EP1114856A1 - Procédé de captation du mercure et d'arsenic d'une coupe d'hydrocarbures distillée - Google Patents
Procédé de captation du mercure et d'arsenic d'une coupe d'hydrocarbures distillée Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1114856A1 EP1114856A1 EP00403581A EP00403581A EP1114856A1 EP 1114856 A1 EP1114856 A1 EP 1114856A1 EP 00403581 A EP00403581 A EP 00403581A EP 00403581 A EP00403581 A EP 00403581A EP 1114856 A1 EP1114856 A1 EP 1114856A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mercury
- mass
- distillation
- arsenic
- cut
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000008130 destillate Substances 0.000 title 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 title 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 229940008718 metallic mercury Drugs 0.000 description 11
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000287107 Passer Species 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940082150 encore Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001415961 Gaviidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical group [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002731 mercury compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G25/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G67/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only
- C10G67/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only
- C10G67/06—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only including a sorption process as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G65/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only
- C10G65/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only
- C10G65/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only including only refining steps
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G67/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for removing mercury and possibly arsenic. of a hydrocarbon feed, comprising on the one hand a stage of distillation of the charge and on the other hand (a) at least one unit of mercury capture carried out in two stages (a catalytic stage of decomposition and a stage of adsorption of mercury) carried out on at least one of the distillation cuts and (b) at least one gas or liquid demercurization unit performed on at least one of the cuts.
- liquid condensates by-products of gas production
- some crude oils may contain many metallic compounds in the form of traces and often in the form of organometallic complexes. These compounds metallic are very often poisons of the catalysts used during transformation of these cuts into commercial products.
- Mercury is particularly toxic for the activity of precious metals and moreover is a powerful corrosive to aluminum parts, seals and welds.
- US patent 4,911,825 of the applicant clearly shows the advantage to capture mercury and possibly arsenic in a process by two step.
- the first step is to contact the load in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst containing at least one metal from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron and palladium.
- Mercury is not (or very little) captured by the catalyst but it is activated on this catalyst so as to be captured, in the second stage, by a mass containing sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds.
- patent FR 9214224 of the applicant describes a process in two stages as described above but with a stage of distillation of the charge after the first step, the metallic mercury from the first step is thus divided into different sections, and enriched the light fractions which are then treated with an adsorption mass of metallic mercury, as described above.
- patent JP103377 describes a process comprising a first step of heat treatment of the charge at a temperature above 200 ° C. to decompose all the mercury species present in the charge into metallic mercury, which can then be adsorbed on a sulfide metallic.
- US Pat. No. 4,094,777 describes a process which makes it possible, using an adsorbent mass consisting of a metal sulfide, to capture mercury in metallic form, in the gas or liquid phase.
- the present invention makes it possible to implement and in combination the technologies previous. Instead of directly treating the load by either method cited above, it has been discovered that by previously distilling the charge in view to obtain various cuts, the mercury (and possibly arsenic) was distributed differently in these cuts. Generally speaking, metallic mercury is more concentrated in the lighter cut (s), the compounds of mercury (organometallic in particular) rather concentrated in the heaviest cut (s), while sludge is found essentially in the heaviest cut.
- the object of the invention therefore relates to a first stage of charge distillation treated, at temperatures between the initial point and the end point of the load in question. These temperatures are therefore between 20 ° C and 600 ° C.
- the object is not not here, as in patent JP103377 to decompose the compounds organomercuric in metallic mercury, but to carry out a distillation in several cuts, which allows however to decompose a good part.
- the prior splitting of the above charges to be demercurized makes it possible to concentrate a large part of the metallic mercury in the lightest cuts.
- an increase in the mercury concentration was observed in the light cuts obtained after the fractionation stage, mercury obtained in particular by decomposition of organometallic compounds of mercury or by decomposition thermal of sludges in which mercury is present. It was thus observed a drop in the mercury concentration in the heaviest cuts, for the benefit of the lightest cuts, which are enriched in mercury.
- this distillation stage has the advantage of concentrating in the part the heavier of the distillate, the suspended particles called sludges and formed of solid mineral compounds (silica, etc.) and / or heavy hydrocarbons, in the form condensed, in which the mercury that was present in metallic form or organometallic has been decomposed under the effect of temperature.
- the distilled charge is a condensate containing mercury and arsenic contents of 500 and 200 ppb respectively and a sludge content of 2000 ppm (containing from 1 to 5% by weight of mercury).
- the charge is distilled in five sections and the distributions of mercury and arsenic are presented on the following two graphs:
- the sludges present in the load and which additionally contain of the mercury is found after distillation in the heaviest cut (> 170 ° C according to example) and are also completely demercurized.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Le brevet US4094777 de la demanderesse décrit un procédé permettant, à l'aide d'une masse adsorbante constituée d'un sulfure métallique, la captation du mercure sous forme métallique, en phase gaz ou liquide.
| Coupes | Pi-36°C | 36-70°C | 70-100°C | 100-170°C | >170°C |
| Types de mercure | Hg° | Hg° | Hg° | OM | OM |
Claims (7)
- Procédé d'élimination de mercure et éventuellement d'arsenic d'une charge hydrocarbonée comprenant :procédé dans lequel en outre, on fait passer sur une masse de captation du mercure, éventuellement éventuellement d'arsenic, au moins une coupe dite légère en provenance de la distillation.1) une distillation de la charge hydrocarbonée de façon à obtenir au moins une coupe légère et au moins une coupe lourde,2) un traitement d'au moins une dite coupe lourde lequel traitement comporte deux étapes:une première étape de mise en contact de la coupe dite lourde avec de l'hydrogène et un catalyseur,une deuxième étape consistant à faire passer l'effluent de la première étape sur une masse de captation de mercure, éventuellement d'arsenic,
- Procédé selon la revendication 1 dans lequel au cours de la dite première étape, le catalyseur renferme au moins un métal choisi dans le groupe constitué par le nickel, le cobalt, le fer et le palladium.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 2 dans lequel au cours de la dite deuxième étape, la masse de captation ou masse adsorbante renferme du soufre et/ou au moins un composé soufré.
- Procédé selon la revendication 3 dans lequel la masse de captation renferme au moins un sulfure métallique déposé sur un support.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3 dans lequel la masse de captation sur laquelle on fait passer au moins la coupe dite légère, renferme du soufre et/ou au moins un composé soufré.
- Procédé selon la revendication 5 dans lequel la dite masse de captation renferme au moins un sulfure métallique déposé sur un support.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6 dans lequel la distillation est effectuée entre 120 et 500°C.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0000248A FR2803597B1 (fr) | 2000-01-07 | 2000-01-07 | Procede de captation du mercure et d'arsenic d'une coupe d'hydrocarbures distillee |
| FR0000248 | 2000-01-07 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1114856A1 true EP1114856A1 (fr) | 2001-07-11 |
| EP1114856B1 EP1114856B1 (fr) | 2006-06-28 |
Family
ID=8845753
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00403581A Expired - Lifetime EP1114856B1 (fr) | 2000-01-07 | 2000-12-18 | Procédé de captation du mercure et d'arsenic d'une coupe d'hydrocarbures distillée |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6878265B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1114856B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP5384775B2 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR100733799B1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2330457C (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE60029079T2 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2265898T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2803597B1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU2003225424B2 (en) * | 2002-04-03 | 2008-02-28 | Saudi Basic Industries Corporation | A process for the removal of arsine from a hydrocarbon stream with an adsorbent |
| FR2876113B1 (fr) * | 2004-10-06 | 2008-12-12 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede de captation selective de l'arsenic dans les essences riches en soufre et en olefines |
| WO2006090597A1 (fr) * | 2005-02-24 | 2006-08-31 | Jgc Corporation | Appareil pour enlever le mercure dans l’hydrocarbure liquide |
| FR2987368B1 (fr) | 2012-02-27 | 2015-01-16 | Axens | Procede d'elimination de mercure contenu dans une charge hydrocarbure avec recycle d'hydrogene |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4911825A (en) * | 1988-03-10 | 1990-03-27 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Process for elimination of mercury and possibly arsenic in hydrocarbons |
| FR2644472A1 (fr) * | 1989-03-16 | 1990-09-21 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede pour l'elimination du mercure et eventuellement d'arsenic dans les hydrocarbures |
| FR2698372A1 (fr) * | 1992-11-24 | 1994-05-27 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procédé d'élimination de mercure et éventuellement d'arsenic dans des hydrocarbures. |
| US5401392A (en) * | 1989-03-16 | 1995-03-28 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Process for eliminating mercury and possibly arsenic in hydrocarbons |
| US5601701A (en) * | 1993-02-08 | 1997-02-11 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Process for the elimination of mercury from hydrocarbons by passage over a presulphurated catalyst |
| US5989506A (en) * | 1996-12-18 | 1999-11-23 | Uop Llc | Process for the removal and recovery of mercury from hydrocarbon streams |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2578514B2 (ja) * | 1989-03-03 | 1997-02-05 | 三井石油化学工業株式会社 | 液体炭化水素化合物中の水銀の除去方法 |
| JPH10110173A (ja) * | 1996-08-16 | 1998-04-28 | Jgc Corp | 液状炭化水素中の有害化合物の除去方法 |
| JP3624671B2 (ja) * | 1997-01-13 | 2005-03-02 | 太陽テクノサービス株式会社 | 炭化水素留分中の微量金属の吸着除去方法 |
| FR2758278B1 (fr) * | 1997-01-15 | 1999-02-19 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyseur comprenant un sulfure mixte et utilisation en hydroraffinage et hydroconversion d'hydrocarbures |
| FR2764214B1 (fr) * | 1997-06-10 | 1999-07-16 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et masses de captation pour l'elimination du mercure et de l'arsenic dans les coupes hydrocarbonees |
-
2000
- 2000-01-07 FR FR0000248A patent/FR2803597B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-18 ES ES00403581T patent/ES2265898T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-18 EP EP00403581A patent/EP1114856B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-18 DE DE60029079T patent/DE60029079T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-28 JP JP2000399663A patent/JP5384775B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-01-02 CA CA2330457A patent/CA2330457C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-01-04 KR KR1020010000335A patent/KR100733799B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-01-05 US US09/754,321 patent/US6878265B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4911825A (en) * | 1988-03-10 | 1990-03-27 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Process for elimination of mercury and possibly arsenic in hydrocarbons |
| FR2644472A1 (fr) * | 1989-03-16 | 1990-09-21 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede pour l'elimination du mercure et eventuellement d'arsenic dans les hydrocarbures |
| US5401392A (en) * | 1989-03-16 | 1995-03-28 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Process for eliminating mercury and possibly arsenic in hydrocarbons |
| FR2698372A1 (fr) * | 1992-11-24 | 1994-05-27 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procédé d'élimination de mercure et éventuellement d'arsenic dans des hydrocarbures. |
| US5601701A (en) * | 1993-02-08 | 1997-02-11 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Process for the elimination of mercury from hydrocarbons by passage over a presulphurated catalyst |
| US5989506A (en) * | 1996-12-18 | 1999-11-23 | Uop Llc | Process for the removal and recovery of mercury from hydrocarbon streams |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1114856B1 (fr) | 2006-06-28 |
| ES2265898T3 (es) | 2007-03-01 |
| FR2803597A1 (fr) | 2001-07-13 |
| JP5384775B2 (ja) | 2014-01-08 |
| CA2330457A1 (fr) | 2001-07-07 |
| JP2001226681A (ja) | 2001-08-21 |
| DE60029079D1 (de) | 2006-08-10 |
| DE60029079T2 (de) | 2006-11-16 |
| KR100733799B1 (ko) | 2007-07-02 |
| CA2330457C (fr) | 2010-03-30 |
| US20020139721A1 (en) | 2002-10-03 |
| US6878265B2 (en) | 2005-04-12 |
| FR2803597B1 (fr) | 2003-09-05 |
| KR20010088308A (ko) | 2001-09-26 |
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