EP1117537A1 - Gravure process for printing adjacent colour surfaces with various colour coating thicknesses - Google Patents

Gravure process for printing adjacent colour surfaces with various colour coating thicknesses

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Publication number
EP1117537A1
EP1117537A1 EP99948896A EP99948896A EP1117537A1 EP 1117537 A1 EP1117537 A1 EP 1117537A1 EP 99948896 A EP99948896 A EP 99948896A EP 99948896 A EP99948896 A EP 99948896A EP 1117537 A1 EP1117537 A1 EP 1117537A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
engraving
printing plate
area
color
printing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP99948896A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1117537B1 (en
EP1117537B2 (en
Inventor
Karlheinz Mayer
Roger Adamczyk
Eduard Wisjak
Peter Franz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Giesecke and Devrient GmbH
Original Assignee
Giesecke and Devrient GmbH
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Publication date
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Application filed by Giesecke and Devrient GmbH filed Critical Giesecke and Devrient GmbH
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M1/00—Inking and printing with a printer's forme
    • B41M1/10—Intaglio printing ; Gravure printing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M3/00—Printing processes to produce particular kinds of printed work, e.g. patterns
    • B41M3/14—Security printing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41N—PRINTING PLATES OR FOILS; MATERIALS FOR SURFACES USED IN PRINTING MACHINES FOR PRINTING, INKING, DAMPING, OR THE LIKE; PREPARING SUCH SURFACES FOR USE AND CONSERVING THEM
    • B41N1/00—Printing plates or foils; Materials therefor
    • B41N1/04—Printing plates or foils; Materials therefor metallic
    • B41N1/06—Printing plates or foils; Materials therefor metallic for relief printing or intaglio printing

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a data carrier with a printed image produced by intaglio printing, with adjacent color areas of different ink layer thicknesses, a intaglio printing method for printing adjacent color areas, and printing plates for performing the intaglio printing process and a method for producing the printing plates.
  • the printing plates are produced, for example, by means of an electron beam, laser beam or stylus. It is characteristic of gravure printing that different gray or color values of the printed image are generated by cells of different density, size and / or depth that are regularly arranged in the printing plate.
  • the line or intaglio printing technique in particular the steel intaglio printing technique, is an important technique for printing on data carriers, in particular securities, such as banknotes and the like. The intaglio printing technique allows a very thick ink application on a data carrier in comparison to other common printing techniques, such as offset printing.
  • the comparatively thick ink layer produced by intaglio printing is easily recognizable by laypersons as a simple authenticity feature thanks to its tactility. This authenticity feature cannot be imitated with a simple copy, so that the intaglio printing technique offers protection against simple counterfeits.
  • Intaglio printing is characterized by the fact that line-shaped depressions are made in the printing plates in order to produce a printed image.
  • a wider line is created with increasing engraving depth due to the usually tapered engraving tools.
  • the color absorption capacity of the engraved line and thus the opacity of the printed line increases with increasing stitch depth.
  • the non-printing areas of the printing plate are covered with a chemically inert lacquer. Subsequent etching creates the engraving in the exposed plate surface, the depth and width of the engraving lines depending in particular on the etching time.
  • a method is known from WO 97/48555 with which intaglio printing plates can be produced in a reproducible, mechanical manner.
  • the lines of a line template are recorded and the area of each line is determined exactly.
  • the outer contour of this surface is first engraved with an engraving tool, for example a rotating stylus or a laser beam, in order to surround the surface cleanly.
  • the bordered area of the surface is cleared using the same or another engraving tool, so that the entire line is engraved exactly according to the line template.
  • a roughness basic pattern is created on the bottom of the cleared area, which serves as a color catcher for the printing ink.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide measures which make it possible to produce adjacent color areas in intaglio printing which are clearly delimited from one another.
  • the engraving areas assigned to the color areas on the printing plate are separated from one another by a separating edge which tapers at the level of the printing plate surface.
  • a data carrier for example a bank note
  • adjacent color areas are generated which pass through a minimum in the border area.
  • the ink layer thickness at the borderline between the ink areas is zero.
  • the printing inks of the adjacent color areas combine in the immediate border area, it can be slightly greater than zero; this is particularly the case when the edges of the separating edge are steep and have a small edge angle. The flatter the flanks of the separating edge, the slower the ink layer thickness in the border area goes against the ink layer thickness minimum.
  • a very fine, lighter boundary line between the adjacent color areas which can only be recognized with magnification, for example with a magnifying glass, can be produced, which can serve as an additional security feature which is hidden under normal observation.
  • the invention makes it possible for the first time to produce directly adjacent color areas with different layer thicknesses in intaglio printing, which do not run into one another and are clearly delimited from one another.
  • Fig. 1 section of a printing plate in cross section
  • FIG. 2 section of a data carrier with two adjacent
  • FIG. 3 section of a data carrier with two adjacent
  • FIG. 1 shows a profile of a printing plate 1 with a printing plate surface 2, into which a first engraving area 3a with an engraving depth t a and a second engraving area 3b with a second engraving depth tb are engraved.
  • the two engraving areas 3a, 3b directly adjoin one another at the level of the printing plate surface 2 and are otherwise separated from one another by a separating edge 5, the upper edge 6 of which tapers at the level of the printing plate surface 2.
  • the pressure plate can also be designed in such a way that the upper edge 6 lies slightly, ie a few ⁇ m below the level of the pressure plate surface 2.
  • the flanks of the engraving areas 3a, 3b also simultaneously form the flanks of the separating edge and form with respect to the solder the upper edge 6 a flank angle.
  • flank angle ⁇ of the right flank of the separating edge is shown, since the two flank angles are the same in the example shown.
  • the two flank angles of the separating edge 5 can also be chosen differently.
  • the flank angles can be in the range from 15 ° to 60 °, preferably in the range from 30 ° to 50 °.
  • the base areas 7a and 7b of the engraving areas 3a, 3b can be flat (7a) or have a basic roughness pattern (7b).
  • the basic roughness pattern is advantageous because the printing ink is better held at the bottom of the engraving.
  • the engraving areas 3a and 3b can also taper downwards, so that they have no base area 7a or 7b (not shown).
  • the engraving depth t of the engraving areas 3a, 3b is in the range from 5 ⁇ m to 250 ⁇ m and preferably in the range from 5 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m.
  • the engraved plates are also suitable for duplication using conventional impression techniques that are common in intaglio printing plates.
  • the engraved original is reproduced several times via intermediate steps and only the reproductions are used as a printing form. Engravings with the preferred flank angles and engraving depths have production required impression and separation processes proved to be particularly cheap.
  • FIG. 2 shows a section of a data carrier 10 with a printed image comprising two color areas 12a, 12b in a schematically simplified manner.
  • the data carrier 10 was printed with a printing plate 1, as shown in FIG. 1, by intaglio printing. During the printing process, the data carrier 10 is pressed into the engraving areas 3a, 3b, wherein corresponding depressions 11a, 11b can remain permanently on the underside of the data carrier 17.
  • the upper side of the data carrier 15 has corresponding elevations in the areas 11a, 11b, these elevations being covered by color layers 13a, 13b, which were taken from the upper side of the data carrier 15 from the engraving areas 3a, 3b. With their surfaces, the color layers 13a, 13b form the color areas 12a and 12b.
  • the level difference between the non-printed substrate surface and the surfaces of the respective color areas 12a, 12b is defined as the ink layer thickness Da, Db.
  • the ink layer thicknesses D a and Db decrease continuously up to a boundary line which was defined by the upper edge 6 of the separating edge 5 of the printing plate 1.
  • the flank angle oc and depending on the engraving depth t, there is a more or less wide border area B. Since the ink layer thicknesses D a and Db decrease continuously in the border area B, a suitable choice of the flank angle ⁇ for the human eye without Aids create undetectable boundary line of light color.
  • the ink layer thicknesses D a and Db are reduced at the borderline to an ink layer thickness minimum with a thickness of 0.
  • the ink areas 12a, 12b can also be connected slightly without any detectable color mixing occurring.
  • Figure 3 shows this case. It can be seen that a connection of the colored areas 12a and 12b has taken place at the boundary line 16.
  • the color layers 13a and 13b can consist of printing inks of different colors, since the colors of different engraving areas are practically not mixed due to the inventive design of the printing plate. However, if the same glazing printing ink is used for adjacent engraving areas 3a, 3b with different engraving depths t a and tb, different color tones of the color layers 13a and 13b result in the printed image.
  • the adjacent engraving areas can be formed by line-shaped or area-like depressions.
  • the depressions are preferably engraved with a rotating stylus which has a flank angle corresponding to the flank angle of the separating edge to be generated.
  • the engraving stylus can also be moved along paths that form two shares.
  • the curves or straight lines of one share run parallel to each other and cross the curves or straight lines of the second share at regular intervals. This creates a basic roughness pattern in the manner of a cross pattern with particularly favorable color properties.
  • the stylus preferably tapers to a point or has a special contour which makes it possible to produce a basic roughness pattern on the base of the engraving which serves as a color catcher.
  • the stylus is moved at regular, small intervals parallel to a previously engraved path, so that the previously engraved depression is widened by precisely this distance.
  • the engraving depth is in the range from 5 to 250 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 150 ⁇ m.
  • the preferred flank angles in the range from 30 ° to 50 ° allow a longer service life of the engraving tool while at the same time providing an excellent printing result for the engraved printing plate.
  • Tools with flank angles in the range of 30 ° are particularly suitable for engraving very fine, filigree and small-area structures, while tools with flank angles of 40 ° to 50 ° are preferable for engraving large-area and coarser structures.
  • One or more line-shaped or flat depressions can represent a pattern, a symbol or a character.
  • Several adjoining depressions can form a regular grid, so that the printed image produced appears homogeneous, the grid producing a fine structure in the printed image that can only be recognized with magnifying aids.

Abstract

The invention relates to a data carrier with a printed image that is produced by means of a gravure process. The printed image comprises at least one first colour surface with a first colour coating thickness and a second colour surface adjacent to the first colour surface and provided with a second colour coating thickness, whereby the thicknesses of the two colour coatings are different. The first and second colour surfaces are divided by a sharp borderline that is invisible to the naked eye and the colour coating thickness of both colour surfaces corresponds to a minimum thickness in the region of the borderline.

Description

Stichtief druckverfahren zum Drucken von aneinander grenzenden Farbflächen unterschiedlicher Farbschichtdicke Intaglio printing process for printing adjacent color areas of different color layer thicknesses
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Datenträger mit im Stichtiefdruckverfahren hergestelltem Druckbild, mit aneinander grenzenden Farbflächen unterschiedlicher Farbschichtdicken, ein Stichtiefdruckverfahren zum Drucken von aneinander grenzenden Farbflächen, sowie Druckplatten für die Durchführung des Tief druckverf ahrens und ein Verfahren zur Herstellung der Druckplatten.The invention relates to a data carrier with a printed image produced by intaglio printing, with adjacent color areas of different ink layer thicknesses, a intaglio printing method for printing adjacent color areas, and printing plates for performing the intaglio printing process and a method for producing the printing plates.
Kennzeichnend für die Tiefdrucktechnik ist, dass in den druckenden, d.h. farbübertragenden Bereichen das Material der Oberfläche einer Druckplatte mittels eines geeigneten Gravierwerkszeugs oder mittels Ätzung entfernt wird. Auf die fertige Druckplatte wird Farbe aufgetragen, und die über- schüssige Druckfarbe wird vor dem eigentlichen Druckvorgang mittels eines Abstreifrakels oder eines Wischzylinders von der Oberfläche der Druckplatte entfernt, so dass die Farbe lediglich in den Vertiefungen zurückbleibt. Dann wird ein Substrat, in der Regel Papier, gegen die Druckplatte gepresst und wieder abgezogen, wobei die Farbe an der Substratoberfläche haften bleibt und dort ein Druckbild bildet. Werden lasierende Farben verwendet, bestimmt die Dicke des Farbauftrags den Farbton.It is characteristic of gravure printing technology that in the printing, i.e. ink-transmitting areas, the material of the surface of a printing plate is removed by means of a suitable engraving tool or by means of etching. Ink is applied to the finished printing plate, and the excess printing ink is removed from the surface of the printing plate by means of a doctor blade or a wiping cylinder before the actual printing process, so that the ink only remains in the depressions. A substrate, usually paper, is then pressed against the printing plate and pulled off again, the ink adhering to the surface of the substrate and forming a printed image there. If glazing colors are used, the thickness of the paint application determines the color tone.
Bei den herkömmlichen Tiefdrucktechniken wird zwischen dem Rastertiefdruck und dem Stich- bzw. Linientiefdruck unterschieden. Beim Rastertief - druckverfahren erfolgt die Herstellung der Druckplatten beispielsweise mittels Elektronenstrahl, Laserstrahl oder Stichel. Kennzeichnend für den Rastertiefdruck ist, dass unterschiedliche Grau- oder Farbwerte des Druckbildes durch regelmäßig in der Druckplatte angeordnete Näpfchen unterschiedlicher Dichte, Größe und/ oder Tiefe erzeugt werden. Die Linien- bzw. Stichtiefdrucktechnik, insbesondere die Stahlstichtiefdrucktechnik, ist für das Bedrucken von Datenträgern, insbesondere von Wertpapieren, wie Banknoten und dergleichen, eine wichtige Technik. Die Stichtiefdrucktechnik lässt im Vergleich zu anderen gängigen Drucktechniken, wie beispielsweise Offsetdruck, einen sehr dicken Farbauftrag auf einem Datenträger zu. Die im Stichtiefdruckverfahren erzeugte, vergleichsweise dicke Farbschicht ist auch für den Laien leicht anhand ihrer Taktilität als einfaches Echtheitsmerkmal erkennbar. Dieses Echtheitsmerkmal ist mit einer einfachen Kopie nicht nachzuahmen, so dass die Stichtiefdrucktechnik einen Schutz gegen einfache Fälschungen bietet.In conventional gravure printing, a distinction is made between screen gravure and engraving or line gravure. In the gravure printing process, the printing plates are produced, for example, by means of an electron beam, laser beam or stylus. It is characteristic of gravure printing that different gray or color values of the printed image are generated by cells of different density, size and / or depth that are regularly arranged in the printing plate. The line or intaglio printing technique, in particular the steel intaglio printing technique, is an important technique for printing on data carriers, in particular securities, such as banknotes and the like. The intaglio printing technique allows a very thick ink application on a data carrier in comparison to other common printing techniques, such as offset printing. The comparatively thick ink layer produced by intaglio printing is easily recognizable by laypersons as a simple authenticity feature thanks to its tactility. This authenticity feature cannot be imitated with a simple copy, so that the intaglio printing technique offers protection against simple counterfeits.
Der Stichtiefdruck zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass in die Druckplatten lini- enf örmige Vertiefungen eingebracht werden, um ein Druckbild zu erzeugen. Bei der mechanisch gefertigten Druckplatte für den Stichtiefdruck wird auf- grund der üblicherweise konisch zulaufenden Gravierwerkzeuge mit zunehmender Stichtiefe eine breitere Linie erzeugt. Außerdem nimmt die Farbaufnahmefähigkeit der gravierten Linie und damit die Opazität der gedruckten Linie mit zunehmender Stichtiefe zu. Bei der Ätzung von Stichtiefdruckplatten werden die nicht druckenden Bereiche der Druckplatte mit ei- nem chemisch inerten Lack abgedeckt. Durch nachfolgendes Ätzen wird in der freiliegenden Plattenoberfläche die Gravur erzeugt, wobei Tiefe und Breite der Gravurlinien insbesondere von der Ätzdauer abhängen.Intaglio printing is characterized by the fact that line-shaped depressions are made in the printing plates in order to produce a printed image. In the mechanically manufactured printing plate for intaglio printing, a wider line is created with increasing engraving depth due to the usually tapered engraving tools. In addition, the color absorption capacity of the engraved line and thus the opacity of the printed line increases with increasing stitch depth. When etching intaglio printing plates, the non-printing areas of the printing plate are covered with a chemically inert lacquer. Subsequent etching creates the engraving in the exposed plate surface, the depth and width of the engraving lines depending in particular on the etching time.
Aus der WO 97/48555 ist ein Verfahren bekannt, mit dem Stichtief druckplat- ten auf reproduzierbare, maschinelle Weise hergestellt werden können. Dazu werden die Linien einer Strichvorlage erfasst und die Fläche einer jeden Linie wird exakt bestimmt. Mit einem Gravierwerkzeug, beispielsweise einem rotierenden Stichel oder einem Laserstrahl, wird zunächst die Außenkontur dieser Fläche graviert, um die Fläche sauber zu umranden. Anschlie- ßend wird der umrandete Bereich der Fläche mittels demselben oder einem anderen Gravierwerkzeug geräumt, so dass die gesamte Linie entsprechend der Strichvorlage exakt graviert ist. Je nach Form und Führung des Gravierwerkzeugs entsteht am Grund der geräumten Fläche ein Rauigkeitsgrund- muster, das als Farbfang für die Druckfarbe dient.A method is known from WO 97/48555 with which intaglio printing plates can be produced in a reproducible, mechanical manner. The lines of a line template are recorded and the area of each line is determined exactly. The outer contour of this surface is first engraved with an engraving tool, for example a rotating stylus or a laser beam, in order to surround the surface cleanly. Then The bordered area of the surface is cleared using the same or another engraving tool, so that the entire line is engraved exactly according to the line template. Depending on the shape and guidance of the engraving tool, a roughness basic pattern is created on the bottom of the cleared area, which serves as a color catcher for the printing ink.
Es ist auch möglich, innerhalb einer ersten gravierten Fläche eine zweite Fläche mit größerer Gravurtiefe zu gravieren, so dass das Druckbild wegen des unterschiedlich dicken Farbauftrags zwei aneinander grenzende Flächen mit unterschiedlicher Farbintensität aufweist. Nach dem Druckvorgang verwischen die Dickenunterschiede jedoch, da die Druckfarben der Farbflächen ineinanderlaufen, so dass eine scharfe optische Trennung zwischen den Farbflächen im Druckbild nicht besteht und auf diese Art auch keine feinen Bildstrukturen wiedergegeben werden können.It is also possible to engrave a second surface with a larger engraving depth within a first engraved surface, so that the printed image has two adjacent surfaces with different color intensity due to the different thickness of the ink application. After the printing process, however, the differences in thickness become blurred, since the printing inks of the color areas run into one another, so that there is no sharp optical separation between the color areas in the printed image, and in this way no fine image structures can be reproduced.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es daher, Maßnahmen vorzusehen, die es erlauben, aneinander grenzende Farbflächen im Stichtiefdruckverfahren zu erzeugen, die klar voneinander abgegrenzt sind.The object of the present invention is therefore to provide measures which make it possible to produce adjacent color areas in intaglio printing which are clearly delimited from one another.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale der unabhängigen Ansprüche gelöst. Weiterbildungen sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche.This object is achieved according to the invention by the features of the independent claims. Further training is the subject of the subclaims.
Wesentlich ist, dass zur Erzeugung aneinander grenzender Farbflächen die den Farbflächen auf der Druckplatte zugeordneten Gravurbereiche durch eine Trennkante voneinander getrennt sind, die in Höhe der Druckplattenoberfläche spitz zuläuft. Wird mit einer solchen Druckplatte ein Datenträger, beispielsweise eine Banknote, gedruckt, so werden aneinander grenzende Farbflächen erzeugt, die im Grenzbereich ein Minimum durchlaufen. Im Idealfall ist die Farbschichtdicke an der Grenzlinie zwischen den Farbflächen gleich null. Sie kann aber, wenn sich die Druckfarben der aneinander grenzenden Farbflächen im unmittelbaren Grenzbereich verbinden, geringfügig größer null sein; dies insbesondere dann, wenn die Flanken der Trenn- kante steil sind und einen kleinen Flankenwinkel aufweisen. Je flacher die Flanken der Trennkante sind, desto langsamer geht die Farbschichtdicke im Grenzbereich gegen das Farbsc chtdickeriminimum. Dadurch kann eine sehr feine, nur unter Vergrößerung, beispielsweise mit einer Lupe erkennbare hellere Grenzlinie zwischen den angrenzenden Farbflächen erzeugt wer- den, die als zusätzliches, bei normaler Betrachtung verborgenes Sicherheitsmerkmal dienen kann.It is essential that in order to produce adjacent color areas, the engraving areas assigned to the color areas on the printing plate are separated from one another by a separating edge which tapers at the level of the printing plate surface. If a data carrier, for example a bank note, is printed with such a printing plate, adjacent color areas are generated which pass through a minimum in the border area. Ideally, the ink layer thickness at the borderline between the ink areas is zero. However, if the printing inks of the adjacent color areas combine in the immediate border area, it can be slightly greater than zero; this is particularly the case when the edges of the separating edge are steep and have a small edge angle. The flatter the flanks of the separating edge, the slower the ink layer thickness in the border area goes against the ink layer thickness minimum. As a result, a very fine, lighter boundary line between the adjacent color areas, which can only be recognized with magnification, for example with a magnifying glass, can be produced, which can serve as an additional security feature which is hidden under normal observation.
Durch die Erfindung ist es erstmals möglich, unmittelbar aneinander grenzende Farbflächen mit unterschiedlicher Schichtdicke im Stichtiefdruckver- fahren zu erzeugen, die nicht ineinander laufen und klar voneinander abgegrenzt sind.The invention makes it possible for the first time to produce directly adjacent color areas with different layer thicknesses in intaglio printing, which do not run into one another and are clearly delimited from one another.
Je nach Gravurtiefe können auf diese Weise mit derselben Druckfarbe unterschiedliche Farbtönungen eingestellt werden. Bei Verwendung handelsübli- eher Stichtiefdruckfarben führen Gravurtiefen im Bereich von etwa 5 bis 60 μm zu Farbschichten mit eher durchscheinendem, lasierendem Farbeindruck. Wobei helle Farben üblicherweise stärker lasieren als dunkle. Bei Gravurtiefen im Bereich von etwa 60 bis 100 μm erhält man dagegen Farbschichten mit eher deckendem Farbeindruck. So können bei Verwen- düng von beispielsweise drei verschiedenen lasierenden Druckfarben inDepending on the engraving depth, different color tones can be set in this way with the same printing ink. When using commercial intaglio printing inks, engraving depths in the range of about 5 to 60 μm lead to color layers with a more translucent, glazed color impression. Light colors usually glaze more than dark ones. With engraving depths in the range of about 60 to 100 μm, on the other hand, color layers with a rather opaque color impression are obtained. For example, when using three different glazing printing inks in
Kombination mit lediglich zwei unterschiedlichen Gravurtiefen bereits sechs verschiedene Farbtöne mit einem Druckvorgang erzeugt werden. Ab einer Gravurtiefe von ungefähr 100 μm und mehr sind die damit erzeugten Farbschichten auf einem bedruckten Dokument auch gut tastbar, so dass mit den erfindungsgemäßen Druckplatten nicht nur der visuelle Farbeindruck eines bedruckten Dokuments, sondern auch taktile Merkmale gezielt eingestellt werden können.In combination with only two different engraving depths, six different colors can already be produced with one printing process. From an engraving depth of approximately 100 μm and more, the layers of color thus generated can also be easily felt on a printed document, so that with the Printing plates according to the invention not only the visual color impression of a printed document, but also tactile features can be set in a targeted manner.
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand der Figuren beispielhaft beschrieben. Die Figuren sind Prinzipskizzen, die insbesondere die Schichtdickenverhältnisse nicht maßstabsgerecht wiedergeben.The invention is described below using the figures as an example. The figures are basic sketches, which in particular do not represent the layer thickness ratios to scale.
Es zeigen:Show it:
Fig. 1 Ausschnitt einer Druckplatte im Querschnitt;Fig. 1 section of a printing plate in cross section;
Fig. 2 Ausschnitt eines Datenträgers mit zwei aneinander grenzendenFig. 2 section of a data carrier with two adjacent
Farbschichten mit unterschiedlicher Farbschichtdicke schema- tisch im Querschnitt;Color layers with different color layer thicknesses schematically in cross-section;
Fig. 3 Ausschnitt eines Datenträgers mit zwei aneinander grenzendenFig. 3 section of a data carrier with two adjacent
Farbschichten im Querschnitt.Color layers in cross section.
Figur 1 zeigt ein Profil einer Druckplatte 1 mit einer Druckplattenoberfläche 2, in die ein erster Gravurbereich 3a mit einer Gravurtiefe ta und ein zweiter Gravurbereich 3b mit einer zweiten Gravurtiefe tb graviert sind. Die beiden Gravurbereiche 3a, 3b grenzen in Höhe der Druckplattenoberfläche 2 unmittelbar aneinander und sind im Übrigen durch eine Trennkante 5 voneinan- der getrennt, deren Oberkante 6 in Höhe der Druckplattenoberfläche 2 spitz zuläuft. Die Druckplatte kann auch so gestaltet werden, dass die Oberkante 6 geringfügig, d.h. einige wenige μm unterhalb des Niveaus der Druckplattenoberfläche 2 liegt. Die Flanken der Gravurbereiche 3a, 3b bilden auch gleichzeitig die Flanken der Trennkante und bilden bezüglich des Lots auf die Oberkante 6 einen Flankenwinkel. In Fig. 1 ist lediglich der Flankenwinkel α der rechten Flanke der Trennkante gezeigt, da die beiden Flankenwinkel im dargestellten Beispiel gleich sind. Die beiden Flankenwinkel der Trennkante 5 können aber auch unterschiedlich gewählt werden. Die Flan- kenwinkel können im Bereich von 15° bis 60° liegen, vorzugsweise bewegen sie sich im Bereich von 30° bis 50°.FIG. 1 shows a profile of a printing plate 1 with a printing plate surface 2, into which a first engraving area 3a with an engraving depth t a and a second engraving area 3b with a second engraving depth tb are engraved. The two engraving areas 3a, 3b directly adjoin one another at the level of the printing plate surface 2 and are otherwise separated from one another by a separating edge 5, the upper edge 6 of which tapers at the level of the printing plate surface 2. The pressure plate can also be designed in such a way that the upper edge 6 lies slightly, ie a few μm below the level of the pressure plate surface 2. The flanks of the engraving areas 3a, 3b also simultaneously form the flanks of the separating edge and form with respect to the solder the upper edge 6 a flank angle. In Fig. 1, only the flank angle α of the right flank of the separating edge is shown, since the two flank angles are the same in the example shown. However, the two flank angles of the separating edge 5 can also be chosen differently. The flank angles can be in the range from 15 ° to 60 °, preferably in the range from 30 ° to 50 °.
Vergleiche haben ergeben, dass Druckplatten mit den bevorzugten Flankenwinkeln im Bereich von 30° bis 50° bessere drucktechnische Eigenschaf - ten haben. Dazu gehören eine gute Kantenschärfe des Druckbildes und eine verringerte Neigung zum sogenannten Farbspritzen, das auf dem bedruckten Gegenstand zu ausfransenden Rändern der bedruckten Bereiche führt.Comparisons have shown that printing plates with the preferred flank angles in the range from 30 ° to 50 ° have better printing properties. This includes a good edge sharpness of the printed image and a reduced tendency towards so-called color spraying, which leads to frayed edges of the printed areas on the printed object.
Die Grundflächen 7a und 7b der Gravurbereiche 3a, 3b können eben ausge- bildet sein (7a) oder ein Rauigkeitsgrundmuster aufweisen (7b). Das Rauig- keitsgrundmuster ist vorteilhaft, da die Druckfarbe besser am Boden der Gravur gehalten wird. Die Gravurbereiche 3a bzw. 3b können auch nach unten spitz zulaufen, so dass sie keine Grundfläche 7a bzw. 7b besitzen (nicht dargestellt).The base areas 7a and 7b of the engraving areas 3a, 3b can be flat (7a) or have a basic roughness pattern (7b). The basic roughness pattern is advantageous because the printing ink is better held at the bottom of the engraving. The engraving areas 3a and 3b can also taper downwards, so that they have no base area 7a or 7b (not shown).
Die Gravurtiefe t der Gravurbereiche 3a, 3b liegt im Bereich von 5 μm bis 250 μm und vorzugsweise im Bereich von 5 μm bis 150 μm.The engraving depth t of the engraving areas 3a, 3b is in the range from 5 μm to 250 μm and preferably in the range from 5 μm to 150 μm.
Die gravierten Platten eignen sich auch für die Vervielfältigung durch kon- ventionelle, bei Stichtiefdruckplatten übliche Abformtechniken. Dabei wird das gravierte Original über Zwischenschritte mehrfach reproduziert und erst die Reproduktionen als Druckform eingesetzt. Gravuren mit den bevorzugten Flankenwinkeln und Gravurtiefen haben sich bei den während der Re- produktion erforderlichen Abform- und Trennvorgängen als besonders günstig erwiesen.The engraved plates are also suitable for duplication using conventional impression techniques that are common in intaglio printing plates. The engraved original is reproduced several times via intermediate steps and only the reproductions are used as a printing form. Engravings with the preferred flank angles and engraving depths have production required impression and separation processes proved to be particularly cheap.
In Figur 2 ist ein Ausschnitt eines Datenträgers 10 mit einem zwei Farbflä- chen 12a, 12b umfassenden Druckbild schematisch vereinfacht dargestellt. Der Datenträger 10 wurde mit einer Druckplatte 1, wie in Figur 1 dargestellt, im Stichtiefdruckverfahren bedruckt. Während des Druckvorgangs wird der Datenträger 10 in die Gravurbereiche 3a, 3b gepresst, wobei auf der Datenträgerunterseite 17 entsprechende Vertiefungen 11a, 11b dauerhaft verblei- ben können. Die Datenträgeroberseite 15 weist entsprechende Erhebungen in den Bereichen 11a, 11b auf, wobei diese Erhebungen durch Farbschichten 13a, 13b abgedeckt sind, die von der Datenträgeroberseite 15 aus den Gravurbereichen 3a, 3b aufgenommen wurden. Die Farbschichten 13a, 13b bilden mit ihren Oberflächen die Farbflächen 12a und 12b. Als Farbschichtdicke Da, Db wird der Niveauunterschied zwischen der nicht bedruckten Substratoberfläche und den Oberflächen der jeweiligen Farbflächen 12a, 12b festgelegt. Im Grenzbereich B nehmen die Farbschichtdicken Da und Db kontinuierlich ab bis zu einer Grenzlinie, die durch die Oberkante 6 der Trennkante 5 der Druckplatte 1 definiert wurde. Je nach Wahl der Flankenwinkel oc und in Abhängigkeit von der Gravurtiefe t ergibt sich ein mehr oder weniger breiter Grenzbereich B. Da die Farbschichtdicken Da und Db im Grenzbereich B kontinuierlich abnehmen, lässt sich durch geeignete Wahl der Flankenwinkel α eine für das menschliche Auge ohne Hilfsmittel nicht erkennbare Grenzlinie hellen Farbtons erzeugen.FIG. 2 shows a section of a data carrier 10 with a printed image comprising two color areas 12a, 12b in a schematically simplified manner. The data carrier 10 was printed with a printing plate 1, as shown in FIG. 1, by intaglio printing. During the printing process, the data carrier 10 is pressed into the engraving areas 3a, 3b, wherein corresponding depressions 11a, 11b can remain permanently on the underside of the data carrier 17. The upper side of the data carrier 15 has corresponding elevations in the areas 11a, 11b, these elevations being covered by color layers 13a, 13b, which were taken from the upper side of the data carrier 15 from the engraving areas 3a, 3b. With their surfaces, the color layers 13a, 13b form the color areas 12a and 12b. The level difference between the non-printed substrate surface and the surfaces of the respective color areas 12a, 12b is defined as the ink layer thickness Da, Db. In the boundary region B, the ink layer thicknesses D a and Db decrease continuously up to a boundary line which was defined by the upper edge 6 of the separating edge 5 of the printing plate 1. Depending on the choice of the flank angle oc and depending on the engraving depth t, there is a more or less wide border area B. Since the ink layer thicknesses D a and Db decrease continuously in the border area B, a suitable choice of the flank angle α for the human eye without Aids create undetectable boundary line of light color.
Idealerweise reduzieren sich die Farbschichtdicken Da und Db an der Grenzlinie zu einem Farbschichtdickenminimum mit der Dicke 0. Es kann jedoch auch eine geringe Verbindung der Farbflächen 12a, 12b stattfinden, ohne dass allerdings eine feststellbare Farbvermischung auftritt. Die Figur 3 zeigt diesen Fall. Man erkennt, dass an der Grenzlinie 16 eine Verbindung der Farbflächen 12a und 12b stattgefunden hat.Ideally, the ink layer thicknesses D a and Db are reduced at the borderline to an ink layer thickness minimum with a thickness of 0. However, the ink areas 12a, 12b can also be connected slightly without any detectable color mixing occurring. Figure 3 shows this case. It can be seen that a connection of the colored areas 12a and 12b has taken place at the boundary line 16.
Die Farbschichten 13 a und 13b können aus Druckfarben unterschiedlicher Farbe bestehen, da eine Vermischung der Farben unterschiedlicher Gravurbereiche aufgrund der erfindungsgemäßen Gestaltung der Druckplatte praktisch nicht erfolgt. Wird jedoch die gleiche lasierende Druckfarbe für aneinander grenzende Gravurbereiche 3a, 3b mit unterschiedlichen Gravurtiefen ta und tb verwendet, so ergeben sich im Druckbild unterschiedliche Farbtönungen der Farbschichten 13a und 13b.The color layers 13a and 13b can consist of printing inks of different colors, since the colors of different engraving areas are practically not mixed due to the inventive design of the printing plate. However, if the same glazing printing ink is used for adjacent engraving areas 3a, 3b with different engraving depths t a and tb, different color tones of the color layers 13a and 13b result in the printed image.
Die aneinander grenzenden Gravurbereiche können durch linienf örmige oder flächenartige Vertiefungen gebildet sein. Die Vertiefungen werden vorzugsweise mit einem rotierenden Stichel graviert, der einen Flankenwinkel entsprechend dem zu erzeugenden Flankenwinkel der Trennkante besitzt. Alternativ kann der Gravierstichel auch entlang Bahnen bewegt werden, die zwei Scharen bilden. Die Kurven oder Geraden einer Schar verlaufen jeweils parallel zueinander und kreuzen die Kurven oder Geraden der zweiten Schar in regelmäßigen Abständen. Dadurch entsteht ein Rauigkeitsgrund- muster in der Art eines Kreuzrasters mit besonders günstigen Farbf angei- genschaften. Vorzugsweise läuft der Stichel spitz zu oder hat eine besondere Kontur, die es erlaubt, auf der Grundfläche der Gravur ein Rauigkeits- grundmuster zu erzeugen, das als Farbfang dient. Dazu wird der Stichel in regelmäßigen, geringen Abständen parallel zu einer zuvor gravierten Bahn bewegt, so dass die zuvor gravierte Vertiefung um eben diesen Abstand verbreitert wird. Die Gravurtiefe liegt im Bereich von 5 bis 250 μm, vorzugsweise 5 bis 150 μm. Die bevorzugten Flankenwinkel im Bereich von 30° bis 50° ermöglichen eine längere Standzeit des Gravierwerkzeugs bei gleichzeitig hervorragendem Druckergebnis der gravierten Druckplatte. Werkzeuge mit Flankenwinkeln im Bereich von 30° eignen sich besonders für die Gravur sehr feiner, filigra- ner und kleinflächiger Strukturen, während für die Gravur großflächiger und gröberer Strukturen Werkzeuge mit Flankenwinkeln von 40° bis 50° vorzuziehen sind.The adjacent engraving areas can be formed by line-shaped or area-like depressions. The depressions are preferably engraved with a rotating stylus which has a flank angle corresponding to the flank angle of the separating edge to be generated. Alternatively, the engraving stylus can also be moved along paths that form two shares. The curves or straight lines of one share run parallel to each other and cross the curves or straight lines of the second share at regular intervals. This creates a basic roughness pattern in the manner of a cross pattern with particularly favorable color properties. The stylus preferably tapers to a point or has a special contour which makes it possible to produce a basic roughness pattern on the base of the engraving which serves as a color catcher. For this purpose, the stylus is moved at regular, small intervals parallel to a previously engraved path, so that the previously engraved depression is widened by precisely this distance. The engraving depth is in the range from 5 to 250 μm, preferably 5 to 150 μm. The preferred flank angles in the range from 30 ° to 50 ° allow a longer service life of the engraving tool while at the same time providing an excellent printing result for the engraved printing plate. Tools with flank angles in the range of 30 ° are particularly suitable for engraving very fine, filigree and small-area structures, while tools with flank angles of 40 ° to 50 ° are preferable for engraving large-area and coarser structures.
Ein oder mehrere linienförrnige oder flächige Vertiefungen können ein Mu- ster, ein Bildzeichen oder ein Schriftzeichen darstellen. Mehrere aneinander grenzende Vertiefungen können ein regelmäßiges Raster bilden, so dass das erzeugte Druckbild homogen erscheint, wobei das Raster eine Feinstruktur im Druckbild erzeugt, die nur mit vergrößernden Hilfsmitteln erkennbar ist. One or more line-shaped or flat depressions can represent a pattern, a symbol or a character. Several adjoining depressions can form a regular grid, so that the printed image produced appears homogeneous, the grid producing a fine structure in the printed image that can only be recognized with magnifying aids.

Claims

P a t e n t a n s p r ü c h e Patent claims
1. Datenträger (1) mit im Stichtiefdruckverfahren erzeugtem Druckbild, der wenigstens eine erste Farbfläche (12a) mit einer ersten Farbschichtdicke (Da) und wenigstens eine an die erste Farbfläche (12a) angrenzende zweite Farbfläche (12b) mit einer zweiten Farbschichtdicke (Db) aufweist, wobei die Farbschichtdicken (Da, Db) unterschiedlich sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste und zweite Farbfläche (12a, 12b) direkt aneinander grenzen und von einer scharfen, bei Betrachtung mit dem bloßem Auge nicht sichtba- ren Grenzlinie voneinander getrennt sind, und dass die Farbschichtdicke beider Farbflächen (12a, 12b) im Bereich der Grenzlinie ein Minimum durchläuft.1. Data carrier (1) with intaglio printing, the at least one first color area (12a) with a first color layer thickness (D a ) and at least one second color area (12b) adjacent to the first color area (12a) with a second color layer thickness (Db ), the color layer thicknesses (D a , Db) being different, characterized in that the first and second color areas (12a, 12b) directly adjoin one another and are separated from one another by a sharp boundary line that is not visible to the naked eye and that the color layer thickness of both color areas (12a, 12b) passes through a minimum in the region of the boundary line.
2. Datenträger nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Mini- mum bei einer Farbschichtdicke von nahezu null liegt.2. Data carrier according to claim 1, characterized in that the minimum is at an ink layer thickness of almost zero.
3. Datenträger nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Farbfläche (12a) und/ oder die zweite Farbfläche (12b) ein Muster, Bildzeichen oder Schriftzeichen darstellen.3. Data carrier according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the first color area (12a) and / or the second color area (12b) represent a pattern, pictogram or character.
4. Druckplatte (1) zum Drucken von aneinander grenzenden Farbflächen (12a, 12b), umfassend eine Druckplattenoberfläche (2) und in die Druckplattenoberfläche (2) graviert wenigstens einen ersten Gravurbereich (3a) mit einer ersten Gravurtiefe (ta) und wenigstens einen an den ersten Gravurbe- reich (3a) angrenzenden zweiten Gravurbereich (3b) mit einer zweiten Gravurtiefe (tb), wobei die Gravurtiefen (ta, tb) unterschiedlich sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zwischen den ersten und zweiten Gravurbereichen (3a, 3b) eine Trennkante (5) angeordnet ist, deren Oberkante (6) in Höhe der Druckplattenoberfläche (2) spitz zuläuft. 4. printing plate (1) for printing adjacent color areas (12a, 12b), comprising a printing plate surface (2) and engraved in the printing plate surface (2) at least a first engraving area (3a) with a first engraving depth (t a ) and at least one second engraving area (3b) adjacent to the first engraving area (3a) with a second engraving depth (tb), the engraving depths (t a , tb) being different, characterized in that between the first and second engraving areas (3a, 3b) a separating edge (5) is arranged, the upper edge (6) of the pressure plate surface (2) tapers.
5. Druckplatte nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Trennkante (5) Flankenwinkel ( ) im Bereich von 15° bis 60°, vorzugsweise von 30° bis 50° bezogen auf die Lotrechte zur Druckplattenoberfläche (2) aufweist.5. Printing plate according to claim 4, characterized in that the separating edge (5) has flank angles () in the range from 15 ° to 60 °, preferably from 30 ° to 50 °, based on the perpendicular to the printing plate surface (2).
6. Druckplatte nach der Anspruch 4 oder 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die ersten und zweiten Gravurtiefen (ta, tb) im Bereich von 5 bis 250 μm liegen.6. Printing plate according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the first and second engraving depths (t a , tb) are in the range from 5 to 250 μm.
7. Druckplatte nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die ersten und zweiten Gravurtiefen (ta, tb) im Bereich von 5 bis 150 μm liegen.7. Printing plate according to claim 6, characterized in that the first and second engraving depths (t a , tb) are in the range from 5 to 150 μm.
8. Druckplatte nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der erste Gravurbereich (3a) und/ oder der zweite Gravurbereich (3b) ein Muster, ein Bildzeichen oder ein Schriftzeichen bilden.8. Printing plate according to at least one of claims 4 to 7, characterized in that the first engraving area (3a) and / or the second engraving area (3b) form a pattern, an icon or a character.
9. Druckplatte nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der erste und/ oder der zweite Gravurbereich (3a, 3b) eine Grundfläche (7) mit einem Rauigkeitsgrundmuster aufweist.9. Printing plate according to at least one of claims 4 to 8, characterized in that the first and / or the second engraving area (3a, 3b) has a base area (7) with a roughness basic pattern.
10. Stichtiefdruckverfahren zum Drucken von aneinander grenzenden Farbflächen (12a, 12b) mit unterschiedlicher Farbschichtdicke (Da, Db), bei dem eine Druckplatte nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 9 verwendet wird.10. Intaglio printing method for printing adjacent color areas (12a, 12b) with different ink layer thickness (D a , Db), in which a printing plate according to one of claims 4 to 9 is used.
11. Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Druckplatte (1) zum Drucken von anein- ander grenzenden Farbflächen (12a, 12b) mit unterschiedlicher Farbschichtdicke (Da, Db), umfassend die Schritte:11. A method for producing a printing plate (1) for printing adjacent color areas (12a, 12b) with different ink layer thicknesses (Da, Db), comprising the steps:
Zurverfügungstellen einer Druckplatte (1) mit einer Druckplattenoberfläche (2) und Gravieren eines ersten Gravurbereichs (3a) mit einer ersten Gravurtiefe (ta) und eines zweiten Gravurbereichs (3b) mit einer zweiten Gravurtiefe (tb) in die Druckplattenoberfläche (2) derart, dass zwischen dem ersten Gravurbereich (3a) und dem zweiten Gravurbereich (3b) eine Trennkante (5) stehen bleibt, die eine in Höhe der Druckplattenoberfläche (2) spitz zulaufende Oberkante (6) aufweist.Providing a printing plate (1) with a printing plate surface (2) and Engraving a first engraving area (3a) with a first engraving depth (t a ) and a second engraving area (3b) with a second engraving depth (tb) in the printing plate surface (2) such that between the first engraving area (3a) and the second engraving area ( 3b) a separating edge (5) remains which has an upper edge (6) which tapers at the level of the printing plate surface (2).
12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Trennstege (5) mit Flankenwinkeln ( ) im Bereich von 15° bis 60°, vorzugsweise 30° bis 50° bezogen auf die Lotrechte zur Druckplattenoberfläche erzeugt werden.12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that the separating webs (5) with flank angles () in the range of 15 ° to 60 °, preferably 30 ° to 50 °, based on the perpendicular to the printing plate surface.
13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11 oder 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zum Gravieren ein Gravurwerkzeug mit entsprechendem Flankenwinkel ( ) verwendet wird.13. The method according to claim 11 or 12, characterized in that an engraving tool with a corresponding flank angle () is used for engraving.
14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zum Gravieren ein spitz zulaufender rotierender Stichel verwendet wird.14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that a tapered rotating stylus is used for engraving.
15. Verfahren nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gravurtiefen (ta, tb) im Bereich von 5 μm bis 250 μm erzeugt werden.15. The method according to at least one of claims 11 to 14, characterized in that the engraving depths (t a , tb) are generated in the range from 5 μm to 250 μm.
16. Verfahren nach Anspruch 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gravur- tiefen (ta, tb) im Bereich von 5 μm bis 150 μm liegen.16. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the engraving depths (t a , tb) are in the range from 5 μm to 150 μm.
17. Verfahren nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in dem ersten Gravurbereich (3a) und/ oder in dem zweiten Gravurbereich (3b) eine Grundfläche (7) mit einem Rauigkeits- grundmuster erzeugt wird.17. The method according to at least one of claims 11 to 16, characterized in that in the first engraving area (3a) and / or in the second engraving area (3b) a base area (7) with a basic roughness pattern is generated.
18. Verfahren nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 17, dadurch ge- kennzeichnet, dass mehrere aneinander grenzende erste Gravurbereiche18. The method according to at least one of claims 11 to 17, characterized in that a plurality of adjacent first engraving areas
(3a) und ein oder mehrere aneinander grenzende zweite Gravurbereiche (3b) in die Druckplattenoberfläche (2) graviert werden.(3a) and one or more adjacent second engraving areas (3b) are engraved in the printing plate surface (2).
19. Verfahren nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 18, dadurch ge- kennzeichnet, dass der erste bzw. die mehreren ersten Gravurbereiche (3a) und/ oder der zweite bzw. die mehreren zweiten Gravurbereiche (3b) in Form eines Musters, Bildzeichens oder Schriftzeichens angeordnet werden. 19. The method according to at least one of claims 11 to 18, characterized in that the first or more first engraving areas (3a) and / or the second or more second engraving areas (3b) in the form of a pattern, icon or Character can be arranged.
EP99948896.8A 1998-10-02 1999-09-29 Gravure process for printing adjacent colour surfaces with various colour coating thicknesses as well as data substrate, printing plate and method of manufacturing a printing plate Expired - Lifetime EP1117537B2 (en)

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DE59905490D1 (en) 2003-06-12
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DE19845436B4 (en) 2009-06-10
PL347150A1 (en) 2002-03-25
US20050193909A1 (en) 2005-09-08
DE19845436A1 (en) 2000-04-06
ES2194512T3 (en) 2003-11-16
AU6198099A (en) 2000-04-26
ATE239614T1 (en) 2003-05-15
TR200100925T2 (en) 2001-08-21
WO2000020216A1 (en) 2000-04-13
DK1117537T3 (en) 2003-08-25
AR020679A1 (en) 2002-05-22
EP1117537B1 (en) 2003-05-07
RU2236949C2 (en) 2004-09-27
US6928925B1 (en) 2005-08-16
CN1320076A (en) 2001-10-31
AU756205B2 (en) 2003-01-09
ZA200102252B (en) 2002-06-04
PL190828B1 (en) 2006-02-28
UA71583C2 (en) 2004-12-15
JP2002526289A (en) 2002-08-20
US7028615B2 (en) 2006-04-18
EP1117537B2 (en) 2017-12-13
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CA2345748C (en) 2005-12-27
CN1155471C (en) 2004-06-30

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