EP1148147A1 - Draht für Drahtlichtbogenspitzverfahren - Google Patents
Draht für Drahtlichtbogenspitzverfahren Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1148147A1 EP1148147A1 EP01105650A EP01105650A EP1148147A1 EP 1148147 A1 EP1148147 A1 EP 1148147A1 EP 01105650 A EP01105650 A EP 01105650A EP 01105650 A EP01105650 A EP 01105650A EP 1148147 A1 EP1148147 A1 EP 1148147A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- silicon
- material wire
- filling
- wire according
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/131—Wire arc spraying
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/937—Sprayed metal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
- Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
- Y10T428/12097—Nonparticulate component encloses particles
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a material wire for the production of moldings made of wear-resistant and tribologically favorable aluminum / silicon alloys thermal spraying process.
- Alloys of this type are known per se, in particular as surface coatings. You will find in particular as cylinder liners of cylinder housings in Reciprocating machines or internal combustion engines use.
- Coatings Aluminum / silicon alloys are known for example from US 50 22 455 A. In layers of molten aluminum and silicon particles are described, the be sprayed separately onto the surface to be coated. Although such Coatings can be applied in a variety of ways to surfaces of substrates thermal spray processes are particularly suitable, for example Plasma spraying or wire arc spraying. When plasma spraying is in the flame melted powdered starting material used in the Wire arc spraying is a metallic starting material in the form of a material wire. Wire arc spraying is particularly preferred because of its high cycle times a large application rate of the coating allows and with regard to the material as well is inexpensive with regard to the system.
- the wire has a solid core conductive metal and a shell in which solid lubricant particles and wear-resistant Particles suspended homogeneously in a conductive metal corresponding to the solid core are.
- a composite wire is relatively expensive to manufacture and expensive and not suitable for all applications.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a material wire of the above type to deliver, which has a good and precise eligibility and a uniform Distribution of the alloying elements and thus the wear and tear Corrosion-resistant molded body guaranteed.
- a tube made of sheath material is filled with filler material and then subjected to drawing and / or rolling processes to the diameter of the Reduce wire.
- Magnesium is preferably added to the aluminum alloy of the shell. Because by that is the surface of the shell of the during the drawing and rolling processes in the manufacture Cored wire solidified. This results in a good and precise eligibility of the Material wire.
- Silicon is preferred as a component of the filling of the material wire, so that the Generating molded body consists of an aluminum / silicon alloy.
- About the share of silicon in the filling can be the proportion of silicon in the molded body to be produced can be set and controlled.
- the ratio of the proportions in the resulting alloy to that to be produced Shaped body can be adjusted and controlled.
- Addition of boron as a component of the fill is preferred to improve fluidity to improve the molded body to be produced.
- the filling is preferably composed such that the resulting proportion of the Silicon on the alloy of the molded body to be produced between about 12.5% by weight and is about 50% by weight.
- the silicon content is more preferably about 15% by weight to about 40% by weight.
- a silicon content of between approximately 20% by weight and approximately 30 is more preferred % By weight.
- the proportion of silicon in the resulting Alloy of the molded body to be produced about 25 wt .-%.
- the material wire is preferably composed of sheath and filling such that in addition to Aluminum and silicon together further portions of the molded body to be produced less than about 2% by weight.
- the wire preferably has a filling, the components of which have a statistical average Grain size between 45 and 700 microns and particularly preferably between 300 and 600 microns exhibit.
- This version relates in particular to fillings that are silicon or contain substantial silicon or at least a silicon portion.
- the filling contains essentially silicon, while the casing in contains essential aluminum, the content of silicon based on the Total wire weight between 20 and 26, more preferably between 21 and 25 and am most preferred is between 22 and 24% by weight, the rest i.w. Is aluminum.
- the silicon content due to enrichment by Al burnup, between 22 and 29, more preferably between 24 and 28 and most preferably between 25 and 27% by weight.
- the filling preferably contains up to max. 1% by weight boron, up to max. 10% by weight A1 and the rest Silicon, while the shell up to max. 1 wt% Si, max. 2% by weight of Mg and max. to 4 % By weight of Mn and A1.
- the material wire according to the invention is preferably used in wire arc spraying processes Use. And preferred here for the production of cylinder liners from Internal combustion engines.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic sketch of the material wire 10 according to the invention, the one Cover 12 and a filling 14 comprises.
- the shell 12 comprises an alloy Aluminum with the alloy components silicon, magnesium, manganese. From the shell 12 includes the filling 14, the other powdery components for a resulting alloy of a molded body to be produced, which with the Material wire according to the invention by an arc spraying method on a substrate can be applied.
- the filling contains the alloy components silicon, boron and Aluminum.
- the manufacturing process provides for a closed seamless tube to be provided as a sheath 12.
- the casing 12 comprises an aluminum-based alloy with at least one further alloy component.
- magnesium, silicon and manganese are added to the aluminum.
- the tube of the sheath 12 can be drawn, welded, or extruded.
- the casing 12 is then filled with a filling material 14.
- the components of the filling 14 are in the form of a coarse powder.
- a powder mixture is used which has silicon, aluminum and boron. Even if a coarse powder is used, the maximum grain size is about 600 ⁇ m.
- the silicon portion of the wire (from the filling) is about 23%, with the rest being aluminum.
- the filling 14 is compressed by directional shaking when filling.
- the powder of the filling 14 is crushed, which leads to a dense filling and has a positive effect on the uniform distribution in the layer. Therefore, no organic or inorganic binders have to be used in the production of the material wire according to the invention, which further has a positive effect on a low porosity in the layer. This represents a significant improvement compared to surface coatings produced by plasma spraying, since only fine agglomerated and therefore expensive powders can be used here.
- the silicon portion of the spray layer formed is between 25 and 27% by weight due to an Si enrichment caused by Al erosion during the spraying process.
- the diameter of the wire before drawing is about 10-11 mm, preferably about 10.4 mm, 6.4 mm for the filling and 4.0 mm for the casing. After pulling the wire has a diameter of 3.6 to 4 mm, of which about 2-3 mm on the filling omitted.
- composition of the alloy of the spray layer or of the shaped body formed is max. 2% by weight B, max. 5% by weight Mn, max. 3% by weight of Mg, between 15-40% by weight Si and between 60-85 wt .-% Al.
- the Mg content can be higher due to Al burnup preferred Al content is about 75%, the preferred Si content is about 25%.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Nonmetallic Welding Materials (AREA)
- Details Of Aerials (AREA)
- Vending Machines For Individual Products (AREA)
- Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Der Siliziumanteil der gebildeten Spritzschicht beträgt aufgrund einer durch Al-Abbrand während des Spritzvorgangs bedingten Si-Anreicherung zwischen 25 und 27 Gew.-%.
Claims (19)
- Werkstoffdraht für die Erzeugung verschleißfester und tribologisch günstiger Formkörper aus Aluminium/Silizium-Legierungen durch thermisches Spritzen, wobei der Werkstoffdraht ein Fülldraht (10) ist, der eine Füllung (14) aus einer oder mehreren Komponenten und eine Hülle (12) aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Hülle (12) eine Aluminium-Legierung umfasst, die Aluminium und mindestens eine weitere Legierungskomponente enthält.
- Werkstoffdraht nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die weitere Legierungskomponente der Hülle (12) Magnesium umfasst.
- Werkstoffdraht nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die weitere Legierungskomponente der Hülle (12) Mangan umfasst.
- Werkstoffdraht nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Komponente der Füllung (14) Silizium enthält.
- Werkstoffdraht nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Komponente der Füllung (14) Aluminium enthält.
- Werkstoffdraht nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Komponente der Füllung (14) Bor enthält.
- Werkstoffdraht nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Anteil des Siliziums in der Füllung (14) derart bemessen ist, dass der Siliziumanteil in dem zu erzeugenden Formkörper etwa 12,5 Gew.-% bis etwa 50 Gew.-% beträgt.
- Werkstoffdraht nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Anteil des Siliziums in der Füllung (14) derart bemessen ist, dass der Siliziumanteil in dem zu erzeugenden Formkörper etwa 15 Gew.-% bis etwa 40 Gew.-% beträgt.
- Werkstoffdraht nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Anteil des Siliziums in der Füllung (14) derart bemessen ist, dass der Siliziumanteil in dem zu erzeugenden Formkörper etwa 20 Gew.-% bis etwa 30 Gew.-% beträgt.
- Werkstoffdraht nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Anteil des Siliziums in der Füllung (14) derart bemessen ist, dass der Siliziumanteil in dem zu erzeugenden Formkörper etwa 25 Gew.-% beträgt.
- Werkstoffdraht nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zusammensetzung der Hülle (12) und der Füllung (14) derart bemessen ist, dass neben Aluminium und Silizium weitere Anteile des zu erzeugenden Formkörper zusammen weniger als etwa 2 Gew.-% betragen.
- Werkstoffdraht nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zusammensetzung der Füllung (14) keine organischen oder anorganischen Binder aufweist.
- Werkstoffdraht nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Füllung (14) Komponenten aufweist, deren Teile eine Korngröße zwischen 45 und 700 µm, bevorzugter zwischen 300 und 600 µm aufweisen.
- Werkstoffdraht nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Füllung im wesentlichen Silizium und die Hülle im wesentlichen Aluminium aufweist, wobei bezogen auf die Gesamtmasse der Siliziumgehalt zwischen 20 und 26, bevorzugter zwischen 21 und 25 und am bevorzugtesten zwischen 22 und 24 Gew.-% liegt, wobei der Rest im wesentlichen Aluminium ist.
- Werkstoffdraht nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Siliziumgehalt des gebildeten Formkörpers bzw. der gebildeten Spritzschicht zwischen 22 und 29, bevorzugter 24 bis 28 und am bevorzugtesten zwischen 25 und 27 Gew.-% liegt, wobei der Rest im wesentlichen Aluminium ist.
- Werkstoffdraht nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Füllung (14) max. 1 Gew.-% Bor und max. 10 Gew.-% Aluminium aufweist, wobei der Rest Silizium ist.
- Werkstoffdraht nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Hülle (12) max. 1 Gew.-% Si, max. 2 Gew.-% Mg und max. 4 Gew.-% Mn enthält, wobei der Rest Aluminium ist.
- Verwendung eines Werkstoffdrahtes nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche für Lichtbogenspritzverfahren.
- Verwendung eines Werkstoffdrahtes nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 17 für die Herstellung von Zylinderlaufbuchsen von Verbrennungskraftmaschinen.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10019794A DE10019794C2 (de) | 2000-04-20 | 2000-04-20 | Draht für Drahtlichtbogenspritzverfahren sowie dessen Verwendung |
DE10019794 | 2000-04-20 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1148147A1 true EP1148147A1 (de) | 2001-10-24 |
EP1148147B1 EP1148147B1 (de) | 2004-07-28 |
Family
ID=7639588
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01105650A Expired - Lifetime EP1148147B1 (de) | 2000-04-20 | 2001-03-07 | Draht für Drahtlichtbogenspitzverfahren |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6479165B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1148147B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2002004025A (de) |
AT (1) | ATE272131T1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10019794C2 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2913141A1 (de) * | 2014-02-28 | 2015-09-02 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Schweißdraht mit Metallkern und Verfahren zur Herstellung davon |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10313957A1 (de) * | 2002-06-27 | 2004-01-22 | Bwg Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zum Beschichten einer Fläche eines Gleisbauteils sowie Gleisbauteil |
DE102005022469B4 (de) * | 2005-05-14 | 2011-05-05 | Audi Ag | Brennkraftmaschine mit einem Zylinderkurbelgehäuse |
FI20060803A0 (fi) * | 2006-09-08 | 2006-09-08 | Laser Lane Oy | Menetelmiä terälaikan valmistamiseksi, terälaikka ja lisäaineen käyttö sen valmistamiseksi |
JP2009019218A (ja) * | 2007-07-10 | 2009-01-29 | Yoshikawa Kogyo Co Ltd | 溶射用線材及びそれを用いて形成された溶射皮膜 |
US9475154B2 (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2016-10-25 | Lincoln Global, Inc. | High boron hardfacing electrode |
US9316173B2 (en) | 2013-07-16 | 2016-04-19 | Federal-Mogul Corporation | Cylinder liner with bonding layer |
US9528464B2 (en) | 2014-08-11 | 2016-12-27 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Bore bridge cooling passage |
US9950449B2 (en) | 2015-03-02 | 2018-04-24 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Process and tool for forming a vehicle component |
US10113502B2 (en) | 2015-09-08 | 2018-10-30 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Cylinder head for an internal combustion engine |
US20220009785A1 (en) | 2018-11-29 | 2022-01-13 | Evonik Operations Gmbh | Aqueous silica dispersion with long shelf life for fire-resistant glass |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS53149832A (en) * | 1977-06-03 | 1978-12-27 | Hitachi Ltd | Composite material for spraying |
JPS617507A (ja) * | 1984-06-19 | 1986-01-14 | 日立電線株式会社 | 複合アルミニウム線 |
US4810850A (en) * | 1983-03-04 | 1989-03-07 | Telatek Oy | Method of arc spraing and filler wire for producing a coating which is highly resistant to mechanical and/or chemical wear |
US5294462A (en) * | 1990-11-08 | 1994-03-15 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Electric arc spray coating with cored wire |
WO1998037252A1 (en) * | 1997-02-24 | 1998-08-27 | Metallisation Limited | Metal spraying |
WO1998042886A1 (en) * | 1997-03-21 | 1998-10-01 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Wear resistant non-stick resin coated substrates |
WO1999050478A2 (en) * | 1998-03-30 | 1999-10-07 | Corrpro Companies, Inc. | Cathodic protection anode and method for steel reinforced concrete |
EP0987339A1 (de) * | 1998-09-11 | 2000-03-22 | DaimlerChrysler AG | Metallisierungsdraht für die Erzeugung von Oberflächen-Beschichtungen |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5022455A (en) | 1989-07-31 | 1991-06-11 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Method of producing aluminum base alloy containing silicon |
US5194304A (en) * | 1992-07-07 | 1993-03-16 | Ford Motor Company | Thermally spraying metal/solid libricant composites using wire feedstock |
JPH06235057A (ja) | 1992-12-07 | 1994-08-23 | Ford Motor Co | 複合メタライジング線およびその使用方法 |
-
2000
- 2000-04-20 DE DE10019794A patent/DE10019794C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-03-07 AT AT01105650T patent/ATE272131T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-03-07 DE DE50102958T patent/DE50102958D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-03-07 EP EP01105650A patent/EP1148147B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-04-10 US US09/829,751 patent/US6479165B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-04-18 JP JP2001119148A patent/JP2002004025A/ja not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS53149832A (en) * | 1977-06-03 | 1978-12-27 | Hitachi Ltd | Composite material for spraying |
US4810850A (en) * | 1983-03-04 | 1989-03-07 | Telatek Oy | Method of arc spraing and filler wire for producing a coating which is highly resistant to mechanical and/or chemical wear |
JPS617507A (ja) * | 1984-06-19 | 1986-01-14 | 日立電線株式会社 | 複合アルミニウム線 |
US5294462A (en) * | 1990-11-08 | 1994-03-15 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Electric arc spray coating with cored wire |
WO1998037252A1 (en) * | 1997-02-24 | 1998-08-27 | Metallisation Limited | Metal spraying |
WO1998042886A1 (en) * | 1997-03-21 | 1998-10-01 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Wear resistant non-stick resin coated substrates |
WO1999050478A2 (en) * | 1998-03-30 | 1999-10-07 | Corrpro Companies, Inc. | Cathodic protection anode and method for steel reinforced concrete |
EP0987339A1 (de) * | 1998-09-11 | 2000-03-22 | DaimlerChrysler AG | Metallisierungsdraht für die Erzeugung von Oberflächen-Beschichtungen |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
DATABASE WPI Section Ch Week 197906, Derwent World Patents Index; Class M13, AN 1979-11143B, XP002174874 * |
DATABASE WPI Section Ch Week 198608, Derwent World Patents Index; Class M26, AN 1986-052988, XP002174873 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2913141A1 (de) * | 2014-02-28 | 2015-09-02 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Schweißdraht mit Metallkern und Verfahren zur Herstellung davon |
WO2015130452A1 (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2015-09-03 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Metal-core welding wire and method for forming the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE10019794A1 (de) | 2001-11-08 |
US6479165B2 (en) | 2002-11-12 |
US20010033942A1 (en) | 2001-10-25 |
DE10019794C2 (de) | 2002-08-29 |
JP2002004025A (ja) | 2002-01-09 |
EP1148147B1 (de) | 2004-07-28 |
DE50102958D1 (de) | 2004-09-02 |
ATE272131T1 (de) | 2004-08-15 |
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