EP1149166A2 - Gene identifiziert als notwendig für proliferation in escherichia coli - Google Patents

Gene identifiziert als notwendig für proliferation in escherichia coli

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Publication number
EP1149166A2
EP1149166A2 EP00914458A EP00914458A EP1149166A2 EP 1149166 A2 EP1149166 A2 EP 1149166A2 EP 00914458 A EP00914458 A EP 00914458A EP 00914458 A EP00914458 A EP 00914458A EP 1149166 A2 EP1149166 A2 EP 1149166A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nucleic acid
proliferation
cell
gene
antisense
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00914458A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Judith Zyskind
Kari L. Ohlsen
John Trawick
R. Allyn Forsyth
Jamie M. Froelich
Grant J. Carr
Robert T. Yamamoto
H. Howard Xu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Elitra Pharmaceuticals Inc
Original Assignee
Elitra Pharmaceuticals Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Elitra Pharmaceuticals Inc filed Critical Elitra Pharmaceuticals Inc
Priority to EP01124215A priority Critical patent/EP1178052A3/de
Publication of EP1149166A2 publication Critical patent/EP1149166A2/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
    • C07K14/24—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Enterobacteriaceae (F), e.g. Citrobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Providencia, Morganella, Yersinia
    • C07K14/245—Escherichia (G)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents

Definitions

  • Newly emerging practices in drug discovery utilize a number of biochemical techniques to provide for directed approaches to creating new drugs, rather than discovering them at random. For example, gene sequences and proteins encoded thereby that are required for the proliferation of an organism make for excellent targets since exposure of bacteria to compounds active against these targets would result in the inactivation of the organism. Once a target is identified, biochemical analysis of that target can be used to discover or to design molecules that interact with and alter the functions of the target. Using physical and computational techniques, to analyze structural and biochemical targets in order to derive compounds that interact with a target is called rational drug design and offers great future potential. Thus, emerging drug discovery practices use molecular modeling techniques, combinatorial chemistry approaches, and other means to produce and screen and/or design large numbers of candidate compounds.
  • the initial step of identifying molecular targets for investigation can be an extremely time consuming task. It may also be difficult to design molecules that interact with the target by using computer modeling techniques. Furthermore, in cases where the function of the target is not known or is poorly understood, it may be difficult to design assays to detect molecules that interact with and alter the functions of the target. To improve the rate of novel drug discovery and development, methods of identifying important molecular targets in pathogenic microorganisms and methods for identifying molecules that interact with and alter the functions of such molecular targets are urgently required.
  • Escherichia coli represents an excellent model system to understand bacterial biochemistry and physiology.
  • the estimated 4288 genes scattered along the 4.6 x 10 6 base pairs of the Escherichia coli (E. coll) chromosome offer tremendous promise for the understanding of bacterial biochemical processes. In turn, this knowledge will assist in the development of new tools for the diagnosis and treatment of bacteria-caused human disease.
  • the entire £ coli genome has been sequenced, and this body of information holds a tremendous potential for application to the discovery and development of new antibiotic compounds. Yet, in spite of this accomplishment, the general functions or roles of many of these genes are still unknown. For example, the total number of proliferation-required genes contained within the E. coli genome is unknown, but has been variously estimated at around 200 to 700 (Armstrong,
  • Novel, safe and effective antimicrobial compounds are needed in view of the rapid rise of antibiotic resistant microorganisms.
  • the characterization of even a single bacterial gene was a painstaking process, requiring years of effort. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for more novel methods to identify and characterize bacterial genomic sequences that encode gene products required for proliferation and for methods to identify molecules that interact with and alter the functions of such genes and gene products.
  • One embodiment of the present invention is a purified or isolated nucleic acid sequence consisting essentially of one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-81, 405-485, wherein said nucleic acid inhibits microorganism proliferation.
  • the nucleic acid sequence may be complementary to at least a portion of a coding sequence of a gene whose expression is required for microorganism proliferation.
  • the nucleic acid sequence may comprise a fragment of one of SEQ ID NOs. 1-81, 405- 485, said fragment selected from the group consisting of fragments comprising at least 10, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50 or more than 50 consecutive bases of one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-81, 405-485.
  • the nucleic acid sequence may be complementary to a coding sequence of a gene whose expression is required for microorganism proliferation.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a vector comprising a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1-81, 405-485.
  • the promoter may be active in an organism selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aure ⁇ s, Pseudomonas aer ⁇ ginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Helicobacter pylori, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecalis. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans,
  • Cryptococcus neoformans Aspergillus fumigatus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella cholerasuis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Treponema pallidum, Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Clostridium botulinum, campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatus, Chlamydia pneumoniae or any species falling within the genera of any of the above species.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a host cell containing the vectors described above.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a purified or isolated nucleic acid consisting essentially of the coding sequence of one of SEQ ID NOs: 82-88, 90-242.
  • One aspect of this embodiment is a fragment of the nucleic acid comprising at least 10, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50 or more than 50 consecutive bases of one of SEQ ID NOs: 82-88, 90-242.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a vector comprising a promoter operably linked to the nucleic acids of the preceding embodiment.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is a purified or isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence complementary to at least a portion of an intragenic sequence, intergenic sequence, sequences spanning at least a portion of two or more genes, 5' noncoding region, or 3' noncoding region within an operon encoding a polypeptide comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 243-357, 359-398.
  • nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid having at least 70% homology to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1-81, 405-485, 82- 88, 90-242 or the sequences complementary thereto as determined using BLASTN version 2.0 with the default parameters.
  • the nucleic acid may be from an organism selected from the group consisting of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Helicobacter pylori, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecalis.
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a purified or isolated nucleic acid consisting essentially of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 243-357, 359-398.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a vector comprising a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 243-357, 359-398.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a host cell containing the vector of the preceding embodiment.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is purified or isolated polypeptide comprising the sequence of one of SEQ ID NOs: 243-357, 359-398.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is purified or isolated polypeptide comprising a fragment of one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOs. 243-357, 359-398, said fragment selected from the group consisting of fragments comprising at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60 or more than 60 consecutive amino acids of one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOs.: 243-357, 359-398.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is an antibody capable of specifically binding the polypeptide of the preceding embodiment.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is method of producing a polypeptide, comprising introducing a vector comprising a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 243-357, 359-398into a cell.
  • the method may further comprise the step of isolating said protein.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of inhibiting proliferation comprising inhibiting the activity or reducing the amount of a polypeptide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 243-357, 359-398or inhibiting the activity or reducing the amount of a nucleic acid encoding said polypeptide.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is method for identifying compounds which influence the activity of a polypeptide required for proliferation comprising: contacting a polypeptide comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of 243-357, 359-
  • the activity may be an enzymatic activity.
  • the activity may be a carbon compound catabolism activity.
  • the activity may be a biosynthetic activity.
  • the activity may be a transporter activity.
  • the activity may be a transcriptional activity.
  • the activity may be a DNA replication activity.
  • the activity may be a ceil division activity.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound identified using the above method.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is method for assaying compounds for the ability to reduce the activity or level of a polypeptide required for proliferation, comprising: providing a target, wherein said target comprises the coding sequence of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 82-88, 90-242; contacting said target with a candidate compound; and measuring an activity of said target.
  • the target may be a messenger RNA molecule transcribed from a coding region of one of SEQ ID. NOs.: 82- 88, 90-242 and said activity is translation of said messenger RNA.
  • the target may be a coding region of one of SEQ ID. NOs. 82-88, 90-242 and said activity is transcription of said messenger RNA.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound identified using the method above.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for identifying compounds which reduce the activity or level of a gene product required for cell proliferation comprising the steps of: expressing an antisense nucleic acid against a nucleic acid encoding said gene product in a cell to reduce the activity or amount of said gene product in said cell, thereby producing a sensitized cell; contacting said sensitized cell with a compound; and determining whether said compound inhibits the growth of said sensitized cell to a greater extent than said compound inhibits the growth of a nonsensitized cell.
  • the cell may be selected from the group consisting of bacterial cells, fungal cells, plant cells, and animal cells.
  • the cell may be an £ coli cell.
  • the cell may be from an organism selected from the group consisting of
  • Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Helicobacter pylori, Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
  • Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
  • the antisense nucleic acid may be transcribed from an inducible promoter.
  • the method may, further comprise the step of contacting said cell with a concentration of inducer which induces said antisense nucleic acid to a sublethal level.
  • the sub-lethal concentration of said inducer may be such that growth inhibition is 8% or more.
  • the inducer may be isopropyl-1-thio- ⁇ -D-galactoside.
  • the growth inhibition may be measured by monitoring optical density of a culture growth solution.
  • the gene product may be a polypeptide.
  • the gene product may be an RNA.
  • the gene product may comprise a polypeptide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 243-357,
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound identified using the method above.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for inhibiting cellular proliferation comprising introducing a compound with activity against a gene corresponding to one of SEQ ID NOs.: 82-88, 90-242 or with activity against the product of said gene into a population of cells expressing a gene.
  • the compound may be an antisense oligonucleotide comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 1-81, 405-485, or a proliferation-inhibiting portion thereof.
  • 405-485 may be a fragment comprising at least 10, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50 or more than 50 consecutive bases of one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-81, 405-485.
  • the compound may be a triple helix oligonucleotide.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a preparation comprising an effective concentration of an antisense oligonucleotide comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 1-81, 405-485, or a proliferation-inhibiting portion thereof in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the proliferation-inhibiting portion of one of SEQ ID NOs. 1-81, 405-485 may comprise at least 10, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50 or more than 50 consecutive bases of one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 -81, 405-485.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for inhibiting the expression of a gene in an operon required for proliferation comprising contacting a cell in a cell population with an antisense nucleic acid, said cell expressing a gene corresponding to one of SEQ ID NOs.: 82-88, 90-242, wherein said antisense nucleic acid comprises at least a proliferation-inhibiting portion of said operon in an antisense orientation that is effective in inhibiting expression of said gene.
  • the antisense nucleic acid may be complementary to a sequence of a gene comprising one or more of SEQ ID NOs.: 82-88, 90-242.
  • the antisense nucleic acid may be a sequence of one of SEQ ID NOs.: 1-81,
  • the cell may be contacted with said antisense nucleic acid by introducing a plasmid which expresses said antisense nucleic acid into said cell population.
  • the cell may be contacted with said antisense nucleic acid by introducing a phage which expresses said antisense nucleic acid into said cell population.
  • the cell may be contacted with said antisense nucleic acid by introducing a sequence encoding said antisense nucleic acid into the chromosome of said cell into said cell population.
  • the cell may be contacted with said antisense nucleic acid by introducing a retron which expresses said antisense nucleic acid into said cell population.
  • the cell may be contacted with said antisense nucleic acid by introducing a ribozyme into said cell-population, wherein a binding portion of said ribozyme is complementary to said antisense oligonucleotide.
  • the cell may be contacted with said antisense nucleic acid by introducing a liposome comprising said antisense oligonucleotide into said cell.
  • the cell may be contacted with said antisense nucleic acid by electroporation.
  • the antisense nucleic acid may be a fragment comprising at least 10, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50 or more than 50 consecutive bases of one of SEQ ID NOs: 82-88, 90- 242.
  • the antisense nucleic acid may be an oligonucleotide.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for identifying bacterial strains comprising the steps of: providing a sample containing a bacterial species; and identifying a bacterial species using a species specific probe having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1-81, 405-485, 82-88, 90-242.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for assaying a compound for the ability to inhibit proliferation of a microorganism comprising:
  • step (e) contacting the sensitized microorganism of step (d) with a compound
  • the step of identifying a gene involved in proliferation in a first microorganism may comprise: introducing a nucleic acid comprising a random genomic fragment from said first microorganism operably linked to a promoter wherein said random genomic fragment is in the antisense orientation; and comparing the proliferation of said first microorganism transcribing a first level of said random genomic fragment to the proliferation of said first microorganism transcribing a lower level of said random genomic fragment, wherein a difference in proliferation indicates that said random genomic fragment comprises a gene involved in proliferation.
  • the step of identifying a homolog of said gene in a second microorganism may comprise identifying a homologous nucleic acid or a nucleic acid encoding a homologous polypeptide in a database using an algorithm selected from the group consisting of BLASTN version 2.0 with the default parameters and FASTA version 3.0t78 algorithm with the default parameters.
  • the step of identifying a homolog of said gene in a second microorganism may comprise identifying a homologous nucleic acid or a nucleic acid encoding a homologous polypeptide by identifying nucleic acids which hybridize to said first gene.
  • the step of identifying a homolog of said gene in a second microorganism may comprise expressing a nucleic acid which inhibits the proliferation of said first microorganism in said second microorganism.
  • the inhibitory nucleic acid may be an antisense nucleic acid.
  • the inhibitory nucleic acid may comprise an antisense nucleic acid to a portion of said homolog.
  • the inhibitory nucleic acid may comprise an antisense nucleic acid to a portion of the operon encoding said homolog.
  • the step of contacting the second microorganism with a proliferation-inhibiting amount of said nucleic acid sequence may comprise directly contacting said second microorganism with said nucleic acid.
  • the step of contacting the second microorganism with a proliferation-inhibiting amount of said nucleic acid sequence may comprise expressing an antisense nucleic acid to said homolog in said second microorganism.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound identified using the method above.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of assaying a compound for the ability to inhibit proliferation comprising:
  • step (c) contacting the proliferation-inhibited microorganism of step (b) with a compound
  • the inhibitory nucleic acid may be an antisense nucleic acid which inhibits the proliferation of said first microorganism.
  • the inhibitory nucleic acid may comprise a portion of an antisense nucleic acid which inhibits the proliferation of said first microorganism.
  • the inhibitory nucleic acid may comprise an antisense molecule against the entire coding region of the gene involved in proliferation of the first microorganism.
  • the inhibitory nucleic acid may comprise an antisense nucleic acid to a portion of the operon encoding the gene involved in proliferation of the first microorganism.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound identified using the method above.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for assaying compounds for activity against a biological pathway required for proliferation comprising: sensitizing a cell by expressing an antisense nucleic acid against a nucleic acid encoding a gene product required for proliferation in a cell to reduce the activity or amount of said gene product; contacting the sensitized cell with a compound; and determining whether said compound inhibits the growth of said sensitized cell to a greater extent than said compound inhibits the growth of an nonsensitized cell.
  • the cell may be selected from the group consisting of bacterial cells, fungal cells, plant cells, and animal cells.
  • the cell may be an £ coli cell.
  • the cell may be an organism selected from the group consisting of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Helicobacter pylori, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella cholerasuis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
  • the antisense nucleic acid may be transcribed from an inducible promoter.
  • the method may further comprise contacting the cell with an agent which induces expression of said antisense nucleic acid from said inducible promoter, wherein said antisense nucleic acid is expressed at a sublethal level.
  • the sublethal level of said antisense nucleic acid may inhibit proliferation by 8% or more.
  • the agent may be isopropyl-1-thio- ⁇ -D-galactoside (IPTG).
  • IPTG isopropyl-1-thio- ⁇ -D-galactoside
  • the inhibition of proliferation may be measured by monitoring the optical density of a liquid culture.
  • the gene product may comprise a polypeptide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 243-357, 359-398.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound identified using the method above.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for assaying a compound for the ability to inhibit cellular proliferation comprising: contacting a cell with an agent which reduces the activity or level of a gene product required for proliferation of said cell- contacting said cell with said compound; and determining whether said compound reduces proliferation to a greater extent than said compound reduces proliferation of cells which have not been contacted with said agent.
  • the agent which reduces the activity or level of a gene product required for proliferation of said cell may comprise an antisense nucleic acid to a gene or operon required for proliferation.
  • the agent which reduces the activity or level of a gene product required for proliferation of said cell may comprise an antibiotic.
  • the cell may contain a temperature sensitive mutation which reduces the activity or level of said gene product required for proliferation of said cell.
  • the antisense nucleic acid may be directed against the same functional domain of said gene product required for proliferation of said cell to which said antisense nucleic acid is directed.
  • the antisense nucleic acid may be directed against a different functional domain of said gene product required for proliferation of said cell than the fucntional domain to which said antisense nucleic acid is directed.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound identified using the method above.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for identifying the pathway in which a proliferation-required nucleic acid or its gene product lies comprising: expressing a sublethal level of an antisense nucleic acid directed against said proliferation-required nucleic acid in a cell; contacting said cell with an antibiotic, wherein the a biological pathway on which said antibiotic acts is known; and determining whether said cell has a substantially greater sensitivity to said antibiotic than a cell which does not express said sublethal level of said antisense nucleic acid.
  • the method may further comprise: (d) expressing a sublethal level of a second antisense nucleic acid directed against a second proliferation-required nucleic acid in said cell, wherein said second proliferation-required nucleic acid is in a different biological pathway than said proliferation-required nucleic acid in step (a); and (e) determining whether said cell has a substantially greater sensitivity to said test compound than a cell which does not express said sublethal level of said second antisense nucleic acid.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a purified or isolated nucleic acid consisting essentially of one of SEQ ID NOs: 358, 399-402.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a purified or isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of 1 -81 , 405-485, 82-88, 90-242, 358, 399-402.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound which interacts with the gene or gene product of a nucleic acid comprising a sequence of one of SEQ ID NOs: 82-88, 90-242 to inhibit proliferation.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound which interacts with a nucleic acid comprising one of SEQ ID NOs: 358, 399-402 to inhibit proliferation.
  • Figure 1 is an IPTG dose response curve in £ coli transformed with an IPTG-inducible plasmid containing either an antisense clone to the £ coli ribosomal protein rplW (AS-rplW) which is required for protein synthesis and essential cell proliferation, or an antisense clone to the elaD (AS-elaD) gene which is not known to be involved in protein synthesis and which is also essential for proliferation.
  • AS-rplW an antisense clone to the £ coli ribosomal protein rplW
  • AS-elaD elaD gene
  • Figure 2A is a tetracycline dose response curve in £ coli transformed with an IPTG-inducible plasmid containing antisense to rplW(AS-rplW) in the presence of 0, 20 or 50 ⁇ M IPTG.
  • Figure 2B is a tetracycline dose response curve in £ coli transformed with an IPTG-inducible plasmid containing antisense to elaD (AS-elaD) in the presence of 0, 20 or 50 ⁇ M IPTG.
  • AS-elaD IPTG-inducible plasmid containing antisense to elaD
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing the fold increase in tetracycline sensitivity of £ coli transfected with antisense clones to essential ribosomal proteins L23 (AS-rplW) and L7/L12 and L10 (AS-rplLrplJ).
  • Antisense clones to genes known not to be involved in protein synthesis atpB/E(AS-atpB/E ), visC (AS-visC, elaD (AS-elaD), yohH (AS- yohH) are much less sensitive to tetracycline. Definitions
  • biological pathway is meant any discrete cell function or process that is carried out by a gene product or a subset of gene products.
  • Biological pathways include enzymatic, biochemical and metabolic pathways as well as pathways involved in the production of cellular structures such cell walls.
  • Biological pathways that are usually required for proliferation of microorganisms include, but are not limited to, cell division, DNA synthesis & replication, RNA synthesis (transcription), protein synthesis (translation), protein processing, protein transport, fatty acid biosynthesis, cell wall synthesis, cell membrane synthesis & maintenance, etc.
  • inhibitor activity against a gene or gene product is meant having the ability to interfere with the function of a gene or gene product in such a way as to decrease expression of the gene or to reduce the level or activity of a product of the gene.
  • Agents which have activity against a gene include agents that inhibit transcription of the gene and agents that inhibit translation of the mRNA transcribed from the gene.
  • agents which have activity against a gene can act to decrease expression of the operon in which the gene resides or alter the processing of operon RNA such as to reduce the level or activity of the gene product.
  • the gene product can be a non-translated RNA such as ribosomal RNA, a translated RNA (mRNA) or the protein product resulting from translation of the gene mRNA.
  • anti-sense RNAs that have activities against the operons or genes to which they specifically hybridze.
  • activity against a gene product is meant having the ability to inhibit the function or to reduce the level or activity of the gene product in a cell.
  • activity against a protein is meant having the ability to inhibit the function or to reduce the level or activity of the protein in a cell.
  • activity against nucleic acid is meant having the ability to inhibit the function or to reduce the level or activity of the nucleic acid in a cell.
  • sublethal means a concentration of an agent below the concentration required to inhibit all cell growth.
  • the present invention describes a group of £ coli genes and gene families required for growth and/or proliferation.
  • a proliferation-required gene or gene family is one where, in the absence of a gene transcript and/or gene product, growth or viability of the microorganism is reduced or eliminated.
  • proliferation-required or “required for proliferation” encompasses sequences where the absence of a gene transcript and/or gene product completely eliminates cell growth as well as sequences where the absence of a gene transcript and/or gene product merely reduces cell growth.
  • proliferation-required genes can be used as potential targets for the generation of new antimicrobial agents.
  • the present invention also encompasses novel assays for analyzing proliferation-required genes and for identifying compounds which interact with the gene products of the proliferation-required genes.
  • the present invention contemplates the expression of genes and the purification of the proteins encoded by the nucleic acid sequences identified as required proliferation genes and reported herein.
  • the purified proteins can be used to generate reagents and screen small molecule libraries or other candidate compound libraries for compounds that can be further developed to yield novel antimicrobial compounds.
  • the present invention also describes methods for identification of homologous genes in organisms other than £ coli.
  • the present invention utilizes a novel method to identify proliferation-required £ coli sequences.
  • a library of nucleic acid sequences from a given source are subcloned or otherwise inserted into an inducible expression vector, thus forming an expression library.
  • the insert nucleic acids may be derived from the chromosome of the organism into which the expression vector is to be introduced, because the insert is not in its natural chromosomal location, the insert nucleic acid is an exogenous nucleic acid for the purposes of the discussion herein.
  • expression is defined as the production of an RNA molecule from a gene, gene fragment, genomic fragment, or operon. Expression can also be used to refer to the process of peptide or polypeptide synthesis.
  • An expression vector is defined as a vehicle by which a ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence is transcribed from a nucleic acid sequence carried within the expression vehicle.
  • the expression vector can also contain features that permit translation of a protein product from the transcribed RNA message expressed from the exogenous nucleic acid sequence carried by the expression vector. Accordingly, an expression vector can produce an RNA molecule as its sole product or the expression vector can produce a RNA molecule that is ultimately translated into a protein product.
  • the expression library containing the exogenous nucleic acid sequences is introduced into an £ -7-7// population to search for genes that are required for bacterial proliferation. Because the library molecules are foreign to the population of £ coli, the expression vectors and the nucleic acid segments contained therein are considered exogenous nucleic acid. Expression of the exogenous nucleic acid fragments in the test population of £ coli containing the expression vector library is then activated. Activation of the expression vectors consists of subjecting the cells containing the vectors to conditions that result in the expression of the exogenous nucleic acid sequences carried by the expression vector library.
  • the test population of £ coli cells is then assayed to determine the effect of expressing the exogenous nucleic acid fragments on the test population of cells.
  • Those expression vectors that, upon activation and expression, negatively impact the growth of the £ coli screen population were identified, isolated, and purified for further study.
  • a variety of assays are contemplated to identify nucleic acid sequences that negatively impact growth upon expression.
  • growth in £ coli cultures expressing exogenous nucleic acid sequences and growth in cultures not expressing these sequences is compared. Growth measurements are assayed by examining the extent of growth by measuring optical densities.
  • enzymatic assays can be used to measure bacterial growth rates to identify exogenous nucleic acid sequences of interest. Colony size, colony morphology, and ceil morphology are additional factors used to evaluate growth of the host cells. Those cultures that failed to grow or grow with reduced efficiency under expression conditions are identified as containing an expression vector encoding a nucleic acid fragment that negatively affects a proliferation-required gene.
  • exogenous nucleic acid sequences of interest are identified, they are analyzed.
  • the first step of the analysis is to acquire the nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid fragment of interest.
  • the insert in those expression vectors identified as containing a sequence of interest is sequenced, using standard techniques well known in the art.
  • the next step of the process is to determine the source of the nucleic acid sequence.
  • Determination of sequence source is achieved by comparing the obtained sequence data with known sequences in various genetic databases. The sequences identified are used to probe these gene databases. The result of this procedure is a list of exogenous nucleic acid sequences corresponding to a list that includeds novel bacterial genes required for proliferation as well as genes previously identified as required for proliferation.
  • BLAST an acronym for "Basic Local Alignment Search Tool” is a family of programs for database similarity searching.
  • the BLAST family of programs includes: BLASTN, a nucleotide sequence database searching program,
  • BLASTX a protein database searching program where the input is a nucleic acid sequence
  • BLASTP a protein database searching program.
  • BLAST programs embody a fast algorithm for sequence matching, rigorous statistical methods for judging the significance of matches, and various options for tailoring the program for special situations. Assistance in using the program can be obtained by e-mail at blastfcD ⁇ cbi.nim.nih.qov.
  • Bacterial genes are often transcribed in polycistronic groups. These groups comprise operons, which are a collection of genes and i ⁇ tergenic sequences. The genes of an operon are co-transcribed and are often related functionally.
  • the identified exogenous nucleic acid sequence corresponds to a gene or portion thereof with or without adjacent noncoding sequences, an intragenic sequence (i.e. a sequence within a gene), an i ⁇ tergenic sequence (i.e. a sequence between genes), a sequence spanning at least a portion of two or more genes, a 5' noncoding region or a 3' noncoding region located upstream or downstream from the actual sequence that is required for bacterial proliferation. Accordingly, determining which of the genes that are encoded within the operons are individually required for proliferation is often desirable.
  • an operon is dissected to determine which gene or genes are required for proliferation.
  • the RegulonDB DataBase described by Huerta et al. (Nucl. Acids Res. 26:55-59, 1998), which may also be found on the website http://www.cifn.unam.mx/Computational_Biology/regulondb/, may be used, to identify the boundaries of operons encoded within microbial genomes.
  • a number of techniques that are well known in the art can be used to dissect the operon.
  • gene disruption by homologous recombination is used to individually inactivate the genes of an operon that is thought to contain a gene required for proliferation.
  • the crossover PCR amplification product is subcloned into the vector pK03, the features of which include a chloramphenicol resistance gene, the counter-selectable marker sacB, and a temperature sensitive autonomous replication function.
  • a chloramphenicol resistance gene the counter-selectable marker sacB
  • a temperature sensitive autonomous replication function Following transformation of an £ coli cell population with such a vector, selection for cells that have undergone homologous recombination of the vector into the chromosome is achieved by growth on chloramphenicol at the non-permissive temperature of 43°C. Under these conditions, autonomous replication of the plasmid cannot occur and cell are resistant to chloramphinicoi only if the chloramphenicol resistance gene has been integrated into the chromosome.
  • Usually a single crossover event is responsible for this integration event such that the £ coli chromosome now contains a tandem duplication of the target gene consisting of one wild type allele and one deletion null allele separated by vector sequence.
  • This new £ coli strain containing the tandem duplication can be maintained at permissive temperatures in the presence of drug selection (chloramphenicol). Subsequently, cells of this new strain are cultured at the permissive temperature 30°C without drug selection. Under these conditions, the chromosome of some of the cells within the population will have undergone an internal homologous recombination event resulting in removal of the plasmid sequences. Subsequent culturing of the strain in growth medium lacking chloramphenicol but containing sucrose is used to select for such recombinative resolutions. In the presence of the counter-selectable marker sacB, sucrose is rendered into a toxic metabolite.
  • Either the wild type copy of the targeted gene is retained on the chromosome or the mutated null allele is retained on the chromosome.
  • an essential gene a single copy of the null allele would be lethal and such cells should not be obtained by the above procedure when applied to essential genes.
  • a non-essential gene roughly equal numbers of cells containing null alleles and cells containing wild type alleles should be obtained.
  • the method serves as a test for essentiality of the targeted gene: when applied to essential genes, only cells with a wild type allele on the chromosome will be obtained.
  • Link et al. also describe inserting an in-frame sequence tag concommitantly with an in-frame deletion in order to simplify analysis of recombinants obtained. Further, Link et al. describe disruption of genes with a drug resistance marker such as a kanamycin resistance gene.
  • Recombinant DNA techniques can be used to express the entire coding sequences of the gene identified as required for proliferation, or portions thereof.
  • the over-expressed proteins can be used as reagents for further study.
  • the identified exogenous sequences are isolated, purified, and cloned into a suitable expression vector using methods well known in the art.
  • the nucleic acids can contain the sequences encoding a signal peptide to facilitate secretion of the expressed protein.
  • fragments of the bacterial genes identified as required for proliferation is also contemplated by the present invention.
  • the fragments of the identified genes can encode a polypeptide comprising at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 75, or more than 75 consecutive amino acids of a gene complementary to one of the identified sequences of the present invention.
  • the nucleic acids inserted into the expression vectors can also contain sequences upstream and downstream of the coding sequence.
  • the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed is operably linked to a promoter in an expression vector using conventional cloning technology.
  • the expression vector can be any of the bacterial, insect, yeast, or mammalian expression systems known in the art. Commercially available vectors and expression systems are available from a variety of suppliers including Genetics Institute (Cambridge, MA), Stratagene (La Jolla, California), Promega (Madison, Wisconsin), and Invitrogen (San Diego, California).
  • codon usage and codon bias of the sequence can be optimized for the particular expression organism in which the expression vector is introduced, as explained by Hatfield, et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,082,767, incorporated herein by this reference. Fusion protein expression systems are also contemplated by the present invention.
  • Protein purification techniques are well known in the art. Proteins encoded and expressed from identified exogenous nucleic acid sequences can be partially purified using precipitation techniques, such as precipitation with polyethylene glycol.
  • Chromatographic methods usable with the present invention can include ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, use of hydroxyapaptite columns, immobilized reactive dyes, chromatofocusing, and use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Electrophoretic methods such one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, high-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and others are contemplated as purification methods. Also, affinity chromatographic methods, comprising antibody columns, ligand presenting columns and other affinity chromatographic matrices are contemplated as purification methods in the present invention.
  • the purified proteins produced from the gene coding sequences identified as required for proliferation can be used in a variety of protocols to generate useful antimicrobial reagents.
  • antibodies are generated against the proteins expressed from the identified exogenous nucleic acid sequences. Both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can be generated against the expressed proteins. Methods for generating monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are well known in the art. Also, antibody fragment preparations prepared from the produced antibodies discussed above are contemplated.
  • Another application for the purified proteins of the present invention is to screen small molecule libraries for candidate compounds active against the various target proteins of the present invention.
  • Advances in the field of combinatorial chemistry provide methods, well known in the art, to produce large numbers of candidate compounds that can have a binding, or otherwise inhibitory effect on a target protein.
  • the screening of small molecule libraries for compounds with binding affinity or inhibitory activity for a target protein produced from an identified gene sequence is contemplated by the present invention.
  • the present invention further contemplates utility against a variety of other pathogenic organisms in addition to
  • the invention has utility in identifying genes required for proliferation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • the invention has utility with protists, such as Plasmodium spp.; plants; animals, such as Entamoeba spp. and Contracaecum spp; and fungi including Candida spp., (e.g., Candida albicans), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus.
  • monera specifically bacteria are probed in search of novel gene sequences required for proliferation. This embodiment is particularly important given the rise of drug resistant bacteria.
  • Staphylococcus spp. such as S. aureus
  • Enterococcus spp. such as £ faecalis
  • Pseudomonas spp. such as P. aeruginosa
  • Clostridium spp. such as C. botulinum
  • Haemophilus spp. such as H. influenzae
  • Enterobacter spp. such as £ cloacae
  • Vibrio spp. such as V. cholera
  • Moraxala spp. such as M. catarrhalis
  • Streptococcus spp. such as S.
  • the sequences identified as required for proliferation in the present invention can be used to probe these and other organisms to identify homologous required proliferation genes contained therein.
  • the nucleic acid sequences disclosed herein are used to screen genomic libraries generated from bacterial species of interest other than £ coli.
  • the genomic library may be from Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Helicobacter pylori, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi.
  • the preceding methods may be used to isolate nucleic acids having a sequence with at least 97%, at least 95%, at least 90%, at least 85%, at least 80%, or at least 70% identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOS. 1-81, 405-485, 82-88, 90-242, fragments comprising at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 consecutive bases thereof, and the sequences complementary thereto. Identity may be measured using BLASTN version 2.0 with the default parameters. (Altschul, S.F. et al.
  • the homologous polynucleotides may have a coding sequence which is a naturally occurring allelic variant of one of the coding sequences described herein.
  • allelic variants may have a substitution, deletion or addition of one or more nucleotides when compared to the nucleic acids of SEQ ID NOs: 1-81, 405-485, 82-88, 90- 242 or the sequences complementary thereto.
  • nucleic acids which encode polypeptides having at least 99%, 95%, at least 90%, at least 85%, at least 80%, at least 70%, at least 60%, at least 50%, or at least 40% identity or similarity to a polypeptide having the sequence of one of SEQ ID NOs: 243-357, 359-398or fragments comprising at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, or 150 consecutive amino acids thereof as determined using the FASTA version 3.0t78 algorithm with the default parameters.
  • protein identity or similarity may be identified using BLASTP with the default parameters, BLASTX with the default parameters, or TBLASTN with the default parameters. (Alschul, S.F. et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A New Generation of Protein Database
  • homologous nucleic acids or polypeptides may be identified by searching a database to identify sequences having a desired level of homology to a nucleic acid or polypeptide involved in proliferation or an antisense nucleic acid to a nucleic acid involved in microbial proliferation.
  • databases are available to those skilled in the art, including GenBank and GenSeq.
  • the databases are screened to identify nucleic acids or polypeptides having at least 97%, at least 95%, at least 90%, at least 85%, at least 80%, at least 70%, at least 60%, or at least 50%, at least 40% identity or similarity to a nucleic acid or polypeptide involved in proliferation or an antisense nucleic acid involved in proliferation.
  • the database may be screened to identify nucleic acids homologous to one of SEQ ID Nos. 1-81, 405-485, 82-88, 90-242 or polypeptides homologous to SEQ ID NOs. 243-357, 359-398.
  • the database may be screened to identify homologous nucleic acids or polypeptides from organisms other than £ coli, including organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Helicobacter pylori, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecalis.
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
  • Salmonella typhi Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella cholerasuis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Treponema pallidum.
  • Gene expression arrays and microarrays can be employed.
  • Gene expression arrays are high density arrays of DNA samples deposited at specific locations on a glass chip, nylon membrane, or the like.
  • Such arrays can be used by researchers to quantify relative gene expression under different conditions.
  • Gene expression arrays are used by researchers to help identify optimal drug targets, profile new compounds, and determine disease pathways.
  • An example of this technology is found in U.S. Patent No. 5807522, which is hereby incorporated by reference. It is possible to study the expression of all genes in the genome of a particular microbial organism using a single array.
  • the arrays from Genosys consist of 12 x 24 cm nylon filters containing PCR products corresponding to 4290 ORFs from £ coli. 10 ngs of each are spotted every 1.5 mm on the filter.
  • Single stranded labeled cDNAs are prepared for hybridization to the array (no second strand synthesis or amplification step is done) and placed in contact with the filter. Thus the labeled cDNAs are of "antisense" orientation. Quantitative analysis is done by phosphorimager.
  • Hybridization of cDNA made from a sample of total cell mRNA to such an array followed by detection of binding by one or more of various techniques known to those in the art results in a signal at each location on the array to which cDNA hybridized.
  • the intensity of the hybridization signal obtained at each location in the array thus reflects the amount of mRNA for that specific gene that was present in the sample. Comparing the results obtained for mRNA isolated from cells grown under different conditions thus allows for a comparison of the relative amount of expression of each individual gene during growth under the different conditions.
  • Gene expression arrays may be used to analyze the total mRNA expression pattern at various time points after induction of an antisense nucleic acid against a proliferation-required gene. Analysis of the expression pattern indicated by hybridization to the array provides information on whether or not the target gene of the antisense nucleic acid is being affected by antisense induction, how quickly the antisense is affecting the target gene, and for later timepoints, what other genes are affected by antisense expression. For example, if the antisense is directed against a gene for ribosomal protein L7/L12 in the 50S subunit, its targeted mRNA may disappear first and then other mRNAs may be observed to increase, decrease or stay the same.
  • the antisense is directed against a different 50S subunit ribosomal protein mRNA (e.g. L25), that mRNA may disappear first followed by changes in mRNA expression that are similar to those seen with the L7/L12 antisense expression.
  • the mRNA expression pattern observed with an antinsense nucleic acid against a proliferation required gene may identify other proliferation-required nucleic acids in the same pathway as the target of the antisense nucleic acid.
  • the mRNA expression patterns observed with candidate drug compounds may be compared to those observed with antisense nucleic acids against a proliferation-required nucleic acid. If the mRNA expression pattern observed with the candidate drug compound is similar to that observed with the antisense nucleic acid, the drug compound may be a promising therapeutic candidate.
  • the assay would be useful in assisting in the selection of candidate drug compounds for use in screening methods such as those described below.
  • gene expression arrays can identify homologous genes in the two organisms.
  • the present invention also contemplates additional methods for screening other microorganisms for proliferation- required genes.
  • the conserved portions of sequences identified as proliferation-required can be used to generate degenerate primers for use in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the PCR technique is well known in the art. The successful production of a PCR product using degenerate probes generated from the sequences identified herein would indicate the presence of a homologous gene sequence in the species being screened. This homologous gene is then isolated, expressed, and used as a target for candidate antibiotic compounds.
  • the homologous gene is expressed in an autologous organism or in a heterologous organism in such a way as to alter the level or activity of a homologous gene required for proliferation in the autologous or heterologus organism.
  • the homologous gene or portion is expressed in an antisense orientation in such a way as to alter the level or activity of a nucleic acid required for proliferation of an autologous or heterologous organism.
  • the homologous sequences to proliferation-required genes identified using the techniques described herein may be used to identify proliferation-required genes of organisms other than £ coli, to inhibit the proliferation of organisms other than £ _._?// ' by inhibiting the activity or reducing the amount of the identified homologous nucleic acid or polypeptide in the organism other than £ coli, or to identify compounds which inhibit the growth of organisms other than E. coli as described below.
  • £ coli sequences identified as required for proliferation are transferred to expression vectors capable of function within non-£ coli species.
  • expression vectors must contain certain elements that are species specific. These elements can include promoter sequences, operator sequences, repressor genes, origins of replication, ribosomal binding sequences, termination sequences, and others.
  • elements can include promoter sequences, operator sequences, repressor genes, origins of replication, ribosomal binding sequences, termination sequences, and others.
  • To use the identified exogenous sequences of the present invention one of ordinary skill in the art would know to use standard molecular biology techniques to isolate vectors containing the sequences of interest from cultured bacterial cells, isolate and purify those sequences, and subclone those sequences into an expression vector adapted for use in the species of bacteria to be screened.
  • Expression vectors for a variety of other species are known in the art. For example, Cao et al. report the expression of steroid receptor fragments in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 44(1):1-11 (1993). Also, Pla et al. have reported an expression vector that is functional in a number of relevant hosts including: Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 172(8):4448-55 (1990). These examples demonstrate the existence of molecular biology techniques capable of constructing expression vectors for the species of bacteria of interest to the present invention.
  • the identified nucleic acid sequences are conditionally transcribed to assay for bacterial growth inhibition.
  • Those expression vectors found to contain sequences that, when transcribed, inhibit bacterial growth are compared to the known genomic sequence of the pathogenic microorganism being screened or, if the homologous sequence from the organism being screened is not known, it may be identified and isolated by hybridization to the proliferation-required £ coli sequence interest or by amplification using primers based on the proliferation-required £ coli sequence of interest as described above.
  • the antisense sequences from the second organism which are identified as described above may then be operably linked to a promoter, such as an inducible promoter, and introduced into the second organism.
  • a promoter such as an inducible promoter
  • Antisense nucleic acids required for the proliferation of organisms other than £ coli or the genes corresponding thereto may also be hybridized to a microarray containing the £ coli ORFs to gauge the homology between the £ coli sequences and the proliferation-required nucleic acids from other organisms.
  • the proliferation-required nucleic acid may be from Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Helicobacter pylori, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae.
  • the proliferation-required nucleic acids from an organism other than £ coli may be hybridized to the array under a variety of conditions which permit hybridization to occur when the probe has different levels of homology to the sequence on the microarray. This would provide an indication of homology across the organisms as well as clues to other possible essential genes in these organisms.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid sequences of the present invention that are identified as required for bacterial growth or proliferation can be used as antisense therapeutics for killing bacteria.
  • the antisense sequences can be directed against the proliferation-required genes whose sequence corresponds to the exogenous nucleic acid probes identified here (i.e. the antisense nucleic acid may hybridize to the gene or a portion thereof).
  • antisense therapeutics can be directed against operons in which proliferation-required genes reside (i.e. the antisense nucleic acid may hybridize to any gene in the operon in which the proliferation-required genes reside).
  • antisense therapeutics can be directed against a proliferation-required gene or portion thereof with or without adjacent noncoding sequences, an i ⁇ tragenic sequence (i.e. a sequence within a gene), an intergenic sequence (i.e. a sequence between genes), a sequence spanning at least a portion of two or more genes, a 5' noncoding region or a 3' noncoding region located upstream or downstream from the actual sequence that is required for bacterial proliferation or an operon containing a proliferation-required gene.
  • nucleic acid sequences complementary to sequences required for proliferation can be used as diagnostic tools.
  • nucleic acid probes complementary to proliferation-required sequences that are specific for particular species of microorganisms can be used as probes to identify particular microorganism species in clinical specimens.
  • This utility provides a rapid and dependable method by which to identify the causative agent or agents of a bacterial infection.
  • This utility would provide clinicians the ability to prescribe species specific antimicrobial compounds to treat such infections.
  • antibodies generated against proteins translated from mRNA transcribed from proliferation-required sequences can also be used to screen for specific microorganisms that produce such proteins in a species-specific manner.
  • Exogenous nucleic acid sequences were cloned into an inducible expression vector and assayed for growth inhibition activity.
  • Example 1 describes the examination of a library of exogenous nucleic acid sequences cloned into IPTG- inducible expression vectors. Upon activation or induction, the expression vectors produced an RNA molecule corresponding to the subcloned exogenous nucleic acid sequences. The RNA product was in an antisense orientation with respect to the £ coli genes from which it was originally derived. This antisense RNA then interacted with sense mRNA produced from various £ coli genes and interfered with or inhibited the translation of the sense messenger RNA (mRNA) thus preventing protein production from these sense mRNA molecules. In cases where the sense mRNA encoded a protein required for the proliferation, bacterial cells containing an activated expression vector failed to grow or grew at a substantially reduced rate.
  • mRNA sense messenger RNA
  • EXAMPLE 1 Inhibition of Bacterial Proliferation after IPTG induction
  • growth curves were carried out by back diluting cultures 1:200 into fresh media with or without 1 mM IPTG and measuring the 0D 460 every 30 minutes (min).
  • 10 2 , 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 e , 10 7 and 10 s fold dilutions of overnight cultures were prepared. Aliquots of from 0.5 to 3 ⁇ l of these dilutions were spotted on selective agar plates with or without 1 mM IPTG. After overnight incubation, the plates were compared to assess the sensitivity of the clones to IPTG.
  • the gene to which the inserted nucleic acid sequence corresponds, or a gene within the operon containing the inserted nucleic acid may be required for proliferation in £ coli.
  • the nucleotide sequences for the exogenous identified sequences were determined using plasmid DNA isolated using QIAPREP (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and methods supplied by the manufacturer.
  • the primers used for sequencing the inserts were 5' - TGTTTATCAGACCGCTT - 3' (SEQ ID NO: 403) and 5' ⁇ ACAATTTCACACAGCCTC • 3' (SEQ ID NO: 404). These sequences flank the polylinker in pLEX5BA. Sequence identification numbers (SEQ ID NOs) for the identified inserts are listed in Table I and discussed below.
  • EXAMPLE 3 Comparison Of Isolated Sequences to Known Sequences
  • the nucleic acid sequences of the subcloned fragments obtained from the expression vectors discussed above were compared to known £ ⁇ ?// sequences in GenBank using BLAST version 1.4 or version 2.0.6 using the following default parameters: Filtering off, cost to open a gap -5, cost to extend a gap -2, penalty for a mismatch in the blast portion of run - -3, reward for a match in the blast portion of run - 1 , expectation value (e) - 10.0, word size -11, number of one-line descriptions - 100, number of alignments to show (B)- 100.
  • BLAST is described in Altschul, J Mol Biol.
  • Expression vectors were found to contain nucleic acid sequences in both the sense and antisense orientations. The presence of known genes, open reading frames, and ribosome binding sites was determined by comparison to public databases holding genetic information and various computer programs such as the Genetics Computer Group programs FRAMES and CODONPREFERENCE. Clones were designated as "antisense” if the cloned fragment was oriented to the promoter such that the RNA transcript produced was complementary to the expressed mRNA from a chromosomal locus.
  • Clones were designated as "sense” if they coded for an RNA fragment that was identical to a portion of a wild type mRNA from a chromosomal locus.
  • the sequences described in Examples 1-2 that inhibited bacterial proliferation and contained gene fragments in an antisense orientation are listed in Table I. This table lists each identified sequence by: a sequence identification number; a Molecule Number; a gene to which the identified sequence corresponds, listed according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Blattner (Science 277:1453-1474(1997); also contains the £ coli K-12 genome sequence), or Rudd (Micro, and Mol. Rev. 62:985-1019 (1998)), (both papers are hereby incorporated by reference) nomenclatures.
  • the CONTIG numbers for each identified sequence is shown, as well as the location of the first and last base pairs located on the £ coli chromosome.
  • a Molecule Number with a "**" indicates a clone corresponding to an intergenic
  • sequences of the nucleic acid inserts of SEQ ID NOs: 1-81 from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/117,405 which inhibited proliferation were further analyzed.
  • SEQ ID NOs: 82-242 in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/117,405 are identical to SEQ ID NOs: 82- 242 of the present application with the following exceptions.
  • SEQ ID NO: 148 in the present application is the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 148 in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/117,405. Accordingly, the protein of SEQ ID NO: 308 which is encoded by SEQ ID NO: 148 has also been revised.
  • SEQ ID NO: 163 in the present application is the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 163 in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/117,405. Accordingly, the protein of SEQ ID NO: 323 which is encoded by SEQ ID NO: 163 has also been revised.
  • SEQ ID NOs. 18 and 19 of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/117,405 SEQ ID NOs. 18, 19, 422, 423 of the present application
  • 60/117,405 SEQ ID NOs. 18, 19, 422, 423 of the present application
  • these SEQ ID NOs. include natural antisense molecules which inhibit ftsZ expression.
  • Table II lists the molecule numbers of the inserts containing the growth inhibiting nucleic acid fragments, the genes in the operons corresponding to the inserts, the SEQ ID NOs of the genes containing the inserts, the SEQ ID NOs of the proteins encoded by the genes, the start and stop points of the genes on the E. coli genome, the orientation of the genes on the genome, whether the operons are predicted or documented, and the predicted functions of the genes.
  • the identified operons, their putative functions, and whether or not the genes are presently thought to be required for proliferation are discussed below.
  • 048, 049 and 050 are all exogenous nucleic acid sequences that correspond to £ coli proteins that have no known function or where the function has not been shown to be essential or nonessential.
  • the present invention reports a number of novel £ coli genes and operons that are required for proliferation. From the list clone sequences identified here, each was identified to be a portion of a gene in an operon required for the proliferation of £ coli. Cloned sequences corresponding to genes already known to be required for proliferation in £ coli include EcXA002, 004,
  • each of the genes contained within an operon may be analyzed for their effect on viability as described below.
  • the following example illustrates a method for determining which gene in an operon is required for proliferation.
  • the clone insert corresponding to Molecule No. EcXA004 possesses nucleic acid sequence homology to the £ coli genes rspG and rspL This molecule corresponds to an operon containing two additional genes fusA and tufA.
  • the rpsL gene is the first gene in the operon.
  • each gene is selectively inactivated using homologous recombination.
  • GenerpsL is the first gene to be inactivated.
  • Deletion inactivation of a chromosomal copy of a gene in £ coli can be accomplished by integrative gene replacement.
  • the principle of this method is to construct a mutant allele of the targeted gene, introduce that allele into the chromosome using a conditional suicide vector, and then force the removal of the native wild type allele and vector sequences. This will replace the native gene with a desired mutation(s) but leave promoters, operators, etc. intact.
  • Essentiality of a gene is determined either by deduction from genetic analysis or by conditional expression of a wild type copy of the targeted gene (trans complementation).
  • the first step is to generate a mutant rpsL allele using PCR amplification.
  • Two sets of PCR primers are chosen to produce a copy of rpsL with a large central deletion to inactivate the gene.
  • Each set of PCR primers is chosen such that a region flanking the gene to be amplified is sufficiently long to allow recombination (typically at least 500 nucleotides on each side of the deletion). The targeted deletion or mutation will be contained within this fragment.
  • the PCR primers may also contain restriction endonuclease sites found in the cloning region of a conditional knockout vector such as pK03 (Link, et al 1997 J. Bacteriol. 179 (20): 6228-6237). Suitable sites include Notl, Sail, BamHI and Smal.
  • the rpsL gene fragments are produced using standard PCR conditions including, but not limited to, those outlined in the manufacturers directions for the Hot Start Taq PCR kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA). The PCR reactions will produce two fragments that can be fused together. Alternatively, crossover PCR can be used to generate a desired deletion in one step (Ho, S.
  • the mutant allele thus produced is called a "null" allele because it cannot produce a functional gene product.
  • the mutant allele obtained from PCR amplification is cloned into the multiple cloning site of pK03.
  • Directional cloning of the rpsL null allele is not necessary.
  • the pK03 vector has a temperature-sensitive origin of replication derived from pSCI 01. Therefore, clones are propagated at the permissive temperature of 30°C.
  • the vector also contains two selectable marker genes: one that confers resistance to chloramphenicol and another, the Bacillus subtilis sacB gene, that allows for counter-selection on sucrose containing growth medium. Clones that contain vector DNA with the null allele inserted are confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequence analysis of isolated plasmid DNA. The plasmid containing the rpsL null allele insert is known as a knockout plasmid.
  • the knockout plasmid Once the knockout plasmid has been constructed and its sequence verified, it is transformed into a Rec * £ coli host cell. Transformation can be by any standard method such as electroporation. In some fraction of the transformed cells, plasmids will integrate into the £ coli chromosome by homologous recombination between the rpsL null allele in the plasmid and the rpsL gene in the chromosome. Transformant colonies in which such an event has occurred are readily selected by growth at the non-permissive temperature of 43°C and in the presence of chora phenicol. At this temperature, the plasmid will not replicate as an episo e and will be lost from cells as they grow and divide.
  • the sacB gene product converts sucrose to a toxic molecule.
  • counter selection with sucrose ensures that plasmid sequences are no longer present in the cell.
  • Loss of plasmid sequences is further confirmed by testing for sensitivity to chloramphenicol (loss of the chloramphenicol resistance gene). The latter test is important because occasionally a mutation in the sacB gene can occur resulting in a loss of sacB function with no effect on plasmid replication (Link, et. al., 1997 J. Bacteriol. 179 (20): 6228-6237). These artifact clones retain plasmid sequences and are therefore still resistant to chloramphenicol.
  • rpsL a statistically significant number of the resulting clones, at least 20, are analyzed by PCR amplification of the rpsL gene. Since the null allele is missing a significant portion of the rpsL gene, its
  • PCR product is significantly shorter than that of the wild type gene and the two are readily distinguished by gel electrophoretic analysis.
  • the PCR products may also be subjected to sequence determination for further confirmation by methods well known to those in the art.
  • rpsL Transcription of this allele of rpsL will be induced in the presence of IPTG which inactivates the lac repressor. Under IPTG induction rpsL protein will be expressed as long as the recombinant gene also possesses a ribosomal binding site, also known as a "Shine-Dalgarno Sequence".
  • the trans copy of rpsL is cloned on a plasmid that is compatible with pSC101.
  • Compatible vectors include p15A, pBR322, and the pUC plasmids, among others. Replication of the compatible plasmid will not be temperature-sensitive.
  • An advantage of this method over some other gene disruption techniques is that the targeted gene can be deleted or mutated without the introduction of large segments of foreign DNA. Therefore, polar effects on downstream genes are eliminated or minimized.
  • One way of preventing this is to insert a gene disruption cassette that contains strong transcriptional terminators upstream of the integrated inducible promoter (Zhang, Y, and Cronan, J. E. 1996 J. Bacteriol. 178 (12): 3614-3620). The described techniques will all be familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art. Following the analysis of the rpsL gene, the other genes of the operon are investigated to determine if they are required for proliferation.
  • EXAMPLE 6 Expression of the Proteins Encoded by Genes Identified as Required for £ coli Proliferation
  • the following is provided as one exemplary method to express the proliferation-required proteins encoded by the identified sequences described above.
  • the initiation and termination codons for the gene are identified. If desired, methods for improving translation or expression of the protein are well known in the art. For example, if the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide to be expressed lacks a methionine codon to serve as the initiation site, a strong Shine-Delgarno sequence, or a stop codon, these sequences can be added.
  • the identified nucleic acid sequence lacks a transcription termination signal
  • this sequence can be added to the construct by, for example, splicing out such a sequence from an appropriate donor sequence.
  • the coding sequence may be operably linked to a strong promoter or an inducible promoter if desired.
  • the identified nucleic acid sequence or portion thereof encoding the polypeptide to be expressed is obtained by PCR from the bacterial expression vector or genome using oligonucleotide primers complementary to the identified nucleic acid sequence or portion thereof and containing restriction endonuclease sequences tor co ⁇ incorporated into the 5' primer and Bgh ⁇ at the 6' end of the corresponding 3'-primer, taking care to ensure that the identified nucleic acid sequence is positioned in frame with the termination signal.
  • the purified fragment obtained from the resulting PCR reaction is digested with Ncol and Bghl, purified and ligated to an expression vector.
  • the ligated product is transformed into DH ⁇ or some other £ ⁇ ?// strain suitable for the over expression of potential proteins. Transformation protocols are well known in the art. For example, transformation protocols are described in: Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, Unit 1.8, (Ausubel, et al., Eds.) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1997). Positive transformants are selected after growing the transformed cells on plates containing 50-100 ⁇ g/ml Ampiciliin (Sigma, St. Louis, Missouri). In one embodiment, the expressed protein is held in the cytoplasm of the host organism. In an alternate embodiment, the expressed protein is released into the culture medium.
  • the expressed protein can be sequestered in the peripiasmic space and liberated therefrom using any one of a number of cell lysis techniques known in the art.
  • cell lysis techniques known in the art.
  • Expressed proteins are then purified or enriched from the supernatant using conventional techniques such as ammonium sulfate precipitation, standard chromatography, immunoprecipitation, immunochromatography, size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and HPLC.
  • the secreted protein can be in a sufficiently enriched or pure state in the supernatant or growth media of the host to permit it to be used for its intended purpose without further enrichment.
  • the purity of the protein product obtained can be assessed using techniques such as Coomassie or silver staining or using antibodies against the control protein. Coomassie and silver staining techniques are familiar to those skilled in the art.
  • Antibodies capable of specifically recognizing the protein of interest can be generated using synthetic peptides using methods well known in the art. See, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Harlow and Lane, Eds.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988). For example, 15-mer peptides having a sequence encoded by the appropriate identified gene sequence of interest or portion thereof can be chemically synthesized. The synthetic peptides are injected into mice to generate antibodies to the polypeptide encoded by the identified nucleic acid sequence of interest or portion thereof. Alternatively, samples of the protein expressed from the expression vectors discussed above can be purified and subjected to amino acid sequencing analysis to confirm the identity of the recombinantly expressed protein and subsequently used to raise antibodies. An Example describing in detail the generation of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies appears in Example 7.
  • the protein encoded by the identified nucleic acid sequence of interest or portion thereof can be purified using standard immunochromatography techniques.
  • a solution containing the secreted protein such as the culture medium or a cell extract, is applied to a column having antibodies against the secreted protein attached to the chromatography matrix.
  • the secreted protein is allowed to bind the immunochromatography column. Thereafter, the column is washed to remove non-specifically bound proteins.
  • the specifically bound secreted protein is then released from the column and recovered using standard techniques.
  • the identified nucleic acid sequence of interest or portion thereof can be incorporated into expression vectors designed for use in purification schemes employing chimeric polypeptides.
  • the coding sequence of the identified nucleic acid sequence of interest or portion thereof is inserted in-frame with the gene encoding the other half of the chimera.
  • the other half of the chimera can be maltose binding protein (MBP) or a nickel binding polypeptide encoding sequence.
  • MBP maltose binding protein
  • a chromatography matrix having antibody to MBP or nickel attached thereto is then used to purify the chimeric protein.
  • Protease cleavage sites can be engineered between the MBP gene or the nickel binding polypeptide and the identified expected gene of interest, or portion thereof.
  • the two polypeptides of the chimera can be separated from one another by protease digestion.
  • One useful expression vector for generating maltose binding protein fusion proteins is pMAL (New England Biolabs), which encodes the /r ⁇ /f gene.
  • the cloned gene is inserted into a pMal vector downstream from the malE gene. This results in the expression of an MBP-fusion protein.
  • the fusion protein is purified by affinity chromatography.
  • Substantially pure protein or polypeptide is isolated from the transformed cells as described in Example 6.
  • concentration of protein in the final preparation is adjusted, for example, by concentration on a 10,000 molecular weight cut off AMICON filter device (Millipore, Bedford, MA), to the level of a few micrograms/ml.
  • Monoclonal or polyclonal antibody to the protein can then be prepared as follows:
  • Monoclonal antibody to epitopes of any of the peptides identified and isolated as described can be prepared from murine hybridomas according to the classical method of Kohler, G. and Milstein, C, Nature 256:495 (1975) or any of the well- known derivative methods thereof. Briefly, a mouse is repetitively inoculated with a few micrograms of the selected protein or peptides derived therefrom over a period of a few weeks. The mouse is then sacrificed, and the antibody producing cells of the spleen isolated. The spleen cells are fused by means of polyethylene glycol with mouse myeloma cells, and the excess unfused cells destroyed by growth of the system on selective media comprising aminopterin (HAT media).
  • HAT media aminopterin
  • the successfully fused cells are diluted and aliquots of the dilution placed in wells of a microtiter plate where growth of the culture is continued.
  • Antibody- producing clones are identified by detection of antibody in the supernatant fluid of the wells by immunoassay procedures, such as ELISA, as described by Engvall, E., "Enzyme immunoassay ELISA and EMIT,” Meth. Enz ⁇ mol. 70:419 (1980), and derivative methods thereof. Selected positive clones can be expanded and their monoclonal antibody product harvested for use. Detailed procedures for monoclonal antibody production are described in Davis, L. et al. Basic Methods in Molecular Biology Elsevier, New York. Section 21-2.
  • Polyclonal antiserum containing antibodies to heterogeneous epitopes of a single protein or a peptide can be prepared by immunizing suitable animals with the expressed protein or peptides derived therefrom described above, which can be unmodified or modified to enhance immunogenicity.
  • Effective polyclonal antibody production is affected by many factors related both to the antigen and the host species. For example, small molecules tend to be less immunogenic than larger molecules and can require the use of carriers and adjuvant.
  • host animals vary in response to site of inoculations and dose, with both inadequate or excessive doses of antigen resulting in low titer antisera. Small doses (ng level) of antigen administered at multiple intradermal sites appears to be most reliable.
  • Booster injections can be given at regular intervals, and antiserum harvested when antibody titer thereof, as determined semi-quantitatively, for example, by double immunodiffusion in agar against known concentrations of the antigen, begins to fall. See, for example, Ouchterlon ⁇ , 0. et al., Chap. 19 in: Handbook of Experimental Immunology D. Wier (ed) Blackwell (1973). Plateau concentration of antibody is usually in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 mg/ml of serum (about 12 M).
  • Affinity of the antisera for the antigen is determined by preparing competitive binding curves, as described, for example, by Fisher, D., Chap. 42 in: Manual of Clinical Immunology, 2d Ed. (Rose and Friedman, Eds.) Amer. Soc. For Microbiol.,
  • Antibody preparations prepared according to either protocol are useful in quantitative immunoassays which determine concentrations of antigen-bearing substances in biological samples; they are also used semi-quantitatively or qualitatively to identify the presence of antigen in a biological sample.
  • the antibodies can also be used in therapeutic compositions for killing bacterial ceils expressing the protein.
  • a combinatorial chemical library is a collection of diverse chemical compounds generated by either chemical synthesis or biological synthesis by combining a number of chemical "building blocks" reagents.
  • a linear combinatorial chemical library such as a polypeptide library is formed by combining amino acids in every possible combination to yield peptides of a given length.
  • combinatorial libraries can be screened for compounds that possess desirable biological properties. For example, compounds which may be useful as drugs or to develop drugs would likely have the ability to bind to the target protein identified, expressed and purified as discussed above. Further, if the identified target protein is an enzyme, candidate compounds would likely interfere with the enzymatic properties of the target protein. Any enzyme can be a target protein.
  • the enzymatic function of a target protein can be to serve as a protease, nuclease, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, transporter protein, transcriptional enzyme, and any other type of enzyme known or unknown.
  • the present invention contemplates using the protein products described above to screen combinatorial chemical libraries.
  • the target protein is a serine protease and the substrate of the enzyme is known.
  • the present example is directed towards the analysis of libraries of compounds to identify compounds that function as inhibitors of the target enzyme.
  • a library of small molecules is generated using methods of combinatorial library formation well known in the art.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 5,463,664 and 5,574, 656, to Agrafiotis, et al., entitled "System and Method of Automatically Generating Chemical Compound with Desired Properties,” are two such teachings.
  • the library compounds are screened to identify library compounds that possess desired structural and functional properties.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,684,711 also discusses a method for screening libraries.
  • the combined target and chemical compounds of the library are exposed to and permitted to interact with the purified enzyme.
  • a labeled substrate is added to the incubation.
  • the label on the substrate is such that a detectable signal is emitted from metabolized substrate molecules.
  • the emission of this signal permits one to measure the effect of the combinatorial library compounds on the enzymatic activity of target enzymes.
  • the characteristics of each library compound is encoded so that compounds demonstrating activity against the enzyme can be analyzed and features common to the various compounds identified can be isolated and combined into future iterations of libraries.
  • test compound binds to or otherwise interacts with its target molecule with moderate or low affinity.
  • target molecule may not be readily accessible to a test compound in solution, such as when the target molecule is located inside the cell or within a cellular compartment such as the periplasm of a bacterial cell.
  • current cell-based assay methods are limited in that they are not effective in identifying or characterizing compounds that interact with their targets with moderate to low affinity or compounds that interact with targets that are not readily accessible.
  • Cell-based assay methods of the present invention have substantial advantages over current cell-based assays practiced in the art. These advantages derive from the use of sensitized cells in which the level or activity of a proliferation-required gene product (the target molecule) has been specifically reduced to the point where the presence or absence of its function becomes a rate-determining step for cellular proliferation. Bacterial, fungal, plant, or animal cells can all be used with the present method. Such sensitized cells become much more sensitive to compounds that are active against the affected target molecule. Thus, cell-based assays of the present invention are capable of detecting compounds exhibiting low or moderate potency against the target molecule of interest because such compounds are substantially more potent on sensitized cells than on non-sensitized cells. The affect may be such that a test compound may be two to several times more potent, at least 10 times more potent or even at least 100 times more potent when tested on the sensitized cells as compared to the non-sensitized cells.
  • sensitized cells of the current invention provides a solution to the above problem in two ways.
  • desired compounds acting at a target of interest whether a new target or a previously known but poorly exploited target, can now be detected above the "noise" of compounds acting at the "old” targets due to the specific and substantial increase in potency of such desired compounds when tested on the sensitized cells of the current invention.
  • the methods used to sensitize cells to compounds acting at a target of interest may also sensitize these cells to compounds acting at other target molecules within the same biological pathway.
  • an antisense molecule to a gene encoding a ribosomal protein is expected to sensitize the cell to compounds acting at that ribosomal protein and may also sensitize the cells to compounds acting at any of the ribosomal components (proteins or rRNA) or even to compounds acting at any target which is part of the protein synthesis pathway.
  • an important advantage of the present invention is the ability to reveal new targets and pathways that were previously not readily accessible to drug discovery methods.
  • Sensitized cells of the present invention are prepared by reducing the activity or level of a target molecule.
  • the target molecule may be a gene product, such as an RNA or polypeptide produced from the proliferation-required nucleic acids described herein.
  • the target may be a gene product such as an RNA or polypeptide which is produced form a sequence within the same operon as the proliferation-required nucleic acids described herein, in addition, the target may be an RNA or polypeptide in the same biological pathway as the proliferation-required nucleic acids described herein.
  • biological pathways include, but are not limited to, enzymatic, biochemical and metabolic pathways as well as pathways involved in the production of cellular structures such the cell wall.
  • This information is used to design subsequent directed libraries containing compounds with enhanced activity against the target molecule. After one or several iterations of this process, compounds with substantially increased activity against the target molecule are identified and may be further developed as drugs. This process is facilitated by use of the sensitized cells of the present invention since compounds acting at the selected targets exhibit increased potency in such cell-based assays, thus; more compounds can now be characterized providing more useful information than would be obtained otherwise.
  • cell-based assays of the present invention identify or characterize compounds that previously would not have been readily identified or characterized including compounds that act at targets that previously were not readily exploited using cell-based assays.
  • the process of evolving potent drug leads from initial hit compounds is also substantially improved by the cell-based assays of the present invention because, for the same number of test compounds, more structure-function relationship information is likely to be revealed.
  • the method of sensitizing a cell entails selecting a suitable gene or operon.
  • a suitable gene or operon is one whose expression is required for the proliferation of the cell to be sensitized.
  • the next step is to introduce into the cells to be sensitized, an antisense RNA capable of hybridizing to the suitable gene or operon or to the RNA encoded by the suitable gene or operon.
  • Introduction of the antisense RNA can be in the form of an expression vector in which antisense RNA is produced under the control of an inducible promoter. The amount of antisense RNA produced is limited by varying the inducer concentration to which the cell is exposed and thereby varying the activity of the promoter driving transcription of the antisense RNA.
  • cells are sensitized by exposing them to an inducer concentration that results in a sub-lethal level of antisense RNA expression.
  • the identified exogenous £ coli nucleotide sequences of the present invention are used to inhibit the production of a proliferation-required protein.
  • Expression vectors producing antisense RNA against identified genes required for proliferation are used to limit the concentration of a proliferation-required protein without severly inhibiting growth.
  • a growth inhibition dose curve of inducer is calculated by plotting various doses of inducer against the corresponding growth inhibition caused by the antisense expression. From this curve, various percentages of antisense induced growth inhibition, from 1 to 100% can be determined.
  • the transcription is regulated by lac repressor and expression from the promoer is inducible with IPTG.
  • the highest concentration of the inducer IPTG that does not reduce the growth rate (0% growth inhibition) can be predicted from the curve.
  • Cellular proliferation can be monitored by growth medium turbidity via OD measurements.
  • the concentration of inducer that reduces growth by 25% can be predicted from the curve.
  • a concentration of inducer that reduces growth by 50% can be calculated. Additional parameters such as colony forming units (cfu) can be used to measure cellular viability.
  • cfu colony forming units
  • Cells to be assayed are exposed to the above-determined concentrations of inducer.
  • the presence of the inducer at this sub-lethal concentration reduces the amount of the proliferation required gene product to the lowest amount in the cell that will support growth.
  • Cells grown in the presence of this concentration of inducer are therefore specifically more sensitive to inhibitors of the proliferation-required protein or RNA of interest or to inhibitors of proteins or RNAs in the same biological pathway as the proliferation-required protein or RNA of interest but not to inhibitors of unrelated proteins or RNAs.
  • Cells pretreated with sub-inhibitory concentrations of inducer and thus containing a reduced amount of proliferation-required target gene product are then used to screen for compounds that reduce cell growth.
  • the sub-lethal concentration of inducer may be any concentration consistent with the intended use of the assay to identify candidate compounds to which the cells are more sensitive.
  • the sub-lethal concentration of the inducer may be such that growth inhibition is at least about 5%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60% at least about 75%, or more.
  • Cells which are pre- sensitized using the preceding method are more sensitive to inhibitors of the target protein because these cells contain less target protein to inhibit than wild-type cells.
  • the level or activity of a proliferation required gene product is reduced using a temperature sensitive ...mutation in the proliferation-required sequence and an antisense nucleic acid against the proliferation-required sequence.
  • Growing the cells at an intermediate temperature between the permissive and restrictive temperatures of the temperature sensitive mutant where the mutation is in a proliferation- required gene produces cells with reduced activity of the proliferation-required gene product.
  • the antisense RNA directed against the proliferation-required sequence further reduces the activity of the proliferation required gene product.
  • Drugs that may not have been found using either the temperature sensitive mutation or the antisense nucleic acid alone may be identified by determining whether cells in which expression of the antisense nucleic acid has been induced and which are grown at a temperature between the permissive temperature and the restrictive temperature are substantially more sensitive to a test compound than cells in which expression of the antisense nucleic acid has not been induced and which are grown at a permissive temperature. Also drugs found previously from either the antisense nucleic acid alone or the temperature sensitive mutation alone may have a different sensitivity profile when used in cells combining the two approaches, and that sensitivity profile may indicate a more specific action of the drug in inhibiting one or more activities of the gene product.
  • Temperature sensitive mutations may be located at different sites within the gene and correspond to different domains of the protein.
  • the dnaB gene of Escherichia coli encodes the replication fork DNA helicase.
  • DnaB has several domains, including domains for oligomerization, ATP hydrolysis, DNA binding, interaction with primase, interaction with DnaC, and interaction with DnaA [(Biswas, E.E. and Biswas, S.B. 1999.
  • Mechanism and DnaB helicase of Escherichia coli structural domains involved in ATP hydrolysis, DNA binding, and oligomerization. Biochem. 38:10919- 10928; Hiasa, H. and Marians, K.J. 1999. Initiation of bidirectional replication at the chromosomal origin is directed by the interaction between helicase and primase. J. Biol. Chem. 274:27244-27248; San Martin, C, Raderraum, M.,
  • DnaB confer different phenotypes at the restrictive temperature, which include either an abrupt stop or slow stop in DNA replication with or without DNA breakdown (Wechsler, J.A. and Gross, J.D. 1971. Escherichia -.-.// mutants temperature- sensitive for DNA synthesis. Mol. Gen. Genetics 113:273-284, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) and termination of growth or cell death. Combining the use of temperature sensitive mutations in the dnaB gene that cause cell death at the restrictive temperature with an antisense to the dnaB gene could lead to the discovery of very specific and effective inhibitors of one or a subset of activities exhibited by DnaB.
  • growth inhibition of cells containing a limiting amount of that proliferation-required gene product can be assayed. Growth inhibition can be measured by directly comparing the amount of growth, measured by the optical density of the growth medium, between an experimental sample and a control sample.
  • Alternative methods for assaying cell proliferation include measuring green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter construct emissions, various enzymatic activity assays, and other methods well known in the art.
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • the above method may be performed in solid phase, liquid phase or a combination of the two.
  • cells grown on nutrient agar containing the inducer of the antisense construct may be exposed to compounds spotted onto the agar surface.
  • a compound's effect may be judged from the diameter of the resulting killing zone, the area around the compound application point in which cells do not grow.
  • Multiple compounds may be transferred to agar plates and simultaneously tested using automated and semi-automated equipment including but not restricted to multi-channel pipettes (for example the Beckman Multimek) and multi-channel spotters (for example the Genomic Solutions Flexys). In this way multiple plates and thousands to millions of compounds may be tested per day.
  • the compounds may also be tested entirely in liquid phase using microtiter plates as described below.
  • Liquid phase screening may be performed in microtiter plates containing 96, 384, 1536 or more wells per microtiter plate to screen multiple plates and thousands to millions of compounds per day.
  • Automated and semi-automated equipment may be used for addition of reagents (for example cells and compounds) and determination of cell density.
  • EXAMPLE 9 The effectiveness of the above cell based assay was validated using constructs expressing antisense RNA to £ coli genes rplL, rplJ, and rplW encoding ribosomal proteins L7/L12, L10 and L23 respectively. These proteins are part of the protein synthesis apparatus of the cell and as such are required for proliferation. These constructs were used to test the effect of antisense expression on cell sensitivity to antibiotics known to bind to the ribosome and thereby inhibit protein synthesis. Constructs expressing antisense RNA to several other genes (elaD, visC, yohH, and aptE/B), the products of which are not involved in protein synthesis were used for comparison.
  • constructs expressing antisense RNA to £ coli genes rplL, rplJ, and rplW encoding ribosomal proteins L7/L12, L10 and L23 respectively. These proteins are part of the protein synthesis apparatus of the cell and
  • First expression vectors containing antisense constructs to either rplW or to elaD were introduced into separate £ re// cell populations.
  • Vector introduction is a technique well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the expression vectors of this example contain IPTG inducible promoters that drive the expression of the antisense RNA in the presence of the inducer. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other inducible promoters may also be used. Suitable expression vectors are also well known in the art.
  • the £ coli antisense clones encoding ribosomal proteins L7/L12, L10 and L23 were used to test the effect of antisense expression on cell sensitivity to the antibiotics known to bind to these proteins.
  • expression vectors containing antisense to either the genes encoding L7/L12 and L10 or L23 were introduced into separate E. coli cell populations.
  • the cell populations were exposed to a range of IPTG concentrations in liquid medium to obtain the growth inhibitory dose curve for each clone (Fig. 1 ).
  • seed cultures were grown to a particular turbidity that is measured by the optical density (OD) of the growth solution.
  • the OD of the solution is directly related to the number of bacterial cells contained therein.
  • sixteen 200 ul liquid medium cultures were grown in a 96 well microtiter plate at 37 C with a range of IPTG concentrations in duplicate two-fold serial dilutions from 1600 uM to 12.5 uM (final concentration).
  • control cells were grown in duplicate without IPTG. These cultures were started from equal amounts of cells derived from the same initial seed culture of a clone of interest.
  • the cells were grown for up to 15 hours and the extent of growth was determined by measuring the optical density of the cultures at 600 nm.
  • the percent growth of the control for each of the IPTG containing cultures was plotted against the log concentrations of IPTG to produce a growth inhibitory dose response curve for the IPTG.
  • the concentration of IPTG that inhibits cell growth to 50% (IC 50 ) as compared to the 0 mM IPTG control (0% growth inhibition) was then calculated from the curve. Under these conditions, an amount of antisense RNA was produced that reduced the expression levels of rplW and elaD to a degree such that growth was inhibited by 50%.
  • Cells were pretreated with the selected concentration of IPTG and then used to test the sensitivity of cell populations to tetracycline, erythromycin and other protein synthesis inhibitors.
  • An example of a tetracycline dose response curve is shown in Figures 2A and 2B for the rplW and elaD genes, respectively. Cells were grown to log phase and then diluted into media alone or media containing IPTG at concentrations which give 20% and 50% growth inhibition as determined by IPTG dose response curves.
  • the cells were diluted to a final 0D600 of 0.002 into 96 well plates containing (1) +/ • IPTG at the same concentrations used for the 2.5 hour pre-incubation; and (2) serial two-fold dilutions of tetracycline such that the final concentrations of tetracycline range from 1 ⁇ g/ml to 15.6 ng/ml and 0 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the 96 well plates were incubated at 37°C and the 0D600 was read by a plate reader every 5 minutes for up to 15 hours.
  • tetracycline dose response curves were determined when the control (absence of tetracycline) reached 0.1 0D600.
  • IC50s were determined from the dose response curves (Figs. 2A-B).
  • Cells with reduced levels of L23 (rplW) showed increased sensitivity to tetracycline (Fig. 2A) as compared to cells with reduced levels of elaD (Fig. 2B).
  • Figure 3 shows a summary bar chart in which the ratios of tetracycline IC50s determined in the presence of IPTG which gives 50% growth inhibition versus tetracycline IC50s determined without IPTG (fold increase in tetracycline sensitivity) were plotted.
  • Cells with reduced levels of either L7/L12 (genes rplL, rplJ) or L23 [rplW) showed increased sensitivity to tetracycline (Fig. 3).
  • clones expressing antisense RNA to genes involved in protein synthesis have increased sensitivity to the macrolide, erythromycin, whereas clones expressing antisense to the non-protein synthesis genes elaD, atpB/E and visC do not.
  • the clone expressing antisense to rplL and rplJ does not show increased sensitivity to nalidixic acid and ofloxacin, antibiotics which do not inhibit protein synthesis.
  • results with the ribosomal protein genes rplL, rplJ, and rplW as well as the initial results using various other antisense clones and antibiotics show that limiting the concentration of an antibiotic target makes cells more sensitive to the antimicrobial agents that specifically interact with that protein.
  • results also show that these cells are sensitized to antimicrobial agents that inhibit the overall function in which the protein target is involved but are not sensitized to antimicrobial agents that inhibit other functions.
  • the cell based assay described above may also be used to identify the biological pathway in which a proliferation-required nucleic acid or its gene product lies.
  • cells expressing a sub-lethal level of antisense to a target proliferation-required nucleic acid and control cells in which expression of the antisense has not been induced are contacted with a panel of antibiotics known to act in various pathways. If the antibiotic acts in the pathway in which the target proliferation-required nucleic acid or its gene product lies, cells in which expression of the antisense has been induced will be more sensitive to the antibiotic than cells in which expression of the antisense has not been induced.
  • the results of the assay may be confirmed by contacting a panel of cells expressing antisense nucleic acids to many different proliferation-required genes including the target proliferation-required gene. If the antibiotic is acting specifically, heightened sensitivity to the antibiotic will be observed only in the cells expressing antisense to a target proliferation-required gene (or cells expressing antisense to other proliferation-required genes in the same pathway as the target proliferation-required gene) but will not be observed generally in all cells expressing antisense to proliferation- required genes.
  • the above method may be used to determine the pathway on which a test antibiotic acts.
  • a panel of cells, each of which expresses antisense to a proliferation-required nucleic acid in a known pathway is contacted with a compound for which it is desired to determine the pathway on which it acts.
  • the sensitivity of the panel of cells to the test compound is determined in cells in which expression of the antisense has been induced and in control cells in which expression of the antisense has not been induced. If the test antibiotic acts on the pathway on which an antisense nucleic acid acts, cells in which expression of the antisense has been induced will be more sensitive to the antibiotic than cells in which expression of the antisense has not been induced. In addition, control cells in which expression of antisense to proliferation-required genes in other pathways has been induced will not exhibit heightened sensitivity to the antibiotic. In this way, the pathway on which the test antibiotic acts may be determined.
  • the Example below provides one method for performing such assays.
  • frozen stocks of host bacteria containing the desired antisense construct are prepared using standard microbiological techniques. For example, a single clone of the organism can be isolated by streaking out a sample of the original stock onto an agar plate containing nutrients for cell growth and an antibiotic for which the antisense construct contains a gene which confers resistance. After overnight growth an isolated colony is picked from the plate with a sterile needle and transferred to an appropriate liquid growth media containing the antibiotic required for maintenance of the plasmid. The cells are incubated at 30°C to 37°C with vigorous shaking for 4 to 6 hours to yield a culture in exponential growth. Sterile glycerol is added to 15% (volume to volume) and lOO ⁇ L to 500 ⁇ L aliquots are distributed into sterile cryotubes, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C for future assays.
  • a stock vial is removed from the freezer, rapidly thawed (37°C water bath) and a loop of culture is streaked out on an agar plate containing nutrients for cell growth and an antibiotic to which the antisense construct confers resistance.
  • a loop of culture is streaked out on an agar plate containing nutrients for cell growth and an antibiotic to which the antisense construct confers resistance.
  • ten randomly chosen, isolated colonies are transferred from the plate (sterile inoculum loop) to a sterile tube containing 5 mL of LB medium containing the antibiotic to which the antisense vector confers resistance.
  • the optical density of the suspension is measured at 600 nm (OD600) and if necessary an aliquot of the suspension is diluted into a second tube of 5 mL, sterile, LB medium plus antibiotic to achieve an OD600 ⁇ 0.02 absorbance units. The culture is then incubated at 600 nm (OD600) and if necessary an aliquot of the suspension is diluted into a second tube of 5 mL, sterile, LB medium plus antibiotic to achieve an OD600 ⁇ 0.02 absorbance units. The culture is then incubated at 600 nm (OD600) and if necessary an aliquot of the suspension is diluted into a second tube of 5 mL, sterile, LB medium plus antibiotic to achieve an OD600 ⁇ 0.02 absorbance units. The culture is then incubated at 600 nm (OD600) and if necessary an aliquot of the suspension is diluted into a second tube of 5 mL, sterile, LB medium plus antibiotic to achieve an OD600 ⁇ 0.02 absorb
  • Two fold dilution series of the inducer are generated in culture media containing the appropriate antibiotic for maintenance of the antisense construct.
  • Several media are tested side by side and three to four wells are used to evaluate the effects of the inducer at each concentration in each media. For example, M9 minimal media, LB broth, TBD broth and
  • Muller-Hinton media may be tested with the inducer IPTG at the following concentrations, 50 ⁇ M, 100 ⁇ M, 200 ⁇ M, 400 ⁇ M, 600 ⁇ M, 800 ⁇ M and 1000 ⁇ M.
  • Equal volumes of test edia-inducer and cells are added to the wells of a 384 well microtiter plate and mixed. The cells are prepared as described above and diluted 1:100 in the appropriate media containing the test antibiotic immediately prior to addition to the microtiter plate wells.
  • cells are also added to several wells of each media that do not contain inducer, for example 0 M IPTG. Cell growth is monitored continuously by incubation at 37°C in a microtiter plate reader monitoring the 0D600 of the wells over an 18-hour period.
  • the percent inhibition of growth produced by each concentration of inducer is calculated by comparing the rates of logarithmic growth against that exhibited by cells growing in media without inducer. The medium yielding greatest sensitivity to inducer is selected for use in the assays described below.
  • Two-fold dilution series of antibiotics of known mechanism of action are generated in the culture media selected for further assay development that has been supplemented with the antibiotic used to maintain the construct.
  • a panel of test antibiotics known to act on different pathways is tested side by side with three to four wells being used to evaluate the effect of a test antibiotic on cell growth at each concentration.
  • Equal volumes of test antibiotic and cells are added to the wells of a 384 well microtiter plate and mixed. Cells are prepared as described above using the media selected for assay development supplemented with the antibiotic required to maintain the antisense construct and are diluted 1 :100 in identical media immediately prior to addition to the microtiter piate wells.
  • cells are also added to several wells that contain the solvent used to dissolve the antibiotics but no antibiotic.
  • Cell growth is monitored continuously by incubation at 37°C in a microtiter plate reader monitoring the OD600 of the wells over an 18-hour period.
  • the percent inhibition of growth produced by each concentration of antibiotic is calculated by comparing the rates of logarithmic growth against that exhibited by cells growing in media without antibiotic. A plot of percent inhibition against log[antibiotic concentration] allows extrapolation of an IC 50 value for each antibiotic.
  • the culture media selected for use in the assay is supplemented with inducer at concentrations shown to inhibit cell growth by 50 and 80% as described above and the antibiotic used to maintain the construct.
  • Two fold dilution series of the panel of test antibiotics used above are generated in each of these media.
  • Several antibiotics are tested side by side with three to four wells being used to evaluate the effects of an antibiotic on cell growth at each concentration, in each media.
  • Equal volumes of test antibiotic and cells are added to the wells of a 384 well microtiter plate and mixed. Cells are prepared as described above using the media selected for use in the assay supplemented with the antibiotic required to maintain the antisense construct.
  • the cells are diluted 1:100 into two 50 mL aliquots of identical media containing concentrations of inducer that have been shown to inhibit cell growth by 50% and 80 % respectively and incubated at 37°C with shaking for 2.5 hours.
  • the cultures are adjusted to an appropriate 0D 600 (typically 0.002) by dilution into warm (37°C) sterile media supplemented with identical concentrations of the inducer and antibiotic used to maintain the antisense construct.
  • 0D 600 typically 0.002
  • cells are also added to several wells that contain solvent used to dissolve test antibiotics but which contain no antibiotic.
  • Cell growth is monitored continuously by incubation at 37°C in a microtiter plate reader monitoring the OD600 of the wells over an 18- hour period.
  • the percent inhibition of growth produced by each concentration of antibiotic is calculated by comparing the rates of logarithmic growth against that exhibited by cells growing in media without antibiotic. A plot of percent inhibition against logfantibiotic concentration] allows extrapolation of an IC S0 value for each antibiotic.
  • a comparison of the IC 50 s generated by antibiotics of known mechanism of action under antisense induced and non-induced conditions allows the pathway in which a proliferation-required nucleic acid lies to be identified. If cells expressing an antisense nucleic acid against a proliferation-required gene are selectively sensitive to an antibiotic acting via a particular pathway, then the gene against which the antisense acts is involved in the pathway in which the antibiotic acts.
  • the ceil based assay may also be used to determine the pathway against which a test antibiotic acts.
  • the pathways against which each member of a panel of antisense nucleic acids acts are identified as described above.
  • a panel of cells, each containing an inducible antisense vector against a gene in a known proliferation-required pathway, is contacted with a test antibiotic for which it is desired to determine the pathway on which it acts under inducing an non-inducing conditions. If heightened sensitivity is observed in induced ceils expressing antisense against a gene in a particular pathway but not in induced cells expressing antisense against genes in other pathways, then the test antibiotic acts against the pathway for which heightened sensitivity was observed.
  • Antibiotics of various chemical classes and modes of action were purchased from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO). Stock solutions were prepared by dissolving each antibiotic in an appropriate aqueous solution based on information provided by the manufacturer. The final working solution of each antibiotic contained no more than 0.2% (w/v) of any organic solvent. To determine their potency against a bacterial strain engineered for expression of an antisense against a proliferation-required 50S ribosomal protein, each antibiotic was serially diluted two or three fold in growth medium supplemented with the appropriate antibiotic for maintenance of the anti-sense construct. At least ten dilutions were prepared for each antibiotic.
  • Cells for the assay were prepared as follows. Bacterial cells containing a construct, from which expression of antisense nucleic acid against rplL and rplJ, which encode proliferation-required 50S ribosomal subunit proteins, is inducible in the presence of IPTG, were grown into exponential growth (0D 600 0.2 to 0.3) and then diluted 1:100 into fresh media containing either 400 ⁇ M or 0 ⁇ M inducer (IPTG). These cultures were incubated at 37° C for 2.5 hr. After a 2.5 hr incubation, induced and non-induced cells were respectively diluted into an assay medium at a final 0D 6O0 value of 0.0004.
  • the medium contained an appropriate concentration of the antibiotic for the maintenance of the anti-sense construct.
  • the medium used to dilute induced cells was supplemented with 800 ⁇ M IPTG so that addition to the assay plate would result in a final IPTG concentration of 400 ⁇ M.
  • Induced and non-induced cell suspensions were dispensed (25 ⁇ l/well) into the appropriate wells of the assay plate as discussed previously. The plate was then loaded into a plate reader, incubated at constant temperature, and cell growth was monitored in each well by the measurement of light scattering at 595 nm. Growth was monitored every 5 minutes until the cell culture attained a stationary growth phase.
  • results are provided in the table below, which lists the classes and names of the antibiotics used in the analysis, the targets of the antibiotics, the IC50 in the absence of IPTG, the IC50 in the presence of IPTG, the concentration units for the IC50s, the fold increase in IC50 in the presence of IPTG, and whether increased sensitivity was observed in the presence of IPTG.
  • Assays utilizing antisense constructs to essential genes can be used to identify compounds that specifically interfere with the activity of multiple targets in a pathway. Such constructs can be used to simultaneously screen a sample against multiple targets in one pathway in one reaction (Combinatorial HTS).
  • panels of antisense construct containing cells may be used to characterize the point of intervention of any compound affecting an essential biological pathway including antibiotics with no known mechanism of action.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for determining the pathway against which a test antibiotic compound is active in which the activity of target proteins or nucleic acids involved in proliferation-required pathways is reduced by contacting cells with a sublethal concentration of a known antibiotic which acts against the target protein or nucleic acid.
  • the target protein or nucleic acid is a target protein or nucleic acid corresponding to a proliferation-required nucleic acid identified using the methods described above.
  • the method is similar to those described above for determining which pathway a test antibiotic acts against except that rather than reducing the activity or level of a proliferation-required gene product using a sublethal level of antisense to a proliferation-required nucleic acid, the activity or level of the proliferation-required gene product is reduced using sublethal level of a known antibiotic which acts against the proliferation required gene product.
  • Meciliinam (Amdinocillin) binds to and inactivates the penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2, product of the mrdA in £ coli).
  • PBP2 penicillin binding protein 2
  • This antibiotic inteacts with other antibiotics that inhibit PBP2 as well as antibiotics that inhibit other penicillin binding proteins such as PBP3 [(Gutmann, L., Vincent, S., Billot-Klein, D., Acar, J.F., Mrena, E., and Williamson, R.
  • Interactions between drugs could, therefore, involve two drugs that inhibit the same target protein or nucleic acid or inhibit different proteins or nucleic acids in the same pathway [(Fukuoka, T., Domon, H., Kakuta, M., Ishii, C, Hirasawa, A., Utsui, Y., Ohya, S., and Yasuda, H. (1997) Combination effect between panipenem and vancomycin on highly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Japan. J. Antibio. 50:411-419; Smith, C.E., Foleno, B.E., Barrett, J.F., and Frosc, M.B.
  • Two drugs may interact even though they inhibit different targets.
  • the proton pump inhibitor, Omeprazole, and the antibiotic, Amoxycillin, two synergistic compounds acting together can cure Helicobacter pylori infection [( Gabryeiewicz, A., Laszewicz, W., Dzieniszewski, J., Ciok, J., Marlicz, K., Bielecki, D., Popiela, T., Legutko, J., Knapik, Z., Poniewierka, E. (1997) Multicenter evaluation of dual-therapy (omeprazol and amoxycillin) for Helicobacter ////-.//-associated duodenal and gastric ulcer (two years of the observation).
  • the growth inhibition from the sublethal concentration of the known antibiotic may be at least about 5%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, or at least about 75%, or more.
  • the sublethal concentration of the known antibiotic may be determined by measuring the activity of the target proliferation-required gene product rather than by measuring growth inhibition.
  • Cells are contacted with a combination of each member of a panel of known antibiotics at a sublethal level and varying concentrations of the test antibiotic. As a control, the cells are contacted with varying concentrations of the test antibiotic alone.
  • the IC S0 of the test antibiotic in the presence and absence of the known antibiotic is determined. If the IC50s in the presence and absence of the known drug are substantially similar, then the test drug and the known drug act on different pathways. If the IC 50 s are substantially different, then the test drug and the known drug act on the same pathway.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for identifying a candidate compound for use as an antibiotic in which the activity of target proteins or nucleic acids involved in proliferation-required pathways is reduced by contacting cells with a sublethal concentration of a known antibiotic which acts against the target protein or nucleic acid.
  • the target protein or nucleic acid is a target protein or nucleic acid corresponding to a proliferation- required nucleic acid identified using the methods described above.
  • the method is similar to those described above for identifying candidate compounds for use as antibiotics except that rather than reducing the activity or level of a proliferation-required gene product using a sublethal level of antisense to a proliferation-required nucleic acid, the activity or level of the proliferation-required gene product is reduced using a sublethal level of a known antibiotic which acts against the proliferation required gene product.
  • the growth inhibition from the sublethal concentration of the known antibiotic may be at least about 5%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, or at least about 75%, or more.
  • the sublethal concentration of the known antibiotic may be determined by measuring the activity of the target proliferation-required gene product rather than by measuring growth inhibition.
  • test compounds of interest In order to characterize test compounds of interest, cells are contacted with a panel of known antibiotics at a sublethal level and one or more concentrations of the test compound. As a control, the cells are contacted with the same concentrations of the test compound alone. The IC 50 of the test compound in the presence and absence of the known antibiotic is determined. If the IC 50 of the test compound is substantially different in the presence and absence of the known drug then the test compound is a good candidate for use as an antibiotic. As discussed above, once a candidate compound is identified using the above methods its structure may be optimized using standard techniques such as combinatorial chemistry.
  • antibiotics which may be used in each of the above methods are provided in the table below. However, it will be appreciated that other antibiotics may also be used.
  • Streptovaricin an acyclic ansamycin inhibits RNA polymerase rpoB Actinomycin D + EDTA Intercalates between 2 successive G-C pairs, pldA rpoB, inhibits RNA synthesis
  • Ciprofloxacin subunit gyrase, gyrA and/or topoisomerase IV gyrA 1983 Norfloxacin (probable target in Staph) norA (efflux in Staph) hipQ
  • Sulfonamid ⁇ s, 1932 Sulfaniiamide blocks synthesis of dihydrofolate,dihydro- folP, gpt, pabA, pabB, pteroate synthesis, folP pabC
  • Trimethoprim 1962 Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, folA folA, thyA Showdomycin Nucleoside analogue capable of alkylating nupC, pnp ANTIBIOTIC INHIBITS/TARGET RESISTANT MUTANTS sulfhydryl groups, inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase
  • Psicofuranine Adenosine glycoside antibiotic, target is GMP guaA,B synthetase
  • Triclosan Inhibits fatty acid synthesis fabl(envM)
  • Diazoborines Isoniazid, heterocyclic, contains boron, inhibit fatty acid fabl(envM)
  • Phenylpropa ⁇ oids Binds to ribosomal peptidyl transfer center
  • Macrolides (type I polyketides) Binding to 50 S ribosomal subunit, 23S rRNA,
  • Erythromycin 1950 blocks peptide tra ⁇ slocation, L15, L4, L12
  • Negamycin Inhibits termination process of protein prfB synthesis
  • Nitrofurantoin Inhibits protein synthesis, nitroreductases nfnA,B convert nitrofurantoin to highly reactive electrophilic intermediates which attack bacterial ribosomal proteins non-specifically
  • Penicillin 1929 Ampiciliin transpeptidases, endopeptidases, and glycosidases (PBPs), of the 12 PBPs only 2 ampC, ampD, ampE,
  • Methicillin, 1960 are essential: mrdA (PBP2) and ftslfpbpB, envZ, galU, hipA, PBP3) hipQ, ompC, ompF, o pR, ptsl, rfa, tolD, tolE
  • Aztreonam Bacilysin, Tetaine Dipeptide, inhib glucosamine synthase dppA Glycopeptides Vancomycin, 1965 Inhib G + cell wall syn, binds to terminal D- ala-D-ala of pentapeptide,
  • Cyclic lipopeptide Daptomycin 1980 Disrupts multiple aspects of membrane function, including peptidoglycan synthesis, lipoteichoic acid synthesis, and the bacterial membrane potential Cyclic polypeptides Polymixin, 1939 Surfactant action disrupts cell membrane pmrA lipids, binds lipid A mioety of LPS Fosfomycin, 1969 Analogue of P-enolpyruvate, inhibits 1 st step murA, crp, cyaA glpT, in peptidoglycan synthesis • UDP-N- hipA, ptsl, uhpT acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase, murA.
  • Cycloserine Prevents formation of D-ala dimer, inhibits D- hipA, cycA ala ligase, ddlA.B Alafosfalin phosphonodipeptide, cell wall synthesis pepA, tpp inhibitor, potentiator of -lactams
  • Globomycin Inhibits signal peptidase II (cleaves /pp, dnaE prolipoproteins subsequent to lipid modification, IspA
  • RNA expression with IPTG RNA expression with IPTG.
  • a negative result in a heterologous organism does not mean that that organism is missing that gene nor does it mean that the gene is unessential.
  • a positive result means that the heterologous organism contains a homologous gene which is required for proliferation of that organism.
  • the homologous gene may be obtained using the methods described herein.
  • Those cells that are inhibited by antisense may be used in cell based assays as described herein for the identification and characterization of compounds in order to develop antibiotics effective in these organisms.
  • an antisense molecule which works in the organism from which it was obtained will not always work in a heterologous organism.
  • the identified sequence of the present invention can be used as probes to obtain the sequence of additional genes of interest from a second organism.
  • probes to potential bacterial target proteins may be hybridized to nucleic acids from other organisms including other bacteria and higher organisms, to identify homologous sequences. Such hybridization might indicate that the protein encoded by the gene to which the probe corresponds is found in humans and therefore not necessarily a good drug target. Alternatively, the gene can be conserved only in bacteria and therefore would be a good drug target for a broad spectrum antibiotic or antimicrobial.
  • Probes derived from the identified nucleic acid sequences of interest or portions thereof can be labeled with detectable labels familiar to those skilled in the art, including radioisotopes and non-radioactive labels, to provide a detectable probe.
  • the detectable probe can be single stranded or double stranded and can be made using techniques known in the art, including in vitro transcription, nick translation, or kinase reactions.
  • a nucleic acid sample containing a sequence capable of hybridizing to the labeled probe is contacted with the labeled probe. If the nucleic acid in the sample is double stranded, it can be denatured prior to contacting the probe.
  • the nucleic acid sample can be immobilized on a surface such as a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane.
  • the nucleic acid sample can comprise nucleic acids obtained from a variety of sources, including genomic DNA, cDNA libraries, RNA, or tissue samples.
  • Procedures used to detect the presence of nucleic acids capable of hybridizing to the detectable probe include well known techniques such as Southern blotting, Northern blotting, dot blotting, colony hybridization, and plaque hybridization.
  • the nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to the labeled probe can be cloned into vectors such as expression vectors, sequencing vectors, or in vitro transcription vectors to facilitate the characterization and expression of the hybridizing nucleic acids in the sample.
  • vectors such as expression vectors, sequencing vectors, or in vitro transcription vectors to facilitate the characterization and expression of the hybridizing nucleic acids in the sample.
  • such techniques can be used to isolate, purify and clone sequences from a genomic library, made from a variety of bacterial species, which are capable of hybridizing to probes made from the sequences identified in Examples 5 and 6.
  • E. coli genes corresponding directly to or located within the operon of nucleic acid sequences required for proliferation or portions thereof can be used to prepare PCR primers for a variety of applications, including the identification or isolation of homologous sequences from other species, for example S. typhimurium, £ cloacae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which contain part or ail of the homologous genes. Because homologous genes are related but not identical in sequence, those skilled in the art will often employ degenerate sequence PCR primers. Such degenerate sequence primers are designed based on conserved sequence regions, either known or suspected, such as conserved coding regions.
  • the successful production of a PCR product using degenerate probes generated from the sequences identified herein would indicate the presence of a homologous gene sequence in the species being screened.
  • the PCR primers are at least 10 bases, and preferably at least 20 bases in length. More preferably, the PCR primers are at least 20-30 bases in length. In some embodiments, the PCR primers can be more than 30 bases in length. It is preferred that the primer pairs have approximately the same G/C ratio, so that melting temperatures are approximately the same.
  • a variety of PCR techniques are familiar to those skilled in the art. For a review of PCR technology, see Molecular Cloning to Genetic Engineering White, B.A. Ed. in Methods in Molecular Biology 67: Humana Press, Totowa 1997.
  • the 5' and 3' regions of the target gene can be used as the sequence source for PCR probe generation.
  • PCR primers on either side of the nucleic acid sequences to be amplified are added to a suitably prepared nucleic acid sample along with dNTPs and a thermostable polymerase such as Taq polymerase, Pfu polymerase, or Vent polymerase.
  • the nucleic acid in the sample is denatured and the PCR primers are specifically hybridized to complementary nucleic acid sequences in the sample.
  • the hybridized primers are extended. Thereafter, another cycle of denaturation, hybridization, and extension is initiated. The cycles are repeated multiple times to produce an amplified fragment containing the nucleic acid sequence between the primer sites.
  • EXAMPLE 15 Inverse PCR
  • the technique of inverse polymerase chain reaction can be used to extend the known nucleic acid sequence identified in Examples 5 and 6.
  • the inverse PCR reaction is described generally by Ochman et al., in Ch. 10 of PCR Technology:
  • exogenous nucleic sequences are identified that correspond to genes or operons that are required for bacterial proliferation.
  • the technique of inverse PCR provides a method for obtaining the gene in order to determine the sequence or to place the probe sequences in full context to the target sequence to which the identified exogenous nucleic acid sequence binds.
  • the genome of the target organism is digested with an appropriate restriction enzyme so as to create fragments of nucleic acid that contain the identified sequence as well as unknown sequences that flank the identified sequence. These fragments are then circularized and become the template for the PCR reaction.
  • PCR primers are designed in accordance with the teachings of Example 15 and directed to the ends of the identified sequence are synthesized. The primers direct nucleic acid synthesis away from the known sequence and toward the unknown sequence contained within the circularized template.
  • the resulting PCR products can be sequenced so as to extend the sequence of the identified gene past the core sequence of the identified exogenous nucleic acid sequence identified. In this manner, the full sequence of each novel gene can be identified. Additionally the sequences of adjacent coding and noncoding regions can be identified.
  • EXAMPLE 16 Identification of Genes Reouired for Staphylococcus aureus Proliferation Genes required for proliferation in Staphylococcus aureus are identified according to the methods described above.
  • EXAMPLE 17 Identification of Genes Required for Neisseria oonorrhoeae Proliferation Genes required for proliferation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae are identified according to the methods described above. EXAMPLE 18
  • EXAMPLE 20 Identification of Genes Required for Haemophilus influenzae Proliferation Genes required for proliferation in Haemophilus influenzae are identified according to the methods described above.
  • EXAMPLE 21 Identification of Genes Required for Salmonella typhimurium Proliferation Genes required for proliferation in Salmonella typhimurium are identified according to the methods described above.
  • EXAMPLE 23 Identification of Genes Required for Mycoplasma pneumoniae Proliferation Genes required for proliferation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae are identified according to the methods described above.
  • EXAMPLE 26 Identification of Genes Required for Entamoeba histolvtica Proliferation Genes required for proliferation in Entamoeba histolytica are identified according to the methods described above.
  • EXAMPLE 27 Identification of Genes Required for Candida albicans Proliferation Genes required for proliferation in Candida albicans are identified according to the methods described above. EXAMPLE 28
  • EXAMPLE 30 Identification of Genes Required for Salmonella paratyphi Proliferation Genes required for proliferation in Salmonella paratyphi are identified according to the methods described above. EXAMPLE 31
  • EXAMPLE 32 Identification of Genes Reouired for Staphylococcus epidermis Proliferation Genes required for proliferation in Staphylococcus epidermis are identified according to the methods described above.
  • EXAMPLE 36 Identification of Genes Required for Bacillus anthracis Proliferation Genes required for proliferation in Bacillus anthracis are identified according to the methods described above. EXAMPLE 37
  • EXAMPLE 40 Identification of Genes Required for Chlamydia trachomatis Proliferation Genes required for proliferation in Chlamydia trachomatis are identified according to the methods described above. Use of Isolated Exogenous Nucleic Acid Fragments as Antisense Antibiotics
  • sequences themselves can be used as therapeutic agents.
  • the identified exogenous sequences in an antisense orientation can be provided to an individual to inhibit the translation of a bacterial target gene.
  • Generation of Antisense Therapeutics from Identified Exogenous Sequences The sequences of the present invention can be used as antisense therapeutics for the treatment of bacterial infections or simply for inhibition of bacterial growth in vitro or in vivo.
  • the therapy exploits the biological process in cells where genes are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) that is then translated into proteins.
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • Antisense RNA technology contemplates the use of antisense oligonucleotides directed against a target gene that will bind to its target and decrease or inhibit the translation of the target mRNA.
  • antisense oligonucleotides can be used to treat and control a bacterial infection of a cell culture containing a population of desired cells contaminated with bacteria.
  • the antisense oligonucleotides can be used to treat an organism with a bacterial infection.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides can be synthesized from any of the sequences of the present invention using methods well known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, antisense oligonucleotides are synthesized using artificial means. Uhlmann & Peymann, Chemical Rev. 90:543-584 (1990) review antisense oligonucleotide technology in detail. Modified or unmodified antisense oligonucleotides can be used as therapeutic agents. Modified antisense oligonucleotides are preferred since it is well known that antisense oligonucleotides are extremely unstable.
  • Modification of the phosphate backbones of the antisense oligonucleotides can be achieved by substituting the internucleotide phosphate residues with ethylphosphonates, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, and phosphate esters.
  • Nonphosphate internucleotide analogs such as siloxane bridges, carbonate brides, thioester bridges, as well as many others known in the art.
  • the preparation of certain antisense oligonucleotides with modified internucleotide linkages is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,142,047, hereby incorporated by reference.
  • nucleoside units of the antisense oligonucleotides are also contemplated. These modifications can increase the half-life and increase cellular rates of uptake for the oligonucleotides in vivo.
  • ⁇ -a ⁇ omeric nucleotide units and modified bases such as 1,2-dideoxy-d-ribofuranose, 1,2-dideoxy-1-phe ⁇ ylribofuranose, and N*, ⁇ ethano-5-methyl-cytosine are contemplated for use in the present invention.
  • PNA Peptide nucleic acids
  • PNA Peptide nucleic acids
  • PNA are nucleic acid analogs in which the entire deoxyribose-phosphate backbone has been exchanged with a chemically completely different, but structurally homologous, polyamide (peptide) backbone containing 2-aminoethyl glycine units.
  • peptide polyamide
  • the PNA backbone is neutral. Therefore, there is much less repulsive energy between complementary strands in a PNA-DNA hybrid than in the comparable DNA-DNA hybrid, and consequently they are much more stable.
  • PNA can hybridize to DNA in either a Watson/Crick or Hoogsteen fashion (Demidov et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:2637-2641, 1995; Egholm, Nature 365:566-568, 1993; Nielsen et al., Science 254:1497-1500, 1991; Dueholm et al. NewJ. Chem. 21:19-31, 1997).
  • PNA clamps Molecules called PNA "clamps" have been synthesized which have two identical PNA sequences joined by a flexible hairpin linker containing three 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid units.
  • a PNA clamp is mixed with a complementary homopurine or homopyrimidine DNA target sequence, a PNA-DNA-PNA triplex hybrid can form which has been shown to be extremely stable (Bentin et al., Biochemistry 35:8863-8869, 1996; Egholm et al.. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:21 / '-222, 1995; Griffith et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:831-832, 1995).
  • PNAs have been linked to various peptides in order to promote PNA entry into cells (Basu et al., Bioconj. Chem. 8:481488, 1997; Pardridge et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S 92:5592-5596, 1995).
  • the antisense oligonucleotides contemplated by the present invention can be administered by direct application of oligonucleotides to a target using standard techniques well known in the art.
  • the antisense oligonucleotides can be generated within the target using a plasmid, or a phage.
  • the antisense nucleic acid may be expressed from a sequence in the chromosome of the target cell.
  • contemplated that contemplated that contemplated that the antisense oligonucleotide contemplated are incorporated in a ribozyme sequence to enable the antisense to specifically bind and cleave its target mRNA.
  • ribozyme and antisense oligonucleotides see Rossi et al., Pharmacol. Ther.
  • the present invention also contemplates using a retron to introduce an antisense oligonucleotide to a cell. Retron technology is exemplified by U.S. Patent No. 5,405,775, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Antisense oligonucleotides can also be delivered using liposomes or by electroporation techniques which are well known in the art.
  • the antisense nucleic acids of the present invention can also be used to design antibiotic compounds comprising nucleic acids which function by intracellular triple helix formation.
  • Triple helix oligonucleotides are used to inhibit transcription from a genome.
  • the sequences identified as required for proliferation in the present invention, or portions thereof, can be used as templates to inhibit microorganism gene expression in individuals infected with such organisms.
  • homopurine sequences were considered the most useful for triple helix strategies.
  • homopyrimidine sequences can also inhibit gene expression. Such homopyrimidine oligonucleotides bind to the major groove at homopurine:homopyrimidine sequences.
  • the antisense oligonucleotides of this example employ the identified sequences of the present invention to induce bacterial cell death or at least bacterial stasis by inhibiting target gene translation.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides containing from about 8 to 40 bases of the sequences of the present invention have sufficient complementary to form a duplex with the target sequence under physiological conditions.
  • the antisense oligonucleotides are applied to the bacteria or to the target cells under conditions that facilitate their uptake. These conditions include sufficient incubation times of cells and oligonucleotides so that the antisense oligonucleotides are taken up by the cells. In one embodiment, an incubation period of 7-10 days is sufficient to kill bacteria in a sample. An optimum concentration of antisense oligonucleotides is selected for use.
  • the concentration of antisense oligonucleotides to be used can vary depending on the type of bacteria sought to be controlled, the nature of the antisense oligonucleotide to be used, and the relative toxicity of the antisense oligonucleotide to the desired cells in the treated culture.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides can be introduced to cell samples at a number of different concentrations preferably between 1x10 '°M to 1x10 4 M. Once the minimum concentration that can adequately control gene expression is identified, the optimized dose is translated into a dosage suitable for use in vivo. For example, an inhibiting concentration in culture of 1x10 7 translates into a dose of approximately 0.6 mg/kg body weight.
  • oligonucleotide approaching 100 mg/kg body weight or higher may be possible after testing the toxicity of the oligonucleotide in laboratory animals. It is additionally contemplated that cells from the subject are removed, treated with the antisense oligonucleotide, and reintroduced into the subject. This range is merely illustrative and one of skill in the art are able to determine the optimal concentration to be used in a given case. After the bacterial ceils have been killed or controlled in a desired culture, the desired cell population may be used for other purposes.
  • EXAMPLE 41 The following example demonstrates the ability of an £ coli antisense oligonucleotide to act as a bactericidal or bacteriostatic agent to treat a contaminated cell culture system.
  • the application of the antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention are thought to inhibit the translation of bacterial gene products required for proliferation.
  • the antisense oligonucleotide of this example corresponds to a 30 base phophorothioate modified oligodeoxynucelotide complementary to a nucleic acid involved in proliferation, such as Molecule Number EcXAOOI.
  • a sense oligodeoxynucelotide complementary to the antisense sequence is synthesized and used as a control.
  • the oligonucleotides are synthesized and purified according to the procedures of Matsukura, et al., Gene 72:343 (1988).
  • the test oligonucleotides are dissolved in a small volume of autoclaved water and added to culture medium to make a 100 micromolar stock solution.
  • Human bone marrow cells are obtained from the peripheral blood of two patients and cultured according standard procedures well known in the art. The culture is contaminated with the K-12 strain of £ coli and incubated at 37°C overnight to establish bacterial infection.
  • control and antisense oligonucleotide containing solutions are added to the contaminated cultures and monitored for bacterial growth. After a 10 hour incubation of culture and oligonucleotides, samples from the control and experimental cultures are drawn and analyzed for the translation of the target bacterial gene using standard microbiological techniques well known in the art.
  • the target £ coli gene is found to be translated in the control culture treated with the control oligonucleotide, however, translation of the target gene in the experimental culture treated with the antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention is not detected or reduced.
  • EXAMPLE 42 A subject suffering from an £ coli infection is treated with the antisense oligonucleotide preparation of Example 39.
  • the antisense oligonucleotide is provided in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier at a concentration effective to inhibit the translation of the target gene.
  • the present subject is treated with a concentration of antisense oligonucleotide sufficient to achieve a blood concentration of about 100 micromolar.
  • the patient receives daily injections of antisense oligonucleotide to maintain this concentration for a period of 1 week. At the end of the week a blood sample is drawn and analyzed for the presence or absence using standard techniques well known in the art. There is no detectable evidence of E. coli and the treatment is terminated.
  • EXAMPLE 43 A subject suffering from an £ coli infection is treated with the antisense oligonucleotide preparation of Example 39.
  • the antisense oligonucleotide is provided in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier at a concentration effective to inhibit
  • oligonucleotides containing the candidate sequences into a population of bacterial cells that normally express the target gene.
  • the oligonucleotides may be prepared on an oligonucleotide synthesizer or they may be purchased commercially from a company specializing in custom oligonucleotide synthesis, such as GENSET, Paris, France.
  • oligonucleotides can be introduced into the cells using a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to calcium phosphate precipitation, DEAE-Dextran, electroporation, liposome-mediated transfection or native uptake.
  • Treated cells are monitored for a reduction in proliferation using techniques such as monitoring growth levels as compared to untreated cells using optical density measurements.
  • the oligonucleotides that are effective in inhibiting gene expression in cultured cells can then be introduced in vivo using the techniques well known in that art at a dosage level shown to be effective.
  • the natural (beta) anomers of the oligonucleotide units can be replaced with alpha anomers to render the oligonucleotide more resistant to nucleases.
  • an intercalating agent such as ethidium bromide, or the like, can be attached to the 3 end of the alpha oligonucleotide to stabilize the triple helix.
  • EXAMPLE 44 Identification of Bacterial Strains from Isolated Specimens by PCR Classical bacteriological methods for the detection of various bacterial species are time consuming and costly.
  • These methods include growing the bacteria isolated from a subject in specialized media, cultivation on selective agar media, followed by a set of confirmation assays that can take from 8 to 10 days or longer to complete.
  • Use of the identified sequences of the present invention provides a method to dramatically reduce the time necessary to detect and identify specific bacterial species present in a sample.
  • bacteria are grown in enriched media and DNA samples are isolated from specimens of, for example, blood, urine, stool, saliva or central nervous system fluid by conventional methods.
  • a panel of PCR primers based on identified sequences unique to various species of microorganisms are then utilized in accordance with Example 12 to amplify DNA of approximately 100-200 bases in length from the specimen.
  • a separate PCR reaction is set up for each pair of PCR primers and after the PCR reaction is complete, the reaction mixtures are assayed for the presence of PCR product.
  • the presence or absence of bacteria from the species to which the PCR primer pairs belong is determined by the presence or absence of a PCR product in the various test PCR reaction tubes.
  • PCR reaction is used to assay the isolated sample for the presence of various bacterial species, other assays such as the Southern blot hybridization are also contemplated.

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EP00914458A 1999-01-27 2000-01-27 Gene identifiziert als notwendig für proliferation in escherichia coli Withdrawn EP1149166A2 (de)

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EP01124215A EP1178052A3 (de) 1999-01-27 2000-01-27 Gene identifiziert als notwendig für proliferation in Escherichia coli

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US11740599P 1999-01-27 1999-01-27
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PCT/US2000/002200 WO2000044906A2 (en) 1999-01-27 2000-01-27 GENES IDENTIFIED AS REQUIRED FOR PROLIFERATION IN $i(ESCHERICHIA COLI)

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EP1396543A3 (de) * 1999-07-08 2004-03-31 Research Association for Biotechnology Primer zur Synthese von vollständigen cDNA Klonen und ihre Verwendung
JP2003511068A (ja) * 1999-10-13 2003-03-25 パンセコ・アクティーゼルスカブ Ｐｎａを使用した遺伝子選択
US6783985B1 (en) 2000-02-18 2004-08-31 Elitra Pharmaceuticals Inc. Gene disruption methodologies for drug target discovery
WO2002079467A2 (en) * 2001-03-29 2002-10-10 Københavns Universitet Antibiotic-free bacterial strain selection with antisense molecules
US20030082591A1 (en) * 2001-07-24 2003-05-01 Donald Awrey Methods for gene disruption and uses thereof
FR2842210B1 (fr) * 2002-07-09 2012-12-14 Mutabilis Determinants de pathogenicite utilisables comme cibles pour l'elaboration de moyens de prevention et de controle d'infections bacteriennes et/ou de la dissemination systemique
JPWO2007013411A1 (ja) * 2005-07-25 2009-02-05 株式会社カネカ 生物由来のアンチセンス核酸
AU2006284716B2 (en) * 2005-09-01 2012-02-09 The Feinstein Institute For Medical Research Peptide mimics of melanocyte stimulating hormone
EP2482836B1 (de) * 2009-10-02 2016-04-13 Oslo Universitetssykehus HF Antibakterielle Polypeptide und Verwendungen dafür
WO2012048249A1 (en) * 2010-10-07 2012-04-12 Yale University Site-specific incorporation of phosphoserine into proteins in escherichia coli
US11788111B2 (en) 2011-07-11 2023-10-17 Yale University Compositions and methods for making selenocysteine containing polypeptides
US10876142B2 (en) 2011-07-11 2020-12-29 Yale University Compositions and methods for making selenocysteine containing polypeptides
WO2013009868A1 (en) 2011-07-11 2013-01-17 Yale University Compositions and methods for making selenocysteine containing polypeptides
US10240158B2 (en) 2011-07-11 2019-03-26 Yale University Compositions and methods for making selenocysteine containing polypeptides
JP6968468B2 (ja) * 2019-01-31 2021-11-17 Ｓｐｉｂｅｒ株式会社 組換えタンパク質の製造方法
CN113917140B (zh) * 2021-10-28 2023-08-18 生工生物工程（上海）股份有限公司 一种快速筛选原核蛋白表达菌的方法
CN116218890A (zh) * 2021-12-06 2023-06-06 深圳华大生命科学研究院 基因串联表达盒、多位点基因编辑系统及应用
US11866728B2 (en) 2022-01-21 2024-01-09 Renagade Therapeutics Management Inc. Engineered retrons and methods of use
CN120290514A (zh) * 2025-04-16 2025-07-11 华中农业大学 甘蓝型油菜BnaTRM5基因在调控种子大小和开花时间长度中的应用

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CA2269658A1 (en) * 1996-11-13 1998-05-22 Qbi Enterprises, Ltd. Gene identification method
US6610539B1 (en) * 1997-07-10 2003-08-26 Genesense Technologies, Inc. Antisense oligonucleotide sequences as inhibitors of microorganisms

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KR20010101861A (ko) 2001-11-15
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JP2002535007A (ja) 2002-10-22
WO2000044906A2 (en) 2000-08-03
WO2000044906A3 (en) 2001-02-01

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