EP1065456A1 - Procédé et dispositif de fabrication de neige - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de fabrication de neige Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1065456A1
EP1065456A1 EP00203328A EP00203328A EP1065456A1 EP 1065456 A1 EP1065456 A1 EP 1065456A1 EP 00203328 A EP00203328 A EP 00203328A EP 00203328 A EP00203328 A EP 00203328A EP 1065456 A1 EP1065456 A1 EP 1065456A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
snow
environment
tent
dome
light
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP00203328A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1065456B1 (fr
Inventor
designation of the inventor has not yet been filed The
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Polar Technologies Holdings BV
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Polar Technologies International Pty Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Polar Technologies International Pty Ltd filed Critical Polar Technologies International Pty Ltd
Publication of EP1065456A1 publication Critical patent/EP1065456A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1065456B1 publication Critical patent/EP1065456B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
    • F25C3/00—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow
    • F25C3/04—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow for sledging or ski trails; Producing artificial snow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
    • F25C2303/00—Special arrangements or features for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Special arrangements or features for producing artificial snow
    • F25C2303/044—Snow making using additional features, e.g. additives, liquid gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
    • F25C2303/00—Special arrangements or features for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Special arrangements or features for producing artificial snow
    • F25C2303/048—Snow making by using means for spraying water
    • F25C2303/0481—Snow making by using means for spraying water with the use of compressed air

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for making snow, and in particular, to providing a snow-making environment wherein snow can be produced under controlled conditions.
  • the present invention seeks to provide a controlled environment, such that the production of snow 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, is facilitated, by providing a snow-making environment, wherein the temperature, humidity and/or other environmental factors are controlled.
  • the present invention provides a device for the production of artificial snow, said device comprising:
  • the present invention provides a method for the production of artificial snow, comprising the steps of:
  • the artificial snow-making environment 1 comprises a tent or dome-like structure 2, which separates a closed environment system 3 from the external natural environment 4.
  • the tent or dome-like structure 2 may be constructed in a variety of ways and utilising a variety of materials, however, obviously, the structure 2 preferably has some degree of thermal insulating characteristics, such that the energy required to achieve the desired parameters of the artificial environment 3 is minimised.
  • Temperature, humidity and otherwise conditioned air is supplied into the controlled environment 3 by means of appropriate machinery, generally designated by the numeral 5.
  • the machinery consists of a fan or air pump 6 which facilitates the recycling or intake of air from the external environment 4.
  • the air is passed through a chiller 7 and dehumidifier 8 and is exhaled into the controlled environment 3 via a nozzle 9.
  • the water and air pipes 11 also preferably passed through a chiller.
  • the nozzle 9 is preferably able to be swivelled such that the chilled and dehumidified air may be supplied into the controlled environment 3 at any desired direction.
  • both temperature and humidity are preferably as low as possible, however in an environment which is above 0°C at high humidity, it is still possible to produce snow.
  • the optimum conditions would be at temperatures approaching -273°C and at humidity approaching zero levels.
  • a snow gun 10 is also supplied within the closed controlled environment 3.
  • the snow gun 10 is of any conventional type, requiring air and water hoses 11 for the production of snow.
  • the snow-making apparatus is assembled as follows.
  • the apparatus which is preferably on a ski like structure, for easy transportation, is dragged to the required position by means of a skidoo or the like.
  • the tent or dome-like structure 2 is then dragged over the snow gun 10 and the nozzle of the chilling and dehumidifying machinery 5.
  • the tent or dome-like structure 2 is preferably connected to the ground surface by a plurality of tent pegs or weights around the perimeter thereof.
  • the tent or dome-like structure 2 may be simply inflated by supplying air through the nozzle 9 of the machinery 5.
  • FIG. 2 a preferred embodiment of the snow-making apparatus, illustrating the portability of the invention. That is, the snow-making apparatus, comprising the fan 6, the chiller 7 and the dehumidifier 8, together with a storage facility 13 for the tent or dome-like structure 2 are provided on a ski-like arrangement 14.
  • the tent or dome-like structure 2 may simply be withdrawn from the storage means 13 and dragged forwardly to cover the nozzle 9 of the machinery 5.
  • the snow-making device and method of the present invention provides a closed environment system wherein the temperature, humidity and/or other environmental conditions are regulated as desired, to facilitate the production of snow, via a conventional snow gun. Due to the lightweight construction of the invention, the apparatus may be easily moved, such that upon completion of the snow-making operation at a particular place, the system may be easily moved to the next desired location. Obviously, in use, a large pile of snow may be produced at one point, and then a snow cat or the like may be utilised to spread the snow. The present invention therefore allows the production of snow in a controlled environment 24 hours a day, 365 days a year anywhere in the world.
  • the present invention provides a snow-making method and apparatus which obviates the need for specific refrigeration machinery.
  • gases in any cold form for instance nitrogen or carbon dioxide, which have characteristics of below zero temperatures in their normal gaseous state.
  • This may be achieved by utilising gases which are cold in their normal state, or by providing the gases in compressed condition to induce a change of state and consequently provide low temperatures, such as, providing the gas in a compressed (liquid) condition, and allowing the mixture to change state to a gas.
  • the snow gun supplied therein will then be provided at a low temperature environment suitable for snow production, without the necessity for the chiller 7.
  • the tent or dome-like structure 2 consequently forms a cold room, in which the snow may be produced, without the need for a mechanical chilling means.
  • the gases may be produced from a normal pressure cylinder, or may be machinery made.
  • the tent or dome-like structure 2 will stop wind from blowing the snow away whilst it is being made, and it will also protect the snow from sun, rain and other natural environmental effects.
  • a floor could be provided, either in solid form or in the form of a soft zip-on construction, such being particularly useful in the case where it is desirable to completely isolate the closed environment from the external environment.
  • the tent or dome-like structure can also be optionally provided such that it is provided with a hole therein, such that the snow-making device is provided externally therethrough and directed through the wall of the tent or dome-like structure.
  • advertising material may be provided on the external face of the tent or dome-like structure.
  • means is provided on the tent like structure to recycle the gas, such as nitrogen, such that same can be re-utilised.
  • the dome-like structure also preferably is provided with a humidity exit means to exit any humidity in the closed environment.
  • FIG 3 is illustrated three alternative embodiments of nozzle arrangements which may be utilised in conjunction with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
  • the nozzle of a snow gun is adapted to provide the conditions suitable to induce the production of snow, as the products are emitted from the nozzle.
  • Figure 3a is shown a nozzle wherein cold liquid nitrogen or gaseous nitrogen is supplied by the inlet 15 of the nozzle 16. Air 17 and water 18 is supplied at the rear of the nozzle 16, and, due to the nozzle being effectively mixed with or chilled by the nitrogen or other similar gas means provided by inlet 15, the nozzle 16 is effectively chilled such that snow 17 is emitted therefrom.
  • the nozzle is provided with an annular arrangement therearound to which the inlet providing the cold nitrogen gas 15 is provided.
  • the annular arrangement 20 can for instance be provided with a plurality of orifices around the inside annular surface thereof, to emit nitrogen towards the nozzle output, effectively controlling the temperature at the output such that snow 19 is produced thereby.
  • a third possible arrangement illustrated in Fig. 3c shows a horn-like structure 21 adapted to be fitted to the end of a nozzle 16.
  • the nitrogen gas, or like gas is supplied by the inlet 15 into the horn-like arrangement 21, such that a mini controlled environment is provided around the extremity of the nozzle, such that snow 19 may be emitted from the output of the horn.
  • suitable gases or liquids which may be supplied by the inlet 15 to or near the extremity of the nozzle 16 are gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other gases with low temperature thermal characteristics in their normal state.
  • Fig. 3(d) illustrates a more detailed example of the horn of Fig 3 (c), showing the entry of the air and water into the nozzle and the provision of the liquid nitrogen around the periphery of the horn.
  • the nozzle generally designated by the numeral 30 is connected to the horn 31.
  • Liquid nitrogen, or other suitable gas 32 may be applied within the nozzle, generally designated by numeral 33, in the horn, at the plurality of outlets 34, or both.
  • the liquid nitrogen may either be designed to cool the horn and/or nozzle but not mix with the snow 35, or alternatively, the liquid nitrogen 34 may mix with the snow 35, and be readmitted to the environment.
  • FIG 4 is illustrated a silo-like arrangement in accordance with the present invention.
  • the silo-like arrangement generally designated by the numeral 22, is built with a plurality of snow guns 23 provided within the silo body 24, the silo body 24 being provided on stuncheons 25 at an elevation such that a snow cat 26 or like device may be driven under the silo body 24, such that the snow 27 which accumulates under the silo may be spread over the ground surface as required.
  • the silo-like arrangement preferably is provided with the necessary refrigerant machinery 28 on the top thereof or, alternatively underground, such that the ground surface 29 is not cluttered with unnecessary articles and machinery.
  • machinery is provided to extract nitrogen from the surrounding air, and compress same.
  • nitrogen, or other appropriate gas can be manufactured on site, rather than having to transport same to the location of the snow making machinery.
  • tent-like, dome-like or silo-like arrangements materials are preferably chosen such that they have good thermal insulative properties, such that the energy required to provide the controlled environment is minimised.
  • amount of thermal insulation will vary depending on the particular location, and the desired temperature difference which is required in comparison to the surrounding environment.
  • a conveyor belt arrangement may be provided to move the snow from the location of production to the desired ground surface.
  • the present invention may be preferably embodied such that the snow-making device is portable, for instance mounted on a snow cat, however, obviously, with embodiments such as the silo-like arrangement, it is more likely to be implemented as a fixed structure.
  • an air flow direction system can be incorporated into the controlled environment. This would preferably take the format of having a plurality of baffles.
  • the chillers and dehumidifiers can be supplied underground at a central location at the point where the air and water hoses originate.
  • the tent or dome-like structure 2 may be portable or a permanent construction, and may incorporate a frame or have a frameless structure.
  • An air supported frame is also envisaged, wherein an insulating air pocket is supplied between the closed environment and the external environment, for the dual purpose of insulating the two environments and also separating the structure 2.
  • the present invention may therefore be utilised in a situation to supplement the natural snow falls in an environment, or provide snow in an environment where snow falls are not normally naturally occurring.
EP00203328A 1989-03-01 1990-03-01 Appareil de fabrication de neige portatif Expired - Lifetime EP1065456B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPJ301989 1989-03-01
AUPJ301989 1989-03-01
AUPJ313389 1989-03-09
AUPJ313389 1989-03-09
EP90904191A EP0461160B1 (fr) 1989-03-01 1990-03-01 Dispositif de fabrication de neige artificielle
EP97107403A EP0798520B1 (fr) 1989-03-01 1990-03-01 Procédé et dispositif de fabrication de neige artificielle

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97107403A Division EP0798520B1 (fr) 1989-03-01 1990-03-01 Procédé et dispositif de fabrication de neige artificielle

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1065456A1 true EP1065456A1 (fr) 2001-01-03
EP1065456B1 EP1065456B1 (fr) 2006-06-28

Family

ID=25643640

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00203328A Expired - Lifetime EP1065456B1 (fr) 1989-03-01 1990-03-01 Appareil de fabrication de neige portatif
EP90904191A Revoked EP0461160B1 (fr) 1989-03-01 1990-03-01 Dispositif de fabrication de neige artificielle
EP97107403A Expired - Lifetime EP0798520B1 (fr) 1989-03-01 1990-03-01 Procédé et dispositif de fabrication de neige artificielle

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90904191A Revoked EP0461160B1 (fr) 1989-03-01 1990-03-01 Dispositif de fabrication de neige artificielle
EP97107403A Expired - Lifetime EP0798520B1 (fr) 1989-03-01 1990-03-01 Procédé et dispositif de fabrication de neige artificielle

Country Status (14)

Country Link
EP (3) EP1065456B1 (fr)
JP (2) JP3176060B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR100237971B1 (fr)
AT (3) ATE272198T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU640129B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2050324C (fr)
DE (3) DE69032180T2 (fr)
DK (2) DK0461160T3 (fr)
ES (2) ES2116980T3 (fr)
FI (1) FI914055A0 (fr)
NO (1) NO913438L (fr)
NZ (1) NZ232751A (fr)
SG (1) SG47828A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1990010183A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102004010093B3 (de) * 2004-02-27 2005-05-12 Innovag AG Aktiengesellschaft für innovative Industrietechnik Beschneiungsanlage für Indoor-Schneesportanlagen mit einer Halle
DE102004021061A1 (de) * 2004-04-29 2005-11-24 GÖTZ, Werner Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Kunstschnee für die Herstellung von vorgekühltem Beton
WO2011029115A2 (fr) 2009-09-11 2011-03-17 Technische Universität Wien Procédé et dispositif de production de neige

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100237971B1 (ko) 1989-03-01 2000-01-15 앤드류 보이드 프랜치 눈 제조방법 및 장치
WO1992008936A1 (fr) * 1990-11-07 1992-05-29 Andrew Boyd French Dispositif et procede de production de neige
DE69224670D1 (de) * 1991-04-11 1998-04-09 Taikisha Kk Verfahren zur Bildung und Aufrechterhaltung einer Kunstschneedecke
AU654756B2 (en) * 1991-11-08 1994-11-17 Taikisha, Ltd. Method of maintaining snow surface
EP0541867A1 (fr) * 1991-11-12 1993-05-19 Taikisha, Ltd. Méthode de formation d'une surface de neige artificielle, broyeur de glace utilisé dans la méthode et méthode pour entretenir la surface de neige
CA2115359A1 (fr) * 1992-04-14 1993-10-28 Alexandr Konstantinovich Malakeev Methode de production de gaz et installation correspondante
FR2700835B1 (fr) * 1993-01-26 1995-04-21 Technip Cie Procédé et installation de production de neige.
FR2742851B1 (fr) * 1995-12-26 1998-03-20 Guillaume Gil Perfectionnements aux procedes de fabrication de la neige artificielle, et dispositifs de mise en oeuvre
GB9826718D0 (en) * 1998-12-05 1999-01-27 Acer Snowmec Ltd Snow making machine
US6151913A (en) * 1999-04-23 2000-11-28 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method and apparatus for agglomerating fine snow particles
MX2007007079A (es) * 2004-12-13 2007-12-07 Cool Clean Technologies Inc Aparato de nieve carbonica.
SE534323C2 (sv) * 2009-11-16 2011-07-12 Icehotel Ab Förfarande vid och anordning för tillverkning av byggelement av konstsnö
BE1019114A3 (nl) * 2009-12-16 2012-03-06 Atlas Copco Airpower Nv Inrichting voor het maken van kunstmatige sneeuw.
CZ304511B6 (cs) * 2010-08-02 2014-06-11 Adéla Voráčková Způsob výroby technického sněhu a zařízení k provádění tohoto způsobu

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1372024A (fr) * 1963-08-02 1964-09-11 Bertin & Cie Perfectionnements apportés à la production de neige, notamment en vue de la fabrication de pistes de ski artificielles
US3250530A (en) * 1964-02-10 1966-05-10 Lawrence M Dean Year-around ski run
US3257815A (en) * 1964-07-10 1966-06-28 Conch Int Methane Ltd Method and apparatus for the largescale production of snow fields for sports use
FR1444733A (fr) * 1965-03-19 1966-07-08 Production artificielle de neige par détente de gaz liquéfiés
US3844339A (en) * 1971-03-19 1974-10-29 V Kranz Inflatable hall
US4021972A (en) * 1975-07-09 1977-05-10 James Edwin Choate Air supported, multi-wall, insulated structure and process of producing same
EP0004803A2 (fr) * 1978-03-31 1979-10-17 Pasquier, Armand René Procédé et dispositif de fabrication automatique de neige
US4551985A (en) * 1982-08-11 1985-11-12 Kovach Bruce F Rink covering structure
EP0246179A2 (fr) * 1986-05-10 1987-11-19 Herbert Thesen Chambre froide destinée à être installée dans un sauna
US4790531A (en) * 1985-11-19 1988-12-13 Kajima Corporation Indoor ski slope and apparatus for making snow thereon
US4798331A (en) * 1986-12-24 1989-01-17 Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd. Artificial snow production apparatus
EP0461160A1 (fr) 1989-03-01 1991-12-18 FRENCH, Andrew Boyd Procede et dispositif de fabrication de neige artificielle

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US1976204A (en) * 1932-01-08 1934-10-09 Standard Oil Co Process of making ice
US2020719A (en) * 1934-06-12 1935-11-12 Girdler Corp Process and apparatus for solidifying material in finely subdivided form
US2968164A (en) * 1958-02-24 1961-01-17 Alden W Hanson Method of generating snow
US3762176A (en) * 1969-09-18 1973-10-02 B Coggins Method and apparatus for making snow
US3733029A (en) * 1971-07-23 1973-05-15 Hedco Snow precipitator
DE2659546A1 (de) * 1976-12-30 1978-07-13 Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh Verfahren zur herstellung von gefrorenen granulaten
FR2376384A1 (en) * 1976-12-30 1978-07-28 Cecil Snow cannon for making ski slopes - has adjustable nozzles for water and air to suit different ambient conditions
FR2594528B1 (fr) * 1986-02-20 1988-07-15 Petavit Ets Embout de melange de fluides pour appareil de fabrication de neige artificielle
JPS63311A (ja) * 1986-06-19 1988-01-05 Sumitomo Bakelite Co Ltd 液状エポキシ樹脂組成物
EP0266859A1 (fr) * 1986-10-06 1988-05-11 Taiyo Sanso Co Ltd. Procédé et dispositif pour la production de particules congelées microfines
AT387277B (de) * 1987-02-03 1988-12-27 Sufag Sport Freizeitanlagen Vorrichtung zur erzeugung von kuenstlichem schnee
JPH0754220B2 (ja) * 1987-04-10 1995-06-07 三洋電機株式会社 冷温切換型吸収冷凍機の抽気装置
CA1332517C (fr) * 1988-06-22 1994-10-18 Malcolm Geoege Clulow Materiel pour fabriquer de la neige

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1372024A (fr) * 1963-08-02 1964-09-11 Bertin & Cie Perfectionnements apportés à la production de neige, notamment en vue de la fabrication de pistes de ski artificielles
US3250530A (en) * 1964-02-10 1966-05-10 Lawrence M Dean Year-around ski run
US3257815A (en) * 1964-07-10 1966-06-28 Conch Int Methane Ltd Method and apparatus for the largescale production of snow fields for sports use
FR1444733A (fr) * 1965-03-19 1966-07-08 Production artificielle de neige par détente de gaz liquéfiés
US3844339A (en) * 1971-03-19 1974-10-29 V Kranz Inflatable hall
US4021972A (en) * 1975-07-09 1977-05-10 James Edwin Choate Air supported, multi-wall, insulated structure and process of producing same
EP0004803A2 (fr) * 1978-03-31 1979-10-17 Pasquier, Armand René Procédé et dispositif de fabrication automatique de neige
US4551985A (en) * 1982-08-11 1985-11-12 Kovach Bruce F Rink covering structure
US4790531A (en) * 1985-11-19 1988-12-13 Kajima Corporation Indoor ski slope and apparatus for making snow thereon
EP0246179A2 (fr) * 1986-05-10 1987-11-19 Herbert Thesen Chambre froide destinée à être installée dans un sauna
US4798331A (en) * 1986-12-24 1989-01-17 Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd. Artificial snow production apparatus
EP0461160A1 (fr) 1989-03-01 1991-12-18 FRENCH, Andrew Boyd Procede et dispositif de fabrication de neige artificielle

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102004010093B3 (de) * 2004-02-27 2005-05-12 Innovag AG Aktiengesellschaft für innovative Industrietechnik Beschneiungsanlage für Indoor-Schneesportanlagen mit einer Halle
DE102004021061A1 (de) * 2004-04-29 2005-11-24 GÖTZ, Werner Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Kunstschnee für die Herstellung von vorgekühltem Beton
DE102004021061B4 (de) * 2004-04-29 2006-04-20 GÖTZ, Werner Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Kunstschnee für die Herstellung von vorgekühltem Beton
WO2011029115A2 (fr) 2009-09-11 2011-03-17 Technische Universität Wien Procédé et dispositif de production de neige
US9429348B2 (en) 2009-09-11 2016-08-30 Technische Universität Wien Method and device for producing snow

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2050324C (fr) 1996-07-30
DE69032180D1 (de) 1998-04-30
DE69034228T2 (de) 2007-06-14
NZ232751A (en) 1992-03-26
DE69034154D1 (de) 2004-09-02
SG47828A1 (en) 1998-04-17
EP0798520A2 (fr) 1997-10-01
ES2116980T3 (es) 1998-08-01
EP0461160B1 (fr) 1998-03-25
AU640129B2 (en) 1993-08-19
DE69032180T2 (de) 1998-10-15
EP0798520B1 (fr) 2004-07-28
EP0798520A3 (fr) 1998-10-14
KR100237971B1 (ko) 2000-01-15
EP0461160A1 (fr) 1991-12-18
ATE331922T1 (de) 2006-07-15
DE69034228D1 (de) 2006-08-10
JPH04503854A (ja) 1992-07-09
EP0461160A4 (en) 1992-01-15
WO1990010183A1 (fr) 1990-09-07
JP3176060B2 (ja) 2001-06-11
EP1065456B1 (fr) 2006-06-28
ATE272198T1 (de) 2004-08-15
NO913438D0 (no) 1991-09-02
ES2225913T3 (es) 2005-03-16
ATE164442T1 (de) 1998-04-15
DK0461160T3 (da) 1999-01-11
DK0798520T3 (da) 2004-12-06
JP2000035269A (ja) 2000-02-02
KR920701768A (ko) 1992-08-12
DE69034154T2 (de) 2005-07-21
FI914055A0 (fi) 1991-08-28
AU5267990A (en) 1990-09-26
NO913438L (no) 1991-09-02

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