EP1029129B1 - Soundproof wall - Google Patents
Soundproof wall Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1029129B1 EP1029129B1 EP98948611A EP98948611A EP1029129B1 EP 1029129 B1 EP1029129 B1 EP 1029129B1 EP 98948611 A EP98948611 A EP 98948611A EP 98948611 A EP98948611 A EP 98948611A EP 1029129 B1 EP1029129 B1 EP 1029129B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- noise
- soundproof wall
- wall according
- absorption
- frame
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F8/00—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic
- E01F8/0005—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement
- E01F8/0029—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement with porous surfaces, e.g. concrete with porous fillers
Definitions
- the invention relates to a noise protection wall, which consists of noise protection elements can be assembled, the noise control elements between vertical uprights.
- the purpose of the invention is to provide a noise barrier places that are so flexible in their structure that they differ Noise protection and optical design requirements can be adjusted.
- Noise barrier are the subject of the subclaims.
- Noise barrier the possibility to use the noise protection panels the optionally profiled surface on one or both Arrange pages. If the noise protection panels are arranged on both sides it is preferred according to the invention if these are on both Sides of a frame are attached at a distance from each other.
- the design of the frame allows it despite the low weight to ensure effective noise protection.
- a noise protection wall 1 consists of several noise protection elements 2, between vertical uprights 3, in foundations 4, which can be, for example, a precast concrete part, are anchored. It is also possible to stand between the uprights the noise protection elements 2 arranged between the uprights 3 is to arrange longitudinal concrete webs 5, as shown in FIG. 1 is shown.
- frame 6 namely wooden frame 6 of the construction shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 inserted and covering the uprights 3 on the wooden frames 6, Noise protection panels 8, 9 attached on one and / or both sides.
- Noise protection plates 9 can be provided on one or on both sides with a flat surface or with noise protection panels on one or both sides 8 with a grooved face facing the noise source become. As Fig. 4 shows, it is also possible on one side smooth and ribbed on the other side, i.e. provided with grooves 10 Noise protection panels can be arranged.
- FIG. 4 The sectional view of Fig. 4 shows that the vertical support beams 14 of the frame 6 engage in the I-post 3 and opposite this held by hose piping 15 on aluminum angles 16 are so that the frame 6 can not "rattle" in the uprights 3.
- Fig. 5 shows between frame 3 inserted frame 6 still without noise protection plates 8, 9.
- the noise control panels 8, 9, for example have a dimension or can be tailored to one, which corresponds to the height of the frame 6, for better manageability cut into strips, for example, both in the ribbed and in the smooth embodiment from wood chips bound with cement.
- grooved plates 8 can, as in Fig. 7 to 9 can be carried out, it being possible for the grooves 10, as shown in Fig. 7, by making accordingly molded strips with an adhesive, preferably with cement, are glued to boards made of cement-bound wood shavings.
- the grooves 10 are thereby formed that they are cut out of initially flat plates or be milled out.
- the frame 6 shown in Fig. 10 is made of wood and has a lower and an upper, horizontal longitudinal wood 20, 21 on and on both ends of support beams 14, which are divided and between them a middle longitudinal wood 22, which is about halfway up the frame construction runs, record.
- a middle longitudinal wood 22 which is about halfway up the frame construction runs, record.
- Boards 25 are attached to the sides of the frame 6, between which below, fillers 26 are inserted on both sides are. Through the boards 25 on which the soundproofing panels 8, 9 are assembled, there is an overlap of the frame construction, which is an advantage against the longitudinal conduction of sound.
- FIG. 11 shows the longitudinal timber 22 on the supporting timber 14 as an embodiment variant attached laterally, whereas in Fig. 10 the support beams 14 from the longitudinal beam 22 are interrupted.
- Cover boards 30 can be placed on the upper edge of the noise protection elements 2 be assembled (Fig. 1).
- an embodiment of the invention can be as follows to be discribed:
- a noise barrier 1 consists of a profile in the form of Grooves arranged noise protection plates 8, 9 made of cement-bound Wood chips that are attached to a wooden frame 6.
- the wooden frame 6 are inserted between vertical I-pillars 3, the Noise protection panels 8, 9 covering the webs of the uprights 3 on the wooden frame 6 are attached.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Lärmschutzwand, die aus Lärmschutzelementen zusammengesetzt werden kann, wobei die Lärmschutzelemente zwischen lotrechten Stehern eingeschoben werden.The invention relates to a noise protection wall, which consists of noise protection elements can be assembled, the noise control elements between vertical uprights.
Lärmschutzwände sind etwa aus US 5 539 163 A bzw. US 5 324 469 A vorbekannt.Noise barriers are previously known from US Pat. No. 5,539,163 A or US Pat. No. 5,324,469.
Zweck der Erfindung ist es, eine Lärmschutzwand zur Verfügung zu stellen, die in ihrem Aufbau so flexibel ist, daß sie unterschiedlichen Anforderungen hinsichtlich Lärmschutz und optischer Gestaltung angepaßt werden kann.The purpose of the invention is to provide a noise barrier places that are so flexible in their structure that they differ Noise protection and optical design requirements can be adjusted.
Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe mit einer Lärmschutzwand mit den Merkmalen des Anspruches 1 gelöst.According to the invention, this object is achieved with a noise barrier Features of claim 1 solved.
Bevorzugte und vorteilhafte Ausführungen der erfindungsgemäßen Lärmschutzwand sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche.Preferred and advantageous embodiments of the invention Noise barrier are the subject of the subclaims.
Dadurch, daß bei der erfindungsgemäßen Lärmschutzwand an der der Schallquelle zugekehrten Seite Lärmschutzplatten, gegebenenfalls mit profilierter Oberfläche versehene angeordnet sind, ergibt sich ein besonders wirksamer Lärmschutz. Dabei besteht bei der erfindungsgemäßen Lärmschutzwand die Möglichkeit, die Lärmschutzelplatten mit der gegebenfalls profilierten Oberfläche auf einer oder auf beiden Seiten anzuordnen. Bei einer beidseitigen Anordnung der Lärmschutzplatten ist es erfindungsgemäß bevorzugt, wenn diese an beiden Seiten eines Rahmens mit Abstand voneinander befestigt sind.The fact that in the noise barrier according to the invention on the Sound source facing side noise protection panels, if necessary with profiled surface are arranged, results in a particularly effective noise protection. There is in the invention Noise barrier the possibility to use the noise protection panels the optionally profiled surface on one or both Arrange pages. If the noise protection panels are arranged on both sides it is preferred according to the invention if these are on both Sides of a frame are attached at a distance from each other.
Die Ausgestaltung des Rahmens erlaubt es trotz des geringen Gewichtes einen wirksamen Lärmschutz zu gewährleisten.The design of the frame allows it despite the low weight to ensure effective noise protection.
Weitere bevorzugte Merkmale und beispielhafte Einzelheiten der
Erfindung ergeben sich aus den in den Zeichnungen gezeigten Ausführungsbeispielen
und der nachfolgenden Beschreibung derselben. Es
zeigt:
Eine Lärmschutzwand 1 gemäß einem Ansführungsbeispiel der Erfindung besteht aus mehreren Lärmschutzeiementen
2, die zwischen lotrechten Stehern 3, die in Fundamenten
4, die beispielsweise ein Betonfertigteil sein können,
verankert sind. Zusätzlich ist es möglich, zwischen den Steher unter
den Lärmschutzelementen 2, die zwischen den Stehern 3 angeordnet
ist, längslaufende Betonbahnen 5 anzuordnen, wie dies in Fig. 1
gezeigt ist. Im einzelnen sind zwischen die Steher, die beispielsweise
I-Profilsteher aus Stahl oder Aluminium sein können, Rahmen 6,
nämlich Holzrahmen 6 der in Fig. 10 und 11 gezeigten Konstruktion
eingeschoben und auf die Holzrahmen 6 die Steher 3 überdekkend,
Lärmschutzplatten 8, 9 ein- und/oder beidseitig befestigt.
Dabei können auf einer oder auf beiden Seiten Lärmschutzplatten 9
mit ebener Fläche oder ebenso ein- oder beidseitig Lärmschutzplatten
8 mit gerillter, der Lärmquelle zugekehrter Sichtfläche verwendet
werden. Wie die Fig. 4 zeigt, ist es auch möglich, auf einer Seite
glatte und auf der anderen Seite gerippte, also mit Rillen 10 versehene
Lärmschutzplatten angeordnet sein.A noise protection wall 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention consists of several
Die Ausrichtung der Rillen 10 ist weitestgehend beliebig. So sind
Lärmschutzplatten 8 mit lotrechter Rillung (Fig. 1), mit horizontaler
Rillung (Fig. 2) oder schräg verlaufender Rillung (Fig. 3)
denkbar.The orientation of the
Aus Fig. 1 ist noch ersichtlich, daß die unteren Längshölzer 12 der
zwischen die Steher 3 eingesetzten Rahmen 6 auf den Ortbeton oder
Betonfertigteilen 5 unter Zwischenlage eines Dichtungsbandes 13 aus
Kunststoff, z.B. PVC, aufliegen.From Fig. 1 it can still be seen that the lower
Die Schnittdarstellung von Fig. 4 zeigt, daß die lotrechten Stützhölzer
14 der Rahmen 6 in die I-Steher 3 eingreifen und gegenüber
diesen durch Schlauchkeder 15 auf Aluminiumwinkeln 16 festgehalten
sind, so daß die Rahmen 6 in den Stehern 3 nicht "klappern" können.The sectional view of Fig. 4 shows that the
Fig. 5 zeigt zwischen Steher 3 eingesetzte Rahmen 6 noch ohne Lärmschutzplatten
8, 9. Die Lärmschutzplatten 8, 9, die beispielsweise
eine Abmessung haben oder auf eine solche zugeschnitten werden,
welche der Höhe der Rahmen 6 entspricht, die zwecks besserer Handhabbarkeit
zu Bahnen zurechtgeschnitten sind, bestehen beispielsweise,
und zwar sowohl bei gerippten als auch bei glatter Ausführungsform
aus mit Zement gebundenen Holzspänen.Fig. 5 shows between
Die Querschnittsformen von gerillten Platten 8 können, wie in Fig.
7 bis 9 gezeigt, ausgeführt sein, wobei es möglich ist, die Rillen
10, wie in Fig. 7 gezeigt ist, dadurch herzustellen, daß entsprechend
geformte Leisten mit einem Kleber, vorzugsweise mit Zement,
auf Platten aus zementgebundenen Holzspänen aufgeklebt sind. Bei der
in Fig. 8 gezeigten Ausführungsform sind die Rillen 10 dadurch
gebildet, daß sie aus zunächst ebenen Platten ausgeschnitten oder
ausgefräst werden. Bei der in Fig. 9 gezeigten Ausführungsform
werden die Rillen 10 bei der Herstellung der Platten 8 durch Prägen
erzeugt.The cross-sectional shapes of
Der in Fig. 10 gezeigte Rahmen 6 besteht aus Holz und weist ein
unteres und ein oberes, horizontales Längsholz 20, 21 auf sowie an
beiden Enden Stützhölzer 14, die unterteilt sind und zwischen sich
ein mittleres Längsholz 22, das etwa in halber Höhe der Rahmenkonstruktion
verläuft, aufnehmen. Freilich ist auch eine Ausführungsform
mit durchgehendem Steher (Stützholz) 14 denkbar, wobei das
mittlere Längsholz 22 am Stützholz 14 stumpf anliegt und an diesem
befestigt ist. Auf den Seiten des Rahmens 6 sind Bretter 25 befestigt,
zwischen welchen unten, beidseitig Füllhölzer 26 eingesetzt
sind. Durch die Bretter 25, auf welchen die Schallschutzplatten 8,
9 montiert werden, ergibt sich eine Überdeckung der Rahmenkonstruktion,
was gegen die Längsleitung von Schall von Vorteil ist.The
Dies ist beispielsweise in Fig. 11 dargestellt. Der Rahmen besteht
aus Holz, insbesondere aus kesseldruck-imprägniertem
Holz, z.B. Lärchen- oder Kiefernholz. Zum Unterschied zu Fig. 10 ist
in Fig. 11 als Ausführungsvariante das Längsholz 22 am Stützholz 14
seitlich befestigt, wogegen in Fig. 10 die Stützhölzer 14 vom Längshol
22 unterbrochen sind.This is shown, for example, in FIG. 11. The framework is there
made of wood, especially of pressure-impregnated
Wood, e.g. Larch or pine wood. In contrast to Fig. 10 is
11 shows the
Aus Fig. 1 und Fig. 4 ist ersichtlich, daß bei der erfindungsgemäßen
Konstruktion nur die Rahmen 6 zwischen die I-Steher 3 eingefügt
werden und die Lärmschutzplatten 8, 9 aneinandergrenzen, also auch
die Steher 3 überdecken. Dabei können die Fugen zwischen den Lärmschutzplatten
8, 9 abgedichtet werden, beispielsweise mit
Polyurethan-Schaum oder mit einer anorganischen Fugenmasse, z.B. auf
Zementbasis.From Fig. 1 and Fig. 4 it can be seen that in the inventive
Construction only inserted the
Am oberen Rand der Lärmschutzelemente 2 können Abdeckbretter 30
montiert werden (Fig. 1).
Mit einer Schallschutzwand 1 wie sie in Fig. 1 gezeigt ist, welche die in der nachstehenden Tabelle angegebenen Abmessungen besitzt, können die ebenfalls in der Tabelle 1 angegebenen Schallschutzwerte erzielt werden. With a soundproofing wall 1 as shown in FIG. 1, which has the dimensions given in the table below, the soundproofing values also given in Table 1 can be achieved.
Wie erwähnt, sind die bei der Lärmschutzwand vorgesehenen Schallschutzplatten Holzspanplatten, die zementgebunden sind, wie folgende Ausführungsbeispiele zeigen werden.As mentioned, they are with the noise barrier provided soundproofing panels chipboard, the cement-bound are, as the following embodiments will show.
ÖNORM 8 3800/1Fire behavior after
ÖNORM 8 3800/1
Zusammenfassend kann ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wie folgt beschrieben werden:In summary, an embodiment of the invention can be as follows to be discribed:
Eine Lärmschutzwand 1 besteht aus mit einer Profilierung in Form von
Rillen angeordneten Lärmschutzplatten 8, 9 aus zementgebundenen
Holzspänen, die auf einem Holzrahmen 6 befestigt sind. Die Holzrahmen
6 sind zwischen lotrechte I-Steher 3 eingesetzt, wobei die
Lärmschutzplatten 8, 9 die Stege der Steher 3 überdeckend, am Holzrahmen
6 befestigt sind.A noise barrier 1 consists of a profile in the form of
Grooves arranged
Claims (23)
- Soundproof wall (1) having noise-absorption elements (2) arranged between vertical upright members (3), the noise-absorption elements (2) having, on at least one side but preferably on both sides, noise-absorption panels (8, 9) in the form of particle boards bonded with mineral, characterised in that the noise-absorption panels (8, 9) are attached on one or both sides to a frame (6), in that the frames (6) each comprise two longitudinal timbers (20, 21), which are horizontal in their functional position, and two support timbers (14), which are vertical in their functional position, in that planks (25), which are aligned parallel to the support timbers (14), are secured to the longitudinal timbers (20, 21) on both sides of the frame (6) at a spacing from one another, and in that the frames (6) are inserted between adjacent upright members (3), the frame (6) support timbers (14), which are vertical in their functional position, engaging between the limbs of the double-T profiled upright members (3).
- Soundproof wall according to claim 1, characterised in that the noise-absorption panels (8, 9) are particle boards bonded with cement.
- Soundproof wall according to claims 1 or 2, characterised in that the noise-absorption panels (8) are provided with profiling on one of their two large surfaces.
- Soundproof wall according to claim 3, characterised in that the profiling comprises ribs and grooves running parallel to one another.
- Soundproof wall according to claim 3 or 4, characterised in that the profiling has pressed grooves.
- Soundproof wall according to claim 3 or 4, characterised in that the profiling has embossed ribs and grooves.
- Soundproof wall according to claim 3 or 4, characterised in that the profiling is formed by attaching battens which have a cross-sectional shape tapering away from the panel.
- Soundproof wall according to claim 7, characterised in that the battens are connected to the panel by an inorganic adhesive, especially cement.
- Soundproof wall according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that, between adjacent upright members (3) between the noise-absorption panels are inserted intermediate posts (40) to which guide planks (41) are secured on both sides, such that the ends of the noise-absorption panels (8, 9) are received between the guide planks (41).
- Soundproof wall according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterised in that the upright member (3) limbs, disposed outside adjoining longitudinal edges of noise-absorption panels, are covered by cover strips (28).
- Soundproof wall according to claim 9 or 10, characterised in that a crossbeam (42) is provided on the upper side of the noise-absorption elements (2).
- Soundproof wall according to claim 11, characterised in that the crossbeam (42) is configured continuous between adjacent upright members (3).
- Soundproof wall according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterised in that that a covering (30) is arranged on the top of the noise-absorption elements (2).
- Soundproof wall according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterised in that filling timbers (50) are secured to the side of the noise-absorption panels (8, 9) which is remote from the noise protection source, in the region of the vertical edges of the noise-absorption panels (8, 9).
- Soundproof wall according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterised in that. filling timbers (26) are secured between the planks (25) to the top and/or underneath of the longitudinal timbers (20, 21).
- Soundproof wall according to one of claims 1 to 15, characterised in that two support timbers (14), which receive between them the ends of a central longitudinal timber (22), are provided on each side of the frame (6).
- Soundproof wall according to one of claims 1 to 16, characterised in that identical noise-absorption panels (8, 9) are arranged on both sides of the frame structure.
- Soundproof wall according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterised in that a smooth noise-absorption panel (9) is arranged on at least one side of the frame (6).
- Soundproof wall according to one of claims 1 to 18, characterised in that a profiled, especially grooved, noise-absorption panel is secured to at least one side of the frame (6).
- Soundproof wall according to one of claims 1 to 19, characterised in that the noise-absorption panels are secured to the frame so as to overlap the limbs of the double-T upright members (3).
- Soundproof wall according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterised in that gaps between the noise-absorption panels (8, 9) are filled.
- Soundproof wall according to claim 21. characterised in that the gaps are filled with a plastics material, especially foamed plastic, preferably polyurethane foam.
- Soundproof wall according to claim 21, characterised in that the gaps between noise-absorption panels (8. 9) are filled with cement, particularly in the case of cement-bonded particle-board noise-absorption panels (8, 9).
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT98948611T ATE240436T1 (en) | 1997-11-11 | 1998-10-16 | NOISE PROTECTION WALL |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT0070297U AT2529U1 (en) | 1997-11-11 | 1997-11-11 | NOISE PROTECTION WALL |
AT70297U | 1997-11-11 | ||
PCT/AT1998/000246 WO1999024670A1 (en) | 1997-11-11 | 1998-10-16 | Soundproof wall |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1029129A1 EP1029129A1 (en) | 2000-08-23 |
EP1029129B1 true EP1029129B1 (en) | 2003-05-14 |
Family
ID=3497569
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98948611A Expired - Lifetime EP1029129B1 (en) | 1997-11-11 | 1998-10-16 | Soundproof wall |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1029129B1 (en) |
AT (1) | AT2529U1 (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ290465B6 (en) |
DE (1) | DE59808390D1 (en) |
HR (1) | HRPK20000127B1 (en) |
HU (1) | HUP0003539A3 (en) |
PL (1) | PL194034B1 (en) |
SK (1) | SK284741B6 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999024670A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FI12498U1 (en) * | 2019-07-17 | 2019-11-15 | Sepa Oy | Noise barrier |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE7715101U1 (en) * | Tubag Trass-, Zement- Und Steinwerke Gmbh, 5473 Kruft | |||
DE1655587B2 (en) * | 1966-10-20 | 1977-07-28 | HYDRAULIC CONTROL DEVICE FOR A MOTOR VEHICLE TRANSMISSION | |
DE2317812B1 (en) * | 1973-04-09 | 1973-12-06 | Neymeyer, Franz, 7731 Marbach | NOISE BARRIER |
CA1210340A (en) * | 1984-02-07 | 1986-08-26 | Ernst U. Boehlau | Noise barrier |
DE9113416U1 (en) * | 1991-10-29 | 1991-12-12 | Zahn, Walter, Dipl.-Ing., 6920 Sinsheim | Noise barrier |
US5324469A (en) * | 1992-08-26 | 1994-06-28 | Insul Holz-Beton Systems, Inc. | Method of making single wood concrete layer sound absorption panel |
NL9400173A (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1995-09-01 | Veldhoen Raalte B V | Noise barrier. |
US5539163A (en) * | 1994-04-28 | 1996-07-23 | The Reinforced Earth Company | Lightweight low profile sound wall panel |
US5640817A (en) * | 1995-05-17 | 1997-06-24 | Bos; Pieter R. | Modular system for stucco fences/walls |
-
1997
- 1997-11-11 AT AT0070297U patent/AT2529U1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1998
- 1998-10-16 EP EP98948611A patent/EP1029129B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-10-16 CZ CZ20001453A patent/CZ290465B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-10-16 HU HU0003539A patent/HUP0003539A3/en unknown
- 1998-10-16 PL PL98339840A patent/PL194034B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-10-16 DE DE59808390T patent/DE59808390D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-10-16 SK SK605-2000A patent/SK284741B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-10-16 WO PCT/AT1998/000246 patent/WO1999024670A1/en active IP Right Grant
-
2000
- 2000-03-07 HR HR20000423A patent/HRPK20000127B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HRP20000127A2 (en) | 2001-02-28 |
HUP0003539A3 (en) | 2002-01-28 |
SK6052000A3 (en) | 2000-12-11 |
SK284741B6 (en) | 2005-10-06 |
PL339840A1 (en) | 2001-01-02 |
CZ290465B6 (en) | 2002-07-17 |
CZ20001453A3 (en) | 2000-12-13 |
HRPK20000127B1 (en) | 2002-06-30 |
PL194034B1 (en) | 2007-04-30 |
EP1029129A1 (en) | 2000-08-23 |
DE59808390D1 (en) | 2003-06-18 |
WO1999024670A1 (en) | 1999-05-20 |
HUP0003539A2 (en) | 2001-02-28 |
AT2529U1 (en) | 1998-12-28 |
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