EP1085532A1 - Actionneur électromagnétique muni de deux ressorts de rappel - Google Patents
Actionneur électromagnétique muni de deux ressorts de rappel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1085532A1 EP1085532A1 EP00410104A EP00410104A EP1085532A1 EP 1085532 A1 EP1085532 A1 EP 1085532A1 EP 00410104 A EP00410104 A EP 00410104A EP 00410104 A EP00410104 A EP 00410104A EP 1085532 A1 EP1085532 A1 EP 1085532A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- spring
- stop
- fixed core
- core
- active position
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
- H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
- H01F7/16—Rectilinearly-movable armatures
- H01F7/1607—Armatures entering the winding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
- H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
- H01F7/121—Guiding or setting position of armatures, e.g. retaining armatures in their end position
- H01F7/123—Guiding or setting position of armatures, e.g. retaining armatures in their end position by ancillary coil
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
- H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
- H01F7/121—Guiding or setting position of armatures, e.g. retaining armatures in their end position
- H01F7/124—Guiding or setting position of armatures, e.g. retaining armatures in their end position by mechanical latch, e.g. detent
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
- H01H71/10—Operating or release mechanisms
- H01H71/12—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
- H01H71/24—Electromagnetic mechanisms
- H01H71/2454—Electromagnetic mechanisms characterised by the magnetic circuit or active magnetic elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
- H01H71/10—Operating or release mechanisms
- H01H71/12—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
- H01H71/24—Electromagnetic mechanisms
- H01H71/2463—Electromagnetic mechanisms with plunger type armatures
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electromagnetic actuator, in particular for a trip device for electrical switchgear.
- FIG. 7 represents an actuator known from the state of the art.
- This actuator 110 comprises a fixed magnetic circuit 112 of ferromagnetic material formed by a carcass, closed at one end on a fixed core 122.
- a mobile assembly 114 is capable of sliding parallel to a fixed geometric axis and comprises a core mobile 116 and a rod 118 associated with the mobile core and passing axially through a opening of the fixed core 122.
- a helical compression spring 140 recalls the moving element 114 towards a rest position.
- a coil with two fixed windings 130, 132 is mounted inside the carcass and surrounds the movable core 116. This winding is capable of generating in the circuit magnetic a magnetic control flux so as to train the moving part towards the fixed core, against the action of the spring 140 to an active position.
- Such a device is conventionally used in current emission trip devices (MX) as well as a closing electromagnet (XF) of a circuit breaker.
- MX current emission trip devices
- XF closing electromagnet
- an inrush current flowing in the two coils 130, 132 causes displacement of the movable core 116 and, consequently, of the rod 118 which then projects outwards, thus allowing either the opening of the circuit breaker associated in the case of a current emission release (MX), i.e. its closing in the case of a closing electromagnet (XF). So it's electromagnetic energy supplied by the coils 130, 132 during the call phase which causes the actuation of the circuit breaker.
- MX current emission release
- XF closing electromagnet
- the rod 118 must be able to do the work mechanical necessary to move the lock with which it is associated, this work corresponding to the energy supplied by the winding 130, 132 in the call phase.
- the call phase is followed by a hold phase, during which only one of the two coils 130, 132 is supplied.
- a minimum axial air gap is maintained by the interposition of a spacer 141 between the movable core and the fixed core.
- the dimensioning of the various elements, in particular of the spring and the minimum air gap in the active position is difficult.
- the potential energy of the spring contracted which alone ensures return to the rest position, must be large enough to defeat remanent magnetic energy.
- the presence of the air gap makes it possible to limit the bonding effect but it induces a risk of unwanted takeoff, that is to say of return involuntary towards the rest position, in particular in response to a mechanical shock on the rod or significant vibration of the moving part. If we choose to decrease the air gap, the potential energy of the spring must therefore be increased accordingly reminder, so that we also increase the call energy necessary to bring the moving part in the active position.
- the effect of the spring with less stiffness is predominant, so that the moving part is subjected to a significant acceleration.
- the kinetic energy accumulated by the moving part is important.
- the axial air gap is reduced, so that during the second phase of activation, contraction of the second spring is possible.
- the zero gap between the movable core against the fixed core contributes to a decrease in the supply energy of the winding necessary to maintain the actuator in the active position. It allows to provide better resistance to shocks and mechanical vibrations.
- the increase in the magnetic remanence effect which results from the absence of air gap is compensated by the second spring.
- the first spring is disposed between the fixed core and the movable stop
- the second spring is disposed between the movable stop and the movable assembly, so that in the first part of the stroke, the two springs cooperate in series, and that in the second part of the stroke, only the second spring continues to work.
- k 1 is the stiffness of the first spring and k 2 that of the second spring
- the stiffness of the system in the first phase is k 1 k 2 / (k 1 + k 2 ), a value which will be all the closer to k 1 that k 2 will be large before k 1 .
- the stiffness of the system is worth k 2 .
- This series arrangement is particularly advantageous when it is sought to reduce the radial dimensions of the actuator and the diameter of the coil as a priority.
- the first spring is disposed between the fixed core and the movable assembly while the second spring is disposed between the fixed core and the second stop, so that in the first part of the stroke, the first spring is only working and that in the second part of the stroke, the two springs cooperate in parallel.
- the stiffness in the first phase is then equal to k 1
- the stiffness in the second phase is equal to k 1 + k 2 , a value which is all the closer to k 2 as k 2 becomes larger before k 1 .
- the ratio k 1 / k 2 is less than 1/10, for example of the order of 1/20. It is clear that the displacement / force characteristic obtained by two springs is sharper than what a single spring of variable stiffness could offer, which makes it possible to respond optimally to the non-linearity and the remanence of the magnetic circuit. , by using only standard parts of reduced cost.
- a high sensitivity electromagnetic actuator 10 for electric circuit breaker comprises a non-polarized fixed magnetic circuit 12, cooperating with a movable assembly 14 formed by a movable core 16 sliding associated with an actuator 18 made of non-magnetic material.
- the magnetic circuit is formed by a ferromagnetic carcass 20 in the form of a frame, enclosing on one side on a fixed core 22 of ferromagnetic material, and on the side opposite on a tubular sheath 24 of ferromagnetic material extending axially towards the inside of the carcass 20 and surrounding a part of the movable core 16 with interposition of a uniform radial air gap.
- the fixed core 22 has a bore axial through widening towards the inside of the carcass by a first recess 25 and a second chamber 26.
- Two control coils 30, 32 are mounted coaxially end to end in a cylindrical sheath 34 of insulating material, inside the carcass 20.
- the actuating member 18 consists of a holding rod 36 and a rod pusher 38 disposed axially in the extension of one another and separated by a collar 39.
- the tubular sheath 24 and the bore of the fixed core 22 determine a geometric axis guide of the moving crew.
- the movable core 16 slides axially inside sheath 24 between a rest position and an active position.
- the moving core is provided with an axial through bore, for housing the holding rod 36 of the actuating member 18.
- the bore of the movable core makes, on the side facing the fixed core 22, a seat serving as a seat for the collar 39 of the actuating member 18.
- the push rod 38 extends outside the carcass through the fixed core 22.
- the bore of the fixed core 22 forms an axial guide for the push rod 38.
- the rod pusher 38 is intended to cooperate, directly or via a striker fitted at its end, with a lock (not shown) of a mechanism of a circuit breaker.
- the first recess 25 of the fixed core 22 forms a seat on which rests a end of a first compression return spring 40 and a housing for the spring 40.
- the other end of the spring 40 is supported on a washer 42 free to move axially on the push rod 38.
- the second recess 26 of the fixed core 22 forms a bearing for the washer 42 between the intermediate position of FIG. 2 and the active position of FIG. 3.
- a second compression spring 44 carries by a end on the collar 39 of the actuating member and by the other end on the washer 42.
- the first spring 40 has a stiffness whose value k 1 is much less than the stiffness k 2 of the second spring 44.
- the ratio k 1 / k 2 is less than 1/10, for example of the order of 1 / 20.
- the two control coils 30, 32 form part of an excitation circuit 48 of the type known visible in FIG. 4, and described for example in document FR-A-2 290 009, with a four-element rectifier bridge 50, of the Graetz type, allowing either DC or AC power supply.
- a first of the two coils, called call coil 30, in coarse wire, is placed in the diagonal called current continuous from the bridge.
- the other diagonal is coupled to the power supply continuous or alternating via an isolation contact 52.
- the other coil, called holding coil 32, in fine wire is connected in parallel on the branch of the circuit consisting of bridge 50 and isolation contact 52.
- a general contact 54 conditions the circuit supply.
- the isolation contact 52 closed when the the actuator and open when the moving part has arrived in the vicinity of its position active, conditions the power supply to the bridge.
- the closing of the main contact 54 and of the isolation contact 52 causes the two coils 30, 32 to be fed.
- the magnetic flux generates forces which propel the mobile core 16 to the right in FIGS. 1 to 3. These electromagnetic forces are fully transmitted to the actuating member 18 then to the washer 42 via the second spring 44, then to the fixed core 22 via the first spring 40.
- the two springs 40, 44 are subjected to the same forces - if we neglect the very low mass of the washer 42 - but the deformation of the first spring 40 is preponderant compared to that of the second spring 44, due to the difference in stiffness.
- the equivalent stiffness of the assembly constituted by the two springs in this phase is indeed worth k 1 k 2 / (k 1 + k 2 ), a value which will be all the closer to k 1 as k 2 is large in front of k 1 .
- the 2 to 3 mm stroke following to abscissa B constitute the useful race during which the end of the push rod strikes a latch of a circuit breaker mechanism and causes its pivoting.
- This lock can be an opening lock, if the actuator is integrated into a current release release (MX), or a closing lock, if the actuator is integrated with a closing command (XF). In all cases, it is therefore the energy electromagnetic supplied by the excitation circuit, and possibly partly kinetic energy accumulated during the previous dead race and transmitted during the percussion, which cause the lock state to change.
- the antagonistic action of the return spring system 40, 44 is very weak, due to its equivalent low stiffness.
- the first spring comes to lodge entirely in the first recess 25 of the fixed core 22 and the washer 42 abuts in contact with the bearing surface formed by the second recess 26. Beyond this position, the behavior of the device changes.
- the continued movement of the moving element 14 towards its active position, at the abscissa E corresponding to the position shown in FIG. 3, causes additional deformation of the only second spring 44, and the equivalent stiffness of the system is equal to the stiffness k 2 of the second spring 44, hence the change in slope of the curve 64.
- the axial air gap between the movable core 16 and the fixed core 22 is reduced until it is canceled out in FIG. 3.
- the isolation contact 52 opens at the abscissa D, so that only the holding coil 32 remains energized, generating a sufficient magnetic flux to maintain the moving element 14 in position active, against the cumulative force of the first spring 40 and the second spring 44 which are housed in the second recess 26.
- the potential energy of the second spring 44 is sufficient to cause detachment of the movable core 16 despite the residual field in the magnetic circuit 12.
- the first spring 40 by relaxing, provides the work residual mechanics necessary for the return of the moving assembly 14 to its position of rest.
- the excitation circuit can take any known form allowing the application of a high power sufficient to drive the moving part from its rest position to its active position during a call phase, then of a lower power, sufficient to keeping the moving part in the active position during a holding phase.
- the end of the call phase can be controlled by the movement of the moving equipment, as described for example in the first embodiment, or not, as described by example in document FR-A-2 133 652.
- the windings can be connected by series rather than parallel, as described in document FR-A-2 290 010.
- the difference in excitation between the two phases can also be obtained with a single coil, which can be ordered by the network during the call phase and then in the form chopped by a pulse generator in the holding phase.
- the two springs can be arranged in various ways to obtain the desired differentiation between the first part of the stroke, during which the assembly of the two springs behaves like a spring whose characteristic is approximately or exactly equal to that of the spring. of lower stiffness, and the second part of the stroke, during which the assembly of the two springs behaves like a spring whose characteristic is approximately or exactly equal to that of the spring of higher stiffness.
- FIG. 6 schematically represents an alternative embodiment, in the rest position, in the intermediate position and in the active position.
- the lower stiffness spring 40 is the only one working during the first part of the stroke whereas in the second part of the stroke the two springs 40, 44 work in parallel, with an equivalent stiffness k 1 + k 2 , which is d 'as close to k 2 as the latter value is large before k 1 .
- the washer 42 acts as a movable stop and cooperates with a stop constituted by a recess of the movable core 16.
Abstract
Description
- un circuit magnétique fixe en matériau ferromagnétique comprenant :
- une carcasse et
- un noyau fixe situé à une extrémité de la carcasse et relié à celle-ci,
- un équipage mobile apte à coulisser le long d'un axe géométrique fixe entre une
position de repos et une position active et destiné à effectuer un travail
mécanique en passant de sa position de repos à sa position active, l'équipage
mobile comportant :
- un noyau mobile dont l'entrefer axial avec le noyau fixe se réduit lorsque l'équipage mobile passe de sa position de repos à sa position active, l'entrefer axial entre le noyau mobile et le noyau fixe étant nul en position active,
- un organe d'actionnement associé au noyau mobile,
- un premier ressort de rappel sollicitant l'équipage mobile vers sa position de repos,
- un circuit d'excitation comportant au moins une bobine fixe de commande apte à engendrer dans le circuit magnétique un flux magnétique de commande qui s'oppose à l'action du premier ressort, le circuit d'excitation étant apte à passer d'un mode d'appel dans lequel il délivre une puissance élevée suffisante pour entraíner l'équipage mobile de sa position de repos à sa position active, à un mode de maintien dans lequel il délivre une puissance moindre, suffisante pour le maintien de l'équipage mobile en position active,
- un deuxième ressort de raideur plus élevée que celle du premier ressort, apte à rappeler élastiquement l'équipage mobile vers sa position de repos,
- une première butée,
- une deuxième butée, mobile et apte à coopérer au moins avec le deuxième ressort et avec la première butée de telle manière que dans une première partie de la course axiale de l'équipage mobile de sa position de repos à sa position active, la deuxième butée ne soit pas en contact avec la première butée et l'action du premier ressort soit prépondérante, et que dans la course restante jusqu'à la position active, la deuxième butée soit immobilisée par rapport à la première butée et l'action du deuxième ressort soit prépondérante.
- la figure 1 représente une vue en coupe d'un actionneur selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, en position de repos ;
- la figure 2 représente l'actionneur selon le premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, en position intermédiaire ;
- la figure 3 représente l'actionneur selon le premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, en position active ;
- la figure 4 représente un schéma électrique d'un circuit d'excitation de l'actionneur selon le premier mode de réalisation de l'invention ;
- la figure 5 représente les courbes caractéristiques des forces en jeu lors de l'activation de l'actionneur, en fonctions de la course effectuée ;
- la figure 6 représente un schéma simplifié d'un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention en position de repos, en position intermédiaire et en position active ;
- la figure 7, déjà commentée, représente un actionneur de l'état de la technique.
Claims (4)
- Actionneur électromagnétique (10) comportant :un circuit magnétique fixe (12) en matériau ferromagnétique comprenant :une carcasse (20) etun noyau fixe (22) situé à une extrémité de la carcasse et relié à celle-ci,un équipage mobile (14) apte à coulisser le long d'un axe géométrique fixe entre une position de repos et une position active et destiné à effectuer un travail mécanique en passant de sa position de repos à sa position active, l'équipage mobile (14) comportant :un noyau mobile (16) dont l'entrefer axial avec le noyau fixe (22) se réduit lorsque l'équipage mobile (14) passe de sa position de repos à sa position active,un organe d'actionnement (18) associé au noyau mobile (16),un premier ressort de rappel (40) sollicitant l'équipage mobile (16) vers sa position de repos,un circuit d'excitation (48) comportant au moins une bobine fixe de commande (30, 32) apte à engendrer dans le circuit magnétique (12) un flux magnétique de commande qui s'oppose à l'action du premier ressort (40), le circuit d'excitation (48) étant apte à passer d'un mode d'appel dans lequel il délivre une puissance élevée suffisante pour entraíner l'équipage mobile (14) de sa position de repos à sa position active, à un mode de maintien dans lequel il délivre une puissance moindre, suffisante pour le maintien de l'équipage mobile (14) en position active,un deuxième ressort (44) de raideur plus élevée que celle du premier ressort, apte à rappeler élastiquement l'équipage mobile (14) vers sa position de repos,une première butée (26),une deuxième butée (42), mobile et apte à coopérer au moins avec le deuxième ressort (44) et avec la première butée (26) de telle manière que dans une première partie de la course axiale de l'équipage mobile (14) de sa position de repos à sa position active, la deuxième butée (42) ne soit pas en contact avec la première butée (26) et l'action du premier ressort soit prépondérante, et que dans la course restante jusqu'à la position active, la deuxième butée (42) soit immobilisée par rapport à la première butée (26) et l'action du deuxième ressort soit prépondérante.
- Actionneur selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que le premier ressort (40) est disposé entre le noyau fixe (22) et la deuxième butée (42), et en ce que le deuxième ressort (44) est disposé entre la deuxième butée (42) et l'équipage mobile (14), de sorte que dans la première partie de la course, les deux ressorts (40, 44) coopèrent en série, et que dans la deuxième partie de la course, seul le deuxième ressort (44) continue à travailler.
- Actionneur selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que le premier ressort (40) est disposé entre le noyau fixe (22) et l'équipage mobile (14) en ce que le deuxième ressort (44) est disposé entre le noyau fixe (22) et la deuxième butée (42), de sorte que dans la première partie de la course, le premier ressort (40) est seul à travailler et que dans la deuxième partie de la course, les deux ressorts (40, 44) coopèrent en parallèle.
- Actionneur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le rapport k1 / k2 est inférieur à 1/10, par exemple de l'ordre de 1/20.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9911696A FR2798506B1 (fr) | 1999-09-15 | 1999-09-15 | Actionneur electromagnetique muni de deux ressorts de rappel |
FR9911696 | 1999-09-15 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1085532A1 true EP1085532A1 (fr) | 2001-03-21 |
EP1085532B1 EP1085532B1 (fr) | 2007-08-01 |
Family
ID=9550008
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00410104A Expired - Lifetime EP1085532B1 (fr) | 1999-09-15 | 2000-08-30 | Actionneur électromagnétique muni de deux ressorts de rappel |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6265957B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1085532B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2001103724A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE60035748T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2798506B1 (fr) |
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US5287939A (en) * | 1991-03-20 | 1994-02-22 | Muncie Power Products, Inc. | Electronic solenoid shifted power takeoff device |
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JPS58164122A (ja) * | 1982-03-24 | 1983-09-29 | 株式会社ナブコ | 流体圧力スイツチ |
DE3407524A1 (de) * | 1984-03-01 | 1985-09-05 | Fichtel & Sachs Ag, 8720 Schweinfurt | Torsionsschwingungsdaempfer mit weichem uebergang zwischen zwei federsystemen |
AU608282B2 (en) * | 1987-02-19 | 1991-03-28 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Electromagnetic contactor with energy balanced closing system |
JPH03297019A (ja) * | 1990-04-16 | 1991-12-27 | Meidensha Corp | 電磁操作開閉器 |
DE19504849A1 (de) * | 1995-02-15 | 1996-08-22 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Kraftstoffeinspritzeinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschinen |
DE19530798A1 (de) * | 1995-08-22 | 1997-02-27 | Fev Motorentech Gmbh & Co Kg | Verfahren zur Erkennung des Auftreffens eines Ankers auf einen Elektromagneten an einer elektromagnetischen Schaltanordnung |
US6091314A (en) * | 1998-06-05 | 2000-07-18 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Piezoelectric booster for an electromagnetic actuator |
GB9820243D0 (en) * | 1998-09-18 | 1998-11-11 | Kelsey Hayes Co | Electrical actuator |
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1999
- 1999-09-15 FR FR9911696A patent/FR2798506B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-07-26 US US09/625,500 patent/US6265957B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-08-16 JP JP2000246858A patent/JP2001103724A/ja active Pending
- 2000-08-30 DE DE60035748T patent/DE60035748T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-08-30 EP EP00410104A patent/EP1085532B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3988706A (en) * | 1975-04-10 | 1976-10-26 | Circle Seal Corporation | Solenoid actuating mechanism with variable rate energy storing means |
EP0501695A1 (fr) * | 1991-02-27 | 1992-09-02 | Lucas Industries Public Limited Company | Solénoide à sûreté intégrée |
US5287939A (en) * | 1991-03-20 | 1994-02-22 | Muncie Power Products, Inc. | Electronic solenoid shifted power takeoff device |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1265259A1 (fr) * | 2001-06-08 | 2002-12-11 | Isuzu Motors Limited | Actionneur électromagnétique |
US6590483B2 (en) | 2001-06-08 | 2003-07-08 | Isuzu Motors Limited | Electromagnetic solenoid actuator |
FR2940510A1 (fr) * | 2008-12-22 | 2010-06-25 | Hager Electro Sas | Dispositif de declenchement magnetique pour appareil de protection de ligne a au moins deux poles proteges |
CN101783225B (zh) * | 2010-02-08 | 2011-09-28 | 冶金自动化研究设计院 | 一种冲击式电磁铁 |
FR2990483A1 (fr) * | 2012-05-14 | 2013-11-15 | Valeo Sys Controle Moteur Sas | Dispositif de verrouillage pour un systeme de transmission du mouvement d'au moins une came a au moins une soupape |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1085532B1 (fr) | 2007-08-01 |
JP2001103724A (ja) | 2001-04-13 |
FR2798506B1 (fr) | 2001-11-09 |
US6265957B1 (en) | 2001-07-24 |
DE60035748D1 (de) | 2007-09-13 |
DE60035748T2 (de) | 2008-04-24 |
FR2798506A1 (fr) | 2001-03-16 |
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