EP1116242B1 - Verfahren und anlage zum füllen von fässern mit gefährlichem abfall - Google Patents

Verfahren und anlage zum füllen von fässern mit gefährlichem abfall Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1116242B1
EP1116242B1 EP99942973A EP99942973A EP1116242B1 EP 1116242 B1 EP1116242 B1 EP 1116242B1 EP 99942973 A EP99942973 A EP 99942973A EP 99942973 A EP99942973 A EP 99942973A EP 1116242 B1 EP1116242 B1 EP 1116242B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drum
injection
lid
blocking material
installation according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP99942973A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1116242A1 (de
Inventor
Patrick Allais
Jean-Claude Dumont
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Orano Demantelement SAS
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Compagnie Generale des Matieres Nucleaires SA
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/28—Treating solids
    • G21F9/34—Disposal of solid waste
    • G21F9/36—Disposal of solid waste by packaging; by baling

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for ensure the filling of barrels containing waste dangerous, such as radioactive waste from very low activity, previously packaged and compacted to form "pancakes" stacked together on the others inside the barrel.
  • waste dangerous such as radioactive waste from very low activity
  • the invention also relates to an installation for the implementation of this method.
  • waste Low activity technologies are first and foremost packaged in metal containers cylindrical.
  • the volume of these containers is, by example, of 120 liters.
  • the containers containing the waste are then compacted using a press, to obtain "cakes" strongly reduced in volume, in the sense of the height of the containers.
  • these patties are stacked in cylindrical metal drums.
  • five pancakes are, for example, stacked in each of the barrels.
  • blocking the casks are placed on a vibrating table and filled a blocking material such as mortar or grout of cement.
  • the invention relates more specifically to the operation blocking, during which the casks containing the patties are filled with a material of blocking.
  • the contaminated air contained in the barrel escapes in the workshop and tends in particular to contaminate the wall outside of the drum and the immediate environment. Indeed, a volume of contaminated air equivalent to that blocking material injected into the barrel escapes outside of it.
  • the subject of the invention is precisely a method filling a drum containing waste dangerous, avoiding any dispersion of contamination in the atmosphere of the room, and especially on the outer wall of the drum, due to the air contaminated ejected from the barrel during the blocking operation.
  • the lid intermediate equipped with its lid ensures confinement tightness of the drum before the perforation of the lid.
  • dynamic containment is ensured by the depression of the barrel and the bell confinement.
  • the contaminated air contained in the drum is sucked as the drum is filled by the blocking material, without this being air is dispersed in the atmosphere of the workshop. We thus avoids any contamination of the wall outside the drum.
  • the end of filling of the drum is detected by the blocking material, so as to stop the injection of this material.
  • the detection of the end of the filling of the drum may in particular be provided by at least one cane of bubbling opening inside the ring gear.
  • the fill level can be precisely controlled, we position advantageously the end of the bubbling cane at a predetermined level below the operculum, after the perforation of it.
  • a laser detector mounted on the bell of confinement and able to measure the distance between this one and the intermediate lid.
  • the operculum is equipped with ballast which, by gravity, ensures the evacuation the barrel of the disc cut in the lid by the crown toothed, so as to avoid total filling or partial of the orifice of the injection tube by effect suction of the operculum.
  • the perforation of the lid may in particular be performed by moving the barrel upwards by compared to a fixed containment bell.
  • lifting means such than a cylinder.
  • these elevating means are associated with means able to vibrate the barrel that they support, when filling, in order to improve the penetration of the blocking material into the barrel, among the radioactive waste.
  • the perforation of the lid may also be obtained by moving down the toothed crown or bell.
  • a cleaning is preferably carried out injection means, that is to say the circuit closed and the nozzle through which the material is injected into the drum.
  • reference numeral 10 designates a barrel cylindrical metal in which were placed at nuclear waste of very low activity. More specifically, this nuclear waste is present in the form of slabs 12, stacked on each other inside the shaft 10. Each patties 12 is constituted by a metal package cylindrical filled with nuclear waste very low activity, then compacted inside a hurry.
  • the invention relates to a method and an installation for realizing a blocking operation, during which a material blocking 14 such as a cement mortar is injected successively into each barrel 10, for immobilize the patties 12 by filling also completely as possible the space left free to inside the barrel 10.
  • a material blocking 14 such as a cement mortar
  • the process and installation are designed so that the blocking operation is done by avoiding any dispersion of contaminated air initially contained in the shaft 10 in the atmosphere of the workshop conditioning and in particular on the outer wall of the barrel.
  • the installation according to the invention comprises a intermediate cover 16, which is mounted on the end upper open drum 10 as soon as the patties 12 were placed in this one. Lid intermediate 16 is then crimped.
  • the lid intermediate 16 is sealed to the part of the barrel 10.
  • it may in particular be fitted in an annular seal 18 which covers the bead 10a forming the upper end barrel 10, then crimped.
  • the intermediate lid 16 made of sheet metal metal, has in its center a circular opening 20.
  • the diameter of this opening is, for example, of 164 mm in the case of a drum 10 of 570 mm diameter.
  • the central circular opening 20 of the lid intermediate 16 is initially sealed sealed by a metal cap 22, for example in aluminum, glued on the upper or outer side of the intermediate lid 16.
  • the metal seal 22 constitutes a temporary filling pellet of the drum. It is provided at its center, on its underside towards the inside of the drum 10, a ballast domino 24 constituting weighting means whose function will appear later. As an example, by no means limiting, the mass of the ballast domino 24 can be about 50 g.
  • the intermediate lid 16 On its underside facing inwards of the barrel 10, the intermediate lid 16 comprises at less an anti-flotation member such as three legs 26 welded on the cover 16 and arranged at 120 ° each other on a circle centered on the axis of the lid 16.
  • the circle on which are arranged the legs 26 may have a diameter of 350 mm.
  • the legs 26 protrude downwardly inside the barrel 10, on a specific height, for example 45 mm. They thus maintain a minimum free space of the same height between the intermediate lid 16 and the above the stack of slabs 12 placed in the 10. This space helps promote flow subsequent blocking material 14 when the latter is injected into the drum.
  • the installation according to the invention comprises in addition a dynamic containment bell 28 (FIG. 1) under which is placed the upper part of the barrel 10 closed by the intermediate cover 16, when the blocking operation is performed.
  • the dynamic containment bell 28 is fixed. More precisely, it is fixed under a horizontal partition 30 which equips the workshop of conditioning.
  • means 34 (FIG. 3) able to vibrate the 10 are associated with the cylinder 32.
  • the latter is a vibrating cylinder.
  • an anti-fall system consisting of of fingers 35 connected by arms 37 to the partition horizontal 30.
  • the fingers 35 are placed under the tray cylinder and ensure its maintenance in this position, even in case of cylinder failure 32.
  • the barrels 10 are conveyed one after the other above the jack 32 by a conveyor 36, in order to to undergo the blocking operation. They are then evacuated from this station by the same conveyor 36.
  • the containment bell dynamic 28 supports in its center the ferrule 39, terminated at the bottom by a ring gear 38 (figure 1).
  • This ring gear 38 is placed in the axis of the opening 20 formed in the center of the lid intermediate 16 and its diameter is slightly lower to that of this opening.
  • the ring gear 38 is provided on the whole of its periphery with teeth of saw sharp and deep down. These saw teeth ensure the perforation of the seal 22 at the end of the rise of the shaft 10 under the bell of dynamic containment 28, just before the start of the injection locking material 14.
  • Holes 37 are drilled all around the support cylindrical toothed ring 38, at a level such that they are under the lid intermediate 16, at the end of the drilling operation of 22. These holes 37 avoid the setting depression of the seal 22 after the piercing and allow good air circulation.
  • the domino ballast 24 which is placed in the center of the lid 22 drives down, by gravity, the disc cut in the cover by the toothed crown 38.
  • the domino of ballast 24 ensures the drop of the disc in the drum and thus prevents this disc from staying inside the toothed ring 38 and to close the pipes which come out inside the crown. He avoids also to the disk to float on the surface on the material blocking 14.
  • the installation according to the invention comprises in addition means 40, for injecting the material of blocking 14 in the barrel 10.
  • injection means 40 which will be described in more detail later in Referring to FIG. 3, in particular include a nozzle injection 42 which opens inside the crown toothed 38, as shown in Figure 1.
  • the nozzle injection nozzle 42 is oriented downwards and disposed of preferably along the axis of the ring gear.
  • the installation according to the invention comprises furthermore means 44 for depressing the drum 10 and from inside the dynamic containment bell 28.
  • These means of depression 44 include in particular one or more air suction lines 46, which open into the ferrule 39 bearing the ring gear 38.
  • the pipe or conduits air suction 46 are connected to suction means 47 able to extract the contaminated air driven from the barrel 10, as and when the material is injected blocking 14, while maintaining a depression in the drum and inside the containment bell dynamic 28, compared to the external environment.
  • depression generated by the depression means 44 is, for example, about 2660 Pa.
  • the means of depression 44 include in addition very high efficiency filters 49 capable to retain all the contaminating dust contained in the sucked air.
  • the suction means 47 are advantageously doubled, in order to avoid any loss of confinement deterioration of the main vacuum system or a loss of power supply.
  • a deflector 48 is placed inside the ring gear 38, immediately under the injection head 42, to direct the material 14 to the periphery of the barrel 10. On eliminates any risk of clogging, even if temporary, ducts 46 for suction of air. Indeed, in the absence of deflector, a slope of blocking material could form on the top of the stack of patties 12.
  • the upper wall of the bell dynamic confinement 28 supports a laser detector 50 turned towards the intermediate lid 16.
  • the detector laser 50 can measure the distance that separates the containment bell 28 of the intermediate lid 16.
  • the laser detector 50 forms and means for positioning the low end at least one bubbling cane 52 at a predetermined level below the lid 22, after the perforation of it (two bubble rods 52 are used, preferably, as shown in Figure 1).
  • the distance measured by the laser detector 50 reaches a predetermined value, the raising of the barrel 10 ensured by the lift cylinder 32 is stopped.
  • the low ends of the bubbling canes 52 are then at a predetermined level below of the intermediate cover 16. The control of this positioning allows precise piloting of the level filling the barrel 10 with the blocking material 14, using the bubbling rods 52.
  • the lower parts of the canes of bubbling 52 ( Figure 1) are placed inside the ferrule 39 bearing the ring gear 38.
  • the level of low ends of the bubbling rods 52 is such that, when the barrel 10's rise was stopped in response to the measurement made by the laser detector 50, these ends are at a slightly lower level to that of the intermediate lid 16.
  • the low ends of the bubbling canes 52 may be 4 mm below the level of the intermediate lid 16.
  • Bubbling sticks 52 thus constitute means for detecting the filling 10. In other words, when canes bubbling 52 are blocked by the blocking material 14 at the end of the filling, it is certain that the cask is completely filled. The filling of the drum is therefore stopped.
  • FIG 3 there is shown schematically level detection means 54 to which are connected with the bubbling rods 52. These means 54 of level detection control automatic closing two level detection valves 56a and 56b, placed in a feed circuit of the nozzle 42 in blocking material 14. This supply circuit constitutes, with the injection nozzle 42, the means 40. A third valve 56c, located immediately upstream of the injection nozzle 42 serves relief valve and allows the control of the flushing of the supply circuit. She is ordered from the room of driving, by an all or nothing command.
  • the fuel system of the nozzle 42 comprises a closed circuit 58 connected to the injection nozzle 42 by a pipe 60 in which are placed the valves 56b and 56c.
  • the closed circuit 58 comprises a hopper 62 of filling and storage of blocking material 14.
  • the capacity of the hopper 62 is designed to allow the filling of at least one drum 10.
  • the hopper 62 is filled with the desired volume of blocking material, since a kneader (not shown), admitted by a pipe 64 through a valve 66.
  • the closed circuit 58 allows to circulate continuously and in a loop the material blocking 14, to prevent its caking, increase its life time and limit the effects of fouling pipes, before this material is injected in the drum 10. It is equipped for this purpose with means of such as a peristaltic pump 68.
  • the valve 56a controlled by the level detection system 54 is placed in the closed circuit 58, immediately downstream of the bypass by which the circuit 58 is connected to the injection nozzle 42 through the driving 60.
  • a pipe 74 provided with a valve 76, connects the water distribution network to the pipe 60 between two valves 56b and 56c placed thereon.
  • This pipe 74 allows, by injection of water under pressure, to flush the central and low parts of the injection nozzle 42 when the barrel that has just been filled was evacuated. It is put into action before the next barrel does not arrive below the bell of dynamic containment 28. Effluent recovery rinsing is carried out by a retractable tray (no represented) who comes to live under the bell of containment 28, instead of the barrel. Effluents are then directed to a specialized facility of treated water treatment.
  • valves 82 are provided in different locations in the closed circuit 58.
  • a pipe 84 provided with a valve 86 opens into the circuit 58, close to the suction of the means of 68.
  • This pipeline ensures the cleaning of the entire circuit, including the introduction of a foam ball, by the pipe 84, which ensures the evacuation of the residual blockage to a drain pipe 87, equipped with a stop valve 88.
  • the final rinse of the closed circuit is done by injecting clear water into the hopper 62 (pumping means 68 in operation) and recovery of effluents in the retractable tray then accosted under the bell 28.
  • a barrel 10 When a barrel 10 is conveyed to the station filling in which the blocking operation is realized in accordance with the invention, it contains the slabs 12 and its upper end is closed off sealed way by the crimped intermediate cover 16 whose central opening 20 is closed by the operculum 22.
  • the drum 10 As soon as the drum 10 is brought over the lift cylinder 32 by the conveyor 36, its displacement horizontal is stopped and the drum is raised to the position shown in Figure 1. In this position, controlled by the laser detectors 50, the cover 22 is perforated by the ring gear 38.
  • the disc cut into the operculum immediately falls on the stack of slabs 12, by gravity, because of the ballast domino mass 24.
  • the injection of the filling material 14 into the drum then starts under the action of the pumping means 68, after opening valves 56a and 56c placed in the pipe 60. Simultaneously, the barrel 10 is put in vibration by the vibrating means 34, associated with the cylinder 32.
  • the injection of the filling material 14 is continues until the bubbling canes 52 detect the arrival of the free level of the blocking material to immediate proximity of the intermediate lid 16.
  • the level detection means 54 then automatically close the valves 56a and 56b and the injection is stopped.
  • the jack 32 is again actuated to lower the barrel 10 on the conveyor 36 and route it to the next station where a cover outside (not shown) is put in place. More precisely, the outer cover is mounted on the barrel above the intermediate cover 16 and crimped on the bead 10a of the drum.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Basic Packing Technique (AREA)
  • Vacuum Packaging (AREA)

Claims (24)

  1. Verfahren zum Füllen von Fässern (10), die gefährliche Abfälle (12) enthalten, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es die folgenden Schritte umfaßt:
    Montage einer Zwischenabdeckung (16) auf einem Faß (10), wobei die Abdeckung eine Öffnung (20) aufweist, die durch einen Deckel (22) dicht verschlossen ist;
    Perforieren des Deckels durch eine Zahnkrone (38), die von einer Einschlußglocke (28) getragen wird, welche über ein Ende des Fasses (10) hängt, das durch die Zwischenabdeckung (16) geschlossen ist;
    Injizieren eines Blockiermaterials (14) in das Faß (10) durch ein Injektionsrohr (42), das sich innerhalb der Zahnkrone (38) befindet;
    Beaufschlagen des Fasses (10) und der Einschlußglocke (28) mit Unterdruck ab dem Ankoppeln des Fasses und während der Perforation und der Injektion.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem man das Ende des Füllens des Fasses (10) mit dem Blockiermaterial (14) erfaßt und die Injektion beendet.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, bei dem man das Ende des Füllens des Fasses mittels wenigstens eines Hohlraumrohrs (52) erfaßt, welches in das Innere der Zahnkrone (38) mündet.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, bei dem man das Ende des Hohlraumrohrs (52) in einer vorbestimmten Höhe unter dem Deckel (22) nach dessen Perforation positioniert.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem man den Deckel (22) mit Ballastmitteln (24) ausstattet, die die Entsorgung einer aus dem Deckel bei seiner Perforation ausgeschnittenen Scheibe mittels Gravitation in das Faß (10) sicherstellen.
  6. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem man
       den Deckel (22) perforiert, indem man das Faß (10) bezüglich einer festen Einschlußglocke (28) nach oben verlagert.
  7. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem man das Faß (10) während des Injizierens des Blockiermaterials (14) in Schwingung versetzt.
  8. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem man vor dem Injizieren des Blockiermaterials (14) dieses kontinuierlich in einem geschlossenen Kreislauf (58) zirkulieren läßt.
  9. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem man nach dem Injizieren des Blockiermaterials (14) in das Faß (10) eine Reinigung der Injektionsmittel (40) vornimmt.
  10. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem man nach dem Injizieren des Blockiermaterials (14) in das Faß (10) dieses von der Einschlußglocke (28) trennt und eine Außenabdeckung über der Zwischenabdeckung (16) auf dem Faß (10) platziert.
  11. Anlage zum Füllen von Fässern (10), die gefährliche Abfälle (12) enthalten, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie umfaßt:
    eine Zwischenabdeckung (16), die dazu ausgelegt ist, auf einem Faß (10) montiert zu werden, wobei die Abdeckung eine Öffnung (20) aufweist, die durch einen Deckel (22) dicht verschlossen ist;
    eine Einschlußglocke (28), die dazu ausgelegt ist, über das Ende des Fasses (10) zu hängen, das durch die Zwischenabdeckung geschlossen ist, wobei die Glocke eine Zahnkrone (38) trägt, die dazu ausgelegt ist, den Deckel (22) zu perforieren;
    Mittel (40) zum Injizieren eines Blockiermaterials (14), die in das Innere der Zahnkrone (38) münden; und
    Mittel (44) zum Beaufschlagen des Fasses (10) und der Einschlußglocke (28) mit Unterdruck.
  12. Anlage nach Anspruch 11, ferner umfassend Mittel (52, 54) zum Erfassen des Endes des Füllens des Fasses (10) mit dem Blockiermaterial (14).
  13. Anlage nach Anspruch 12, bei der die Mittel zum Erfassen des Endes des Füllens des Fasses (10) wenigstens ein Hohlraumrohr (52) umfassen, welches im Inneren der Zahnkrone (38) mündet.
  14. Anlage nach Anspruch 13, ferner umfassend Mittel (50) zum Positionieren des Endes des Hohlraumrohrs (52) in einer vorbestimmten Höhe unter dem Deckel (22).
  15. Anlage nach Anspruch 14, bei der die Mittel zum Positionieren des Endes des Hohlraumrohrs (52) einen Laserdetektor (50) umfassen, der auf der Einschlußglocke (28) montiert und dazu ausgelegt ist, den Abstand zwischen dieser und der Zwischenabdeckung (16) zu messen.
  16. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 15, bei der der Deckel (22) in einem Teil, der dazu ausgelegt ist, durch die Zahnkrone (38) perforiert zu werden, mit Ballastmitteln (24) ausgestattet ist.
  17. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 16, bei der die Zwischenabdeckung (16) an einer Fläche, die dazu ausgelegt ist, zum Inneren des Fasses (10) hin gerichtet zu sein, wenigstens ein Anti-Auftriebsorgan (26) umfaßt, das dazu ausgelegt ist, auf den radioaktiven Abfällen (12) um die Öffnung (20) herum anzuliegen, um einen freien Raum zwischen diesen Abfällen und der Zwischenabdeckung (16) zu schaffen.
  18. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 17, ferner umfassend Hebemittel (32), die dazu ausgelegt sind, das Faß (10) anzuheben, wobei die Einschlußglocke (28) an einer festen Stelle über den Hebemitteln montiert ist.
  19. Anlage nach Anspruch 18, bei der den Hebemitteln (32) Mittel (34) zugeordnet sind, die dazu ausgelegt sind, das Faß (10) schwingen zu lassen.
  20. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 19, bei der die Mittel (40) zum Injizieren des Blockiermaterials einen geschlossenen Kreislauf (58) umfassen, der mit einem Injektionskopf (42) für das Material verbunden ist, welcher in das Innere der Zahnkrone (38) mündet.
  21. Anlage nach Anspruch 20, bei der eine Ablenkeinrichtung (48) unter dem Injektionskopf (42) derart montiert ist, daß sie das Blockiermaterial (14) zu einem Umfangsbereich des Fasses (10) hin lenkt.
  22. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 20 und 21, bei dem der geschlossene Kreislauf (58) umfaßt:
    einen Trichter (62) zum Füllen und Speichern des Blockiermaterials; und
    Pumpmittel (68), die dazu ausgelegt sind, das Blockiermaterial vom Trichter (62) zum Injektionskopf (42) hin und kontinuierlich im geschlossenen Kreislauf zirkulieren zu lassen.
  23. Anlage nach Anspruch 22, bei der der geschlossene Kreislauf (58) ferner Reinigungsmittel (84, 74) für den Kreislauf und den Injektionskopf (42) umfaßt.
  24. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 23, bei der die Mittel (44) zur Beaufschlagung des Fasses (10) mit Unterdruck wenigstens eine Leitung (46) umfassen, welche die Einschlußglocke (28) über Filtermittel (49) mit Saugmitteln (47) verbindet.
EP99942973A 1998-09-16 1999-09-15 Verfahren und anlage zum füllen von fässern mit gefährlichem abfall Expired - Lifetime EP1116242B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9811562 1998-09-16
FR9811562A FR2783345B1 (fr) 1998-09-16 1998-09-16 Procede et installation de remplissage de futs contenant des dechets dangereux
PCT/FR1999/002190 WO2000016340A1 (fr) 1998-09-16 1999-09-15 Procede et installation de remplissage de futs contenant des dechets dangereux

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1116242A1 EP1116242A1 (de) 2001-07-18
EP1116242B1 true EP1116242B1 (de) 2003-11-19

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Country Link
US (1) US6666003B1 (de)
EP (1) EP1116242B1 (de)
JP (1) JP4369059B2 (de)
DE (1) DE69912970T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2783345B1 (de)
RU (1) RU2226728C2 (de)
UA (1) UA58610C2 (de)
WO (1) WO2000016340A1 (de)

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KR101960721B1 (ko) * 2017-09-28 2019-03-22 한국원자력연구원 방사성 폐기물 소결 고형체의 드럼 포장 방법
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WO2000016340A1 (fr) 2000-03-23
US6666003B1 (en) 2003-12-23
DE69912970D1 (de) 2003-12-24
JP2002525585A (ja) 2002-08-13
FR2783345B1 (fr) 2000-11-10
EP1116242A1 (de) 2001-07-18
DE69912970T2 (de) 2004-09-02
RU2226728C2 (ru) 2004-04-10
UA58610C2 (uk) 2003-08-15
FR2783345A1 (fr) 2000-03-17
JP4369059B2 (ja) 2009-11-18

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