EP1085259B1 - Vorrichtung zum Verbrennen biogener Brennstoffe - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zum Verbrennen biogener Brennstoffe Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1085259B1 EP1085259B1 EP20000115970 EP00115970A EP1085259B1 EP 1085259 B1 EP1085259 B1 EP 1085259B1 EP 20000115970 EP20000115970 EP 20000115970 EP 00115970 A EP00115970 A EP 00115970A EP 1085259 B1 EP1085259 B1 EP 1085259B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- combustion
- combustion chamber
- gas duct
- grate
- primary
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
- F23G7/10—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
- F23B5/00—Combustion apparatus with arrangements for burning uncombusted material from primary combustion
- F23B5/04—Combustion apparatus with arrangements for burning uncombusted material from primary combustion in separate combustion chamber; on separate grate
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for burning biogenic fuels in lumpy shape with a primary combustion chamber in which the primary combustion takes place and which comprises a grate on its underside and a structurally separate one Secondary combustion chamber in which the burnout takes place, whereby a Fuel gas duct to connect the primary combustion chamber and the secondary combustion chamber is provided.
- Firing systems with primary combustion chambers and secondary combustion chambers, in which the burnout occurs are on the one hand in the form of so-called Known fire boilers known. These are the secondary combustion chamber or burnout chamber arranged below the primary combustion chamber. In the bottom plate the primary combustion chamber is provided with a central slot through which the Fuel gases are sucked into the burnout chamber. These are boilers very effective and there is a safe ignition of the carbonization gases, as these on flow through the ember bed on their way to the burnout chamber. flames demolitions thus hardly occur.
- it is a disadvantage of these fall fire boilers that separation of the combustion residues in the form of ash from the unburned Charcoal is not possible. When emptying the primary combustion chamber unburned material is also removed. In addition, this is emptying relatively complex for the user.
- Have conventional fall fire boilers further the disadvantage of a relatively short service life (max. 5 years) and the long one Replacement cost of the refractory floor.
- the so-called grate boilers are also known. With these is the base plate the primary combustion chamber is designed as a grate or in the base plate of the primary combustion chamber a grate is provided and the secondary combustion chamber is on the side or arranged at the rear next to the primary combustion chamber.
- the primary combustion chamber and the secondary combustion chamber are connected to each other by a fuel gas channel connected by an opening at the level of the grate in the side wall of the Primary combustion chamber goes out and opens into the secondary combustion chamber.
- This Grate boilers therefore have a simple and effective ash removal option, are particularly problematic fuels such as fir and Spruce is not particularly reliable. It comes more often than with the fall fire boiler to flame breaks, because the embers necessary for ignition in front of the Combustion gas channel burns out.
- Grate boilers of the type mentioned at the outset are, for example, from EP 798 510 A2 and CH 671 822 A5.
- the object of the invention is to provide a device of the type mentioned at the outset which combines the advantages of the conventional grate boiler with those of the lint fire boiler or avoids the above-mentioned respective disadvantages, and according to the invention this is achieved in a device of the type mentioned at the outset in that the inflow region of the fuel gas duct is arranged in the central region of the primary combustion chamber, viewed in plan view.
- the inflow region of the fuel gas channel is advantageously arranged approximately centrally in the primary combustion chamber.
- the main embers and thus the hottest area of the primary combustion chamber are located in this area. The ignition of the fuel gases from this area is ensured.
- the grate provides a simple and effective way of ash removal.
- the device according to the invention ensures operational reliability, particularly with problematic fuels such as spruce and fir, which tend to be pitted.
- the device according to the invention can also be operated reliably in part-load operation up to below 50% of the nominal output. According to the current state of the art, this is only suitable for lintel fired boiler designs, while grate furnaces are unsuitable for partial load operation below 75% of the nominal load.
- the first embodiment shown in Figures 1 to 6 of an inventive The device comprises a primary combustion chamber 2, which has an internal combustion chamber upper area of the primary combustion chamber (above that shown in the figures Part of the furnace) provided filling door with biogenic fuels in lumpy form can be filled.
- biogenic fuels in lumpy form can be filled.
- Different fuels with a water content between 5 and 25% are suitable, such as. B. hardwood or softwood in lumpy shape, coarse chips, wood waste from the woodworking industry and industry, compacts and coal, with almost equally good combustion values and high efficiencies can be achieved.
- the underside of the primary combustion chamber 2 is in the form of a grate 1 Step rust formed.
- The is located directly on or above it Area of the ember bed.
- Below the grate 1 is the ash chamber 4, the is accessible through the ash door 5.
- a pivotable around a horizontal axis Front grate 6 prevents the fuels from falling out Embers when opening the ash door.
- the step 7 in the grate 1 formed as a cast part is formed by an inclined surface, the two sections of the Grid 1 connects.
- the connection between the primary combustion chamber 2 and the secondary combustion chamber 3 is formed by a fuel gas duct formed as a sheet metal part 36 8 formed. This opens at a distance from the side boundaries the primary combustion chamber in the area of the ember bed into the primary combustion chamber, in step 7.
- the inflow region 9 of the fuel gas channel 8 is thus, as can be seen from Fig. 2, seen in plan view in the middle the primary combustion chamber 2 arranged.
- the inflow region 9 of the fuel gas channel 8 is open at the top, the angle to the vertical between 30 ° and 60 °, preferably 40 °.
- the fuel gas channel 8 runs between the Primary combustion chamber 2 and the secondary combustion chamber 3 horizontally and opens out slightly tangential into the secondary combustion chamber 3, resulting in swirling in this leads.
- the secondary combustion chamber 3 is made of a refractory material 10 lined, preferably in the lower area and on the combustion chamber floor 11 with fireclay elements, further above with an insulating material (preferably consisting made of ceramic fiber).
- the burned-out combustion gases are in the follow again through heat exchanger tubes 12 while heating water 13 led down into a collection area and preferably by means of a blower dissipated in a conventional manner.
- the primary air for primary combustion is controlled by a conventional primary air control 14 supplied with regulating wheel and servomotor.
- the primary air arrives in the space 16 delimited by the primary air distribution plate 15 and further by vertical arranged primary air pipes 17 in the rooms 18, each between one Chamber wall and a (in plan view U-shaped air baffle 19, wherein the base legs of the air baffles 19 lateral boundaries of the primary chamber form.
- In the air baffles 19 there are 1 air outlet openings above the grate 20 provided, partially in front of the rear wall 21 and in the ash door 5 are arranged, whereby primary air parallel to the firewood fiber is feedable.
- the part of the led through a cavity in the ash door 5 Primary air enters channel 22 through it.
- About the baffle 23 is further a partial flow of the primary air led in front of the filling door (which also leads to the risk of deflagration ) Is reduced.
- the primary air flow in the air baffles 19 largely prevents the formation of tar deposits on the water-cooled chamber walls 21, 24 and cools the air baffles.
- the primary air supply is through the primary air tubes 17 protected from contaminants that are in the lower area of the Store air baffles 19.
- the heat dissipation from primary combustion, which is slowed down due to the air baffles 19 on the heat transfer medium also has a positive effect on the part-load behavior of the boiler, since the ember temperature is significantly lower in part-load operation than in nominal load operation.
- partial load operation in which low furnace temperatures, especially in the water-cooled upper part of the filling shaft, the moist exhaust gases lead to deposits of tar vapors on the cold boiler walls. Insulating soot forms on the Walls run down and then on the hot air baffles 19 is burned.
- the primary air volume is dependent on the calculated target temperature (exhaust gas temperature minus boiler temperature) by an actuator with a regulating disc controlled.
- the primary air share is approx. 75% of the total air volume.
- the primary combustion takes place sub-stoichiometrically - air ratio approx. 0.8 - and the unburned fuel gases are led into the secondary combustion chamber through the horizontally arranged fuel gas channel 8, which removes the gases from the middle of the grate area.
- a NO x reduction occurs up to 50%.
- the inflow area of the fuel gas duct in conventional designs also called inlet nozzle, is opened at an angle of 40 ° upwards.
- Such an opening, through which the embers present at the top and on the side are used is preferred to be in connection with the central arrangement of the fuel gas duct in the grate area to ensure that the necessary embers are present for the safe ignition of the fuel gases, so that none Flame breakdown can take place.
- the outlet area or the outlet nozzle of the fuel gas channel 8 opens offset to the vertical longitudinal axis of the secondary combustion chamber 3 in this, so that the Fuel gases are guided tangentially into the secondary combustion chamber and one Turbulence is reached.
- the secondary air passes through the secondary air control 25 into the secondary air baffle 26 delimited space 27.
- the secondary air baffle 26 has an opening for the passage of the fuel gas channel 8.
- the secondary air is from space 27 on the outside of the fuel gas channel 8 to the secondary combustion chamber 3 led, the secondary air admixture to the fuel gases at the end of the fuel gas channel facing the secondary combustion chamber 3 8 takes place.
- the grate 1 is formed here by an insert part, which in its from the Area facing away from the secondary combustion chamber 3, which has grate openings 28. In its area facing the secondary combustion chamber, this insert forms a support for a firebrick 29 that the fuel gas channel 8 limited its bottom. Furthermore, firebricks lie on this insert 30, 31, which laterally limit the fuel gas channel 8. The firebricks 30, 31 also form a support for a cover plate 32, which is on the fuel gas channel 8 facing shoulders 33 rests on the firebricks 30, 31. The inflow region of the fuel gas channel 8 is in turn in this way in one middle area of the primary combustion chamber 2, obliquely upwards open and is a few centimeters above the grate 1.
- the fuel gas duct 8 further leads tangentially through a nozzle-like part 34 into the secondary combustion chamber, again channels 35 surrounding the fuel gas channel 8 for supply the secondary air and merging the secondary air with the Fuel gases at the end of the fuel gas channel 8 facing the secondary chamber are provided.
- the supply of the secondary air, as well as that of the primary air, is designed in an analogous manner to the first embodiment of the invention.
- the primary air is mainly transversely to the wood fiber, i.e. through air outlet openings 20, supplied in front of the chamber side walls 24.
- the top of the cover plate 32 together with the tops of the firebricks 30, 31 together with the grate 1 form the contact surface of the primary combustion chamber for the fuels or the ember bed, which is thus stepped is, the fuel gas channel opens into the stage 7 '.
- the grate openings 28 could also have a shape or orientation other than that shown have, for example, an orientation rotated by 90 °.
- the Grate could also be designed in the manner of a conventional sliding grate, d. H. there could be a second one, which is slidable above the grate and is movable relative to the grate Plate with corresponding grate openings may be provided, the second Plate can be moved back and forth by an operating element.
- the heat transfer medium in the form of water in conventional Way provided.
- the walls enclosing the heat transfer medium are in Fig. 8, as well as other heat exchanger means for the exhaust gases, not shown.
- the invention provides a new concept for primary firing provided.
- primary firing the basis for low-emission Combustion created here because of the change in physical states and the Thermal decomposition of the fuel takes place, i.e. thermal decomposition is carried out.
- thermal decomposition as for the Drying, heat needed. This heat is directly through the heat source based. Up to approx. 280 ° C, gases and vapors are produced which are difficult or impossible are flammable. Above 280 ° C, gases with the easily flammable components are generated such as: carbon monoxide, methanol, hydrogen and high-energy, volatile Tars. Depending on the heating rate, different decomposition products arise, which are decisive for the combustion performance and for the emissions are.
- the fuel gas channel is arranged above the grate 1.
- the inflow area the fuel gas duct could also be oriented vertically upward, for example be and flow into the central area of a flat grate.
- the combustion gases in the combustion gas duct can be heated from the outside through the ember bed.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Solid-Fuel Combustion (AREA)
Description
deren angeführten jeweiligen Nachteile vermeidet, und erfindungsgemäß gelingt dies bei einer Vorrichtung der eingangs genannten Art dadurch, daß der Einströmbereich des Brenngaskanals im, in Draufsicht gesehen, mittleren Bereich der Primärbrennkammer angeordnet ist. Günstigerweise ist der Einströmbereich des Brenngaskanals etwa mittig in der Primärbrennkammer angeordnet. In diesem Bereich befindet sich die Hauptglut und somit der heißeste Bereich der Primärbrennkammer. Durch die Absaugung der Brenngase aus diesem Bereich wird deren Zündung sichergestellt. Weiters ist durch den Rost eine einfache und effektive Möglichkeit zur Entaschung gegeben. Durch die erfindungsgemäße Einrichtung wird die Betriebssicherheit gerade auch bei problematischen Brennstoffen wie Fichte und Tanne, die zu Hohlfraß neigen, sichergestellt. Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung ist auch im Teillastbetrieb bis unter 50 % der Nennleistung betriebssicher betreibbar. Nach dem bisherigen Stand der Technik ist dies nur bei Sturzbrandkesselkonstruktionen geeignet, während Rostfeuerungen für einen Teillastbetrieb unter 75 % der Nennlast ungeeignet sind.
- Fig. 1
- einen vertikalen Schnitt durch den unteren, erfindungswesentlichen Bereich eines ersten Ausführungsbeispiels einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung;
- Fig. 2
- einen Grundriß dieses Ausführungsbeispiels;
- Fig. 3
- einen vertikalen Schnitt senkrecht zur Schnittfläche von Fig. 1;
- Fig. 4,
- Fig. 5 und Fig. 6 eine Seitenansicht, eine Stirnansicht und eine Draufsicht des Brenngaskanals des ersten Ausführungsbeispiels der Erfindung;
- Fig. 7
- einen Fig. 1 entsprechenden Schnitt durch ein zweites Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung und
- Fig. 8
- einen Querschnitt entlang der Linie A-A von Fig. 7.
- 1
- Rost
- 2
- Primärbrennkammer
- 3
- Sekundärbrennkammer
- 4
- Aschenraum
- 5
- Aschentüre
- 6
- Vorstellrost
- 7, 7'
- Stufe
- 8
- Brenngaskanal
- 9
- Einströmbereich
- 10
- Material
- 11
- Brennkammerboden
- 12
- Wärmetauscher
- 13
- Wasser
- 14
- Primärluftregelung
- 15
- Primärluftverteilblech
- 16
- Raum
- 17
- Primärluftrohr
- 18
- Raum
- 19
- Luftleitblech
- 20
- Luftaustrittsöffnung
- 21
- Kammerrückwand
- 22
- Kanal
- 23
- Leitblech
- 24
- Kammerseitenwand
- 25
- Sekundärluftregelung
- 26
- Sekundärluftleitblech
- 27
- Raum
- 28
- Rostöffnung
- 29
- Schamottenstein
- 30
- Schamottenstein
- 31
- Schamottenstein
- 32
- Deckplatte
- 33
- Schulter
- 34
- Teil
- 35
- Kanal
Claims (19)
- Vorrichtung zum Verbrennen biogener Brennstoffe in stückiger Form mit einer Primärbrennkammer, in der die Primärverbrennung stattfindet und die an ihrer Unterseite einen Rost umfaßt, und einer konstruktiv getrennten Sekundärbrennkammer, in welcher der Ausbrand erfolgt, wobei ein Brenngaskanal zur Verbindung der Primärbrennkammer und der Sekundärbrennkammer vorgesehen ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Einströmbereich des Brenngaskanals (8) im, in Draufsicht gesehen, mittleren Bereich der Primärbrennkammer (2) angeordnet ist.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der die Brenngase ca. aus der Mitte des Rostbereiches abführende Brenngaskanal (8) zwischen der Primärbrennkammer (2) und der Sekundärbrennkammer (3) horizontal verläuft.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Einströmbereich des Brenngaskanals (8) im Bereich der Höhe des Rostes (1) in der Primärbrennkammer (2) angeordnet ist.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Einströmbereich des Brenngaskanals (8) etwas oberhalb des Rostes (1) liegt.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Rost (1) eine Stufe (7) aufweist, in welche der Brenngaskanal (8) mündet.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Stufe (7) von einer Schrägfläche gebildet wird, die zwei in unterschiedlichen Höhen angeordnete Teilbereiche des Rostes (1) verbindet.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Auflagefläche der Primärbrennkammer (2) für die Brennstoffe bzw. das Glutbett eine Stufe(7')aufweist, in welche der Brenngaskanal (8) mündet, wobei diese Auflagefläche der Primärbrennkammer im von der Sekundärbrennkammer (3) abgewandten Bereich der Primärbrennkammer vom Rost (1) gebildet wird und in dem der Sekundärbrennkammer (3) zugewandten Bereich der Primärbrennkammer eine Deckplatte (32) umfaßt, welche höher als der Rost (1) liegt und unterhalb der Brenngaskanal (8) verläuft.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Rost von einem Einsatzteil gebildet wird, welches in seinem von der Sekundärbrennkammer (3) abgewandten Bereich die Rostöffnungen (28) aufweist und in seinem der Sekundärbrennkammer (3) zugewandten Bereich eine Auflage für einen Schamottenstein (29) bildet, der den Brenngaskanal (8) an seiner Unterseite begrenzt.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Einsatzteil weiters eine Auflage für den Brenngaskanal (8) seitlich begrenzende Schamottensteine (30, 31) bildet, auf denen die Deckplatte (32) aufliegt.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Brenngaskanal (8) unterhalb des Rostes (1) verläuft.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Einströmbereich des Brenngaskanals (8) nach oben und/oder zur Seite hin offen ist, vorzugsweise in einer zur Vertikalen in einem Winkel zwischen 30 ° und 60 °, nochmals vorzugsweise in einem Winkel von 40°, geneigten Ebene liegt.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Sekundärluftbeimischung zu den Brenngasen an dem der Sekundärbrennkammer (3) zugewandten Ende des Brenngaskanals (8) erfolgt.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Sekundärluft vor der Beimischung zu den Brenngasen außen entlang des Brenngaskanals (8) geführt ist.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Brenngaskanal (8) tangential in die Sekundärbrennkammer (3) mündet.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Brenngase im Brenngaskanal (8) durch das Glutbett von außen erwärmbar sind.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Primärluft parallel zur Brennholzfaser durch Luftaustrittsöffnungen (20) bei der Kammerrückwand (21) und in der Aschentüre (5) zuführbar ist.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Teilstrom der Primärluft vor die Fülltüre geführt ist.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 16 oder Anspruch 17, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Kühlung der Aschentüre (5) Primärluft durch einen in dieser vorgesehenen Hohlraum geführt ist.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 18, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß im Brenngaskanal in dessen Deckfläche weitere Öffnungen im Glutbereich der Primärkammer vorgesehen sind.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT00115970T ATE257928T1 (de) | 1999-09-15 | 2000-07-26 | Vorrichtung zum verbrennen biogener brennstoffe |
DE20023308U DE20023308U1 (de) | 1999-09-15 | 2000-07-26 | Vorrichtung zum Verbrennen biogener Brennstoffe |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT158099 | 1999-09-15 | ||
AT158099 | 1999-09-15 | ||
AT3482000 | 2000-03-03 | ||
AT3482000 | 2000-03-03 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1085259A1 EP1085259A1 (de) | 2001-03-21 |
EP1085259B1 true EP1085259B1 (de) | 2004-01-14 |
Family
ID=25596238
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP20000115970 Expired - Lifetime EP1085259B1 (de) | 1999-09-15 | 2000-07-26 | Vorrichtung zum Verbrennen biogener Brennstoffe |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1085259B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE50005011D1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT412308B (de) | 2003-05-14 | 2004-12-27 | Kwb Kraft Und Waerme Aus Bioma | Heizeinrichtung |
AT504652B1 (de) * | 2007-03-29 | 2008-07-15 | Windhager Zentralheizung Techn | Brennkammer für einen mit festbrennstoffen beheizbaren heizkessel |
FR3031573B1 (fr) * | 2015-01-14 | 2017-01-27 | Planete Bois | Generateur a buches de bois a combustion laterale a hautes performances energetiques et environnementales |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE8407225U1 (de) * | 1984-03-09 | 1985-11-07 | Vießmann, Hans, Dr.h.c., 3559 Battenberg | Vergaserheizkessel für Festbrennstoffe |
US4531464A (en) * | 1984-07-20 | 1985-07-30 | Eshland Enterprises, Inc. | Particle fuel diversion structure |
CH671822A5 (en) | 1987-02-09 | 1989-09-29 | Haefliger Ag Geb | Solid fuel fired boiler - has after burning chamber connected to primary combustion chamber by mixing tube |
AT400180B (de) * | 1990-01-10 | 1995-10-25 | Froeling Heizkessel Und Behael | Festbrennstoffbeheizter unterbrand-kessel |
DE19612403A1 (de) | 1996-03-28 | 1997-10-02 | Fischer Georg Gmbh & Co | Heizkessel |
-
2000
- 2000-07-26 DE DE50005011T patent/DE50005011D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-07-26 EP EP20000115970 patent/EP1085259B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE50005011D1 (de) | 2004-02-19 |
EP1085259A1 (de) | 2001-03-21 |
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