EP1162279B1 - Installation de cémentation chauffée au gaz - Google Patents

Installation de cémentation chauffée au gaz Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1162279B1
EP1162279B1 EP01410062A EP01410062A EP1162279B1 EP 1162279 B1 EP1162279 B1 EP 1162279B1 EP 01410062 A EP01410062 A EP 01410062A EP 01410062 A EP01410062 A EP 01410062A EP 1162279 B1 EP1162279 B1 EP 1162279B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cell
gas
carburizing
preheating
burners
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP01410062A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1162279A1 (fr
Inventor
Max Eymin
Laurent Pelissier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Etudes et Constructions Mecaniques SA
Original Assignee
Etudes et Constructions Mecaniques SA
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP1162279A1 publication Critical patent/EP1162279A1/fr
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Publication of EP1162279B1 publication Critical patent/EP1162279B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F27D99/0001—Heating elements or systems
    • F27D99/0033—Heating elements or systems using burners
    • F27D99/0035—Heating indirectly through a radiant surface
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
    • C21D1/773—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material under reduced pressure or vacuum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
    • C23C8/20—Carburising

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the treatment of parts steel, and more specifically the thermal treatment of carburizing, that is, introducing carbon into the surface parts to improve the hardness.
  • the invention relates more particularly vacuum carburizing plants or under low pressure (below atmospheric pressure).
  • Low pressure carburizing treatment consists of to submit the parts to be treated, in a sealed enclosure to the air, at an alternation of stages of enrichment in the presence low pressure carburizing gas and diffusion stages under vacuum or under a low pressure neutral atmosphere.
  • the respective durations of the enrichment and diffusion steps as well as their number depend in particular on the concentration in carbon and the desired carburizing depth in parts, and these treatments are well known in the art.
  • a example of low pressure carburizing process is described in the French patent application No. 2,678,287 of the applicant.
  • Any cementation treatment is a heat treatment at high temperature (generally, of the order of 800 to 1000 ° C, or more) and heating and maintaining the temperature homogeneous parts during the diffusion and enrichment stages constitute a key point of the cementation processes.
  • the invention also refers to carbonitriding whose only difference from cementation comes from enrichment gas used which is usually added ammonia.
  • enrichment gas used which is usually added ammonia.
  • the result is the formation of nitride (instead of carbide for carburizing) on the surface of the workpiece.
  • nitride instead of carbide for carburizing
  • cementation enclosures define volumes of one or more cubic meters that are heated and kept at the carburizing temperature by means of Electric heating.
  • resistors are used electric bars in the form of bars the volume of cementation, that is to say around the chamber carburizing, depending on the desired thermal distribution as well as thermal bridges related to the constitution of the chamber.
  • the first energy that comes to mind is the gas that is a "clean" and inexpensive energy.
  • the use gas in the heating of cementation enclosures a lot of the problems that led up to now to prefer electric heating, especially for installations at low pressure.
  • a first problem is related to the very constitution of gas burners, which must heat the internal space of the enclosure without introducing smoke from the combustion of the gas.
  • the necessary length of the burners because of the large case size is a critical point in terms of distribution of heat in the enclosure.
  • the type of gas burner system that would be suitable to use corresponds, for example, to the burner system described in the French patent application No. 2,616,520.
  • This type of system burner consists of a sealed outer casing and a central fireplace tube delimiting a combustion chamber.
  • a such a system uses recirculation of flue gases and allows a high speed output of these gases.
  • This burner system can if necessary be associated with an internal tube of the type described in the French patent application No. 2,616,518.
  • the contents respective publications mentioned above are considered as known.
  • An object of the present invention is to propose a gas-heated cementation cell that overcomes the disadvantages above.
  • Another object of the present invention is to propose a solution that is compatible with the current distribution of heating means at the periphery of a cementation cell.
  • Another object of the present invention is to propose a modular carburizing facility that takes advantage of the use of gas as a source of heating energy.
  • the present invention provides a heat treatment cell with a low pressure of steel parts, comprising heating means consisting of several radiant gas tubes distributed around a useful volume a sealed enclosure; and control means provided with less than one mode of pulse regulation of the heating means.
  • control means are adapted to control the means of heating according to two phases of operation respectively preheating at full power and maintaining temperature in pulse regulation.
  • control means are capable of modifying the gas flow rate between two levels respectively maximum for preheating and intermediate for pulse regulation.
  • all radiant gas tubes are ordered individually or in groups.
  • control means comprise a programmable controller for individualize orders to the different tubes.
  • the present invention also provides, according to claim 6, an installation of heat treatment under low pressure of steel parts comprising a plurality of treatment cells connected to an enclosure joint seal with handling means for transferring a charge from one cell to another, at least one cell being of the type mentioned above.
  • At least one cell is dedicated to preheating a charge to and at least one cell is a cementation cell.
  • the carburizing cell is provided with heating means at clean gases to be controlled in pulse regulation mode.
  • a feature of the present invention is provide an impulse control of gas burners of a cell heat treatment, at least during maintaining the temperature after a preheating phase. So, according to the invention uses gas burners of the type of those described in the aforementioned French patent application No. 2,616,520, and these burners are controlled so as to obtain, at least after a preheating phase, a clocked regulation.
  • burners are usually suitable for optimal evacuation fumes within a certain flow range and operation under very low gas flow does not allow to obtain a distribution homogeneous temperature in the tube, nor to obtain a correct recovery of smoke energy. In addition, this can to pose problems of stability of the flame.
  • a switching between two flows of air and gas according to the mode of burner operation is expected burners said to two flow rates of air and gas allowing operation in a first maximum flow rate for a preheat phase and a operation in a second intermediate flow for the phase regulation.
  • the intermediate flow does not correspond to the minimum flow rate of the burner, so that both flow rates allow an acceptable homogeneity of the temperature, with a correct recovery of the fumes in the burner.
  • FIG. 1 represents an embodiment of the present invention. This figure illustrates, very partially, a heat treatment cell in that it represents a single gas burner 1 as well as the control system 2 of the gas burners in the cell.
  • the gas burner 1 essentially consists of a external radiating envelope 10 in the form of a glove finger which passes through, by means of a vacuum sealing system 11, the wall 12 of the treatment cell.
  • the burner comprises also a tube 13, internal to the envelope 10 and coaxial to it.
  • a first end of the tube 13 is close to the end of the casing 10 in the carburizing cell.
  • a second end of the tube 13 is open towards an outlet of a chamber 14 intended to produce the gas-air mixture of burner and combustion.
  • the burner is preferably flue gas recirculation, that is, some of the combustion fumes are used to be reintroduced into the inlet of the tube 13, the rest of the fumes being evacuated through a vent 15 of the casing 10 outside of the cell.
  • the burner has been shown very schematically and, in particular, the means ignition of the flame have not been illustrated.
  • Room 14 has at least one arrival 16 of gas and at least one arrival 17 of air. Generally, several air intakes are planned to better homogenize the gas-air mixture to burn.
  • the ducts 16 and 17 of air supply out of the envelope 10 outside of the carburizing cell.
  • the position of the burner 1 with respect to the wall of the chamber 12 is such that the entire tube 13 is contained in the internal volume of the carburizing cell.
  • the entire tube 13 is preferably not contained in the so-called "hot" volume of the cement chamber which is usually delimited by a heat shield (symbolized by a dotted line 18).
  • room 14 itself is in the internal volume of the cell, but preferentially out of the hot volume.
  • the position of the burner 1 is chosen to that the part of the tube 13 in the hot volume is homogeneous in temperature.
  • the adaptation of the burner position is made by moving the entirety of it (envelope 10 included) in relation to the wall 12 of the enclosure, to adjust the position of the entrance of the tube 13 with respect to the heat shield 18.
  • System 2 essentially comprises a circuit Regulatory System (REG) 20 (in practice, one or more circuits) and a network 21 of valves controlled by the circuit 20, if necessary via a programmable logic controller 30 (AUTO) as we will see later.
  • REG circuit Regulatory System
  • AUTO programmable logic controller 30
  • the circuit 20 receives measurement signals 22 and control.
  • the measurement signals are essentially constituted measurement results provided by at least one sensor of temperature of the cement chamber.
  • Control signals come from a central control unit accessible by the operator.
  • the control circuit 20 (or the controller 30) delivers 23 control signals to the gas burners for turn on and off their respective flames.
  • control circuit 20 also the network 21 of gas and air valves. This network of valves is used to control the respective gas and air flow rates of different burners.
  • a main pipe 24 of gas supply is distributed in two lines 25 and 26 respectively associated with limiters flow rate 25-1 and 26-1.
  • the pipes 25 and 26 have, according to the invention, different rates.
  • pipe 25 is intended to provide, in association with the limiter 25-1, a debit of maximum gas for operation of the burner in power maximum during at least one preheating phase.
  • Driving 26 is intended to provide, in association with the limiter 26-1, a lower gas flow rate for burner operation in the clocked regime of the invention.
  • Air circuit side, a pipe main 27 is divided into two lines 28 and 29 respectively associated with limiters 28-1 and 29-1 whose roles are similar to those described above in relation to food in gas.
  • the flow rates imposed by the limiters 25-1, 26-1, 28-1 and 29-1 are preset.
  • each of the pipes 25, 26, 28 and 29 is associated with a control valve 25-2, 26-2, 28-2 and 29-2 in all or nothing.
  • Valves 26-2 and 29-2 are preferably simultaneously controlled by a signal 32 issued by the circuit 20 (or by the controller 30) in clocked mode.
  • Valves 25-2 and 28-2 are preferably simultaneously controlled by a signal 33 from the circuit 20 or from the automaton 30.
  • the ends of the lines 25, 26 and 28, 29 are joined at their opposite ends respectively.
  • FIG. 2 represents, in the form of chronograms, an example of pace signal 33, signal 32 and instantaneous power P corresponding gas burners.
  • valves 25-2 and 28-2 are open at maximum flow.
  • the maximum flow rate may be fixed by the sum of the flows of all limiters.
  • the valves 26-2 and 29-2 are also open.
  • an intermediate phase time t1 to t2 during which the burner output goes to the lower flow rate without clocking. To do this, from the instant t1, the burner 1 operates in intermediate power regime.
  • control signal 33 changes state in order to close the valves 25-2 and 28-2 and the signal 32 changes state to open (if they are not already) valves 26-2 and 29-2.
  • the instant t1 is fixed by the approach of a temperature setpoint lower than the desired control temperature.
  • the intermediate phase between moments t1 and t2 can, in particular, serve to avoid the exceeding the temperature setpoint due to inertia of the system.
  • the regulated regulation signal 32 adapts, in function of the parameters that the circuit 20 receives by the signals 22, the respective opening times of the valves 26-2 and 29-2.
  • the desired power for the burner is relatively important and requires pulses of duration relatively long. It may be, for example, a phase adapting the burner power change between its maximum and intermediate levels. From the moment t3, we can consider that we are in a phase of regulation itself where the duty cycle of the ignition pulses of the burner depends exclusively on temperature variations in the carburizing chamber. These variations can come from for example, a modification imposed by the process of carburizing or transferring charge in the cell.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a need for power reduction at from a moment t4.
  • ignition times and downtime respective burners are established, inter alia, according to the arrangement of the burners in the enclosure and their constitution.
  • the burners can be ordered in steady state even when operating in full power.
  • the controller 30 provides individual orders (signals 32 'and 33' at destination other burners not shown), for example by differing the ignition of the burners successively and adapting the durations ignition pulses to the different burners.
  • the automaton 30 has a pre-established operation and receives, inter alia, control signals 34 and 35 from the regulator and which are common to all burners, the automaton taking care of adapting these signals to the different burners.
  • the different burners will be distributed in the carburizing cell as a function of the desired thermal homogeneity. For example, we may wish dispose at the bottom of the carburizing cell, that is to say at the vicinity of the load-bearing feet of more strong at equal rate or a longer heating time so improve vertical homogeneity.
  • the Homogeneity adjustments depend essentially on the choice of intermediate power which is a function of the length of the burners, so the volume of the enclosure.
  • the burners can be controlled by groups.
  • Figure 3 illustrates an example of application of the present invention to a modular installation of cementation.
  • the embodiment of Figure 3 is inspired by a modular installation as described in the application for European patent No. 0 922 778 of the applicant which is considered as known.
  • a basic module 40 comprises a sealed enclosure 41 in the form of a cylinder (of section not necessarily circular) with horizontal axis. The two ends of this cylinder 41, provided of collars, are blocked by removable waterproof lids 42.
  • the treatment cells are connected laterally to the cylinder 41 and are in the same horizontal plane.
  • two heat treatment cells 43 and 44 for example example intended to contain two charges to be cementized, are arranged facing each other and are connected to a first box transfer 41-1 constituting the cylinder 41.
  • a cell of loading 45 is arranged in front of a quenching cell 46, these cells being connected to a second transfer box 41-2, itself axially connected to the box 41-1.
  • a handling device is in the form of a carriage 48 moving parallel to the axis of the cylinder 41, from one transfer box to another.
  • This cart moves, by for example, on rails 50 extending all along the cylinder 41.
  • the truck is equipped with a telescopic fork 52 capable of stretch on either side of the trolley 48 to the center of each cells 43 to 46 to take and deposit a charge 54 in progress.
  • the trolley 48 is at the cells 45 and 46, and the fork telescopic 52 enters the cell 45 to take a 54.
  • cell 45 was previously the low pressure of the enclosure 41 to be able to open the door 45-1 which constitutes, with the outer door 45-2, an entrance lock.
  • the carriage 48 is at the level of the cells 43 and 44.
  • the installation of Figure 2 is modular, i.e. one or more additional modules 60 each consisting of a transfer case 41-3 provided with rails 50 'and one or two cells 43' can be connected axially at one of the caissons 41-1 or 41-2 to complete the cylinder 41.
  • the cells 43, 43 'and 44 are carburizing cells heated to conforming gases as previously described.
  • a charge to temper maintenance operations temperature For this, we assign one of the cells, for example the cell 44 in FIG. 3, to preheat all the loads to cementation. This cell is then equipped with gas burners for carry the charge to be cements at a temperature close to the working temperature, for example, at a temperature between 600 and 800 ° C. Subsequently, the charges are transferred to the other cementation cells 43 and 43 'in which the only heating operation necessary is for maintaining and the homogenization of the temperature of the different pieces. Therefore, we optimize the use of the means of heater.
  • gas burners are used even in the carburizing cells where we simply to maintain the temperature.
  • An advantage of dissociating the functions of preheating and maintaining temperature is that burners can now be dedicated to only one of two functions while all running at maximum efficiency. Thus, one can dispense with the structure with double flow of gas by providing two types of burners, without encountering any problems here congestion.
  • the burners are then controlled to power fixed (for example, at maximum power) and, at least in the carburizing cells, by clocked regulation.
  • preheating cells in front of be provided in a modular carburizing plant itself depends on the number of carburizing cells to distribute.
  • provision will be made a preheating cell with gas burners of a first type of power and carburizing cells with gas burners of a second type of power.
  • Such an embodiment allows to optimize the regulation and the homogeneity of the temperature in load.
  • the present invention is capable of various variations and modifications that will appear to the man from art.
  • the positioning of gas burners in a carburizing cell or in a preheating cell in function of the constitution of the cell itself is within reach of the skilled person from the functional indications above data and application.
  • the system of control (circuit 20, controller 30 and valves 21) can be realized using known means.
  • the choice of flow rates gas and air in the gas burners used depends on the powers maximum and clocked regulation that are related to the application.
  • the invention can also be implemented in a treatment plant of the type described in European Patent No. 0 388 333 of the Applicant where several vertical processing cells are spread over a waterproof enclosure for transferring the load.
  • the adaptation of a such installation to a gas preheating cell and cells Gas or electric carburizing is within the reach of the skilled person from the indications given in relation with the horizontal installation of Figure 3.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
  • Tunnel Furnaces (AREA)
  • Muffle Furnaces And Rotary Kilns (AREA)
EP01410062A 2000-06-06 2001-06-05 Installation de cémentation chauffée au gaz Expired - Lifetime EP1162279B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0007232A FR2809746B1 (fr) 2000-06-06 2000-06-06 Installation de cementation chauffee au gaz
FR0007232 2000-06-06

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1162279A1 EP1162279A1 (fr) 2001-12-12
EP1162279B1 true EP1162279B1 (fr) 2005-08-17

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EP01410062A Expired - Lifetime EP1162279B1 (fr) 2000-06-06 2001-06-05 Installation de cémentation chauffée au gaz

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6627145B2 (es)
EP (1) EP1162279B1 (es)
JP (1) JP2002146513A (es)
CN (1) CN1328171A (es)
AT (1) ATE302290T1 (es)
CA (1) CA2350004A1 (es)
DE (1) DE60112657T9 (es)
FR (1) FR2809746B1 (es)
MX (1) MXPA01005661A (es)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9212416B2 (en) 2009-08-07 2015-12-15 Swagelok Company Low temperature carburization under soft vacuum

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2884523B1 (fr) * 2005-04-19 2008-01-11 Const Mecaniques Sa Et Procede et four de carbonitruration a basse pression
EP2541177A3 (en) * 2005-11-23 2014-09-24 Surface Combustion, Inc. Fluid delivery system for an atmospheric furnace used for treating one or more articles
AT504218B1 (de) * 2006-10-02 2008-06-15 Siemens Vai Metals Tech Gmbh Haspelofen
US9617632B2 (en) 2012-01-20 2017-04-11 Swagelok Company Concurrent flow of activating gas in low temperature carburization
CN104276595B (zh) 2014-10-28 2016-08-17 东江环保股份有限公司 一种碱式氯化锌的制备方法

Family Cites Families (13)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4093195A (en) * 1977-01-19 1978-06-06 Holcroft & Company Carburizing furnace
GB2045408A (en) * 1979-03-28 1980-10-29 Holcroft Furnace system
DE8414235U1 (de) * 1984-05-10 1984-08-02 Colt International Gmbh, 4190 Kleve Heizgeraet
JPS60248909A (ja) * 1984-05-23 1985-12-09 Tokyo Gas Co Ltd ラジアントチユ−ブバ−ナ
US4763880A (en) * 1987-04-03 1988-08-16 Holcroft/Loftus Inc. Rotary hearth multi-chamber, multi-purpose furnace system
FR2616518B1 (fr) 1987-06-11 1990-11-30 Gaz De France Tube interne en ceramique notamment pour tube radiant en doigt de gant a recirculation
FR2616520B1 (fr) 1987-06-11 1989-10-27 Gaz De France Systeme a bruleur notamment a grande vitesse de sortie des gaz brules
FR2644567A1 (fr) 1989-03-17 1990-09-21 Etudes Const Mecaniques Dispositif pour l'execution de traitements thermiques enchaines en continu sous vide
US5164145A (en) * 1990-10-10 1992-11-17 Thermo Process Systems Inc. Rotary furnace oil seal employing endothermic gas purge
FR2678287B1 (fr) * 1991-06-26 1993-10-29 Etudes Constructions Mecaniques Procede et four de cementation a basse pression.
US5261976A (en) * 1991-12-31 1993-11-16 Gas Research Institute Control system for a soft vacuum furnace
FR2771754B1 (fr) 1997-12-02 2000-02-11 Etudes Const Mecaniques Installation de traitement thermique sous vide modulaire
US6159306A (en) * 1998-10-26 2000-12-12 Barbour; George E. Carburizing device and method of using the same

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9212416B2 (en) 2009-08-07 2015-12-15 Swagelok Company Low temperature carburization under soft vacuum

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2002146513A (ja) 2002-05-22
CN1328171A (zh) 2001-12-26
US20020017746A1 (en) 2002-02-14
CA2350004A1 (en) 2001-12-06
DE60112657D1 (de) 2005-09-22
MXPA01005661A (es) 2003-10-06
EP1162279A1 (fr) 2001-12-12
FR2809746B1 (fr) 2003-03-21
DE60112657T9 (de) 2006-10-19
FR2809746A1 (fr) 2001-12-07
DE60112657T2 (de) 2006-06-14
US6627145B2 (en) 2003-09-30
ATE302290T1 (de) 2005-09-15

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