Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
  • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
  • H01J37/30—Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects
  • H01J37/305—Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects for casting, melting, evaporating or etching
  • H01J37/3053—Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects for casting, melting, evaporating or etching for evaporating or etching
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
  • C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
  • C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
  • C23C14/28—Vacuum evaporation by wave energy or particle radiation
  • C23C14/30—Vacuum evaporation by wave energy or particle radiation by electron bombardment
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
  • C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
  • C23C14/52—Means for observation of the coating process
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
  • H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
  • H01J2237/30—Electron or ion beam tubes for processing objects
  • H01J2237/31—Processing objects on a macro-scale
  • H01J2237/3132—Evaporating

Definitions

• This invention generally relates to an electron beam physical vapor deposition coating apparatus. More particularly, this invention is directed to such a coating apparatus adapted to deposit ceramic coatings on components, such as thermal barrier coatings on superalloy components of gas turbine engines.
• thermal barrier coatings While significant advances have been achieved with iron, nickel and cobalt-base superalloys, the high-temperature capabilities of these alloys alone are often inadequate for components located in certain sections of a gas turbine engine, such as the turbine, combustor and augmentor. A common solution is to thermally insulate such components in order to minimize their service temperatures. For this purpose, thermal barrier coatings
• TBC TBC formed on the exposed surfaces of high temperature components
• thermal barrier coatings must have low thermal conductivity and adhere well to the component surface.
• Various ceramic materials have been employed as the TBC, particularly zirconia (Zr0 2 ) stabilized by yttria (Y 2 0 3 ) , magnesia (MgO) or other oxides. These particular materials are widely employed in the art because they can be readily deposited by plasma spray and vapor deposition techniques. An example of the latter is electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) , which produces a thermal barrier coating having a columnar grain structure that is able to expand with its underlying substrate without causing damaging stresses that lead to spallation, and therefore exhibits enhanced strain tolerance.
• EBPVD electron beam physical vapor deposition
• Adhesion of the TBC to the component is often further enhanced by the presence of a metallic bond coat, such as a diffusion aluminide or an oxidation-resistant alloy such as MCrAlY, where M is iron, cobalt and/or nickel.
• a metallic bond coat such as a diffusion aluminide or an oxidation-resistant alloy such as MCrAlY, where M is iron, cobalt and/or nickel.
• Processes for producing TBC by EBPVD generally entail preheating a component to an acceptable coating temperature, and then inserting the component into a heated coating chamber maintained at a pressure of about 0.005 mbar. Higher pressures are avoided because control of the electron beam is more difficult at pressures above about 0.005 mbar, with erratic operation being reported at coating chamber pressures above 0.010 mbar. It has also been believed that the life of the electron beam gun filament would be reduced or the gun contaminated if operated at pressures above 0.005 mbar.
• the component is supported in proximity to an ingot of the ceramic coating material (e.g., YSZ) , and an electron beam is projected onto the ingot so as to melt the surface of the ingot and produce a vapor of the coating material that deposits onto the component .
• the ceramic coating material e.g., YSZ
• the temperature range within which EBPVD processes can be performed depends in part on the compositions of the component and the coating material.
• a minimum process temperature is generally established to ensure the coating material will suitably evaporate and deposit on the component, while a maximum process temperature is generally established to avoid microstructural damage to the article.
• the temperature within the coating chamber continues to rise as a result of the electron beam and the presence of a molten pool of the coating material.
• EBPVD coating processes are often initiated near the targeted minimum process temperature and then terminated when the coating chamber nears the maximum process temperature, at which time the coating chamber is cooled and cleaned to remove coating material that has deposited on the interior walls of the coating chamber.
• Advanced EBPVD apparatuses permit removal of coated components from the coating chamber and replacement with preheated uncoated components without shutting down the apparatus, so that a continuous operation is achieved.
• the continuous operation of the apparatus during this time can be termed a "campaign,” with greater numbers of components successfully coated during the campaign corresponding to greater processing and economic efficiencies.
• the present invention is an electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) apparatus and a method for using the apparatus to produce a coating (e.g., a ceramic thermal barrier coating) on an article.
• EBPVD electron beam physical vapor deposition
• EBPVD apparatus of this invention generally includes a coating chamber that is operable at an elevated temperature (e.g., at least 800EC) and a subatmospheric pressure (e.g., between 10 "3 mbar and 5xl0 "2 mbar).
• An electron beam gun is used to project an electron beam into the coating chamber and onto a coating material within the chamber.
• the electron beam gun is operated to melt and evaporate the coating material .
• a device for supporting an article within the coating chamber so that vapors of the coating material can deposit on the article.
• the operation of the EBPVD apparatus can be enhanced by the inclusion or adaptation of one or more features and/or process modifications.
• the coating chamber contains radiation reflectors that can be moved within the coating chamber to increase and decrease the amount of reflective heating that the article receives from the molten coating material during a coating campaign.
• Process pressure control is also an aspect of the invention, by which processing pressures of greater than 0.010 mbar can be practiced in accordance with copending U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/108,201 to Rigney et al . (assigned to the same assignee as the present invention) with minimal or no adverse effects on the operation and reliability of the electron beam gun, and with minimal fluctuations in process pressures .
• Mechanical and process improvements directed to this aspect of the invention include modifications to the electron beam gun, the coating chamber, and the manner by which gases are introduced and removed from the apparatus. Also improved by this invention is the electron beam pattern on the coating material .
• a crucible is employed to support the coating material within the coating chamber.
• the crucible preferably comprising at least two members, a first of which surrounds and retains a molten pool of the coating material, while the second member is secured to the first member and surrounds an unmolten portion of the coating material.
• the first and second members define an annular-shaped cooling passage therebetween that is closely adjacent the molten pool, so that efficient cooling of the crucible can be achieved, reducing the rate at which the process temperature increases within the coating chamber.
• Another preferred aspect of the invention entails a rotatable magazine that supports multiple ingots of the coating material beneath the coating chamber.
• the magazine is indexed to individually align multiple stacks of one or more ingots with an aperture to the coating chamber for sequentially feeding the ingots into the coating chamber without interrupting deposition of the coating material.
• a viewport is provided for viewing the molten coating material within the coating chamber.
• the viewport is fluid-cooled and has a high rotational speed stroboscopic drum and a magnetic particle seal that provides a high-temperature vacuum seal for the stroboscopic drum.
• the viewport provides a stereoscopic view of the coating chamber, by which one or more operators can simultaneously observe the coating chamber while retaining stereoscopic vision.
• Figures 1 and 2 are schematic top and front views, respectively, of an electron beam physical vapor deposition apparatus used to deposit a coating material in accordance with this invention.
• Figures 3, 4 and 5 are cross-sectional views taken along section line 3 --3 of Figure 1, and showing a movable platform employed in accordance with one aspect of this invention.
• Figures 6 and 7 are more detailed front and top cross-sectional views, respectively, of preferred interior components for a coating chamber of the apparatus of Figures 1 and 2.
• FIGS 8 and 9 compare an EB gun orifice of the prior art and an orifice configured in accordance with the preferred embodiment of this invention.
• Figure 10 is a cross-sectional view of a crucible housing an ingot of coating material and an electron beam projected onto the surfaces of the crucible and ingot in accordance with the preferred embodiment of this invention.
• Figure 11 is a plan view of the crucible of Figure 10 and a preferred pattern for the electron beam on the crucible and ingot.
• Figure 12 depicts a preferred power intensity distribution of the electron beam pattern across the surface of the ingot and crucible of Figures 10 and 11.
• Figure 13 shows a preferred viewport for observing the process within the coating chamber of the apparatus shown in Figures 1 and 2.
• Figure 14 shows a control panel for monitoring and controlling the operation of the apparatus of Figures 1 and 2.
• An EBPVD apparatus 10 in accordance with this invention is generally depicted in Figures 1 and 2, with various components and features being depicted in Figures 3 through 14.
• the apparatus 10 is particularly well suited for depositing a ceramic thermal barrier coating on a metal component intended for operation within a thermally hostile environment.
• Notable examples of such components include the high and low pressure turbine nozzles and blades, shrouds, combustor parts and augmentor hardware of gas turbine engines. While the advantages of this invention will be described with reference to depositing a ceramic coating on such components, the teachings of this invention can be generally applied to a variety of coating materials and components .
• EBPVD apparatus 10 is shown in Figures 1 and 2 as including a coating chamber 12, a pair of preheat chambers 14, and two pairs of loading chambers 16 and 18, so that the apparatus 10 has a symmetrical configuration.
• the front loading chambers 16 are shown as being aligned with their respective preheat chambers 14, with parts 20 originally loaded on a rake 22 within the lefthand chamber 16 having been transferred to the preheat chamber 14 and, as depicted in Figure 1, into the coating chamber 12.
• the loading chambers 16 and 18 are mounted to low-profile movable platforms 24, so that the loading chambers 16 and 18 can be selectively aligned with their preheat chambers 14. For example, when the front lefthand loading chamber 16 is brought into alignment with the lefthand preheat chamber 14 to allow the parts 20 to be inserted into the coating chamber 12, the rear lefthand loading chamber 18 is set back from the lefthand preheat chamber 14, so that parts can be simultaneously loaded or unloaded from the rake 22 of the rear lefthand loading chamber 18.
• Each platform 24 is also preferably movable to a maintenance position, in which neither of its loading chambers 16 and 18 is aligned with its preheat chamber 14 , so that the interiors of the preheat and loading chambers 14, 16 and 18 can be accessed for cleaning.
• the platforms 24 are preferably supported at least in part by roller bearings 44 mounted in the floor, though it is foreseeable that a variety of bearings could be used.
• Each platform 24 has a low elevational profile
• a portion of the coating chamber 12 is also preferably configured to move relative to the preheat chamber 14 in order to facilitate cleaning of the interior of the chamber 12 between coating campaigns .
• the coating chamber 12 is in its operating position with a viewport 48, described in greater detail below, mounted to a front section of the chamber 12.
• the front section of the coating chamber 12 (as well as an ingot magazine 102 associated with the coating chamber 12 and discussed below) is shown as having been moved away from the remainder of coating chamber 12 in order to access a movable work platform 50, which is shown rotated into a working position in Figure 5. In this position, the interior of the coating chamber 12 can be easily accessed by the work platform 50.
• the platform 50 is shown as being coupled with a hinge 52 to the base of the coating chamber 12, though it is foreseeable that other acceptable structures could be employed.
• the platform 50 can be configured differently from that shown in Figures 3 through 5, including a hinged segmented construction, and with kick plates and other safety-related accessories .
• the coating, preheat and loading chambers 12, 14, 16 and 18 are connected by valves (not shown) that achieve a vacuum seal between these chambers .
• the valves preferably have a minimum dimension of about 250 mm, which is considerably larger than previously thought practical by those skilled in the art. Because the coating, preheat and loading chambers 12, 14, 16 and 18 must be pumped to varying levels of vacuum, and in some cases are required to move relative to each other as explained above, the valves must be capable of numerous cycles at relatively high pressures. Seal designs suitable for this purpose are known in the art, and therefore will not be discussed in any detail.
• coating is performed within the coating chamber 12 by melting and evaporating ingots 26 of ceramic material with electron beams 28 produced by electron beam (EB) guns 30 and focused on the ingots 26. Intense heating of the ceramic material by the electron beams 28 causes the surface of each ingot 26 to melt, forming molten ceramic pools from which molecules of the ceramic material evaporate, travel upwardly, and then deposit on the surfaces of the parts 20, producing the desired ceramic coating whose thickness will depend on the duration of the coating process. While two ingots 26 are shown in these Figures, it is within the scope of this invention that one or more ingots 26 could be present and evaporated at any given time.
• EBPVD coating chambers are typically capable of being maintained at a vacuum level of about 0.001 mbar (about lxlO "3 Torr) or less.
• a vacuum of at most 0.010 mbar, and more typically about 0.005 mbar would be drawn within the coating chamber 12 during the coating process, the reason being that higher pressures were known to cause erratic operation of the EB guns 30 and make the electron beams 28 difficult to control, with the presumption that inferior coatings would result.
• the life of the gun filament would be reduced or the gun contaminated if operated at coating chamber pressures above 0.005 mbar.
• the coating chamber 12 is preferably operated at higher pressures that surprisingly yield a ceramic coating with improved spallation and impact resistance, as well as promote the coating deposition rate in conjunction with higher ingot evaporation rates than that achieved in the prior art.
• Rough pumpdown can be performed in the coating, preheat and loading chambers 12, 14, 16 and 18 with mechanical pumps 31.
• a cryogenic pump 32 of a type known in the art is shown in Figures 1 and 2 as being employed to aid in the evacuation of the coating chamber 12 prior to the deposition process.
• a diffusion pump 34 whose operation is similar to those known in the art, but modified with a throttle valve 36 to regulate the operation of the pump 34 in accordance with this invention. More particularly, the throttle valve 36 is actuated between an open position
• separate diffusion pumps 38 similarly equipped with throttle valves (not shown) are preferably employed to evacuate the preheat chambers 14, again for the reason that a relatively high pressure is desired for the coating operation of this invention.
• the mechanical pumps 31 preferably include leak detector connections 33 to which a leak detector can be connected for detecting a system vacuum leak using helium or another gas that can be safely introduced through leaks in the chambers 12, 14, 16 and 18, or associated equipment .
• the loading chambers 16 and 18 are generally elongated in shape, and are equipped with loading doors 40 through which parts are loaded onto the rakes 22.
• the loading chambers 16 and 18 are also equipped with access doors 42 to motion drives (schematically represented at 46 in Figure 1) that control the operation of the rakes 22. More particularly, the parts 20 supported on the rakes 22 are preferably rotated and/or oscillated within the coating chamber 12 in order to promote the desired coating distribution around the parts 20.
• the access doors 42 allow the operator of the apparatus 10 to quickly adjust or change the settings of the motion drives 46 without interfering with loading and unloading of parts from the loading chambers 16 and 18.
• control loop response time for these gases was reduced by physically placing the control valves 58 for the gases immediately adjacent to the inlet 54 just outside the coating chamber 12, as shown in Figures 1 and 6. Placement of the control valves 58 so close to the coating chamber 12 provided a surprisingly significant improvement in pressure control, reducing pressure fluctuations within the coating chamber 12 and reducing disturbances in the focus and position of the electron beams 28 on the ingots 26.
• the EB guns 30 are relatively isolated from the higher coating pressure within the coating chamber 12 by a condensate hood 52 that catches most of the superfluous ceramic vapors that do not deposit onto the parts 20.
• the hood 52 is configured according to this invention to define a coating region around the parts 20, within which the elevated pressure desired for the coating process is specifically maintained.
• the hood 52 is preferably equipped with screens 76 that can be removed and cleaned outside of the coating chamber 12.
• the screens 76 are retained by spring pins 78 instead of threaded fasteners in order to simplify removal of the screens 76 when in the condition of having been coated with a layer of the coating material by the end of a campaign. Though generally more complicated, the entire condensate hood 52 could be removed and replaced with a second clean hood 52.
• the apertures 62 are preferably formed to have dimensions of not more than that necessary to allow the electron beams 28 to pass through the hood 52.
• the apertures 62 are preferably cut with the electron beams 28 during the setup of the EBPVD apparatus 10, so that each aperture 62 has a cross-sectional area that is approximately equal to that of its electron beam pattern at the intersection with the hood 52.
• the beams 28 travel from their respective guns 30 through chambers 64 formed between the interior walls of the coating chamber 12 and the condensate hood 52.
• the diffusion pump 34 has an inlet near and pneumatically coupled to each of the chambers 64. Because of the minimum size of the apertures 62, the elevated pressure within the condensate hood 52 (achieved by the introduction of oxygen and argon with the inlet 54) bleeds into the chambers 64 at a sufficiently reduced rate to enable the diffusion pump 34 to maintain the chambers 64 at a pressure lower than that within the condensate hood 52.
• FIGs 6, 8 and 9 illustrate additional protection provided to the EB guns 30 with this invention.
• the EB guns 30 are equipped with vacuum pumps 66 that maintain pressures within the guns 30 at levels of about 8xl0 "5 to about 8xl0 "4 mbar, which is well below that existing outside the guns 30, i.e., within the EBPVD coating chamber 12 of this invention as well as typical EBPVD coating chambers of the prior art.
• the electron beams 28 In order for such low pressures to be maintained, the electron beams 28 must pass through cylindrical orifices 68 to exit the guns 30, as schematically shown in Figure 6.
• Figure 8 represents a conventional configuration for such an orifice 168.
• the orifice 168 has a relatively large diameter and length, e.g., about 30 mm and about 120 mm, respectively.
• the disadvantage of the prior art is the reduced protection that such a large orifice 168 can provide to the EB guns 30 operating in the higher pressure environment of the apparatus 10 of this invention.
• orifice 68 of this invention shown in Figures 6 and 9, which is depicted in Figure 9 as having a smaller diameter and length than that of the prior art orifice 168 of Figure 8.
• a preferred diameter and length for the orifice 68 are believed to be about 15 and 50 mm, respectively, though optimum values for these dimensions can vary depending on pressures and focus, deflection coil current, and overall geometries.
• the condensate hood 52 is positioned around the parts 20 to minimize the deposition of ceramic material on the interior walls of the coating chamber 12.
• the condensate hood 52 is also specially configured to regulate heating of the parts 20 as required to maintain an appropriate part temperature during a coating campaign.
• the hood 52 is equipped with a movable reflector plate 72 that radiates heat emitted by the molten surfaces of the ingots 26 back toward the parts 20.
• the reflector plate 72 is positioned close to the parts 22 with an actuator 74 to maximize heating of the parts 20.
• the reflector plate 72 is moved away from the parts 20 (as shown in phantom in Figure 6) to reduce the amount of radiated heat reflected back onto the parts 20.
• the parts 20 can be more readily brought to a suitable deposition temperature (e.g., about 925°C) at the start of a campaign, while attainment of the maximum allowed coating temperature (e.g., about 1140°C) is delayed to maximize the length of the coating campaign.
• the hood 52 and plate 72 also promote a more uniform and stable blade coating temperature, which promotes the desired columnar grain structure for the ceramic coatings on the parts 20.
• a water-cooled shroud 75 is shown that surrounds the plate 72 to inhibit gas flow between the condensate hood 52 and plate 72, and thereby reduces pressure loss between the hood 52 and plate 72.
• manipulators 77 that extend into the coating chamber 12 through a ball joint feed-through 79 in the chamber wall.
• the manipulators 77 are used to assist in regulating the heating of the parts 20 by moving ceramic or ceramic-coated reflectors 80
• the reflectors 80 are at a very high temperature during the coating process, and therefore radiate heat upward toward the parts 20.
• the amount of heat radiated by the reflectors 80 is generally at a maximum when the reflectors 80 are closest to the crucibles 56, and can be reduced by moving the reflectors 80 away from the crucibles 56.
• the reflectors 80 are preferably supported on a fluid-cooled plate 81 that does not appreciably radiate heat to the parts 20.
• the reflectors 80 can be used in conjunction with the reflector plate 72 to regulate the temperature of parts 20 being coated within the coating chamber 12 during an ongoing campaign.
• the reflectors 80 are originally located near the crucibles 56 to maximize heating of the parts 20, and later moved with the manipulators 77 away from the crucibles 56 to reduce the amount of radiated heat.
• the portions of the manipulators 77 within the coating chamber 12 are preferably formed of a high-temperature alloy, such as a nickel-base alloy such as X-15.
• a high-temperature alloy such as a nickel-base alloy such as X-15.
• the reflectors 80 could be in essentially any form and have essentially any shape.
• one or more plates coated with a reflective material could be used.
• the reflectors 80 could be relatively large pieces cut from ingots of a material similar to that being deposited, though it is apparent that other ceramic materials could be used.
• the ingots 26 of ceramic material are supported within the coating chamber 12 by crucibles 56 that retain the molten pools of ceramic material produced by the electron beams 28.
• One of the crucibles 56 is shown in greater detail in Figure 10 as having a three-piece configuration.
• An upper member 82 with a tapered upper surface 84 is assembled with a lower member 86, forming therebetween a coolant passage 88 through which water or another suitable coolant is flowed to maintain the temperature of the crucible 56 below the melting temperature of its material.
• a restriction plate 90 is also shown in Figure 10, whose thickness can be selected to change, e.g., decrease, the cross-sectional flow area of the passage 88 between a coolant inlet 92 and outlet 94.
• a preferred material for the crucible 56 is copper or a copper alloy, necessitating that the coolant flow rates through the passage 88 must be sufficient to keep the crucible wall 96 nearest the molten portion of the ingot 26 well below the temperature of the molten ceramic.
• the electron beam 28 is preferably projected onto the tapered surface 84 as well as the ingot 26. Consequently, in order for the exterior surface of the upper member 82 to be adequately cooled, the thickness of the wall 96 must be minimized to promote heat transfer without jeopardizing the mechanical strength of the crucible 56.
• the multiple-piece crucible configuration of this invention facilitates the fabrication of an optimal configuration for the coolant passage 88, as well as enables the thickness of the wall 96 to be produced with tight tolerances. While an optimal configuration will depend on various factors, a preferred coolant flow rate is about five to fifty gallons/minute (about twenty to two hundred liters/minute) using water at a pressure of about two to six atmospheres (about two to six bar) through a passage 88 whose cross-sectional area is about 400 mm 2 , and with a maximum wall thickness of about 10 mm adjacent the surface 84, and about 7 mm adjacent the ingot 26.
• Figures 11 and 12 represent a preferred pattern for the electron beams 28 on the ingots 26 to form the pools of ceramic material. As seen in Figures 10 and 11, the beam 28 is also projected onto that portion of the crucible surface 84 immediately surrounding the ingot 26, with the perimeter of the beam 28 on the crucible surface 84.
• the preferred power distribution 98 of the electron beam 28 is shown in Figure 12 as having peaks located near the ingot-crucible interface, with little or no power aimed at the center of the ingot 26. According to this invention, the benefit of directing such high beam intensities away from the center of the molten pool is a reduced tendency for spitting, which is generally when a droplet of molten ceramic is ejected from the pool during coating.
• Spitting is associated with defects in the coating produced on the parts 20, and therefore is preferably avoided.
• Projecting the beam 28 onto the crucible 56 serves to reduce the amount of ceramic that might otherwise buildup on the crucible 56 due to spitting, and also provides a more even temperature distribution across the molten pool as determined with infrared imaging.
• suitable beam intensities at the peaks in Figure 12 are on the order of about 0.1 kW/mm 2 , as compared to a maximum level of about 0.01 kW/mm 2 at the center of the pool.
• the electron beam 28 is incident on the surface of the ingot 26 at an oblique angle so as to establish relative to its respective EB gun 30 a proximal intersection point 100 and an oppositely-disposed distal intersection point 101 with the crucible 56 at the perimeter of the beam pattern.
• the preferred beam pattern intensity on the ingot 26 and crucible 56 slightly diminishes, preferably by about 30% to 70% relative to the remaining perimeter of the beam pattern, at locations on the crucible 56 corresponding to the proximal and distal intersection points 100 and 101.
• the purpose of reducing the intensity of the beam pattern at the proximal intersection point 100 is to reduce erosion of the crucible 56 by the beam 28, while reducing the beam intensity at the distal intersection point 101 has been shown to reduce waves generated by the beam 26 on the molten ceramic pool from pushing molten ceramic over the edge of the crucible 56.
• Another preferred control feature of this invention for the electron beams 28 is the ability to temporarily interrupt the beam pattern on the surface of the crucibles 56 with a separate higher- intensity beam pattern 97 dedicated to achieving a faster evaporation rate over a small area in order to evaporate any ceramic that may become deposited on the crucibles 56 as a result of spitting.
• This feature of the invention can be performed during the coating operation with minimal or no impact on the deposition process.
• the pattern 97 is first automatically repositioned to a known position, from which the pattern 97 can then be manually moved under the direction of the operator toward the ceramic buildup.
• the position of the pattern 97 could be preprogrammed so that the operator can enter the location on the crucible 56 onto which the pattern 97 is to be projected. Ceramic buildup on the crucible 56 that cannot be readily removed with the pattern 97 can often be removed with the manipulator 77 shown in Figure 7.
• Magazines 102 that house and feed the ingots 26 up through the floor of the coating chamber 12 and into the crucibles 56 can be seen in Figures 1 through 7. As most readily seen in Figures 2, 6 and 7, each magazine 102 has a number of cylindrical channels 104 in which the ingots 26 are held. The magazines 102 rotate to index ingots 26 into alignment with the crucibles 56. The magazines 102 can also move toward and away from each other (i.e., laterally relative to the coating chamber 12) in order to make adjustments for crucible separation and thereby optimize the coating zone over which the deviation of coating thickness is acceptable.
• the feed mechanisms used to grip and feed the ingots 26 into the crucibles 56 generally include clamping arms 60, each of which is disposed at an angle from horizontal and adapted to hold the evaporating ingots 26 in place while the magazine 102 is indexed.
• the upper end of each arm 60 engages the evaporating ingot 26, which facilitates feeding the ingot 26 in an upward direction with an elevator 61 without allowing the clamping arm 60 to slide downward toward a horizontal position, which was determined to cause jamming of the feed mechanism.
• each magazine 102 sequentially aligns the next ingot 26 with the lower end of the evaporating ingot 26 within the crucible 56, and the elevator 61 feeds the next ingot 26 into the coating chamber 12 behind the evaporating ingot 26, with no or minimal interruption of the deposition of the ceramic material on the parts 20.
• the viewport 48 noted in reference to Figures 3 through 5 is shown in greater detail in Figure 13.
• the viewport 48 is configured to permit the operator of the apparatus 10 to observe the coating operation, including the parts 20 being coated, the pools of molten ceramic, the reflectors 80 around the crucibles 56, and the manipulators 77 used to move the reflectors 80.
• the viewport 48 is generally an enclosure that includes a fluid-cooled aperture plate 106 with an optional window 108 formed of sapphire in order to withstand the high temperatures (roughly 800°C or more) in proximity to the coating process .
• a shielding gas is shown as being directed toward the aperture plate 106 through a port 110 for the purpose of minimizing coating deposition on the window 108 or equipment behind the aperture plate 106.
• a rotating stroboscopic drum 112 serves to minimize exposure of a viewing window 114 to radiant heat, light and other radiation from the coating chamber 12.
• the drum 112 has slots 116 through its wall and rotates at a high rate to eliminate visual flicker to the eye of the observer.
• the window 114 is preferably a multiple-pane of quartz glass, lead glass and/or colored glass.
• the quartz glass provides physical strength, the lead glass provides protection from x-rays, and the colored glass is useful to reduce light intensity.
• the viewport 48 further includes a magnetic particle seal that provides a high-temperature vacuum seal for the stroboscopic drum. Another preferred feature is that the viewport 48 provides a stereoscopic view of the interior of the coating chamber 12, by which one or more operators can simultaneously observe the coating chamber while retaining depth perception.
• FIG. 14 Shown in Figure 14 is a preferred control panel 118 for controlling and monitoring the EBPVD apparatus 10 of this invention.
• the control panel 118 is shown as including a schematic of the apparatus 10 and its components, including indicia 120 for individual components (e.g., the coating chamber 12). Also shown are visual indicators 122 located adjacent the indicia 120 for indicating the operating status of the components, and switches 124 to change the operation of the corresponding components.
• the panel 118 is preferably surrounded by gauges for quantifying process parameters, such as pressures. With the panel 118, information regarding the operating status of the EBPVD apparatus 10 can be quickly and accurately noted to allow the operator to make any appropriate adjustments to the apparatus 10 and the coating process.
• the apparatus 10 of this invention may initially appear as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
• the parts 20 to be coated are loaded onto the rakes 22 within the loading chambers 16 and 18.
• the parts 20 may be formed of any suitable material, such as a nickel-base or cobalt-base superalloy if the parts 20 are blades of a gas turbine engine.
• the surfaces of the parts will typically be provided with a bond coat of known composition as discussed previously.
• the surface of the bond coat is preferably grit blasted to clean the bond coat surface and produce an optimum surface finish required for depositing columnar EBPVD ceramic coatings.
• an alumina scale is preferably formed on the bond coat at an elevated temperature to promote adhesion of the coating.
• the alumina scale often referred to as a thermally grown oxide or TGO, develops from oxidation of the aluminum- containing bond coat either through exposure to elevated temperatures prior to or during deposition of the ceramic coating, or by way of a high temperature treatment specifically performed for this purpose.
• the parts 20 are preferably preheated to about 1100°C in an argon atmosphere.
• the preheat chamber 14 is preferably maintained at about 600 °C to minimize the temperature range to which the chamber 14 is subjected during a campaign.
• the apparatus 10 of this invention is particularly configured to deposit a ceramic coating under the elevated pressure conditions taught by Rigney et al .
• a quick vacuum check is preferably performed to track the pumpdown rate and pressure achieved within each of the coating, preheat and loading chambers 12, 14, 16 and 18 during a set time period. Doing so serves to determine the vacuum integrity of the apparatus 10, which was previously performed with prior art EBPVD operations through an oxidation test performed on sacrificial specimens.
• the chambers 12, 14, 16 and 18 are evacuated with the mechanical pumps 31 from atmospheric pressure, and then a blower commenced when pressures drop to around 20 mbar.
• the cryogenic pump 32 is preferably started when a pressure of about SxlO "1 mbar is reached. Thereafter, the diffusion pumps 32 and 34 are started for the coating and preheat chambers 12 and 14 when a pressure of about 5xl0 ⁇ 2 mbar is reached. Suitable process pressures within the loading and preheat chambers 14, 16 and 18 are about 10 "3 to 10 "1 mbar, with suitable coating pressures being about 10 "2 to about 5xl0 "2 mbar within the coating region defined by the hood 52.
• a dual-element ion gauge 55 provided with a manual shutoff valve 57 is preferably used to measure the vacuum pressure within the coating chamber 12. By using a gauge 55 with independently operable elements, either element can be selected for use without interrupting the coating operation. Alternatively, two ion gauges separated by a valve could be provided, so that either gauge could be used or switched without interrupting the coating operation.
• the cryogenic pump 32 is preferably started prior to the diffusion pump 34, contrary to prior practice in which both pumps 32 and 34 were typically started at the same time to minimize ice buildup on the cryogenic pump 32.
• Starting the cryogenic pump 32 before the diffusion pump 34 has been found to significantly reduce the amount of time required to attain the coating chamber pressures desired for this invention. While starting the cryogenic pump 32 prior to the diffusion pump 34 promotes ice buildup on the cryogenic pump 32, this ice can be removed at the end of a coating campaign or any other convenient time.
• the electron beams 28 are focused on the ingots 26, thereby forming the molten pools of ceramic and vapors that deposit on the parts 20.
• a preferred ceramic material for TBC is zirconia (Zr0 2 ) partially or fully stabilized by yttria (e.g., 3%-20%, preferably 4%-8% Y 2 0 3 ) , though yttria stabilized with magnesia, ceria, calcia, scandia or other oxides could be used.
• the coating operation continues until the desired thickness for the coating on the parts 20 is obtained, after which the parts 20 are transferred through the preheat chamber 14 to the loading chamber 16, after which the loading chamber 16 is vented to atmosphere.
• the vents are preferably at least 30 mm in diameter in order to increase the venting rate, but generally less than about 60 mm in diameter to avoid disturbing dust and other possible contaminants within the chambers 12, 14, 16 and 18. For this reason, it may be desirable to initially vent with a smaller diameter valve, followed by a larger diameter valve.

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