EP0986675A1 - Method and device for preventing avalanches, snow slides or the like - Google Patents
Method and device for preventing avalanches, snow slides or the likeInfo
- Publication number
- EP0986675A1 EP0986675A1 EP98937431A EP98937431A EP0986675A1 EP 0986675 A1 EP0986675 A1 EP 0986675A1 EP 98937431 A EP98937431 A EP 98937431A EP 98937431 A EP98937431 A EP 98937431A EP 0986675 A1 EP0986675 A1 EP 0986675A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- snow
- slope
- buoyancy
- buoyancy body
- layers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F7/00—Devices affording protection against snow, sand drifts, side-wind effects, snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks; Anti-dazzle arrangements ; Sight-screens for roads, e.g. to mask accident site
- E01F7/04—Devices affording protection against snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks, e.g. avalanche preventing structures, galleries
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for combating the formation of avalanches and other flowing snow phenomena.
- the invention is only described below with a view to combating avalanches, although it is not restricted to this.
- the invention therefore also relates to the control of other flowing snow phenomena, such as. B. the fight against
- Snow deposits on slope-like structures are not a resting medium, but a mass that is constantly moving down the valley. Natural causes, as well as external influences, can change this movement very significantly. The violence of an avalanche spreading down the valley can be seen as an extreme variant of this change.
- the reason for this reduced liability can be:
- such a movement correction can either be carried out by a massive obstruction transverse to the slope, thereby stopping the snow masses traveling down the valley, or a targeted redirection of global movement sequences through massive obstacles.
- the latter is primarily used in areas near the valley.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of a method and a device for preventing the
- the invention is characterized by the technical teaching according to the method features of claim 1.
- the invention provides for the masses of snow moving down the slope not simply to be stopped as is known from the prior art, but to be subdivided into individual layers or to use an already existing subdivision and to mix the layers with one another.
- Division and mixing can take place in the horizontal and / or in the vertical direction. At the same time, the snow masses can be compacted.
- unstable snow structures are converted into stable densifications.
- An uncontrolled sequence of movements is not stopped, but cannot arise in the first place.
- a combination of these permanent movements provides the potential for strength that is necessary to change the snow structure involved in its basic structure.
- the forces that arise not only transport, but correct (transform) existing flow directions.
- the lack of liability potential of original stratifications is eliminated by mixing these layers with one another.
- a corresponding device provides that the mechanical implementation (transformation) is achieved by using a so-called snow transformer.
- Wedge-shaped basic elements or variably designed geometric hollow bodies are mounted on elastic holding rods, which in turn are anchored in the ground.
- the floor installation itself is not carried out in a vertical planting of the rod end, but parallel to the predetermined slope of the slope.
- the support rod itself is designed such that it m erects a vertical position after approximately 1/3 of its length m rounded shape m.
- the included dividing elements not only change the movement of snow layers flowing past, but also represent an obstacle that counteracts the direction of flow.
- the function of the vertical compaction guarantees, besides its actual effect, an optimal function of the transformer with different snow depths.
- the dividing element itself also evades the acting forces and straightens up the entire snow transformer (holding rod and dividing element).
- snow transformers includes important additional functions that had to be accepted as a side effect in traditional avalanche safety as an apparently unsolvable defect:
- Figure 1 Schematic of a perspective side view of a holding device (without buoyancy body);
- Figure la-lc Different possible profile shapes for a handrail according to Figure 1;
- Figure 2 Schematic of a section through a slope with the sheeting according to the invention
- Figure 3 The balance of forces when the floats flow around the masses of snow
- Figure 4 A section through a slope showing the balance of forces on the vertically stacked snow layers
- Figure 5 Schematic of the movement diagram of the down-flowing snow layers
- Figure 6 Another embodiment form for the formation of a buoyancy body
- Figure 7 A third embodiment for the formation of a buoyancy body
- Figure 8 The top view of the buoyancy body according to Figure 6;
- Figure 9 The side view of the buoyancy body according to Figure 6 and Figure 8;
- Figure 10 Another embodiment of a buoyancy body
- FIG. 10a-10d Further examples for the formation of buoyancy bodies
- FIG 11 Perspectively a further formation of buoyancy bodies
- Figure 12 Another embodiment of the formation of buoyancy bodies
- Figure 13 Another embodiment of the design of buoyancy bodies
- FIGS. 13a, 13b further configuration options for buoyancy bodies according to FIG. 13;
- Figure 14 A modified embodiment of an avalanche barrier
- Figure 15 An embodiment modified from Figure 14;
- Figure 16 The comparison of an avalanche barrier according to the invention compared to one according to the prior art.
- the avalanche barrier according to the invention consists in a preferred embodiment of a holding device 1, which in turn consists of a mounting plate 2 anchored on a slope, on which a holding rod 3 is mounted by means of a fastening 4.
- the handrail is designed as a round, elastic rod which z. B. consists of a plastic material, steel, wood, aluminum alloys, fiberglass, carbon plastics or the like. It is important that the support rod 3 has a lower, approximately parallel to the slope lower part 7, with which this support rod 3 m of the mounting 4 of the mounting plate 2 is received, while the part adjoining the lower part 7 upper part 8 upwards is inclined away from the slope and z. B. can be inclined downhill.
- the direction of flow 6 of the snow masses is so directed that when a pulling action is applied to the holding rod 3, preferably in the axial direction, this pulling force is introduced via the lower part 7 onto the attachment 4, in order to generate a large holding force.
- This power transmission of a tensile force exerted on the holding rod 3 m arrow 6 is advantageous because shearing of the holding rod 3 m of the fastening 4 is thereby reliably avoided.
- This is a major advantage compared to conventional avalanche barriers, which are generally aligned perpendicular or inclined to the slope and where there are great difficulties in transferring the force acting on the avalanche barriers to the ground camp.
- the transfer to the floor storage takes place according to the invention by a mounting plate 2 which is anchored in the slope by means of ground anchors 13, not shown.
- ground anchors 13 can simultaneously take over the attachment for the support rod 3; but it is also possible that own screws 5 are present, which fasten the clamp-like fastening 4 on the mounting plate 2.
- Figures la-lc also show that instead of the round profile of the support rod 3, differently shaped support rods 3a, 3b, 3c can be used, namely figure la shows an elliptical profile, figure lb a triangular profile and figure lc a square or a rectangular profile.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a section through a slope in which the formation of an avalanche from a layer of snow 14 directed down the slope is to be avoided.
- the slope here - shown schematically - consists of rock 10, which is covered by a layer of gravel 11, which in turn shows a thin layer of humus 12.
- ground anchors 13 assigned to the mounting plate 2 extend into the rock 10.
- the tensile force on the handrails does not have a component away from the fastening surface in the direction of the snow layer - as is the case with conventional avalanche barriers - but the holding force is directly from the mounting plate 2 via the ground anchors 13 which are arranged approximately perpendicularly thereto transferred to the slope.
- ground anchors 13 are directed with their longitudinal axis perpendicular to the mounting plate 2. It can also be provided that the ground anchors are driven obliquely downwards (down the slope) into the gravel layer or into the rock layer.
- ground anchors 13 need not be nail-like; they can do the appropriate
- ground anchors also called rock anchors or rock bolts
- the avalanche barrier according to the invention now consists of the holding devices 1 previously described with reference to FIGS. 1-lc, it now being important that the
- Holding rods 3 corresponding buoyancy body 15 are arranged, which are arranged at a mutual distance fixed or rotatable, but preferably not slidably on the holding rods 3, 3 ', 3' '.
- the buoyancy bodies 15 shown here are designed as arrow-like elements which engage with their pointed side up the slope in the snow layer and are directed downward with their wider side. With the construction according to FIG. 2, there is the essential advantage that the downward sliding layer of snow 14 strikes the buoyancy bodies 15, which are raised in the direction of the arrow 16 due to the direction of flow 6 and thereby also take the support rods in the direction of the arrow 16 in an elastic manner.
- FIG. 3 shows that the snow layers can initially flow freely past the avalanche barrier according to the invention in the flow direction 6, because the avalanche barrier cannot cover the entire slope width of the snow layer.
- the force directed down the slope is divided into a vector 20 directed uphill, approximately parallel to the slope plane, a vector 22 pointing perpendicular to the slope plane and one resulting vector 21, which is directed approximately obliquely to the slope plane.
- the vertical mixing of the snow layers shown here causes the snow layer 14 to solidify overall because the snow layers 14a, 14b, 14c, which otherwise tear apart and possibly separate, are interlocked and connected to one another.
- Avalanche formation is thus prevented from the start, because the snow masses which otherwise always move with a slow flow direction are interlocked with one another by the method according to the invention and individual snow masses are prevented from being torn off - be it in the horizontal or vertical direction.
- the present invention does not intend to slow down the avalanche which is already flowing at high flow rate, but that the present invention already fights the occurrence of such avalanches.
- the invention is not limited to achieving vertical mixing of layers of snow stacked on top of one another, but in an analogous manner This is done with layers of snow lying horizontally next to each other, because the deflecting surfaces shown here not only have a mixing effect in the vertical direction, but also in the horizontal direction (next to each other), in order to interlink and link together approximately strand-like snow masses.
- buoyancy bodies are now shown, but they all serve the same purpose, namely that they do not represent a rigid structure, but are attached to the elastic handrails and practically deflect the snow masses in a slowly migrating layer of snow like kites or swallows so that they mix each other and interlock.
- the forces acting on the buoyant bodies are advantageously introduced in the axial direction onto the associated holding rod 3 and this in turn initiates the tensile force acting on them in an optimal manner into the slope without shearing off or the base-side bearing high to charge.
- Buoyancy body 26 consists essentially of a centrally folded steel plate which is fastened in the manner of a snow plow with an arrow bow 29 on the front of the holding rod 3.
- This snow plow-like structure has two deflector displays 27, 28 arranged at an angle to one another, which are formed symmetrically to the longitudinal center axis and are firmly connected to one another.
- a slot 30 is provided which penetrates both deflecting blades 27, 28 and into which is inserted and anchored in a plate-shaped deflecting surface 19.
- the deflecting surface 19 is inclined at an angle 32 to the longitudinal axis of the support rod 3, in such a way that those acting approximately parallel to the slope and in the arrow direction 6 flowing snow masses are deflected obliquely to the slope.
- the angle alpha (angle 32) is variable and can be adapted to the corresponding requirements.
- the deflecting surfaces 19 arranged on the holding rod 3 have a different angle 32 to the respective holding rod than, for example, the deflecting surfaces 19 arranged on the holding rods 3 ', 3' '. This leads to different mixing of the snow layers 14 takes place.
- FIG. 2 is also intended to show that the sheeting structures anchored in the slope are offset from one another to form a gap, or they can also be arranged flush with one another down the slope.
- FIG. 7 shows, as a further exemplary embodiment, a buoyancy body 31 which has the same snow plow-like deflector blades 27, 28 as was explained with reference to FIGS. 6-9, but the deflecting surface 19 directed obliquely downwards is missing.
- the Auft ⁇ ebskorper 35 shown in FIG. 10 again has two blades 33, 34, which are shown in FIG.
- Exemplary embodiment lie on one level. However, the embodiment is not limited to this. These blades could also be bent along the fastening line 36 on the holding rod 3.
- Such a buoyancy body 35 is designed like a kite and like a kite should generate a corresponding buoyancy force m down snow masses, so as to create a mixture and merging gearing of the snow masses running side by side and one above the other.
- the figures 10a-10d show, moreover, that not only a diamond-shaped structure as in FIG. 10 is possible, but also that a plate, an ellipse, a rectangle or square or an arrow structure can be used for the buoyancy bodies 35a-35c.
- the buoyancy bodies 35- 35c are fixed and not rotatably connected to the holding rod. However, it can also be provided that along the
- FIG 11 shows that the rotation of buoyancy bodies 37 around the support rod 3 in the direction of arrow 52 is possible.
- the triangularly shaped buoyancy bodies 37 are in this case fastened to the holding rod 3 via corresponding fastenings 38, a longitudinal displacement along the holding rod 3 being to be avoided, but twisting in the arrow directions 52 is possible.
- buoyancy bodies 37a-37d can also be designed as a disk, ellipse, square or right or arrow structure.
- the fastening bore lies 38 m of the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the buoyancy body; the mounting hole 38 'm of the transverse axis of symmetry can also be arranged.
- Figure 12 shows that the buoyancy body 39 can also be designed as a hollow body or solid body, wherein the buoyancy bodies 39 have an approximately ice structure and the fastening bore 38 can in turn be designed such that the buoyancy bodies 39 are either rotatable or non-rotatable but are always arranged immovably on the holding rod 3.
- the term “immovable” on the support rod is of course also meant that the buoyancy bodies can be assigned a certain amount of movement in the longitudinal direction of the support rod, which movement play should be limited by appropriate stops on the support rod. This movement play is indicated by the arrow directions 53 in FIG Likewise - as explained - the rotation in arrow directions 52 around the mounting hole 38 is possible.
- FIGS 12a-12d again show that other body structures can be used instead of the egg-shaped buoyancy body 39, such as. B. a ball, an egg, a cube or a polygonal swept body.
- FIG. 13 shows buoyancy bodies as explained with reference to FIGS. 12-12d, only that a different type of fastening is used.
- the buoyancy bodies 40, 40a, 40d shown there each have a fastening bore 43, through which a ring 41 extends, which in turn engages around the holding rod 3 by means of a fastening 42.
- the ring 41 m of the attachment 42 is rotatably and immovably connected to the support rod 3.
- the ring 41 is arranged on the holding rod 3 so as to be displaceable in the arrow directions 53 (by a limited displacement path).
- fastening 42 is not designed to be non-rotatably with the holding rod, but that the ring 41 can rotate around the holding rod 3 (direction 51).
- the ring 41 is connected in a rotationally fixed manner to the buoyancy body 40 in the region of the fastening bore 43.
- Fastening bore 43 gives the ring 41 passing through it a play of movement, so that the buoyancy body 40 is designed to be pivotable in the arrow directions 52 around the ring 41.
- FIGS. 13a-13d in turn show that different buoyancy bodies can be attached to the ring 41 with their bores 44.
- FIGS. 14 and 15 are not limited to the buoyancy bodies shown.
- each support rod 3 is connected to one another in the region of sleeves 46 and diverge approximately in a flat manner, each support rod
- FIG. 15 shows another embodiment of the tree structure of the holding rods 3, it being recognizable that a plurality of holding rods 3 are connected to one another by associated buoyancy bodies 48, which are coupled to one another in a common holding device 47.
- the invention is not limited to the fact that two support rods 3 form such a structure; a plurality of support rods can also be provided, which are connected to one another by connecting buoyant bodies 48.
- FIG. 16 shows a comparison of the sheeting structure 49 according to the invention with a sheeting structure 50 belonging to the prior art.
- the sheeting structure 49 according to the invention forms a fragile, transparent structure on a slope to be supported, the advantages associated with this having already been explained in the general description section under numbers 1-4.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
- Control Of Position, Course, Altitude, Or Attitude Of Moving Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19722770 | 1997-06-02 | ||
DE19722770A DE19722770A1 (en) | 1997-06-02 | 1997-06-02 | Method and device for combating the formation of avalanches and the like flowing snow phenomena |
PCT/EP1998/003233 WO1998055698A1 (en) | 1997-06-02 | 1998-05-29 | Method and device for preventing avalanches, snow slides or the like |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0986675A1 true EP0986675A1 (en) | 2000-03-22 |
EP0986675B1 EP0986675B1 (en) | 2002-04-03 |
Family
ID=7830985
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98937431A Expired - Lifetime EP0986675B1 (en) | 1997-06-02 | 1998-05-29 | Method and device for preventing avalanches, snow slides or the like |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6382597B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0986675B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3652709B2 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE215642T1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2292493C (en) |
DE (2) | DE19722770A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2175743T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998055698A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IS2045B (en) * | 2002-09-16 | 2005-09-15 | Olafsson Eggert | avalanche protection system |
GB0327965D0 (en) * | 2003-12-03 | 2004-01-07 | Hendrie William J B | Avalanche protection system |
DE102011006810A1 (en) * | 2011-04-05 | 2012-10-11 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Apparatus and method for reducing the damage potential of a slab avalanche |
RU2531852C2 (en) * | 2013-02-11 | 2014-10-27 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение "ВЫСОКОГОРНЫЙ ГЕОФИЗИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ" (ФГБУ ВГИ) | Method to test stability of snow cover on avalanche-prone slopes |
CN115573278A (en) * | 2022-11-03 | 2023-01-06 | 西南交通大学 | Interception, deceleration and energy dissipation method for rockfall of high and steep rocky slope |
Family Cites Families (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE369074C (en) | 1923-02-14 | Joseph Engl Dr | Multiple tube amplifier with a cathode common to all stages | |
US1144393A (en) * | 1915-01-09 | 1915-06-29 | Benjamin F Swezey | Device for preventing snow-drifts. |
US1184046A (en) * | 1916-03-20 | 1916-05-23 | Benjamin F Swezey | Device for preventing snow-drifts. |
US2134624A (en) * | 1936-07-02 | 1938-10-25 | Horace H Royall | Snow slide preventer |
AT187545B (en) * | 1954-04-12 | 1956-10-25 | Vobag A G Fuer Vorgespannten B | Protection against avalanches |
CH358459A (en) * | 1957-05-13 | 1961-11-30 | Vmw Ranshofen Berndorf Ag | Protective construction against landslides, especially against avalanches |
US3473786A (en) * | 1967-06-30 | 1969-10-21 | Robert W Luebke | Fencing for controlling accumulation and drifting of snow,sand or other heavier-than-air particles suspended in air currents |
US4000618A (en) * | 1975-04-28 | 1977-01-04 | Exxon Production Research Company | Skimmer fence |
DE2910239C2 (en) * | 1979-03-15 | 1981-03-12 | Hans 8202 Bad Aibling Ribbert | Device for protection against falling rocks and avalanches in mountainous terrain |
FR2490693A1 (en) * | 1980-09-25 | 1982-03-26 | Taillandier Jean Michel | SELF-DIRECTING WIND BARRIER |
DE3222324C2 (en) * | 1982-06-14 | 1985-08-22 | Josef 8298 Pocking Holzbauer | Device for breaking up outgoing avalanches |
CH674998A5 (en) * | 1988-07-13 | 1990-08-15 | Streiff Ag Mathias | Device for prevention of avalanches - consists of pyramidal structure suspended at end of cable to support snow mass |
AT392992B (en) * | 1990-04-10 | 1991-07-25 | Bellutti Arthur | METHOD FOR STRENGTHENING A SPECIFICALLY SLOPED SNOW COVER, AND A DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD |
-
1997
- 1997-06-02 DE DE19722770A patent/DE19722770A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1998
- 1998-05-29 DE DE59803624T patent/DE59803624D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-29 US US09/445,039 patent/US6382597B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-29 ES ES98937431T patent/ES2175743T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-29 WO PCT/EP1998/003233 patent/WO1998055698A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-05-29 AT AT98937431T patent/ATE215642T1/en active
- 1998-05-29 CA CA002292493A patent/CA2292493C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-29 JP JP50146199A patent/JP3652709B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-29 EP EP98937431A patent/EP0986675B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9855698A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP3652709B2 (en) | 2005-05-25 |
CA2292493C (en) | 2004-05-04 |
US6382597B1 (en) | 2002-05-07 |
JP2002502471A (en) | 2002-01-22 |
DE19722770A1 (en) | 1998-12-03 |
DE59803624D1 (en) | 2002-05-08 |
ATE215642T1 (en) | 2002-04-15 |
ES2175743T3 (en) | 2002-11-16 |
WO1998055698A1 (en) | 1998-12-10 |
EP0986675B1 (en) | 2002-04-03 |
CA2292493A1 (en) | 1998-12-10 |
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