EP0991295A2 - Lautsprecher und Lautsprechergerät - Google Patents

Lautsprecher und Lautsprechergerät Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0991295A2
EP0991295A2 EP99402359A EP99402359A EP0991295A2 EP 0991295 A2 EP0991295 A2 EP 0991295A2 EP 99402359 A EP99402359 A EP 99402359A EP 99402359 A EP99402359 A EP 99402359A EP 0991295 A2 EP0991295 A2 EP 0991295A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
case
speaker
speaker unit
unit
vibration
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP99402359A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0991295A3 (de
Inventor
Takeshi Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd. Nakamura
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Murata Manufacturing Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Murata Manufacturing Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Murata Manufacturing Co Ltd filed Critical Murata Manufacturing Co Ltd
Publication of EP0991295A2 publication Critical patent/EP0991295A2/de
Publication of EP0991295A3 publication Critical patent/EP0991295A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
    • H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only 
    • H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
    • H04R1/2807—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements
    • H04R1/283—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements using a passive diaphragm
    • H04R1/2834—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements using a passive diaphragm for loudspeaker transducers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a speaker, and more particularly, to a speaker for generating low-frequency sounds which may be used, for instance, as a woofer or other component in a 3D sound system. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a speaker device, and more particularly, to a speaker device including an amplifier and a speaker unit contained in a single case.
  • a bookshelf-type speaker is generally used as a conventional speaker.
  • This speaker includes a dynamic speaker unit provided in a case, and sound is emitted from the front surface of the speaker unit. Sound is generated by the vibrations of a vibrating plate of the speaker unit. The sound generated is emitted not only from the front surface of the vibrating plate but also from a rear side thereof. Since the sound emitted from the front surface of the speaker unit and the sound emitted from the rear side have opposite phases relative to each other, the case in which the speaker is provided cuts off the sound emitted from the rear side of the speaker unit so that the sound waves emitted from the front surface and the sound waves emitted from the rear side do not cancel each other.
  • the sound emitted from the rear side of the speaker unit makes the case vibrate.
  • Such vibration of the case is reduced by using a highly rigid material to construct the case, using reinforcing material to restrict the vibration of the case, and inserting sound-absorbing material inside of the case.
  • vibration of the case is reduced and the sound emitted from the rear side of the speaker unit is cut off sufficiently, so that only the sound emitted from the front surface of the speaker unit is transmitted to outside of the case.
  • another conventional audio device relevant to the background of the present invention includes an amplifier provided inside of the case of a speaker.
  • the audio device 1 includes a speaker unit 3 attached to the front surface of a case 2.
  • a partitioning board 4 is arranged to partition a portion of the inside of the case 2, and an amplifier 5 is attached in the portion partitioned by the partitioning board 4.
  • a through hole 6 is provided in the partitioning board 4, and a distribution hole 7 is provided in the case 2.
  • the amplifier 5 amplifies an input signal and the amplified signal vibrates the vibrator of the speaker unit 3, whereby sound is emitted from the front surface of the speaker unit 3. Further, when the vibrator of the speaker unit 3 vibrates, air inside of the case 2 flows through the through hole 6 in the partitioning board 4 and through the distribution hole 7 of the case 2. This flow of air cools the amplifier 5.
  • this type of audio device uses sound emitted from the front surface of the speaker unit, the sound which is generated by this audio device has directivity. Furthermore, since the sound emitted from the rear side of the speaker is opposite in phase to the sound emitted from the front surface of the speaker unit, it is necessary to prevent these sounds from cancelling each other. Consequently, it is necessary to cut off sound emitted from the rear side of the speaker unit, and to restrict vibration of the case by reinforcing the case, inserting sound-absorbing material, and taking other corrective measures. More specifically, a speaker for producing low-frequency tones, such as a woofer, has a large speaker unit and therefore requires a large-volume case. When such a large case is used, and an amplifier is provided inside of the case, the large size of the speaker and the corresponding large volume of the case make it difficult to reduce the size of the whole structure.
  • preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a speaker and a speaker device which have a greatly reduced size and emit sound waves in a non-directional manner.
  • a speaker includes a speaker unit and a case attached to the speaker unit, and the speaker unit being arranged to emit sounds to outside of the case as a result of the case vibrating in response to vibration of the speaker unit.
  • the speaker unit is arranged inside of the case so that when the case is mounted on a support or mounting surface, the speaker unit faces toward the support or mounting surface on which the case is supported or installed.
  • a space inside of the case defined by the speaker unit and the inner surfaces of the case is airtight.
  • a port may be provided on the bottom surface of the case located at the surface closest to the location of the support or mounting surface.
  • the inner portion of the case does not have a structure which would restrict the vibration of the case.
  • the back-and-forth vibration of the vibrator of the speaker unit causes the case to vibrate in an expanding and contracting motion.
  • non-directional spherical waves are emitted to areas outside of the case.
  • the expansion and contraction of the case caused by the back-and-forth vibration of the speaker unit is generated when pressure, created by the vibration of the speaker unit, is transmitted to the air inside of the case, whereby the pressure is transferred to the case. Therefore, in order to make the case expand and contract effectively, the case should preferably have small volume, enabling the speaker to have a very small size.
  • the speaker unit faces the airtight space inside of the case in order to make the case expand and contract effectively.
  • the resonant frequency of the speaker is significantly increased, enabling the fidelity of the speaker to be improved by generating sound at frequencies below the resonant frequency.
  • the speaker unit By providing the speaker unit on a floor side of the case, it is possible to cut off sound emitted from the speaker unit to the outside thereof, so that only sound generated by the expansion and contraction of the case is emitted.
  • a port may be provided at the bottom portion of the case to accentuate low-frequency tones, so that the low-frequency sound emitted from the speaker unit toward the floor exits through the port.
  • a speaker device includes a case, an amplifier main body stored inside of the case, and a speaker unit stored inside the case, the amplifier main body being provided in front of the speaker unit.
  • the amplifier main body is provided on the support or mounting surface side of the case, and the speaker unit is arranged so as to face toward the installation surface and so as to emit sound through the amplifier main body.
  • a gap may be provided between the inner wall of the case and the amplifier main body.
  • the vibrations of the speaker unit send air through the gap, thereby cooling the amplifier main body.
  • the gap is used as a load horn which makes is arranged to cause sound emitted from the speaker unit to pass through the load horn.
  • the case vibrates by being vibrated by vibration of the speaker unit, thereby emitting sound to the outside of the case due vibration of the case.
  • the inner portion of the case does not have a structure which would restrict the expansion and contraction of the case.
  • the amplifier main body is preferably provided in front of the speaker unit, so that sound emitted from the front surface of the speaker unit is emitted into the space where the amplifier main body is provided.
  • the weight of the amplifier main body restricts unwanted vibrations, preventing the sound from reaching to the outside of the case.
  • sound emitted from the rear side of the speaker unit expands and contracts the case, and the expansion and contraction of the case emits sound to the outside of the case.
  • the expansion and contraction of the case is excited when pressure, generated by the vibration of the speaker unit, is transmitted to the air inside of the case, whereby the pressure is transferred to the case. Therefore, in order to make the case expand and contract effectively, the case should preferably have very small volume, thereby enabling the speaker to have a very small size.
  • the overall size of the speaker is significantly reduced. Consequently, even when the amplifier has a small case, a speaker including the speaker unit and the amplifier case can be obtained by expanding and contracting the case using the vibration of the speaker unit.
  • the speaker unit is preferably arranged so that it faces toward the floor or mounting surface so as to use the expansion and contraction of the case. That is, the case of the speaker device is provided so that the amplifier faces the floor or mounting surface and is located closest to floor or mounting surface as compared to the speaker unit.
  • the vibration of the speaker unit forces air through the gap, and this flow of air cools the amplifier main body.
  • sound emitted from the front surface of the speaker unit passes through the gap, which thereby functions as a load horn to accentuate the low tones.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example of the speaker of preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • the speaker 10 preferably includes a case 12 having an opening at one side thereof.
  • the case 12 can have an approximately cubic shape.
  • the case 12 is not a perfect cube. Instead, the edge portions of the cube are rounded so that the intersections between all of the flat surfaces are curved.
  • the case 12 may be made of wood, plastic, or other suitable material, for instance.
  • a plate 14 has a through hole formed therein, preferably at the approximate center thereof and is provided at the opening of the case 12.
  • a speaker unit 16 is mounted at the through hole portion at the approximate center of the plate 14.
  • a dynamic speaker unit can, for instance, be used as the speaker unit 16.
  • the speaker unit 16 is attached to the plate 14 in such a manner that the front surface of the speaker unit 16 faces toward the outside of the case 12. That is, the speaker unit 16 is arranged to fire sound waves toward the through hole and toward the surface upon which the speaker is mounted.
  • the space defined by the case 12, the plate 14 and the speaker unit 16 is airtight so that the sound waves emitted from the speaker unit 16 are never actually transmitted to outside of the case 12.
  • the speaker 10 When the speaker 10 is in use, it is arranged so that the opening of the case 12 is located on the floor or mounting surface such that the speaker unit 16 faces the floor or mounting surfaces and fires sound waves directly toward the floor or mounting surface. Therefore, since the sound emitted from the front surface of the speaker unit 16 is emitted into a space which is closed off by the floor and the case 12, the sound does not escape to outside of the case 12. That is, since the speaker unit 16 does not directly emit sound to the outside, unwanted directional sound pressure is eliminated.
  • the back-and-forth vibration of the vibrator of the speaker unit 16 applies pressure to the air inside of the case 12, and this pressure causes the case 12 to expand and contract. As a result of this expansion and contraction of the case 12, spherical waves are emitted outside of the case 12 by the vibration of the case.
  • the back-and-forth vibration of the vibrator of the speaker unit 16 expands and contracts the case 12, and consequently, non-directional spherical waves, which are ideal speaker waves, are emitted to the outside of the case 12.
  • the speaker 10 using a case 12 having width, depth and height of, for example, about 10cm, as shown in FIG. 1, is able to generate very low-frequency tones, enabling the speaker 10 to be used as a woofer.
  • the expansion and contraction of the case 12 increases the resonant frequency of the speaker 10.
  • a speaker has poor fidelity of signal reproduction at frequencies higher than the resonant frequency, and when a signal at a frequency higher than the resonant frequency is input, the motion of the vibrator will lag behind the input signal. Consequently, there is a disadvantage that sounds at frequencies higher than the resonant frequency cannot be generated faithfully.
  • the speaker 10 of preferred embodiments of the present invention has a higher resonant frequency than a speaker using sound obtained directly from a speaker unit, and therefore its fidelity of reproduction of input signals is greatly improved.
  • the case 12 has a structure which does not restrict its expansion and contraction.
  • no case reinforcing member or sound-absorbing material or the like is provided inside of the case 12.
  • a case reinforcing member or sound-absorbing material or the like may be provided inside of the case 12 in order to adjust the amount of expansion and contraction of the case 12, but it is preferable that such members do not obstruct the expansion and contraction of the case 12. That is, such reinforcing or absorbing members should be arranged to not affect or distort the expansion and contraction of the case.
  • ports 18 may be provided at the bottom surface of the case 12, that is, on the surface of the case that is disposed in contact with the floor or mounting surface. Any number of ports 18 may be provided and may be located, for example, on the four lower side surfaces of the case 12. These ports 18 are used to transmit sound emitted from the front surface of the speaker unit 16 to the outside thereof, thereby accentuating the low-frequency tones.
  • the ports 18 are provided in the four surfaces of the case 12, low-frequency tones are emitted around the speaker 10, hence the speaker 10 is non-directional. Since human perception of low audio frequencies does not have directivity, the speaker can be made perceptually non-directional by providing a port 18 in just one side surface of the case 12.
  • the material of the case 12 is not limited to wood, and rubber, plastic, resin, ceramic, glass, metal and the like can be used, depending on the desired frequency.
  • the shape of the case 12 may be a truncated pyramid as shown in FIG. 4, or the case 12 may have a shape such as a pyramid, a cone, a truncated cone, a dome or other suitable shape.
  • a small port may be arranged to extend from the airtight space of the case 12 and to open to the outside, but it is more preferable that the inside of the case 12 is an airtight space, so that the back-and-forth vibration of the vibrator of the speaker unit 16 is able to expand and contract the case 12.
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an example of a speaker device of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the speaker device 100 includes a case 12.
  • the case 12 may be approximately cubic or have any of the shapes described above.
  • the case 12 is preferably not a perfect cube, since the ridge portions of the cube are rounded so that the intersections between all of the flat faces are curved.
  • the case 12 can be made of any of the materials mentioned above.
  • a plate 14 has a through hole provided therein and is provided approximately in the middle of the case 12.
  • a speaker unit 16 is attached at the through hole at the approximate center of the plate 14.
  • a dynamic speaker unit can, for instance, be used as the speaker unit 16.
  • an amplifier main body 19 is provided at the front of the speaker unit 16. Therefore, the case 12, the plate 14 and the speaker unit 16 define two airtight spaces.
  • the amplifier main body 19 is provided in the airtight space in front of the speaker unit 16.
  • the speaker unit 16 and the amplifier main body 19 are preferably connected together via wiring inside the case 12.
  • the speaker device 100 When the speaker device 100 is used, the speaker device 100 is mounted such that the amplifier main body 19 faces and is located closest to the floor or mounting surface on which the speaker device is supported. In the speaker device 100, sound is emitted from the front surface of the speaker unit 16 into the airtight space where the amplifier main body 19 is provided. The weight of the amplifier main body 19 restricts unwanted vibrations so that the sound does not escape outside of the case 12, thereby eliminating unwanted directional sound pressure. In the speaker device 100, the back-and-forth vibration of the vibrator of the speaker unit 16 applies pressure to the air inside of the case 12, and this pressure expands and contracts the case 12. As a result of this expansion and contraction of the case 12, spherical waves are emitted outside of the case 12.
  • the back-and-forth vibration of the vibrator of the speaker unit 16 expands and contracts the case 12, and consequently non-directional spherical waves, which are ideal speaker waves, can be emitted to the outside of the case 12.
  • the speaker device 100 using a case 12 as shown in FIG. 5 generates low-frequency tones, enabling the speaker device 100 to be used as a woofer.
  • the case 12 and the speaker unit 16 it is possible to provide a speaker which has a very small size and transmits waves in a non-directional manner compared to the conventional audio device.
  • the expansion and contraction of the case 12 significantly increases the speaker resonant frequency of the speaker device 100.
  • a speaker has poor fidelity of signal reproduction at frequencies higher than the resonant frequency, and when a signal at a frequency higher than the resonant frequency is input, the motion of the vibrator will lag behind the input signal. Consequently, there is a disadvantage that sounds at frequencies higher than the resonant frequency cannot be generated faithfully.
  • the speaker device 100 of preferred embodiments of the present invention has a higher resonant frequency than a speaker using sound obtained directly from a speaker unit, and therefore its fidelity in reproducing input signals is greatly improved.
  • the case 12 has a structure which does not restrict its expansion and contraction and which allows for full and free vibration of the case 12.
  • no case reinforcing member or sound-absorbing material or the like is provided inside of the case 12.
  • a case reinforcing member or sound-absorbing material or the like may be provided inside of the case 12 in order to adjust the level of expansion and contraction of the case 12, but it is preferable that such members do not affect or obstruct the expansion and contraction of the case 12.
  • the speaker device 100 since the speaker unit 16 and the amplifier main body 19 are wired together inside the case 12, external wires are not required, enabling the installation area to be reduced.
  • internal wiring makes it possible to shorten the lengths of the wires between the speaker unit 16 and the amplifier main body 19, reducing electrical loss.
  • the number of components such as connection terminals can be reduced, enabling the speaker device 100 to have a very small size.
  • a gap 20 may be provided between the wall of the case 12 and the amplifier main body 19.
  • the gap 20 leads to the outside through openings 22 in the floor-contacting portions of the case 12.
  • components 24 of the amplifier main body 19 which generate heat are provided at locations of the gap 20. Therefore, the back-and-forth vibration of the vibrator of the speaker unit 16 sends the air inside of the case 12 through the gap 20, and the air flows along the outer sides of the amplifier main body 19. This captures the heat generated by the heat-generating components 24 which face the air flow, thereby cooling the amplifier main body 19.
  • the amplifier main body 19 when a loud sound is emitted, the amplifier main body 19 generates a large amount of heat, but the amplitude of the vibration of the speaker unit 16 also increases, increasing the amount of air passing through the gap 20, thereby increasing the cooling effect. That is, the cooling effect increases in correspondence with the amount of heat generated by the amplifier main body 19, ensuring efficient cooling.
  • the gap 20 functions as a load horn.
  • This load horn is arranged to accentuate the low-frequency tones.
  • the load horn including the gap 20 can be made non-directional by emitting sound from four openings 22 of the case 12.
  • human perception of low audio frequencies does not have directivity, the speaker can be made perceptually non-directional even when an opening 22 is provided in just one side surface of the case 12.
  • the case 12 may be a truncated pyramid.
  • the speaker can have a very small size by using the expansion and contraction of the case of the amplifier, as in the speaker device shown in FIG. 5. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a very small speaker device having a non-directional speaker.
  • FIG. 11 when a gap 20 is provided between the walls of the case 12 and the amplifier main body 19 of a speaker device 100 using a truncated pyramid-like case 12, both effects of cooling the amplifier main body 19 and functioning as a load horn to accentuate the low tones are achieved.
  • the material of the case 12 is not limited to wood, and rubber, plastic, resin, ceramic, glass, metal and the like can be used, depending on the desired frequency.
  • the case 12 may have any shape such as a pyramid, a cone, a truncated cone, a dome or others.
  • a small port extending from the airtight space of the case 12 and opening to the outside is provided.
  • the inside of the case 12 is airtight, so that the back-and-forth vibration of the vibrator of the speaker unit 16 causes the case 12 to expand and contract.
  • non-directional speaker generating non-direction spherical waves, which are ideal speaker waves. Since sound is emitted by expansion and contraction of the case, rather than directly from the speaker unit, the sound pressure does not increase even when loud sound is emitted, enabling a pleasant sound to be obtained. Furthermore, the resonant frequency of the speaker is greatly increased, thereby improving its fidelity of reproduction of input signals.
  • the present invention uses the expansion and contraction of the case of an amplifier to obtain spherical waves, which are ideal for a speaker. Therefore, by providing the speaker unit inside of the case of the amplifier, it is possible to obtain a speaker device having a very small size and non-directional wave transmittance. Furthermore, when the speaker unit is provided inside of the case and a gap is provided between the walls of the case and the amplifier main body, the flow of air through the gap is able to effectively cool the amplifier main body, and in addition, low-frequency tones are greatly accentuated. Since the sound is emitted by expansion and contraction of the case, rather than directly from the speaker unit, the sound pressure does not increase even when loud sound is emitted, enabling a pleasant sound to be obtained. Furthermore, the resonant frequency of the speaker of the speaker device is increased significantly thereby improving its fidelity of sound reproduction of input signals.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Details Of Audible-Bandwidth Transducers (AREA)
  • Amplifiers (AREA)
  • Obtaining Desirable Characteristics In Audible-Bandwidth Transducers (AREA)
EP99402359A 1998-09-28 1999-09-28 Lautsprecher und Lautsprechergerät Withdrawn EP0991295A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP27302898 1998-09-28
JP10273028A JP2000102082A (ja) 1998-09-28 1998-09-28 スピーカ内蔵アンプ

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0991295A2 true EP0991295A2 (de) 2000-04-05
EP0991295A3 EP0991295A3 (de) 2006-07-19

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99402359A Withdrawn EP0991295A3 (de) 1998-09-28 1999-09-28 Lautsprecher und Lautsprechergerät

Country Status (2)

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EP (1) EP0991295A3 (de)
JP (1) JP2000102082A (de)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013126332A1 (en) * 2012-02-21 2013-08-29 Bose Corporation Convective airflow using a passive radiator
US8561756B2 (en) 2012-02-17 2013-10-22 Bose Corporation Acoustic ports aligned to create free convective airflow
US11962972B2 (en) 2018-12-31 2024-04-16 Sony Group Corporation Display device and speaker

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4392548A (en) * 1980-11-13 1983-07-12 Engineering Development Company Speaker enclosure and method of producing same
EP0284051A1 (de) * 1987-03-25 1988-09-28 Friedemann Dr.-Ing. Meggl Luftdicht geschlossenes Lautsprechergehäuse
WO1989007875A1 (en) * 1988-02-10 1989-08-24 George Mazuza Nonresonant sound transducer/radiator system
DE3825997A1 (de) * 1988-07-30 1990-02-01 Dieter Wagner Tieftonlautsprecherbox
EP0806882A2 (de) * 1996-05-09 1997-11-12 NOKIA TECHNOLOGY GmbH Subwoofer - Lautsprecherbox

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4392548A (en) * 1980-11-13 1983-07-12 Engineering Development Company Speaker enclosure and method of producing same
EP0284051A1 (de) * 1987-03-25 1988-09-28 Friedemann Dr.-Ing. Meggl Luftdicht geschlossenes Lautsprechergehäuse
WO1989007875A1 (en) * 1988-02-10 1989-08-24 George Mazuza Nonresonant sound transducer/radiator system
DE3825997A1 (de) * 1988-07-30 1990-02-01 Dieter Wagner Tieftonlautsprecherbox
EP0806882A2 (de) * 1996-05-09 1997-11-12 NOKIA TECHNOLOGY GmbH Subwoofer - Lautsprecherbox

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8561756B2 (en) 2012-02-17 2013-10-22 Bose Corporation Acoustic ports aligned to create free convective airflow
WO2013126332A1 (en) * 2012-02-21 2013-08-29 Bose Corporation Convective airflow using a passive radiator
US8798308B2 (en) 2012-02-21 2014-08-05 Bose Corporation Convective airflow using a passive radiator
CN104205870A (zh) * 2012-02-21 2014-12-10 伯斯有限公司 使用无源辐射器的对流气流
CN104205870B (zh) * 2012-02-21 2018-05-22 伯斯有限公司 用于重现声信号的装置及冷却音箱的方法
US11962972B2 (en) 2018-12-31 2024-04-16 Sony Group Corporation Display device and speaker

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2000102082A (ja) 2000-04-07
EP0991295A3 (de) 2006-07-19

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