EP1148163B2 - Ensemble stratifié à boucles ayant des brins se chevauchant - Google Patents

Ensemble stratifié à boucles ayant des brins se chevauchant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1148163B2
EP1148163B2 EP01201567A EP01201567A EP1148163B2 EP 1148163 B2 EP1148163 B2 EP 1148163B2 EP 01201567 A EP01201567 A EP 01201567A EP 01201567 A EP01201567 A EP 01201567A EP 1148163 B2 EP1148163 B2 EP 1148163B2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
loops
support
warp
loop
fabric
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP01201567A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1148163A2 (fr
EP1148163A3 (fr
EP1148163B1 (fr
Inventor
Jean-Philippe Billarant
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Aplix SA
Original Assignee
Aplix SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=9484999&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP1148163(B2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Aplix SA filed Critical Aplix SA
Priority to DE69631705T priority Critical patent/DE69631705T3/de
Publication of EP1148163A2 publication Critical patent/EP1148163A2/fr
Publication of EP1148163A3 publication Critical patent/EP1148163A3/fr
Publication of EP1148163B1 publication Critical patent/EP1148163B1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1148163B2 publication Critical patent/EP1148163B2/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04B—KNITTING
    • D04B21/00—Warp knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes
    • D04B21/02—Pile fabrics or articles having similar surface features
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A44—HABERDASHERY; JEWELLERY
    • A44B—BUTTONS, PINS, BUCKLES, SLIDE FASTENERS, OR THE LIKE
    • A44B18/00—Fasteners of the touch-and-close type; Making such fasteners
    • A44B18/0023—Woven or knitted fasteners
    • A44B18/0034—Female or loop elements
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2403/00—Details of fabric structure established in the fabric forming process
    • D10B2403/01—Surface features
    • D10B2403/011—Dissimilar front and back faces
    • D10B2403/0112—One smooth surface, e.g. laminated or coated
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2501/00—Wearing apparel
    • D10B2501/06—Details of garments
    • D10B2501/063—Fasteners
    • D10B2501/0632—Fasteners of the touch-and-close type
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/23907—Pile or nap type surface or component
    • Y10T428/23914—Interlaminar
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/23907—Pile or nap type surface or component
    • Y10T428/23957—Particular shape or structure of pile
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24008—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including fastener for attaching to external surface
    • Y10T428/24017—Hook or barb

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a laminated assembly which consists, on the one hand, of a knitted warp or weft fabric, which comprises knitted loose loops and, on the other hand, by a support, for example a flexible, reinforcing support on which knitted fabric is glued.
  • the invention applies in particular to such an assembly which is used for making the female part of a so-called hook-and-loop closure, the loops of which are intended to cooperate, in a separable fastening connection, with elements complementary males, for example hooks, filiform elements with bulging heads or the like, etc.
  • Such female parts are known for example from the document FR-A-2632830 .
  • This support may be an intermediate support, the laminated assembly is then attached to an article, or it may be the article itself.
  • the invention aims to remedy this. and, to this end, according to a first aspect, it relates to a laminated assembly according to claim 1.
  • each loop has at least one strand which, at a distance from its associated foot, is supported by at least one other warp and / or weft thread so that, in this area of overlap, the loop does not adhere to the support, which retains its capacity or self-gripping properties. It is the same for the two strands of each loop and, again, for the top of each loop which is situated in the vicinity of the common foot of two other loops, thus overlapping the latter and the two strands of loops starting from this one. this.
  • the loops are oblique with respect to the general direction of the warp and / or weft threads.
  • the feet of the same loop may be located on the same chain, or on the contrary on different chain son, for example adjacent.
  • the feet of the same loop are on weft son that are adjacent or not.
  • a method for manufacturing the above laminated assembly comprises knitting said fabric so that its loops have said size relative to the pitch of the warp and / or weft threads and relative to the foot of another loop; applying an adhesive to said support; and bringing said fabric and said support into contact with a view to their joining by gluing.
  • the knitted fabric 1 is of the warp knitting or weft knitting type, and it comprises, on the one hand, parallel warp yarns 2 (also called mesh stitches) interwoven with weft threads 3 (also called stitch rows), also parallel, and, secondly, knitted loops 4, each of the two feet 5, located at the intersection of two warp and weft son, cooperates with the warp and weft son.
  • the two strands 6 of each loop 4 start from the feet 5 and meet, at a distance from them, to form the top 7 of the loop.
  • the warp 2 and weft 3 son form a very light knit structure, very open, mechanically very fragile and dimensionally unstable, as indicated above.
  • the loops 4 are of such a size, with respect to the pitch of the warp threads 2 and / or the weft threads 3, that, considering the loops flat against the warp 2 and weft threads 3, at least one two strands 6 of each loop intersects or overlaps at least one warp and / or weft thread, away from the foot 5 associated with this strand.
  • the loops 4 are directed obliquely with respect to the general direction of the warp threads and the weft threads, and the two feet 5 of the same loop 4 are situated, on the one hand, on the same warp thread 2 and on the other hand, on two adjacent weft threads 3.
  • different arrangements could be adopted as to the orientation of the loops 4 and / or the implantation of the feet 5; for example, the legs of the same loop 4 could be located on different chainstays son, for example adjacent, and non-adjacent weft son 3.
  • one of the strands 6, from the associated foot 5 passes on one of the strands 6 of the next loop 4, then on the chain 2 next to the one that carries the feet 5 of his loop, and he joins the vertex 7 which overlaps the laterally adjacent loops 4, at a very short distance from the common foot 5 thereof; the other strand 6, from the vertex 7, overlaps the same warp thread 2 as the first strand 6 of this same loop, it passes under one of the strands 6 of the previous loop 4, and it joins the second foot 5.
  • a loop 4 overlaps twice the same warp thread 2 by its strands 6, and its top 7 overlaps the two laterally adjacent loops, in the immediate vicinity of their common foot 5.
  • the loops 4 move away from the plane formed by the warp threads 2 and the weft threads 3 from their feet 5.
  • the fabric 1 which has a low dimensional stability and a low mechanical strength, is intended to be laminated on a support 8 of reinforcement, of any suitable nature, for example plastic.
  • This support can be flexible, rigid or semi-rigid and, as indicated above, it can be either an intermediate support intended to be subsequently fixed on an article, or this article itself.
  • a film of adhesive 9 intended to cooperate essentially with the son of chain 2, the weft son 3 and the part of the feet 5 loops which is located on the side of the underside or back of the fabric 1.
  • the fabric 1 is as a whole pressed against the support 8, with the interposition of the adhesive 9, and, during this operation, the warp yarns , the weft threads and the bottom of the feet 5 cooperate closely with the adhesive 9, while the strands 6 of the loops are only partially glued on the support 8 and that, in any case, the vertices 7 of the loops are preserved by a bonding because they are each protected by a foot 5.
  • the loops 4 may have, at their feet 5 and the side of the support 8, small counter-loops 14 intended to cooperate with the adhesive 9 to increase the contact area between the fabric 1 and the support 8. This also strengthens the fixing of the loop legs 5 on the son 2, 3 and the support 8 and, therefore, also the structure of the loops.
  • the loops 4 are partially and locally bonded to the support 8, their tops 7 remain unobstructed and, in operation, they can cooperate freely with the male complementary elements of attachment, which keeps the loops 4 all their auto properties -agrippantes. Moreover, during the first separation of the two elements constituting the separable closure, the loops 4 are pulled by the male fastening elements, which causes, by peeling effect, the separation of the strands 6, locally bonded to the support 8, with this one.
  • This exemplary device is usable in the case of a support 8 which is flexible and which is an intermediate strip or sheet, the laminated assembly then being fixed on an article by any appropriate means.
  • This device comprises two driven pressure rollers 10 and 11 which assemble the fabric 1 and the flexible support 8.
  • the fabric 1 is brought first to pass over the roll 10, which then receives, on top of the fabric 1, the support 8. Upstream of the roll 10, the support 8 passes under a device 12 for applying or removing the adhesive 9 on the face of the support 8 which is turned towards the fabric 1.
  • the loops 4 are located on the face of the fabric 1 which is remote from the support 8, that is to say opposite to it.
  • the fabric 1 and the support 8, superimposed on the roll 10 then pass together in the clamping zone between the two rollers to obtain the bonding, and the laminated assembly 13 is extracted by any appropriate means, for example by means of call rollers.
  • this bonding face 15 may be coated with a permanent adhesive and, for allow to wrap the laminate assembly on itself coil prior to bonding, or this adhesive receives a temporary protective film, or the loops 4 undergo, for example by coating, a release treatment.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Knitting Of Fabric (AREA)
  • Slide Fasteners, Snap Fasteners, And Hook Fasteners (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Orthopedics, Nursing, And Contraception (AREA)
  • Chair Legs, Seat Parts, And Backrests (AREA)
EP01201567A 1995-11-29 1996-11-28 Ensemble stratifié à boucles ayant des brins se chevauchant Expired - Lifetime EP1148163B2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE69631705T DE69631705T3 (de) 1995-11-29 1996-11-28 Mehrschichtstoff mit Schlingen mit überlappenden Strängen

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9514140A FR2741636B1 (fr) 1995-11-29 1995-11-29 Ensemble lamine constitue par un tissu tricote chaine ou trame a boucles contrecolle sur un support, et son procede de fabrication
FR9514140 1995-11-29
EP96402572A EP0777006B2 (fr) 1995-11-29 1996-11-28 Ensemble stratifié constitué par un tissu tricoté chaîne ou trame à boucles contrecolle sur un support, et son procédé de fabrication

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96402572.0 Division 1996-11-28
EP96402572A Division EP0777006B2 (fr) 1995-11-29 1996-11-28 Ensemble stratifié constitué par un tissu tricoté chaîne ou trame à boucles contrecolle sur un support, et son procédé de fabrication

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1148163A2 EP1148163A2 (fr) 2001-10-24
EP1148163A3 EP1148163A3 (fr) 2002-04-03
EP1148163B1 EP1148163B1 (fr) 2004-02-25
EP1148163B2 true EP1148163B2 (fr) 2011-08-03

Family

ID=9484999

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01201567A Expired - Lifetime EP1148163B2 (fr) 1995-11-29 1996-11-28 Ensemble stratifié à boucles ayant des brins se chevauchant
EP96402572A Expired - Lifetime EP0777006B2 (fr) 1995-11-29 1996-11-28 Ensemble stratifié constitué par un tissu tricoté chaîne ou trame à boucles contrecolle sur un support, et son procédé de fabrication

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96402572A Expired - Lifetime EP0777006B2 (fr) 1995-11-29 1996-11-28 Ensemble stratifié constitué par un tissu tricoté chaîne ou trame à boucles contrecolle sur un support, et son procédé de fabrication

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5736214A (2)
EP (2) EP1148163B2 (2)
JP (1) JPH09173111A (2)
DE (2) DE69631705T3 (2)
ES (2) ES2171635T5 (2)
FR (1) FR2741636B1 (2)

Families Citing this family (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6329016B1 (en) 1997-09-03 2001-12-11 Velcro Industries B.V. Loop material for touch fastening
US6869659B2 (en) 1997-09-03 2005-03-22 Velcro Industries B.V. Fastener loop material, its manufacture, and products incorporating the material
US6342285B1 (en) 1997-09-03 2002-01-29 Velcro Industries B.V. Fastener loop material, its manufacture, and products incorporating the material
US6484325B1 (en) 1999-12-23 2002-11-26 Liberty Fabrics, Inc. Athletic garment and equipment system
ES2299479T3 (es) 2000-03-14 2008-06-01 Velcro Industries B.V. Cierre de gancho y presilla.
FR2811341B1 (fr) * 2000-07-04 2002-08-23 Aplix Sa Tissu a double reseaux de boucles et procede de fabrication
EP1408787B1 (en) * 2001-06-12 2007-08-15 Velcro Industries B.V. Loop materials for touch fastening
FR2826620B1 (fr) * 2001-06-27 2003-09-26 Aplix Sa Pavillon a tissu a boucles
US7805818B2 (en) * 2001-09-05 2010-10-05 The Procter & Gamble Company Nonwoven loop member for a mechanical fastener
FR2846346B1 (fr) * 2002-09-02 2008-02-01 Aplix Sa Film a double boucles entrelacees
US6910353B2 (en) 2002-11-27 2005-06-28 Milliken & Company Printed loop fabric and method for producing the same
US7325421B2 (en) * 2002-11-27 2008-02-05 Sasser Michael P Printed loop fabric and method for producing the same
US7547469B2 (en) 2002-12-03 2009-06-16 Velcro Industries B.V. Forming loop materials
US8753459B2 (en) * 2002-12-03 2014-06-17 Velcro Industries B.V. Needling loops into carrier sheets
US6705132B1 (en) 2003-04-30 2004-03-16 Gfd Fabrics, Inc. Loop-type textile fastener fabric with diagonally extending pile loops and method of producing same
FR2856896B1 (fr) * 2003-07-04 2006-06-02 Aplix Sa Complexe constitue d'un film et d'un tricot ou d'un non tisse pour autoagrippant, notamment pour couche-culotte.
FR2865675B1 (fr) * 2004-02-02 2007-03-16 Aplix Sa Disque abrasif a double boucles entrelacees bis
ES2270205T3 (es) 2004-03-22 2007-04-01 Nordenia Deutschland Gronau Gmbh Material compuesto para cierres de tipo velcro, especialmente cierres para pañales.
GB0409253D0 (en) * 2004-04-26 2004-05-26 Lewmar Ltd Winch and winch drum
TWI358285B (en) * 2004-07-02 2012-02-21 3M Innovative Properties Co Knitted loop tape, hook and loop fastening system,
US20060080810A1 (en) * 2004-10-18 2006-04-20 Horn Thomas A Bonding patterns for construction of a knitted fabric landing zone
PL1690967T3 (pl) * 2005-02-12 2009-03-31 Nordenia Deutschland Gronau Gmbh Element kompozytowy dla zapięcia na rzepy, zwłaszcza zapięcia pieluch i sposób jego wytwarzania
ES2310775T3 (es) * 2005-02-12 2009-01-16 Nordenia Deutschland Gronau Gmbh Procedimiento para fabricar un material compuesto para cierres lapa, especialmente para cierres de pañales.
US20080113152A1 (en) * 2006-11-14 2008-05-15 Velcro Industries B.V. Loop Materials
US8673097B2 (en) * 2007-06-07 2014-03-18 Velcro Industries B.V. Anchoring loops of fibers needled into a carrier sheet
JP5469368B2 (ja) * 2009-04-28 2014-04-16 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー 面ファスナ用係合雌材及びその製造方法
PL2455522T3 (pl) 2010-11-18 2016-09-30 Element z materiału kompozytowego dla zapięcia na rzepy
WO2013028251A1 (en) 2011-08-25 2013-02-28 Velcro Industries B.V Hook-engageable loop fasteners and related systems and methods
WO2013028250A1 (en) 2011-08-25 2013-02-28 Velcro Industries B.V Loop-engageable fasteners and related systems and methods
DE102014119706A1 (de) 2014-12-30 2016-06-30 Mondi Gronau Gmbh Landing Zone mit hotmeltverklebtem Velours
US20160270488A1 (en) * 2015-03-19 2016-09-22 MONDI Gronau GmbH Laminate for a hook-and-loop-fastener, and method of making a laminate for a hook-and-loop fastener
FR3041670B1 (fr) * 2015-09-24 2017-11-03 Aplix Sa Systeme d'accrochage, par exemple pour des panneaux
ES2620652B1 (es) * 2015-12-28 2018-05-07 Carlos PINTO NUALART Tejido con vaga flotante y método de fabricación en una máquina de urdimbre
US10349707B2 (en) * 2016-07-05 2019-07-16 Alfatex Nv Fastener tape
JP7126394B2 (ja) * 2018-07-11 2022-08-26 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー 面ファスナ雌材用編地の製造方法、面ファスナ雌材用編地、及び面ファスナ雌材
FR3094727B1 (fr) * 2019-04-08 2021-04-23 Aplix Sa Dispositif tricoté à boucles, notamment pour former la partie femelle d'un auto-agrippant pour la fixation d'une coiffe d'un siège automobile

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4761318A (en) † 1985-04-15 1988-08-02 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Loop fastener portion with thermoplastic resin attaching and anchoring layer
US4822658A (en) † 1987-12-23 1989-04-18 Pacione Joseph R Carpet backing and installation system
EP0446910A1 (en) † 1990-03-13 1991-09-18 Knogo Corporation Theft detection apparatus and flattened wire target and method of making same
EP0517275A2 (en) † 1991-06-06 1992-12-09 Guilford Mills, Inc. Loop-type textile fastener fabric and method of producing same
EP0618320A2 (en) † 1993-03-22 1994-10-05 Guilford Mills, Inc. Loop-type textile fastener fabric, method of producing same and process of treating same

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US4624116A (en) * 1983-12-09 1986-11-25 Milliken Research Corporation Loop pile warp knit, weft inserted fabric
JPS6285113U (2) * 1985-11-15 1987-05-30
JPS62111410U (2) * 1985-12-30 1987-07-16
US5119643A (en) † 1986-06-02 1992-06-09 Conley James P Connection assembly and composite therefor
JPH0437453Y2 (2) * 1987-03-24 1992-09-03
FR2632830A1 (fr) * 1988-06-16 1989-12-22 Aplix Sa Support en feuille portant des boucles, notamment pour la confection de l'un des deux elements d'une fermeture auto-agrippante, et procede et machine pour sa fabrication
JP2584013Y2 (ja) * 1992-07-15 1998-10-30 ワイケイケイ株式会社 面ファスナー用基布
JP2563369Y2 (ja) * 1992-09-21 1998-02-18 ワイケイケイ株式会社 面ファスナー用経編基布
US5520022A (en) * 1993-09-27 1996-05-28 Milliken Research Corporation Tack or wiping cloth
DE682889T1 (de) * 1994-04-18 1996-10-24 Aplix Sa Stoffband mit Schlaufen für einen Haftverschluss.

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4761318A (en) † 1985-04-15 1988-08-02 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Loop fastener portion with thermoplastic resin attaching and anchoring layer
US4822658A (en) † 1987-12-23 1989-04-18 Pacione Joseph R Carpet backing and installation system
US4822658B1 (en) † 1987-12-23 1997-06-10 Joseph R Pacione Carpet backing and installation system
EP0446910A1 (en) † 1990-03-13 1991-09-18 Knogo Corporation Theft detection apparatus and flattened wire target and method of making same
EP0517275A2 (en) † 1991-06-06 1992-12-09 Guilford Mills, Inc. Loop-type textile fastener fabric and method of producing same
EP0618320A2 (en) † 1993-03-22 1994-10-05 Guilford Mills, Inc. Loop-type textile fastener fabric, method of producing same and process of treating same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0777006B1 (fr) 2002-03-13
ES2213667T5 (es) 2011-10-31
JPH09173111A (ja) 1997-07-08
ES2171635T5 (es) 2011-08-19
ES2171635T3 (es) 2002-09-16
FR2741636A1 (fr) 1997-05-30
DE69631705D1 (de) 2004-04-01
DE69619771D1 (de) 2002-04-18
ES2213667T3 (es) 2004-09-01
EP1148163A2 (fr) 2001-10-24
EP1148163A3 (fr) 2002-04-03
FR2741636B1 (fr) 1998-02-06
EP1148163B1 (fr) 2004-02-25
DE69631705T2 (de) 2004-10-07
EP0777006B2 (fr) 2011-06-08
EP0777006A1 (fr) 1997-06-04
DE69631705T3 (de) 2012-01-26
DE69619771T2 (de) 2002-11-21
DE69619771T3 (de) 2012-02-09
US5736214A (en) 1998-04-07

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