necessary one or Several ceramic fillers and, if desired, further additives, compounded starting material, in particular after shaping and crosslinking, for example at temperatures between 0 and 200 ° C, in particular between 100 and 200 ° C, a controlled heat treatment in the temperature range between 200 and 800 ° C, preferably 400 and 750 ° C, in particular between 500 and 750 ° C, especially in the temperature range between 500 and 680 ° C, whereby an amorphous polymer-ceramic binder phase between the filler particles is produced from the polymer, in particular a polysiloxane resin.
- the decisive factor here is that the thermal expansion of the starting mass is compensated by partial pyrolysis of the polymer component to the extent that the initial dimensions of the master part are retained after cooling and thermal contraction. Dimensional stability can be ensured by simple control of the heat treatment temperature within narrow limits (0.1% linear or below), whereby in particular manufacturing tolerances of less than or equal to 0.05% are achieved under constant manufacturing conditions. 1 shows the dimensional changes that occur during the heat treatment.
- moldings or (in the presence of other components made of other materials, in particular metals) composite structures according to the invention can be produced using the original molding processes customary in ceramics, such as pressing, casting, injection molding or extruding.
- suitable polymers are organosilicon polymers, in particular polysiloxane resins which are easy to process, but also polysilane, polycarbosilane, polysilazane, polyborosilazane or mixtures thereof can be used. Where polymer and polymer material, highly crosslinked organosilicon polymer or the like are mentioned above and below, mixtures of several of these components can also be present. Taken together, these then give the volume percentages mentioned as preferred.
- volume contents of 10 to 80% by volume preferably for the production of molded parts or composite structures which can be obtained in the pressing, casting, injection molding or further extrusion processes, of about 20 to 80% by volume, in particular 30 to 80% by volume -%, preferably from 30 to 70%, primarily from 30 to 60% by volume, especially between 30 and 50% by volume, which have a thermal expansion adapted to the thermal expansion of the polymer-ceramic binder phase, moldings or To produce composite structures whose thermal expansion behavior between room temperature and 500 ° C is largely comparable to that of steel (10 - 13 x 10 ⁇ K "1 ) or gray cast iron (9 - 11 x 10 " 6 K), in particular the same.
- Preferred ceramic fillers are listed in Table 1, but other non-reactive ceramic compounds with a correspondingly high thermal expansion can also be used.
- Silicates such as sodium, magnesium, calcium or lithium aluminum silicates, or calcium fluoride can also be used as fillers, especially if the thermal expansion coefficient of the polymer ceramic is higher after a certain pyrolysis temperature than that of the corresponding metal, especially steel or gray cast iron.
- additives may also be present, preferably in the range below 10% by volume, especially below 7% by volume, which can increase the strength, for example glass frits, or in particular wax-like substances such as wax, and / or catalysts such as aluminum acetylacetonate.
- Products according to the invention are preferred in which the polymers and / or the additives do not form any chemical (in particular no covalent) bonds to the fillers during pyrolysis.
- the preferred process according to the invention also differs fundamentally from the polymer pyrolysis process with reactive fillers which either completely at temperatures above 800 ° C. (DE-PS 392 60 77) or at lower temperatures react via reactive groups on the surface (DE 442 84 65) with the polymer phase to form primary chemical bonds.
- the ceramic fillers can be partially or completely replaced by a so-called own filler, which can be produced by heat treatment of the preceramic polymer and subsequent processing into a powder.
- Eigenfuller have the advantage of being able to adjust the thermal expansion through the pyrolysis temperature.
- Products according to the invention which are produced without the addition of float glass frits are particularly preferred.
- Products according to the invention are also preferred in which the polymer component does not comprise phenylmethylsiloxane resins.
- Products according to the invention are also preferred in which the polymer component does not comprise siloxanes with unsaturated groups.
- Products according to the invention are also preferred in which the polymer component does not comprise any polyesters, epoxides or polyethers.
- products according to the invention in the production of which no solvents are used, except in the case of the use of casting, injection molding and extrusion processes, where this is possible.
- Kaolin is preferably excluded as filling material.
- the polymer / filler masses are shaped using shaping processes customary in ceramics, e.g. Pressing, casting or injection molding in closed molds or extruding.
- the polymer binder phase is then crosslinked under pressure at preferred temperatures of 0 to 200 ° C., in particular between 100 to 200 ° C., preferably under an inert gas. After removal from the mold, the molded part has a high green strength and can be machined if desired.
- the porosity typical of polymer-ceramic materials which occurs in particular in the temperature range from 200 ° C to 800 ° C.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention is the use of carbon-containing release or demolding coatings on the mold surfaces, which remain on the product surface, in particular the molded part surface, after demolding and heat treatment and lead to a seal.
- This also enables, for example, the use of products, in particular molded parts for applications in which pressure or vacuum is generated (pumps).
- the polymer ceramic composite material according to the invention is particularly suitable for dimensionally accurate manufacturing processes and composite structures or molded parts with narrow tolerances, as well as a thermal expansion comparable to the metallic carrier material (in particular steel or gray cast iron), which is used for applications as temperature-stressed functional elements in a wide variety of assemblies such as machines, motors or systems are of particular importance.
- metallic carrier material in particular steel or gray cast iron
- TAK thermal expansion coefficient
- Step B The addition of ceramic fillers (taking into account other variables such as the material, degree of filling and binder layer of the filler, i.e. initially keeping them constant) adjusts the expansion coefficient to that of steel or cast iron.
- the expansion coefficient changes with increasing pyrolysis temperature.
- the TAK up to 400 ° C pyrolysis temperature is approximately 90 x 10 "6 K " 1
- for pyrolysis above 800 ° C it is below 1 x 1 O ⁇ K "1.
- the TAK decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature between 200 and 800 ° C.
- at 650 ° C it is still not small enough to have the same expansion coefficient (TAK) as steel or gray cast iron, so step (B) must be carried out.
- Kerner K x (3K 2 + 4G 1 ) 2 + (K 2 -K x ) (I6G 1 + 120 ⁇ 2 )
- an empirical determination is carried out by means of a matrix examination of different fillers with different expansion coefficients, for example according to the following example (e.g. with cylindrical bodies as a sample):
- Example matrix for determining mixing ratios and pyrolysis temperatures in order to achieve certain desired coefficients of thermal expansion filler polymer 1 polymer 1 polymer 1 polymer 1
- TAK1 TAK2 TAK3 TAK4 (% by weight) 0 30 50
- TAK 1 thermal expansion coefficient for pyrolysis at e.g. 500 ° C
- TAK 2 thermal expansion coefficient for pyrolysis at e.g. 550 ° C
- TAK 3 thermal expansion coefficient in pyrolysis e.g. 600 ° C
- TAK 4 thermal expansion coefficient in pyrolysis e.g. 650 ° C
- the TAK are given in m 10 "6 K " 1 .
- the range is found in which the polymer ceramic mixtures each have TAK values in the range of, for example, gray cast iron or steel.
- step (B) a matrix analogous to that shown above for step (B) can be used, and / or a prediction of suitable ranges can be determined according to the methods mentioned there for the rough estimation.
- the range is found in which the polymer ceramic mixtures each have TAK values in the range of, for example, gray cast iron or steel.
- filler content in particular filler content, polymer content, temperature of thermal crosslinking and (partial) pyrolysis temperature, optionally content of further additives and also further parameters such as size of the filler grains and the like, are known, m can now be maintained under constant conditions a simple production can also be carried out in large numbers or quantities of molded parts or materials according to the invention. It is immediately apparent that at high pyrolysis temperatures the fillers should have higher expansion coefficients than steel or gray cast iron to compensate for the very low polymer TAKs here (e.g.
- the preferred temperatures for pyrolysis are 200 to 800 ° C, in particular 400 to 750 ° C, preferably 500 to 750 ° C, especially between 500 and 680 ° C inclusive.
- Granular fillers whose preferred grain size is in the range from 1 to 50 ⁇ m are preferably used as fillers.
- the invention also relates to moldings made from the abovementioned, in particular the preferred, starting materials; Composite constructions which comprise e or more components (in particular molded parts) made from a polymer ceramic according to the invention and one or more components made from other materials, in particular metal, especially steel or gray cast iron; the above-mentioned, particularly preferred, production processes for the products, in particular the polymer-ceramic materials according to the invention; e Method, in particular as described above, for the theoretical or, preferably, empirical determination of the pyrolysis temperature and the ratio of polymer to ceramic filler, and, if appropriate, the proportion of other additives and / or other parameters, such as the particle size of the ceramic filler used, around a polymer-ceramic material or to obtain a molding according to the invention; the use of a product according to the invention, in particular a polymer-ceramic material or, above all, a molded part in machines, devices or systems in which they come into contact (in particular solid or loose, for example sliding) with metallic materials
- the invention particularly relates to methods, materials and moldings according to the examples.
- Example 1 To produce a full cylinder measuring 1.5 x 4 cm, which is to serve as a spacer, the solid polymethyl silicone resin NH 2100 (Chemische Werke Nünchritz) and a mixture of A1 2 0 3 (average grain size ⁇ 3 ⁇ m; TAK 8.3 x 10 "6 K _1 ) and S ⁇ 0 2 (average grain size 11 ⁇ m, Sikron SH 300, Frechen Quartz Works, TAK 14 x 10 " 6 K “1 ) in a volume ratio of 50 vol% polysiloxane resin, 40 vol% A1 2 0 3 and 10 vol.% S ⁇ 0 2 m a 2000 ml grinding pot, which is filled with 0.6 kg ceramic grinding balls, mixed dry for 12 hours at a speed of 30 mm 1.
- the cylinders are manufactured with a low-pressure injection molding system at 150 ° C with a pressure of 5 MPa m using a cylinder injection mold made of steel preheated to 180 ° C and with an outside diameter of 25 mm. After curing while maintaining the pressure, the mold is removed and stored in a heating cabinet for complete crosslinking at 260 ° C. for 12 h. After removal from the mold, the molded part is subjected to a heat treatment in an argon atmosphere. Passive cooling follows with heating to 580 ° C with a heating rate of 2 ° C / m and a holding time of 4 h.
- the cylinders produced in this way have a flexural strength of 50 MPa and, compared to the dimensions of the hot-pressed base body, have an average longitudinal shrinkage in the longitudinal direction of ⁇ 1%.
- the linear thermal expansion in the temperature range from room temperature to 500 ° C is 13.6 x 10- 6 K "1 .
- the hot pressing is carried out in a heatable hydraulic press with a movable upper punch with a constant pressure of 10 MPa, whereas the temperature is increased in steps of 10 ° C after a holding time of 30 mm each from 80 ° C to finally 130 ° C. At this temperature 24 Held for hours to ensure the curing of the molding compound.
- the linear thermal expansion of the molded body obtained in the temperature range from room temperature to 500 ° C. is 11.3 ⁇ 10 “6 K ” 1 .
- the shaped body has a high degree of dimensional accuracy: Compared to the initial length of 115.25 mm (perpendicular to the pressing direction) of the hardened shaped body, a shrinkage of ⁇ 50 ⁇ m can be determined, which corresponds to a linear dimensional change of ⁇ 0.05%.
- the molded body can therefore be used directly for installation without further surface treatment.
- the bending strength ⁇ B is 51 N / mm 2 , the material remains stable up to a temperature of 405 ° C.
- Embodiment 3 In order to determine the thermal expansion behavior, test sticks with a rectangular cross section of 5 x 5 mm 2 and a length of 38 mm are produced by hot pressing according to embodiment 2. The compositions of the sample sticks examined in a dilatometer are shown in Table 2:
- Table 2 Sample compositions for the investigation of thermal expansion with approximate zero shrinkage. The data are given in% by mass
- TAK linear thermal expansion
- T pyr pyrolysis temperature * amount m parts by mass (or g)
- test strips are measured against an Al 2 0 3 standard in the temperature range from room temperature to 500 ° C.
- the heating rate is 5 ° C / mm.
- heat treatment in the temperature range from 570 to 671 ° C enables the examined specimens to expand very well to the values of ferritic steels (10 - 14 x 10 ⁇ K '1 ) or gray cast iron (9 - 11 x 10 ⁇ K "1 ).
- the shrinkage is less than 0.1%.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19937322A DE19937322C2 (de) | 1999-08-10 | 1999-08-10 | Polymerkeramische Werkstoffe und Formteile mit metallähnlichem Wärmeausdehnungsverhalten, ihre Herstellung und Verwendung sowie Einzelteile aus solchen Formteilen im Verbund mit Metallteilen |
DE19937322 | 1999-08-10 | ||
PCT/EP2000/007614 WO2001010791A1 (de) | 1999-08-10 | 2000-08-05 | Polymerkeramische werkstoffe mit metallähnlichem wärmeausdehnungsverhalten |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1202942A1 true EP1202942A1 (de) | 2002-05-08 |
Family
ID=7917564
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00962296A Withdrawn EP1202942A1 (de) | 1999-08-10 | 2000-08-05 | Polymerkeramische werkstoffe mit metallähnlichem wärmeausdehnungsverhalten |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6783866B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1202942A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE19937322C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2001010791A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19937322C2 (de) | 1999-08-10 | 2001-06-13 | K Busch Gmbh Druck & Vakuum Dr | Polymerkeramische Werkstoffe und Formteile mit metallähnlichem Wärmeausdehnungsverhalten, ihre Herstellung und Verwendung sowie Einzelteile aus solchen Formteilen im Verbund mit Metallteilen |
DE10065281A1 (de) * | 2000-12-29 | 2002-07-18 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Elektromotor mit Bürstenhalter |
DE10203473A1 (de) * | 2002-01-25 | 2003-07-31 | Skf Ab | Verfahren zur Herstellung keramischer Lagerbauteile |
DE10224377B4 (de) * | 2002-06-01 | 2004-11-11 | Rauschert Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung vorkeramischer Verbundkörper mit Einlegeteilen aus Stahl oder Grauguss |
US6875464B2 (en) * | 2003-04-22 | 2005-04-05 | General Electric Company | In-situ method and composition for repairing a thermal barrier coating |
DE102008001063A1 (de) | 2008-04-08 | 2009-10-29 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von siliziumhaltigen keramischen Strukturen |
DE102010007780A1 (de) * | 2010-02-12 | 2011-08-18 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., 80686 | Spritzgießverfahren für Kondensationsharze und Vorrichtung für das Verfahren |
US11535568B2 (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2022-12-27 | Hrl Laboratories, Llc | Monomer formulations and methods for 3D printing of preceramic polymers |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5635250A (en) * | 1985-04-26 | 1997-06-03 | Sri International | Hydridosiloxanes as precursors to ceramic products |
DE3616378A1 (de) | 1986-05-15 | 1987-11-19 | Innotec Ges Fuer Spitzentechno | Verfahren zur herstellung von keramischen polymeren werkstoffen und danach hergestellter werkstoff |
DE4120835C2 (de) * | 1991-06-24 | 2001-03-08 | Cera System Verschleisschutz G | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines polymerkeramischen Verbundstoffes |
DE4428465B4 (de) * | 1994-08-11 | 2004-05-13 | Cera System Verschleissschutz Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung polymerkeramischer Verbundwerkstoffe und danach hergestellte polymerkeramische Verbundwerkstoffe |
DE19645634C2 (de) * | 1996-11-06 | 2003-07-03 | Hermsdorfer Inst Tech Keramik | Keramikähnlicher, teilpyrolysierter Verbundwerkstoff und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
US6051642A (en) * | 1997-09-15 | 2000-04-18 | General Electric Company | Silicone composition with improved high temperature tolerance |
DE19814697C1 (de) * | 1998-04-01 | 1999-10-21 | Doru Constantin Lupasco | Piezoelektrischer Aktor und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
DE19937322C2 (de) | 1999-08-10 | 2001-06-13 | K Busch Gmbh Druck & Vakuum Dr | Polymerkeramische Werkstoffe und Formteile mit metallähnlichem Wärmeausdehnungsverhalten, ihre Herstellung und Verwendung sowie Einzelteile aus solchen Formteilen im Verbund mit Metallteilen |
-
1999
- 1999-08-10 DE DE19937322A patent/DE19937322C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-08-05 WO PCT/EP2000/007614 patent/WO2001010791A1/de active Application Filing
- 2000-08-05 US US10/049,063 patent/US6783866B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-08-05 EP EP00962296A patent/EP1202942A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO0110791A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE19937322C2 (de) | 2001-06-13 |
US6783866B1 (en) | 2004-08-31 |
DE19937322A1 (de) | 2001-02-22 |
WO2001010791A1 (de) | 2001-02-15 |
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