EP1119379A1 - Drug delivery device for stent - Google Patents

Drug delivery device for stent

Info

Publication number
EP1119379A1
EP1119379A1 EP99946670A EP99946670A EP1119379A1 EP 1119379 A1 EP1119379 A1 EP 1119379A1 EP 99946670 A EP99946670 A EP 99946670A EP 99946670 A EP99946670 A EP 99946670A EP 1119379 A1 EP1119379 A1 EP 1119379A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sheath
stent
drug
drugs
delivery
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP99946670A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Dachuan Yang
Lixiao Wang
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Boston Scientific Ltd Barbados
Original Assignee
Boston Scientific Ltd Barbados
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Boston Scientific Ltd Barbados filed Critical Boston Scientific Ltd Barbados
Publication of EP1119379A1 publication Critical patent/EP1119379A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L31/16—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
    • A61K47/6957—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a device or a kit, e.g. stents or microdevices
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/08—Materials for coatings
    • A61L31/10—Macromolecular materials
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/88—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure the wire-like elements formed as helical or spiral coils
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/92—Stents in the form of a rolled-up sheet expanding after insertion into the vessel, e.g. with a spiral shape in cross-section
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0058—Additional features; Implant or prostheses properties not otherwise provided for
    • A61F2250/0067—Means for introducing or releasing pharmaceutical products into the body
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/60—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a special physical form
    • A61L2300/606—Coatings
    • A61L2300/608—Coatings having two or more layers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a device for providing mechanical support to a vessel lumen of a living being. This invention also relates to the delivery of materials which prevent restenosis of a vessel.
  • a variety of medical situations requires the use of a mechanism to expand and support a constricted vessel and to maintain an open passageway through the vessel.
  • a few examples of such situations following angioplasty include holding a dissection in place, preventing closure during spasm, and preventing acute closure due to thrombosis.
  • devices commonly known as stents, are useful to maintain the patency of body passages, to prevent stenosis of a dilated vessel, to eliminate the danger of occlusion caused by "flaps" resulting from intimal tears that may be associated with angioplasty, or to hold two ends of a vessel in place.
  • Stents are generally tubular in configuration, open ended and are expandable between a generally unexpanded insertion diameter and an expanded implantation diameter. Stents are commonly placed or implanted by a mechanical transluminal procedure.
  • U.S. Patent 4,733,665 to Palmaz discloses a number of stent configurations for implantation with the aid of a catheter.
  • U.S. Patent 5,019,090 to Pinchuk discloses a generally cylindrical stent and technique for implanting it using a deflated balloon catheter to position the stent.
  • U.S. Patents 4,503,569 to Dotter and 4,512,338 to Balko et al. disclose a spring stent and a shape memory alloy stent.
  • There are also self- expanding stents such as those described in U.S. Patents 4,732,152 to Wallsten et al. and 4,848,343 to Wallsten et al. All of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Stents have been made using materials of varied composition and conformation.
  • McGreevy et al U.S. Patents 4,690,684 and 4,770,176 describe a meltable stent that is inserted into the interior of the ends of a blood vessel during anastomosis.
  • Anastomosis refers to the surgical or physical connection of two tubular structures, such as veins or arteries.
  • the stent is made of blood plasma, which is biologically compatible with the living being and which melts rapidly in response to heat.
  • Fischell et al., in U.S. Patent 4,768,507 describe an intravascular stent which is an unrestrained coil spring having an outside diameter of 2 to 12 millimeters and a length of 5 to 25 millimeters.
  • the materials of construction are stainless steel, and a titanium alloy. Decreased thrombogenicity is achievable by coating the outside of the coil with a non-thrombogenic material such as ULTI carbon.
  • a stent made from wires formed into a cylinder The wires are made of a biocompatible metal.
  • Biocompatible metals include 300 series stainless steels such as 316 LSS, as well as platinum and platinum-iridium alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys such as MP35N, and unalloyed titanium.
  • Wiktor in U.S. Patent 4,886,062 describes a stent made from low memory metal such as a copper alloy, titanium, or gold. The stent is preformed into a two-dimensional zig-zag form creating a flat expandable band.
  • Gianturco in U.S. Patent 4,907,336 describes a wire stent having a cylindrical shape that results from an expandable serpentine configuration.
  • Malleable materials of construction are preferably included from the group of annealed stainless steels, tungsten and platinum.
  • Goldberg et al in Canadian Application 2,025,626, describes a bio-degradable infusion stent used to treat ureteral obstructions.
  • the application describes an extruded material of construction made of epsilon-caprolactone (15-25% w/w of terpolymer composition); glycoside (5-50% w/w) and L(-)lactide (45-85% w/w).
  • This material was described as having a minimum tensile strength of at least 500 pounds per square inch, preferably 650 psi; elongation of greater than 10%, preferably greater than 100%; and Shore A hardness equal to 50-100%, preferably 75-95%.
  • the Goldberg et al patent application describes a method for incorporating radiopaque materials such as barium sulfate into the polymer in amounts ranging from 5-30%.
  • the mechanism of biodegradation is described as hydrolysis resulting in degradable products excreted in urine or reabsorbed into tissues.
  • the duration of functional life of the stent is estimated at about 3-7 weeks.
  • Sigwart Canadian Patent Application 2,008,312 describes a stent made from a malleable flat sheet having a reticulated pattern.
  • the reticulated pattern includes non-deformable squares or diamonds.
  • the stent is made by rolling the sheet and locking the sheet into a spiral having a small diameter.
  • the sheet is locked into a spiral by a tie interwoven into the reticulated pattern. Once inserted into the lumen of a vessel, the spiral is expanded and held in place by flaps integrated into the outer body of the stent.
  • stents which deliver agents or drugs to blood passing through the vein or artery that are generally beneficial to the recipient.
  • stents can deliver drugs or biologically active agents at a controlled rate to blood passing through the vessel lumen as well as to the vessel wall.
  • Silvestrini in U.S. Patent 5,234,456 describes a hydrophilic stent comprising a wall structure where at least a portion thereof is a hollow wall in which a hydrophilic material for drug delivery is placed.
  • U.S. Patent 5,443,458 to Eury et al. is directed to a multilayer laminated resorbable stent having a structural layer and additional layers stated to release drugs at predictable rates.
  • Froix in U.S. 5,258,020 describes a self-restrained stent with an elastic memory, the stent optionally being formulated to provide for drug administration.
  • Restenosis occurs in a number of cases where a stent has been used. Tearing of the wall of the passage or injury of the endothelial cell layer are possible causes of the restenosis.
  • the torn wall or flap usually is the source of the blockage. When the wall is torn, a flap of tissue is created, which falls into the passage and blocks it. It is then necessary to perform another procedure to remove the blockage and generally, another stent is needed to open the vessel or other passage.
  • Metal stents are known to cause 10% to 30% or more restenosis in application.
  • U.S. Patent Application No. 09/072,944 is directed to a stent having at least one smooth end.
  • the stent may include a coating or coatings on one or both end portions to provide a smooth finish to reduce possible damage to body passages when the stent is deployed and delivered.
  • the stent may also contain drugs or surgical adhesives or a combination thereof in or on the coated portion of the stent.
  • the stent may also be of the type where the materials of the stent may be treated to have a smooth flexible end or ends.
  • the stent may also be of a configuration such that at least one end is more flexible than the middle portion of the stent.
  • U.S. Patent Application No. 08/874,190 discloses a polymeric layered stent characterized in that it includes a multilayered material comprised of an inner polymer layer and an overlying outer polymer layer.
  • the self- expanding or balloon expandable stent disclosed therein is provided in two forms, one including inner and outer polymeric layers, and another comprising a prior art stent provided with polymeric layer(s) coated thereon.
  • the device of polymeric material may comprise a sheath or sleeve that is cylindrical, a helical coil, or any other suitable shape or design which fits a particular stent.
  • the stent may be metallic or non-metallic, or alternatively a combination of metallic and non-metallic materials.
  • An example of a preferred stent for use with the device of the present invention is the NIR stent, set forth in U.S. Patent 5,733,303, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the device may be used with a stent as set forth in U.S. Application No.
  • the device may be of a biocompatible material and may be either biodegradable or non-biodegradable.
  • the device may also be water soluble. It may contain pharmaceutical agent(s) or radioactive agent(s).
  • the device is adapted for mounting onto a stent prior to use for insertion into a lumen of a vessel in a living being, and may be expanded with the stent.
  • the device is optionally biodegradable, and may be made from at least one biodegradable material that is also biocompatible and includes a drug which is released into the lumen of the vessel at a rate controlled by the rate of degradation of the biodegradable material.
  • any prior art stent may be improved by providing it with the device of the present invention.
  • the use of this inventive device with an existing stent provides a simple method for reducing restenosis.
  • Figure 1 is an enlarged perspective view of a device according to the present invention.
  • FIGS. 2a and 2b are perspective views of an alternative embodiment of the device of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a perspective view of an alternaive embodiment of the device of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the device of the present invention
  • Figure 5 is a cross section taken along the line 5-5 of Figure 4;
  • Figure 6 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a device according to the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a cross section taken along line 7-7 of Figure 6;
  • Figure 8 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a device according to the present invention.
  • Figure 9 is a fragmentary perspective view of the sheath as shown in Figure 8 mounted on a stent;
  • Figure 10 is a fragementary perspective view as in Figure 9 showing the stent and sheath after expansion of the stent;
  • Figure 11 is a fragementary side elevational view with parts broken away of the stent with the sheath of the present invention in an implanted site.
  • the present invention is a polymeric device adapted for mounting onto a stent.
  • the device may be a sheath as shown generally at 10.
  • Sheath 10 has a proximal end 12, a distal end 14, an interior surface 16 and an exterior surface 18.
  • sheath 10 may have a slit 15 therein extending from proximal end 12 to distal end 14.
  • slit 15 is a longitudinal slit 15 a.
  • Figure 2b shows the same sheath in a compressed configuration it may take on prior to being mounted on a stent.
  • slit 15 may be a helical slit 15b, as shown at Figure 3.
  • sheath 10 may be provided with perforations 17 therethrough.
  • sheath 10 may comprise multiple layers, for example as shown in cross section at Figure 5 having two layers.
  • sheath 10 may comprise a plurality of layers.
  • sheath 10 may be shaped like a spring, which spring may optionally be formed from a tubular member, as exemplified by the cross section at Figure 7.
  • FIG. 8 is a perspective view of sheath 10.
  • Stent 20 includes a generally tubular main body 21, a proximal end 22 (not shown in this view), a distal end 24 (not shown in this view), an interior surface 26 and an exterior surface 28.
  • sheath 10 is mounted on stent 20 such that the exterior surface 28 of main body 21 faces the interior surface 16 of sheath 10.
  • sheath 10 is placed on the outer surface 24 of stent 20 prior to implantation thereof.
  • Sheath 10 may be held on stent 20 by any suitable means including compressive force, glue, a protective sheath, socks or the like.
  • the compressive force may be supplied by the sheath itself, the stent or both.
  • the glue is preferably a biocompatible glue such as fibrin, collagen or gelatin. Any appropriate bioadhesive may be used.
  • bioadhesives may be used singly or in combination: cyanoacrylate: ethyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, octyl cyanoacrylate, hexyl cyanoacrylate;
  • fibrin glue fibrinogen/thrombin Factor Xlll/calcium as catalyst gelatin-resorcinol-formol (GRF) glue: formed from gelatin, resorcinol and water in the presence of formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and heat (45°C); mussel adhesive protein, prolamine gel and transforming growth factor beta(TGF-B); polyacrylic acid, modified hydrocellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alg
  • a protective sheath may also be used to secure sheath 10 to stent 20.
  • a sheath or sheaths as disclosed in U.S. Application Nos. 08/812,351 and 09/034,434, incorporated herein by reference, may be used, but would be retained over sheath 10 in use.
  • At least one sock covering a portion of sheath 10 over stent 20 may also be used.
  • Such a retaining device as is disclosed in U.S. Application No. 08/917,027, incorporated herein by reference, may be used.
  • One use of the sheath of the present invention is to allow physicians to add it to any stent and delivery system they already have. The sheath may therefore be provided as a stand alone device.
  • Stent 20 with sheath 10 mounted thereto is positioned at the inner surface wall 34 of the vessel 32 by radially compressing the stent with sheath to a tubular diameter less than the diameter of the vessel 32 and moving stent 20 to a desired site within vessel 32.
  • Stent 20 is implanted in the known manner depending upon its type. For example, a self expanding stent would be released from compression so that the stent can radially spring out to abut against the inner surface wall 34 of vessel 32.
  • the stent may also be of the balloon expandable type.
  • sheath 10 is adapted for mounting onto stent 20 and expansion therewith. Figure 10 shows sheath 10 after expansion of stent 20.
  • sheath 10 and stent 20 are shown in an implanted site, in the lumen 30 of a tubular vessel 32 in a body.
  • the exterior surface 18 of sheath 10 faces an inner surface wall 34 of the vessel 32.
  • Stent 20 provides mechanical support to tubular vessel 32 in a living being.
  • the stent strengthens the area of vessel 32 in which it is implanted.
  • Sheath 10 releases a pharmaceutical agent or radioactive agent into lumen 30 of tubular vessel 32. The rate of release may vary.
  • the present invention may be used with any stent. Such a stent may range from 1 millimeter in diameter to 50 millimeters in diameter and from 1 millimeter in length to 50 millimeters in length.
  • the size of the stent is dictated by the lumen of the vessel to which the stent is placed.
  • Tubular main body 21 suitably has a length of up to approximately 5 centimeters.
  • Sheath 10 may be of any size suitable for use with a stent being implanted.
  • hydrophilic polymers such as poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and derivatives; poly(vinyl alcohol); polyethylene oxide; poly ropylene oxide); polyacrylamides; polyacrylic acid; polymethacrylic acid; poly(N-vinyl-2- pyrollidone); hydrophilic polyurethanes; poly(amino acid); water soluble cellulosic polymers (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, for example); collagens; carrageenan; alginate; starch; dextrin; and gelatins.
  • hydrophilic polymers including poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and derivatives; poly(vinyl alcohol); polyethylene oxide; poly ropylene oxide); polyacrylamides; polyacrylic acid; polymethacrylic acid; poly(N-vinyl-2- pyrollidone); hydrophilic polyurethanes; poly(amino acid); water soluble cellulosic polymers (sodium carboxymethyl
  • the device of the present invention may be made of biodegradable polymers including poly(lactide); poly(glycolide); polydioxanone(PDS); polycaprolactone; polyhydroxybutyrate(PHBT); poly(phosphazene); poly(phosphate ester); poly(lactide-co- glycolide); poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate); poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone); polyanhydrides; collagen or other connective proteins or natural materials, hyaluronic acid, adhesive proteins, co-polymers of these materials as well as composites or combinations thereof and combinations of other biodegradable polymers.
  • biodegradable polymers including poly(lactide); poly(glycolide); polydioxanone(PDS); polycaprolactone; polyhydroxybutyrate(PHBT); poly(phosphazene); poly(phosphate ester); poly(lactide-co- glycolide); poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate
  • the device of the present invention may be made of biodegradable materials that are also biocompatible.
  • biodegradable is meant that a material will undergo breakdown or decomposition into harmless compounds as part of a normal biological process.
  • the device may also include bioactive agents which permit endothelial cells to grow on the device and the stent. It is believed that the endothelial cell growth will encapsulate particles of the stent during biodegradation that would otherwise come loose and form emboli in the blood stream.
  • Suitable biodegradable materials for the device of the present invention include polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, collagen or other connective proteins or natural materials, polycaprolactone, hyaluronic acid, adhesive proteins, co-polymers of these materials as well as composites and combinations thereof, and combinations of other biodegradable polymers.
  • Biodegradable glass or bioactive glass is also a suitable biodegradable material for use in the present invention. Preferably the materials have been accepted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  • Biodegradable materials degrade at different rates, ranging from days or weeks to several years. Consequently, the presence of different biodegradable materials in the stent permits the sheath to degrade in a predictable manner.
  • the device may further be coated with a biodegradable film layer.
  • sheath 10 is of a biodegradable material
  • the rate of release of the pharmaceutical agent or radioactive agent will be controlled by the rate of degradation of the biodegradable materials.
  • the device of the present invention may be made of nonbiodegradable biocompatible materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE); polyurethanes; polyamides; polyesters; polyethers; polyketones; polyether ester elastomers; polyether amide elastomers; polyacrylate-based elastomers; polyethylene; and polypropylene.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • the sheath of the present invention includes pharmaceutical agent(s) and/or radioactive agent(s) or other biologically active materials.
  • these drugs, pharmaceutical agents, radioactive agents or biologically active materials are contained within the biodegradable materials of which the stent is composed.
  • drugs are released into the surrounding tissue or to the bloodstream.
  • the rate of drug release is controlled by the rate of degradation of the biodegradable materials.
  • a material that degrades rapidly will release the drug faster than a material that degrades slowly.
  • Drugs are incorporated into the biodegradable sheath using techniques known in the art. The techniques include simple mixing or solubilizing with polymer solutions, dispersing into the biodegradable polymer during the formation of the sheath, or coating onto an already formed sheath.
  • drugs can be incorporated into the film by methods such as melting or solvation.
  • biologically active agents are incorporated into the film layer by entrapment between such layer and the surface of biodegradable material sandwiched together, thereby further promoting release of the drugs or agents in a controllable manner.
  • the drugs or other biologically active materials incorporated into the sheath of the present invention perform a variety of functions.
  • the functions include but are not limited to an anti-clotting or anti-platelet function and preventing smooth muscle cell growth on the inner surface of the vessel to reduce the chance of in-stent restenosis.
  • the drugs include but are not limited to drugs that inhibit or control the formation of thrombus or thrombolytics such as heparin or heparin fragments, aspirin, coumadin, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), urokinase, hirudin, and streptokinase, antiproliferatives (methotrexate, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, Taxol, Adriamycin, and the like) antioxidants (ascorbic acid, carotene, B, vitamin E, and the like), antimetabolites, thromboxane inhibitors, non-steroidal and steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, Beta and Calcium channel blockers, genetic materials including DNA and RNA fragments, and complete expression genes, carbohydrates, and proteins including but not limited to antibodies (monoclonal and polyclonal) lymphokines and growth factors, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.
  • the sheath material may also incorporate bioactive materials such as fibronectin, la
  • a poly-L-lactide having an intrinsic viscosity of 2.3 dl g is used to form monofilament fibers using a spin or melt spinning process. Five percent aspirin or 5% heparin was incorporated into the melt of the poly-L-lactide prior to fiber formation. The fibers formed had a diameter of approximately 0.5 millimeters. The monofilaments were then stretched under temperatures ranging from 50° C to 200° C to orient the fiber. The temperature employed depends upon the kind of material used to make the fiber. The final diameter of the oriented fiber falls within a range of 0.1 to 0.3 millimeters.
  • the device of the present invention may also include bioadhesives to be delivered to the site where the stent is needed. It is known that bioadhesives can be used to repair tissue walls. It is therefore desirable to utilize a polymer to deliver a bioadhesive to the stent implantation location. In this manner, a potential problem could be averted by the presence of the bioadhesive in the case of a tear or dissection.
  • biodegradable materials facilitates a controlled degradation of a biodegradable sheath according to the present invention
  • incorporation of a variety of drugs into the biodegradable materials facilitate control of drug release to perform a variety of functions.
  • drugs released from the outer surface as the outer surface degrades facilitate adherence of the sheath to the inner surface wall 34 of the vessel 32.
  • Drugs released from fibers perform a variety of functions, ranging from promoting cell growth to altering the blood clotting mechanisms, depending upon what drug released.
  • drugs released from the sheath as it degrades may temper platelet function in blood flowing through lumen .
  • the device of the present invention may also be used as a drug delivery system to prevent restenosis or for other treatment.
  • the drugs may include radioactive materials to irradiate and prohibit smooth muscle cell growth. Angioplasty and stent deployment may cause injury of the endothelial cell layer of blood vessels, causing smooth muscle cell proliferation, leading to restenosis. By accelerated endothelialization on the inner wall surface of vessels will prevent or prohibit the smooth muscle growth.
  • specific growth factors may be included and delivered. Growth factors include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF ⁇ ), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), etc. All such materials are referred to herein generally as "drugs" or therapeutics.
  • These drugs may be dispersed in the matrix of the polymeric material.
  • a gel-like material may be used.
  • the sleeve may be comprised of such a material, or it may be applied over the sleeve as a coating.
  • drugs there are several ways to apply drugs to such materials. The first way is to mix the drug with the materials, then form a sleeve therefrom. Alternatively the mixture may coated onto a sleeve.
  • the gel-like materials can be cast as film or sheet with drug together, then formed into a sleeve or laminated to a sleeve. Another way is to form a sleeve from a gel-like material without a drug, or to coat or laminate a polymeric sleeve with a gel-like material without the drug.
  • the sleeve is made, and then sterilized. Due to the gel-like nature, the sleeve can then be inserted into a drug solution. The drug will be absorbed into/onto the gel. The resulting drug-carrying sleeve can then be mounted to a stent and delivered into the body. The drug will then be released.
  • the sleeve may be made of polyethylene oxide containing Taxol or coated with such a material.
  • Other materials that may be used are copolymers such as PGA/PLA, PEO/PLA or the like containing a drug such as Taxol or heparin.
  • Preferred gel- like materials for use as a drug delivery sleeve or coating for a stent when drug delivery is desired are polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrollidone, polyacrylates, and their blends or copolymers or lightly cross linked forms.
  • Polyethylene glycol block copolymer with polylactides or other polyesters are examples.
  • Hydrophilic polyurethane, poly(maleic anhydride-alt-ethylene) and their derivatives are examples.
  • Other materials are polysaccharides and their derivatives.
  • the drugs can be an anticoagulant, e.g. aspirin, ticlopidine, an RGD peptide-containing compound, heparin, antithrombin compounds, platelet receptor antagonists, antibodies, urokinase, prostaglandin inhibitors, platelet inhibitors, or antiplatelet peptide.
  • the drug can be an inhibitor of vascular cell growth, DNA, RNA, cholesterol-lowering agents, vasodilating agents.
  • the drug can be any drug such as Taxol, 5-fluorouracil, Beta-Estradiol, Tranilast, Trapidil, Probucol, Angiopeptin or any combination of them.
  • the sleeve can have multiple layers of different polymers with the same or different drugs.
  • the sleeve can have two layers of the same polymer with one layer with drug and another layer without drugs.
  • the sleeve may have two layers of the same polymer with two different drugs as another example.
  • various combinations of a cycling sinase inhibitor identified as p21 and the vascular endothelial growth factor identified as VEGF, an endothelial nitrogen may preferably be included in and dispensed from the sleeve or coating provided thereon.
  • Incorporation of drugs and growth factors into the sleeve material or coating thereof can also be performed by several other methods, including the solvent method, melting method, soaking method and spraying method. If both polymer and drug have a cosolvent, a solution case will be an easy way to provide the polymer matrix loaded with the drug or growth factor. If the polymer can be melted at low temperature and the drug or growth factor tolerates heating, a melting method can be used to mix the drug or growth factor into the polymer matrix. Also, a polymer-drug solution or suspension solution can be used for coating to provide a layer containing the drug or growth factor.
  • the sleeve may be coated with a film of bioadhesive.
  • Bioadhesives glue the tissue together.
  • Using a bioadhesive for the coating serves two purposes. If a tear has occurred prior to or during delivery of the stent on which the sleeve is mounted, the tissue can be repaired. In this manner, blood flow will be maintained in a vessel, for example.
  • the bioadhesive may or may not also have drugs loaded for delivery. Dissection, cutting or tearing occurs in some stent delivery and PTCA procedures.
  • Bioadhesives or surgical adhesives may be used to repair the passage wall. However, these tears or cuts are not necessarily discovered immediately. In those cases, a further medical procedure must be undertaken to repair the wall.
  • a bioadhesive is included as a coating on the sleeve mounted to the stent which is deployed in place, as the bioadhesive will repair damage to the vessel wall.
  • the bioadhesive is chosen as the coating for the sleeve, or is used in addition to a coating on the sleeve and is applied in a known manner to the sleeve.
  • the end or edge, side, outside and/or inside of the sleeve may utilize the bioadhesive.
  • bioadhesives may be used singly or in combination: cyanoacrylate: ethyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, octyl cyanoacrylate, hexyl cyanoacrylate; fibrin glue: fibrinogen/thrombin/Factor Xlll/calcium as catalyst gelatin-resorcinol-formol (GRF) glue: formed from gelatin, resorcinol and water in the presence of formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and heat (45 °C); mussel adhesive protein, prolamine gel and transforming growth factor beta(TGF-B); polyacrylic acid, modified hydrocellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, gelatin, pectin, polyvinylpylindone, polyethylene glycol, aldehyde relative multifunctional chemicals, polyallylsacc
  • Suitable materials for the device of the present invention and suitable drugs to be delivered thereby are also set forth in U.S. Application No. 08/874,190.

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EP99946670A 1998-09-02 1999-08-31 Drug delivery device for stent Withdrawn EP1119379A1 (en)

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